51
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Ahn S, Hong M, Sundararajan M, Ess DH, Baik MH. Design and Optimization of Catalysts Based on Mechanistic Insights Derived from Quantum Chemical Reaction Modeling. Chem Rev 2019; 119:6509-6560. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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52
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Carlsen R, Jenkins JR, Huang TCJ, Pugh SL, Ess DH. Paddle Ball Dynamics during Conversion of a Rh–Methyl Hydride Complex to a Rh–Methane σ-Complex through Reductive Coupling. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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53
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Cloutier JP, Rechignat L, Canac Y, Ess DH, Zargarian D. C-O and C-N Functionalization of Cationic, NCN-Type Pincer Complexes of Trivalent Nickel: Mechanism, Selectivity, and Kinetic Isotope Effect. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:3861-3874. [PMID: 30821151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This report presents the synthesis of new mono- and dicationic NCN-NiIII complexes and describes their reactivities with protic substrates. (NCN is the pincer-type ligand κ N, κ C, κ N-2,6-(CH2NMe2)2-C6H3.) Treating van Koten's trivalent complex (NCN)NiIIIBr2 with AgSbF6 in acetonitrile gives the dicationic complex [(NCN)NiIII(MeCN)3]2+, whereas the latter complex undergoes a ligand-exchange reaction with (NCN)NiIIIBr2 to furnish the related monocationic complex [(NCN)NiIII(Br)(MeCN)]+. These trivalent complexes have been characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and EPR spectroscopy. Treating these trivalent complexes with methanol and methylamine led, respectively, to C-OCH3 or C-NH(CH3) functionalization of the Ni-aryl moiety in these complexes, C-heteroatom bond formation taking place at the ipso-C. These reactions also generate the cationic divalent complex [(NCN)NiII(NCMe)]+, which was prepared independently and characterized fully. The unanticipated formation of the latter divalent species suggested a comproportionation side reaction between the cationic trivalent precursors and a monovalent species generated at the C-O and C-N bond formation steps; this scenario was supported by direct reaction of the trivalent complexes with the monovalent compound (PPh3)3NiICl. Kinetic measurements and density functional theory analysis have been used to investigate the mechanism of these C-O and C-N functionalization reactions and to rationalize the observed inverse kinetic isotope effect in the reaction of [(NCN)NiIII(Br)(MeCN)]+ with CH3OH/CD3OD.
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54
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Cardon JM, Coombs JC, Ess DH, Castle SL. Insights into base-free OsO 4-catalyzed aminohydroxylations employing chiral ligands. Tetrahedron 2019; 75:945-948. [PMID: 30774161 PMCID: PMC6374041 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to perform the OsO4-catalyzed enantioselective base-free aminohydroxylation of β,β-disubstituted enoates are described. Low yields and racemic products were obtained in the presence of standard chiral ligands, suggesting the occurrence of a "Second Cycle" process due to slow hydrolysis of the amino alcohol product from the Os metal center. Support for this hypothesis was provided by the slightly improved enantioselectivity (60:40 er) obtained with an amino alcohol ligand. Based on density functional theory calculations, it is proposed that the lack of significant enantioselectivity is due to a low-energy (3 + 2) oxo/imido cycloaddition transition state without the chiral ligand in the Second Cycle that outcompetes protonolysis in the First Cycle.
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55
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Koppaka A, Park SH, Hashiguchi BG, Gunsalus NJ, King CR, Konnick MM, Ess DH, Periana RA. Selective C-H Functionalization of Methane and Ethane by a Molecular Sb V Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2241-2245. [PMID: 30589173 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the strong nonpolar bonds involved, selective C-H functionalization of methane and ethane to esters remains a challenge for molecular homogeneous chemistry. We report that the computationally predicted main-group p-block SbV (TFA)5 complex selectively functionalizes the C-H bonds of methane and ethane to the corresponding mono and/or diol trifluoroacetate esters at 110-180 °C with yields for ethane of up to 60 % with over 90 % selectivity. Experimental and computational studies support a unique mechanism that involves SbV -mediated C-H activation followed by functionalization of a SbV -alkyl intermediate.
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56
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Zhang Y, Karunananda MK, Yu HC, Clark KJ, Williams W, Mankad NP, Ess DH. Dynamically Bifurcating Hydride Transfer Mechanism and Origin of Inverse Isotope Effect for Heterodinuclear AgRu-Catalyzed Alkyne Semihydrogenation. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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57
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Kattamuri PV, Yin J, Siriwongsup S, Kwon DH, Ess DH, Li Q, Li G, Yousufuddin M, Richardson PF, Sutton SC, Kürti L. Correction to "Practical Singly and Doubly Electrophilic Aminating Agents: A New, More Sustainable Platform for Carbon-Nitrogen Bond Formation". J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3315. [PMID: 30724562 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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58
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Koppaka A, Park SH, Hashiguchi BG, Gunsalus NJ, King CR, Konnick MM, Ess DH, Periana RA. Selective C−H Functionalization of Methane and Ethane by a Molecular Sb
V
Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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59
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60
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Carlsen R, Jenkins JR, Ess DH. Direct dynamics analysis of the cationic Cp*(PMe3)Ir(CH3) methane C–H activation mechanism. Faraday Discuss 2019; 220:414-424. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00035f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quasiclassical direct dynamics reveal a dynamical one-step organometallic mechanism for the σ-bond metathesis reaction between Cp*(PMe3)IrIII(CH3) and methane.
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61
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Behnke NE, Kielawa R, Kwon DH, Ess DH, Kürti L. Direct Primary Amination of Alkylmetals with NH-Oxaziridine. Org Lett 2018; 20:8064-8068. [PMID: 30525689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method for the primary electrophilic amination of primary, secondary, and tertiary organometallic substrates from a bench-stable NH-oxaziridine reagent is described. This facile and highly chemoselective transformation occurs at ambient temperature and without transition metal catalysts or purification by column chromatography to provide alkylamine products in a single step. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that, despite the basicity of alkylmetals, the direct NH-transfer pathway is favored over proton and O-transfer.
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62
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Coombs J, Perry D, Kwon DH, Thomas CM, Ess DH. Why Two Metals Are Better Than One for Heterodinuclear Cobalt–Zirconium-Catalyzed Kumada Coupling. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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63
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Lovato K, Guo L, Xu QL, Liu F, Yousufuddin M, Ess DH, Kürti L, Gao H. Transition metal-free direct dehydrogenative arylation of activated C(sp 3)-H bonds: synthetic ambit and DFT reactivity predictions. Chem Sci 2018; 9:7992-7999. [PMID: 30450183 PMCID: PMC6202766 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02758g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A transition metal-free dehydrogenative method for the direct mono-arylation of a wide range of activated C(sp3)-H bonds has been developed. This operationally simple and environmentally friendly aerobic arylation uses tert-BuOK as the base and nitroarenes as electrophiles to prepare up to gram quantities of structurally diverse sets (>60 examples) of α-arylated esters, amides, nitriles, sulfones and triaryl methanes. DFT calculations provided a predictive model, which states that substrates containing a C(sp3)-H bond with a sufficiently low pK a value should readily undergo arylation. The DFT prediction was confirmed through experimental testing of nearly a dozen substrates containing activated C(sp3)-H bonds. This arylation method was also used in a one-pot protocol to synthesize over twenty compounds containing all-carbon quaternary centers.
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64
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Macaulay CM, Gustafson SJ, Fuller JT, Kwon DH, Ogawa T, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Lumsden MD, Bischof SM, Sydora OL, Ess DH, Stradiotto M, Turculet L. Alkene Isomerization–Hydroboration Catalyzed by First-Row Transition-Metal (Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) N-Phosphinoamidinate Complexes: Origin of Reactivity and Selectivity. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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65
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Carlsen R, Wohlgemuth N, Carlson L, Ess DH. Dynamical Mechanism May Avoid High-Oxidation State Ir(V)-H Intermediate and Coordination Complex in Alkane and Arene C-H Activation by Cationic Ir(III) Phosphine. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11039-11045. [PMID: 30066561 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organometallic reaction mechanisms are assumed to be appropriately described by minimum energy pathways mapped out by density functional theory calculations. For the two-step oxidative addition/reductive elimination mechanism for C-H activation of methane and benzene by cationic Cp*(PMe3)IrIII(CH3), we report quasiclassical direct dynamics simulations that demonstrate the IrV-H intermediate is bypassed in a significant amount of productive trajectories initiated from vibrationally averaged velocity distributions of oxidative addition transition states. This organometallic dynamical mechanism is akin to the σ-bond metathesis pathway but occurs on the oxidative addition/reductive elimination energy surface and blurs the line between two- and one-step mechanisms. Quasiclassical trajectories also reveal that the momentum of crossing the reductive elimination structure always induces complete alkane and arene dissociation from the Ir metal center, skipping weak C-H σ and π coordination complexes. This suggests that these weak coordination complexes after reductive elimination are not necessarily on the reaction pathway and likely result from a solvent cage.
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66
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King CR, Rollins N, Holdaway A, Konnick MM, Periana RA, Ess DH. Electrophilic Impact of High-Oxidation State Main-Group Metal and Ligands on Alkane C–H Activation and Functionalization Reactions. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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67
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Gustafson SJ, Konnick MM, Periana RA, Ess DH. Mechanisms and Reactivity of Tl(III) Main-Group-Metal–Alkyl Functionalization in Water. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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68
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Saavedra DI, Rencher BD, Kwon DH, Smith SJ, Ess DH, Andrus MB. Synthesis and Computational Studies Demonstrate the Utility of an Intramolecular Styryl Diels–Alder Reaction and Di-t-butylhydroxytoluene Assisted [1,3]-Shift to Construct Anticancer dl-Deoxypodophyllotoxin. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2018-2026. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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69
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Kwon DH, Fuller JT, Kilgore UJ, Sydora OL, Bischof SM, Ess DH. Computational Transition-State Design Provides Experimentally Verified Cr(P,N) Catalysts for Control of Ethylene Trimerization and Tetramerization. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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70
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Kattamuri PV, Yin J, Siriwongsup S, Kwon DH, Ess DH, Li Q, Li G, Yousufuddin M, Richardson PF, Sutton SC, Kürti L. Practical Singly and Doubly Electrophilic Aminating Agents: A New, More Sustainable Platform for Carbon–Nitrogen Bond Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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71
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Kwon DH, Proctor M, Mendoza S, Uyeda C, Ess DH. Catalytic Dinuclear Nickel Spin Crossover Mechanism and Selectivity for Alkyne Cyclotrimerization. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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72
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Zhang Y, Smith S, Woodfield BF, Ess DH. Investigating the local structure and phase evolution of mesoporous gamma alumina using pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767317097604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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73
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Kelly CM, Fuller JT, Macaulay CM, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Bischof SM, Sydora OL, Ess DH, Stradiotto M, Turculet L. Dehydrogenative B−H/C(sp 3
)−H Benzylic Borylation within the Coordination Sphere of Platinum(II). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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74
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Kelly CM, Fuller JT, Macaulay CM, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Bischof SM, Sydora OL, Ess DH, Stradiotto M, Turculet L. Dehydrogenative B-H/C(sp 3 )-H Benzylic Borylation within the Coordination Sphere of Platinum(II). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6312-6316. [PMID: 28370808 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The first examples of stoichiometric dehydrogenative B-H/C(sp3 )-H benzylic borylation reactions, which are of relevance to catalytic methylarene (di)borylation, are reported. These unusual transformations involving a (κ2 -P,N)Pt(η3 -benzyl) complex, and either pinacolborane or catecholborane, proceed cleanly at room temperature. Density functional calculations suggest that borylation occurs via successive σ-bond metathesis steps, whereby a PtII -H intermediate engages in C(sp3 )-H bond activation-induced dehydrogenation.
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75
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Paudyal MP, Adebesin AM, Burt SR, Ess DH, Ma Z, Kürti L, Falck JR. Dirhodium-catalyzed C-H arene amination using hydroxylamines. Science 2016; 353:1144-7. [PMID: 27609890 PMCID: PMC5040325 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf8713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Primary and N-alkyl arylamine motifs are key functional groups in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials, as well as in bioactive natural products. However, there is a dearth of generally applicable methods for the direct replacement of aryl hydrogens with NH2/NH(alkyl) moieties. Here, we present a mild dirhodium-catalyzed C-H amination for conversion of structurally diverse monocyclic and fused aromatics to the corresponding primary and N-alkyl arylamines using NH2/NH(alkyl)-O-(sulfonyl)hydroxylamines as aminating agents; the relatively weak RSO2O-N bond functions as an internal oxidant. The methodology is operationally simple, scalable, and fast at or below ambient temperature, furnishing arylamines in moderate-to-good yields and with good regioselectivity. It can be readily extended to the synthesis of fused N-heterocycles.
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