101
|
Pierson CA, Ede AJ, Crawford AM. Ovine microsatellites at the OarHH30, OarHH51, OarVH54, OarCP88, OarCP93, OarCP134 loci. Anim Genet 1994; 25:294-5. [PMID: 7985862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
102
|
Buchanan FC, Adams LJ, Littlejohn RP, Maddox JF, Crawford AM. Determination of evolutionary relationships among sheep breeds using microsatellites. Genomics 1994; 22:397-403. [PMID: 7806227 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1994.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Eight ovine microsatellite loci were amplified in 40 to 50 unrelated individuals from six sheep populations representing five breeds: Romney, Border Leicester, Suffolk, Awassi, and both Australian and New Zealand Merino. For all of the microsatellite loci analyzed, there were highly significant differences in allele frequencies between samples from the different breeds. The allele frequencies generated can be used to determine the breed of an individual, given that it comes from one of the above breeds, to a high degree of accuracy. There were also some alleles that were found in only one breed, although these alleles were at such low frequencies that they are unlikely to be useful as markers for a breed. Genetic distances between breeds were obtained using Nei's formula to construct a phylogenetic tree. The tree grouped the Merino's in one branch and the Border Leicester, Suffolk, and Romney in another branch, while the Awassi, which was used as an outgroup, had its own branch. Using Nei's unbiased genetic distance formula to calculate the time of divergence of the British breeds from the Merino and the time of divergence between the Australian and the New Zealand Merino, we obtained t = 1094 and t = 227 years, respectively. Microsatellite genotyping in sheep appears to provide a useful tool for examining the evolutionary relationships between breeds.
Collapse
|
103
|
Hook SM, Crawford AM, Chinn DN, Griffin JF, Buchan GS. Cloning and expression of the cervine interleukin 4 gene. Scand J Immunol 1994; 40:71-6. [PMID: 8029646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL-4), a cytokine produced by the T helper 2 subset of T lymphocytes is involved in up regulating antibody responses. A source of recombinant cervine IL-4 would be useful for studying the immune response of deer to tuberculosis. We report here the cloning, sequencing and expression of recombinant cervine IL-4. To achieve this mRNA was isolated from red deer (Cervus elaphus) mononuclear leucocytes. First strand cDNA was synthesized from the mRNA and the IL-4 cDNA was amplified, cloned and sequenced. The IL-4 cDNA is 408 bp in length and the deduced amino acid sequence is 92% homologous with the published bovine IL-4 amino acid sequence. IL-4 was expressed using the baculovirus expression system in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells. Northern blot, SDS-PAGE analysis and bioassay were used to confirm the expression of IL-4.
Collapse
|
104
|
Montgomery GW, Lord EA, Penty JM, Dodds KG, Broad TE, Cambridge L, Sunden SL, Stone RT, Crawford AM. The Booroola fecundity (FecB) gene maps to sheep chromosome 6. Genomics 1994; 22:148-53. [PMID: 7959761 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1994.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Booroola (FecB) mutation in sheep is linked to markers from a region of syntenic homology to human chromosome HSA4q, but the chromosomal location in sheep has not been determined. Analysis of linkage in Booroola half-sib pedigrees and 17 full-sib families identified genetic linkage between platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) and alpha s1-casein (CSN1S1) at 12 cM (Zmax = 9.14) and between PDGFRA and the microsatellite markers BM143 and OarHH55 (Zmax = 6.28 and 3.83, respectively). The microsatellite markers OarAE101 and BM143 and genes from the linkage group (PDGFRA, SPP1, and EGF) were mapped in a partial sheep x hamster somatic cell hybrid panel. All markers identified bands specific to somatic cell hybrids containing the sheep chromosome t1 (rob6;24) or t1q (chromosome 6). In sheep the casein genes alpha s1 (CSN1S1), alpha s2 (CSN1S2), beta (CSN2), and kappa (CSN3) are tightly linked, and CSN2 has been mapped to sheep chromosome 6q23-q31. We conclude that the Booroola mutation is located within a conserved syntenic group that maps to sheep chromosome 6.
Collapse
|
105
|
Crawford AM, Montgomery GW, Pierson CA, Brown T, Dodds KG, Sunden SL, Henry HM, Ede AJ, Swarbrick PA, Berryman T. Sheep linkage mapping: nineteen linkage groups derived from the analysis of paternal half-sib families. Genetics 1994; 137:573-9. [PMID: 8070667 PMCID: PMC1205979 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/137.2.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nineteen linkage groups containing a total of 52 markers have been identified in the sheep genome after typing large paternal half-sib families. The linkage groups range in size from 2 markers showing no recombination to a group containing 6 markers covering approximately 30 cM of the sheep genome. Thirteen of the groups have been assigned to a sheep chromosome. Three groups contain markers from bovine syntenic groups U2, U7 and U29, and one other group contains a marker that has been mapped only in humans. The remaining three groups are unassigned. This information will provide a useful foundation for a genetic linkage map of sheep.
Collapse
|
106
|
Buchanan FC, Galloway SM, Crawford AM. Ovine microsatellites at the OarFCB5, OarFCB19, OarFCB20, OarFCB48, OarFCB129 and OarFCB226 loci. Anim Genet 1994; 25:60. [PMID: 8161031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
107
|
Ede AJ, Peirson CA, Henry H, Crawford AM. Ovine microsatellites at the OarAE64, OarHH22, OarHH56, OarHH62 and OarVH4 loci. Anim Genet 1994; 25:51-2. [PMID: 8161023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
108
|
Dietz AB, Womack JE, Swarbrick PA, Crawford AM. Assignment of five polymorphic ovine microsatellites to bovine syntenic groups. Anim Genet 1993; 24:433-6. [PMID: 7903848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1993.tb00357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A panel of bovine somatic cell hybrids was used to map ovine microsatellites. Five of seven microsatellites were assigned to five bovine syntenic groups. These microsatellites were designated D5S10 (MAF23), D1S4 (MAF46), D13S1 (MAF18), D4S3 (MAF50), and DXS2 (MAF45), mapped to syntenic groups U3 (chromosome 5), U10 (chromosome 1), U11, U13, and the X chromosome, respectively. Two remaining sheep microsatellites amplified rodent DNA in the hybrid somatic cell panel, and were not assigned to bovine syntenic groups. Assignment of ovine-derived microsatellites to bovine syntenic groups provides additional evidence of the usefulness of microsatellites for mapping closely related species. The use of ovine and bovine microsatellites will aid in development of comparative genomic maps for these two species.
Collapse
|
109
|
Crawford AM, Swarbrick PA, Buchanan FC, Dodds KG. DNA fingerprinting analysis of Booroola pedigrees: a search for linkage to the Booroola gene. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1993; 87:271-277. [PMID: 24190224 DOI: 10.1007/bf00223776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/1993] [Accepted: 03/29/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seven minisatellite probes from a variety of sources were used to analyse 11 paternal half-sib families in which the Booroola gene was segregating. A total of 402 bands that showed segregation in the pedigrees were examined for linkage to the Booroola gene. None of the bands showed segregation with the Booroola gene. The most likely evidence for a linked band was produced by the HaRas HVR probe in Family 902 (θ=0.0; LOD 2.3). The conclusion, however, is that the minisatellite probes used in this study could not be used as markers for the Booroola gene. The study highlighted problems associated with the use of minisatellite probes in linkage studies in half-sib families. The complex banding patterns found on fingerprinting gels was a major source of scoring error. In a few cases both of the sire's alleles could be identified at a particular locus, but in most cases only one of the alleles could be identified. For the most part, the bands had to be treated as dominant alleles. The contribution of dam alleles to the banding pattern could only be estimated. There was an indication that minisatellite loci in sheep are clustered in particular regions of the sheep genome as the rate at which bands segregated with each other was higher than one would expect from loci randomly distributed throughout the genome.
Collapse
|
110
|
Montgomery GW, Crawford AM, Penty JM, Dodds KG, Ede AJ, Henry HM, Pierson CA, Lord EA, Galloway SM, Schmack AE. The ovine Booroola fecundity gene (FecB) is linked to markers from a region of human chromosome 4q. Nat Genet 1993; 4:410-4. [PMID: 8401591 DOI: 10.1038/ng0893-410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The autosomal Booroola fecundity gene (FecB) mutation in sheep increases ovulation rate and litter size, with associated effects on ovarian physiology and hormone profiles. Analysis of segregation in twelve families (379 female progeny) identified linkage between the mutation, two microsatellite markers (OarAE101 and OarHH55, Zmax > 9.0) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) from human chromosome 4q25 (Zmax > 3.0). The marker OarAE101 was linked to secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1, which maps to chromosome 4q21-23 in man) in the test pedigrees and independent families (Zmax > 9.7). The identification of linkage between the FecB mutation and markers from human chromosome 4q is an important step towards further understanding the control of ovulation rates in mammals.
Collapse
|
111
|
Pierson CA, Hanrahan V, Ede AJ, Crawford AM. Ovine microsatellites at the OarVH34, OarVH41, OarVH58, OarVH61 and OarVH72 loci. Anim Genet 1993; 24:224. [PMID: 8363111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1993.tb00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
112
|
Henry HM, Penty JM, Pierson CA, Crawford AM. Ovine microsatellites at the OarHH35, OarHH41, OarHH44, OarHH47 and OarHH64 loci. Anim Genet 1993; 24:222. [PMID: 8363109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1993.tb00300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
113
|
Penty JM, Henry HM, Ede AJ, Crawford AM. Ovine microsatellites at the OarAE16, OarAE54, OarAE57, OarAE119 and OarAE129 loci. Anim Genet 1993; 24:219. [PMID: 8363106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1993.tb00295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
114
|
Buchanan FC, Crawford AM. Ovine microsatellites at the OarFCB11, OarFCB128, OarFCB193, OarFCB266 and OarFCB304 loci. Anim Genet 1993; 24:145. [PMID: 8328699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1993.tb00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
115
|
Buchanan FC, Littlejohn RP, Galloway SM, Crawford AM. Microsatellites and associated repetitive elements in the sheep genome. Mamm Genome 1993; 4:258-64. [PMID: 8507980 DOI: 10.1007/bf00417432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To determine the frequency and clustering of a variety of simple di- and trinucleotide repeats, an Artiodactyl short interspersed element (SINE), an ovine satellite repeat, and a human Alu 1 repeat were used to screen a random selection of cosmids containing inserts of ovine genomic DNA. In total, 197 individual cosmids were digested with EcoRI and the fragments separated on 0.7% agarose gels. Southern blots of these gels were then sequentially probed with (AC)7, (CT)9, and (CAC)6 oligonucleotides, and the repeats described above. The frequency at which (AC)n, (CT)n, and (CAC)n repeats were found in the cosmids indicated that they occurred at average intervals of 65 kb, 367 kb, and 213 kb respectively within the ovine genome. The Artiodactyl SINE was the most common, occurring at an average interval of 20 kb. No human Alu 1 sequences were detected. There was a significant positive association between the (AC)n and the Artiodactyl SINE. This association is quite strong as there was significant clustering of the two repeats both within cosmids and also within the EcoRI fragments of the digested genomic fragments. With the exception of the sheep satellite sequence, which occurs in tandem arrays, none of the other repeats showed significant clustering within the 41-kb (average size) cosmid inserts. The first 25 ovine microsatellites we characterized had an average polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.65. The different microsatellite types, containing either perfect, imperfect, or compound repeats, had similar average PICs of 0.64, 0.65, and 0.66 respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
|
116
|
Swarbrick PA, Schmack AE, Crawford AM. MAF45, a highly polymorphic marker for the pseudoautosomal region of the sheep genome, is not linked to the FecXI (Inverdale) gene. Genomics 1992; 13:849-51. [PMID: 1639413 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90167-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly polymorphic dinucleotide repeat, or microsatellite, that shows partial sex-linked inheritance in sheep has been isolated from the sheep genome. Our data indicate that the locus is in the pseudoautosomal region approximately 13 cm from the boundary with the sex-linked regions. The locus, designated MAF45, has 12 alleles with a PIC of 0.84. The same primers amplify a single polymorphic locus in cattle and goats. This locus was not linked to the Inverdale gene, an X-linked gene that increases the ovulation rate in sheep.
Collapse
|
117
|
Crawford AM, Somes J. A process for subsidizing the trauma nursing core course. J Emerg Nurs 1991; 17:191-2. [PMID: 1865610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
118
|
|
119
|
Abstract
Three cloned strains of Oryctes baculovirus were released into a previously unexposed population of the host insect, the coconut palm rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros. The experiment was conducted on Meemu Atoll in the Maldive Islands. Viruses were isolated from the beetle population at 1 year, 1.75 years, and 4 years after release. No changes in genotype were observed in viruses isolated after 1 and 1.75 years. After 4 years, however, three types of genomic change had occurred. A recombinant derived from two of the released strains, an isolate containing a 100-bp insert, and one example of a point mutation were found in the 22 isolates examined.
Collapse
|
120
|
Crawford AM. Engineering of an Oryctes baculovirus recombinant: insertion of the polyhedrin gene from the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Gen Virol 1989; 70 ( Pt 4):1017-24. [PMID: 2659730 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-70-4-1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A cotransfection method has been developed for the generation of recombinant Oryctes baculoviruses. The permissive coleopteran cell-line DSIR-HA-1179 was transfected with a mixture of Oryctes baculovirus DNA (strain PV505) and a transfer vector. The transfer vector, a pUC8-based plasmid, contained the polyhedrin gene from the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus, flanked by Oryctes baculovirus DNA from the HindIII fragment N. Oryctes baculovirus does not form plaques with DSIR-HA-1179 cells. Therefore an endpoint dilution method was used to screen for, recover and purify recombinants. There was no phenotypic character that could be used for detecting recombinants, so a dot blot assay was used to screen infected cultures for the presence of recombinants. A recombinant generated by this method contained the entire polyhedrin gene inserted at 98.03 map units from the designated start of the Oryctes baculovirus physical map. No evidence of transcription or translation of the polyhedrin gene was obtained.
Collapse
|
121
|
|
122
|
Crawford AM, Miller LK. Characterization of an early gene accelerating expression of late genes of the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. J Virol 1988; 62:2773-81. [PMID: 3292791 PMCID: PMC253711 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.8.2773-2781.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The region of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) encompassing the EcoRI T fragment (29.0 to 30.1 map units) was characterized by DNA sequencing, transcriptional mapping, and site-directed mutagenesis. The largest transcript from this region, an early 1.7-kilobase (kb) poly(A)+ RNA, encompassed three tandem, nonoverlapping open reading frames (ORFs). The largest of these ORFs, ETL, was proximal to the 5' end of the transcript and had the capacity to encode a 28-kilodalton (kDa) polypeptide. A recombinant virus, vETL beta gal, containing the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (beta gal) gene fused to the N-terminal two-thirds of the ETL ORF, produced blue plaques in the presence of a chromogenic indicator of beta gal and wild-type levels of polyhedra in cell culture. This recombinant was also infectious in insect larvae by oral administration of occluded virus. Comparison of vETL beta gal and wild-type viral proteins pulse-labeled at various times postinfection (p.i.) revealed (i) absence of a virus-induced 28-kDa polypeptide, (ii) early expression of a large (approximately 130-kDa) polypeptide which may be the ETL-beta gal fusion protein, (iii) a delay in expression of early 35 and 40-kDa polypeptides, and (iv) a 4- to 6-h delay in the expression of late proteins in vETL beta gal-infected cells. Cycloheximide did not inhibit synthesis of the 1.7-kb RNA but did inhibit its shutoff, which occurs at 12 h p.i. in the absence of inhibitors. Thus, the ETL gene product is apparently an early 28-kDa protein which is necessary, directly or indirectly, for timely expression of many other AcMNPV genes. The promoter-leader regions of the 1.7-kDa transcript showed significant sequence similarities to the leader of the AcMNPV IE-1 gene. The middle ORF within the 1.7-kb transcript, ETM, would encode a hydrophobic polypeptide of 113 amino acid residues. ETS, a small ORF within and proximal to the 3' end of the 1.7-kb transcript, was also transcribed as a set of smaller (approximately 0.5-kb) RNAs initiated heterogeneously in the region between ETL and ETS and persisting throughout infection.
Collapse
|
123
|
McNeil DJ, Kinsella TD, Crawford AM, Fritzler MJ. The AHA syndrome: arthritis, hives and angioedema. Rheumatol Int 1987; 7:277-9. [PMID: 3438666 DOI: 10.1007/bf00270529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nine patients who have intermittently exhibited the concurrent triad of arthritis or arthralgia (A), hives or urticaria (H) and angioedema (A), in the absence of associated infection or connective-tissue disease, are reported. The ratio of women to men is 4:1, with no apparent age specificity. The duration of the disease has been up to 16 years, with an average of seven acute episodes per year, lasting up to 14 days. Upper-airway angioedema has been severe in four patients. Routine laboratory studies were normal, as were studies of complement levels, and both humoral and cellular immunity. Two samples of synovial fluid from one patient contained a marked preponderance of Ia-positive macrophages. The absence of associated infection and connective-tissue disease suggests this recurrent triad represents a distinct entity, which is designated the AHA syndrome.
Collapse
|
124
|
Crawford AM, Mills JN. An investigation, in vitro, of the actions of three Western Australian snakes on the blood coagulation of the dog, cat, horse and wallaby. Aust Vet J 1985; 62:185-6. [PMID: 4062725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1985.tb07291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Venoms of the tiger snake and brown snake were procoagulant, in vitro, when tested with cat, dog, horse and wallaby plasma. In the absence of calcium and phospholipid the coagulant activity of tiger snake venom was minimal. In contrast, brown snake venom alone had marked procoagulant activity. This activity, however, was enhanced by the presence of calcium and phospholipid. Death adder venom exerted an anticoagulant effect. Apparent species' differences in susceptibility to the coagulant venoms were noted. However, the probable explanation of these differences was attributed to variation in the control values of the special studies rather than to a difference in the postulated actions of the venoms on prothrombin. A possible role for clotting studies in suspected snake bite in veterinary practice is suggested.
Collapse
|
125
|
Crawford AM, Rabin HR, Fritzler MJ. Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in cystic fibrosis. Rheumatol Int 1985; 5:283-4. [PMID: 3880185 DOI: 10.1007/bf00541357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
126
|
Crawford AM, Sheehan C. Persistent baculovirus infections: Spodoptera frugiperda NPV and Autographa californica NPV in Spodoptera frugiperda cells. Arch Virol 1983; 78:65-79. [PMID: 6360080 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of a persistent infection of Spodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) in Spodoptera frugiperda (S.f.) cells occurred in three phases: the first phase was characterised by high levels of cell infection and death, the second phase by decreasing cell infection levels leading to the final phase where less than one per cent of the cells were infected during any subculture. The virus persisted at this level of infection provided the cells were maintained by regular subculturing and incubated at the optimum growth temperature of 27 degrees C. Because of the low proportion of cells infected, cultures of virus-free cells could be selected ('cured') by dilution of the persistent infection without the use of viral antiserum. Unlike the parent S.f. cells, cultures of cured cells were partially resistant to infection with S. frugiperda NPV or infection with an unrelated baculovirus Autographa californica NPV. A. californica NPV, which is cytolytic for the parent S.f. cell line, established a persistent infection in the cured cells. The establishment pattern was similar to that previously found for S. frugiperda NPV and only one to five per cent of the cells were infected at equilibrium. Cured cells from the A. californica NPV persistent infection were highly resistant to infection with both S. frugiperda NPV and A. californica NPV. All attempts to find a viral interference phenomenon to explain the resistance of the cured cells were unsuccessful. All cell types adsorbed virus equally well. Slower growth of S.f. cells cured from the persistent A. californica NPV infection is the only difference so far observed between any of the S.f. cell types.
Collapse
|
127
|
Herring JA, Crawford AM. Severe genu recurvatum. J Pediatr Orthop 1982; 2:97-100. [PMID: 7076841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
128
|
Brown M, Crawford AM, Faulkner P. Genetic Analysis of a Baculovirus,
Autographa californica
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus I. Isolation of Temperature-Sensitive Mutants and Assortment into Complementation Groups. J Virol 1979; 31:190-8. [PMID: 16789180 PMCID: PMC353435 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.31.1.190-198.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature-sensitive (
ts
) mutants were isolated from the baculovirus
Autographa californica
(alfalfa looper)
M
NPV, grown in
Spodoptera frugiperda
(fall armyworm) cells in the presence of
N
-methyl-
N′
-nitro-
N
-nitrosoguanidine. Of 567 plaque isolates screened, 27 were temperature sensitive (
ts
), representing a mutation frequency of 4.8%. Ten
ts
mutants were studied in detail: six failed to yield nonoccluded virus at 33°C (
NOV
mutants), whereas the other four produced nonoccluded virus but were restricted in formation of polyhedra at 33°C (
Poly
mutants). One of the six
NOV
mutants failed to synthesize viral DNA. Reversion and leak frequencies were determined, and the mutants were assorted into complementation groups based on the yield of polyhedrin synthesis in cells coinfected with pairs of mutants at 33°C, as measured by radioimmunoassay. For
NOV
mutants, complementation indexes were also based on virus yield and were consistent with those based on polyhedrin synthesis. Nine mutants were assorted into five complementation groups. One mutant remained unclassified.
Collapse
|
129
|
Crawford AM, Faulkner P, Kalmakoff J. Comparison of Solid-Phase Radioimmunoassays for Baculoviruses. Appl Environ Microbiol 1978; 36:18-24. [PMID: 16345305 PMCID: PMC243027 DOI: 10.1128/aem.36.1.18-24.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity and cross-reaction of four solid-phase radioimmunoassays (RIA) for
Trichoplusia ni
nuclear polyhedrosis virus containing singly enveloped virions were investigated. The detection limits of each assay were as follows: Indirect RIA, 5 ng of dissolved polyhedron antigen; direct RIA, 50 ng; indirect sandwich RIA, 200 ng; and direct sandwich RIA, 300 ng. The indirect and indirect sandwich RIAs showed considerable cross-reaction with other baculovirus antigens, but the direct and direct sandwich RIAs showed cross-reaction with only one closely related baculovirus. When microtiter plates used for the solid phase were pretreated with bovine serum albumin, nonspecific binding of labeled antibodies was reduced to a minimum. Antibodies prepared by an immunoadsorption procedure showed greater specific binding than antibodies prepared by ammonium sulfate precipitation of the immunoglobulin fraction. Highly contaminated antigen could not be detected by the indirect RIA, but the direct sandwich RIA was unaffected by antigen contamination. Antigen making up 0.0025% (wt/wt) of a sample of bird droppings could be detected by the direct sandwich RIA.
Collapse
|
130
|
Crawford AM, Kalmakoff J. Effect of Alkaline Protease on the Antigenic Nature of
Wiseana
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Polyhedron Protein. J Virol 1977; 24:412-5. [PMID: 16789167 PMCID: PMC515944 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.24.1.412-415.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhedron protein from
Wiseana
spp. nuclear polyhedrosis virus was found to be degraded by an alkali protease when polyhedra are dissolved in alkali. The protease activity did not occur at high pH (0.1 M NaOH) and was inactivated by heating polyhedra to 70°C for 3 h. The products from the protease degradation of
Wiseana
spp. nuclear polyhedrosis virus polyhedron protein retain the antigenicity of undegraded polyhedron protein as measured by the direct solid-phase radioimmunoassay and immunoadsorption. Degradation products below 27,000 daltons could not be detected by the sandwich radioimmunoassay, indicating that they are probably monovalent.
Collapse
|
131
|
Crawford AM. Nursing care study: a baby with enterogenous cyst. NURSING TIMES 1977; 73:486-90. [PMID: 866204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
132
|
Kalmakoff J, Parkinson AJ, Crawford AM, Williams BR. Solid phase radioimmunoassay using labelled antibodies: a conceptual framework for designing assays. J Immunol Methods 1977; 14:73-84. [PMID: 833431 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(97)90024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple theoretical model for the antigen-antibody reaction is presented ans used to evaluate the optimum conditions for designing solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) using labelled antibodies. Both theoretical and experimental data are presented, using a wide variety of antigens and their corresponding antibodies. The types of RIA is described include the direct, the indirect, sandwich assays for detecting either antigen or antibody. The experimental results confirm in a semiquantitative manner that the greatest sensitivity of the RIA is achieved when the smallest amount of labelled antibody is used, that whenever possible the antigen/antibody ratio should be greater than unity (greater than 1), and that the formation of the antigen-antibody comples is dependent on the mass action effect.
Collapse
|
133
|
Crawford AM, Kalmakoff J, Longworth JF. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for polyhedron protein from baculoviruses. Intervirology 1977; 8:117-21. [PMID: 323188 DOI: 10.1159/000148886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A solid-phase radioimmunoassay has been developed for detecting polyhedron protein of Wiseana spp. nuclear polyhedrosis virus (W.NPV) using antigen fixed to plastic microtiter wells. The direct assay using 125I-labeled rabbit immunoglobulins could detect 0.2 microng of polyhedron protein, and the indirect method using 125I-labeled sheep antirabbit immunoglobulins could detect 0.05 microng of polyhedron protein. Antibodies against W.NPV polyhedron protein could be detected using a competition assay with labeled and unlabeled antibodies, providing a method suitable for rapid and quantitative screening of sera.
Collapse
|
134
|
Crawford AM, Kerr JF, Currie AR. The relationship of acute mesodermal cell death to the teratogenic effects of 7-OHM-12-MBA in the foetal rat. Br J Cancer 1972; 26:498-503. [PMID: 4567183 PMCID: PMC2008657 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1972.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
135
|
Wyllie AH, Crawford AM, Currie AR. Studies on the endocrine control of the rat foetal thymus. J Pathol 1971; 104:vi. [PMID: 5166409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
136
|
Bird CC, Crawford AM. Effect of 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene on the adrenal gland of the foetal and postnatal rat. J Pathol 1971; 104:191-9. [PMID: 5124978 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711040306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
137
|
Crawford AM, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. The role of the foetal pituitary in the susceptibility of the foetus to adrenal necrosis induced by 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene. J Pathol 1971; 104:vi. [PMID: 4331001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
138
|
Bird CC, Crawford AM, Currie AR. Foetal adrenal necrosis induced by 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)-anthracene and its prevention. Nature 1970; 228:72-3. [PMID: 5456214 DOI: 10.1038/228072a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
139
|
Bird CC, Crawford AM, Currie AR, Stirling BF. Protection from the embryopathic effects of 7-hydroxymethyl-12-methylbenz(a)anthracene by 2-methyl-1,2-bis-(3-pyridyl)1-propanone(metopirone, Ciba) and beta-diethylaminoethyldiphenyl-n-propyl acetate (SKF 525-A). Br J Cancer 1970; 24:548-53. [PMID: 5479302 PMCID: PMC2008608 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1970.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pretreatment with Metopirone (40 mg.) or SKF 525-A (2 mg./100 g. maternal body weight) protected aganist the embryotoxic and teratogenic actions of7-OHM-12-MBA) (2.5 mg/100 g. maternal body weight) in the Sprague-Dawley rat. At the doses administered SKF-525-A was a more efficient protector than Metopirone. The adrenocorticolytic actions of 7-OHM-12-MBA in the maternal adrenal glands were also prevented by these compounds and a close correlation existed between the degree of protection of the maternal adrenals and of the foetuses. It is suggested that the ultimate embryopathic substance is a metabolite of 7-OHM-12-MBA.
Collapse
|
140
|
MacLeod NH, Chappelle EW, Crawford AM. ATP assay of terrestrial soils: a test of an exobiological experiment. Nature 1969; 223:267-8. [PMID: 5792720 DOI: 10.1038/223267a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
141
|
Crawford AM, Rich E. A clean room complex for microbial contamination control. CONTAMINATION CONTROL 1968; 7:14-6. [PMID: 4231731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
142
|
Crawford AM, Shafar J. Spontaneous Haemothorax. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1946; 1:88-89. [PMID: 20786514 PMCID: PMC2057900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
|