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Koulu M, Movafagh S, Tuohimaa J, Jaakkola U, Kallio J, Pesonen U, Geng Y, Karvonen MK, Vainio-Jylhä E, Pöllönen M, Kaipio-Salmi K, Seppälä H, Lee EW, Higgins RD, Zukowska Z. Neuropeptide Y and Y2-receptor are involved in development of diabetic retinopathy and retinal neovascularization. Ann Med 2004; 36:232-40. [PMID: 15181979 DOI: 10.1080/07853890410031236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptide Y is a sympathetic neurotransmitter, a potent endothelium-derived angiogenic factor and a vascular mitogen. We have studied the role of the functional leucine7 to proline7 polymorphism of the signal peptide region of preproneuropeptide Y (prepro-NPY) as a genetic susceptibility factor for diabetic retinopathy. In addition, we investigated the role of the NPY Y2-receptor as a putative mediator of angiogenic NPY signaling in the retina. METHODS Frequencies of proline7 (Pro7) carriers in the prepro-NPY were determined in type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients having retinopathy, in type 2 diabetes patients without retinopathy and in healthy control subjects. The role of Y2-receptor in hyperoxemia-induced retinal neovascularization was investigated in Y2-receptor knockout mice (Y2-/-) and in rats administered Y2-receptor mRNA antisense oligonucleotide. RESULTS The carriers having Pro7 in the preproNPY are markedly over-represented among type 2 diabetes patients with retinopathy compared to type 2 diabetes patients without retinopathy and to the population control. Neonatal exposure to hyperoxia resulted in development of retinal neovascularization that was prevented in Y2(-1-) -mice, and significantly inhibited in rats treated with the Y2-receptor antisense oligonucleotide. CONCLUSIONS NPY and Y2-receptor play important roles in diabetic retinopathy and retinal neovascularization and are thus potential new targets for drug molecules for treatment of retinopathy.
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Kitlinska J, Lee EW, Li L, Pons J, Estes L, Zukowska Z. Dual role of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) in angiogenesis and vascular remodeling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 524:215-22. [PMID: 12675242 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47920-6_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Li L, Lee EW, Ji H, Zukowska Z. Neuropeptide Y-induced acceleration of postangioplasty occlusion of rat carotid artery. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:1204-10. [PMID: 12689918 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000071349.30914.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attempts to restore blood flow through atherosclerotic vessels by angioplasty often result in restenosis. Because the role of nerves in this process is unclear, we investigated whether neuropeptide Y (NPY), a sympathetic cotransmitter with vascular mitogenic activities, contributes to postangioplasty restenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Carotid artery balloon angioplasty upregulated vascular expression of NPY and its processing enzyme (DPPIV/cd26) and receptors (Y1, Y2, Y5 mRNA and protein) within 6 to 24 hours and stimulated neointima formation and accumulation of NPY in platelets after 14 days. NPY pellets (1 to 10 microg/pellet for 14 days) inserted next to the injured artery elevated platelet and vascular NPY immunoreactivity to stress-like levels and dose-dependently augmented angioplasty-induced neointima. Strikingly, 10 microg NPY for 14 days led to vessel occlusion with an atherosclerotic-like lesion, with thrombus and neointima containing neovessels, macrophages, matrix, and lipids. Y1 or Y5 receptor antagonist completely prevented the effect of NPY and reduced angioplasty-induced neointima by 50%. CONCLUSIONS Angioplasty upregulates platelet and vascular NPY systems, which then contribute to neointima formation via Y1 and Y5 receptor activation. Increasing NPY to high stress levels triggers formation of a thrombotic atherosclerotic-like lesion and vessel occlusion. Thus, NPY may be a risk factor for accelerated atherosclerosis, and NPY receptor antagonists may be a possible new treatment for restenosis.
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Lee EW, Michalkiewicz M, Kitlinska J, Kalezic I, Switalska H, Yoo P, Sangkharat A, Ji H, Li L, Michalkiewicz T, Ljubisavljevic M, Johansson H, Grant DS, Zukowska Z. Neuropeptide Y induces ischemic angiogenesis and restores function of ischemic skeletal muscles. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:1853-62. [PMID: 12813021 PMCID: PMC161419 DOI: 10.1172/jci16929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we showed that neuropeptide Y (NPY), a sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurotransmitter, stimulates endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro. Here, we report on NPY's actions, receptors, and mediators in ischemic angiogenesis. In rats, hindlimb ischemia stimulates sympathetic NPY release (attenuated by lumbar sympathectomy) and upregulates NPY-Y2 (Y2) receptor and a peptidase forming Y2/Y5-selective agonist. Exogenous NPY at physiological concentrations also induces Y5 receptor, stimulates neovascularization, and restores ischemic muscle blood flow and performance. NPY-mediated ischemic angiogenesis is not prevented by a selective Y1 receptor antagonist but is reduced in Y2(-/-) mice. Nonischemic muscle vascularity is also lower in Y2(-/-) mice, whereas it is increased in NPY-overexpressing rats compared with their WT controls. Ex vivo, NPY-induced aortic sprouting is markedly reduced in Y2(-/-) aortas and spontaneous sprouting is severely impaired in NPY(-/-) mice. NPY-mediated aortic sprouting, but not cell migration/proliferation, is blocked by an antifetal liver kinase 1 antibody and abolished in mice null for eNOS. Thus, NPY mediates neurogenic ischemic angiogenesis at physiological concentrations by activating Y2/Y5 receptors and eNOS, in part due to release of VEGF. NPY's effectiveness in revascularization and restoring function of ischemic tissue suggests its therapeutic potential in ischemic conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/physiology
- Endothelial Growth Factors/physiology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/physiology
- Ischemia/drug therapy
- Ischemia/pathology
- Ischemia/physiopathology
- Lymphokines/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/chemically induced
- Neuropeptide Y/pharmacology
- Neuropeptide Y/physiology
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/deficiency
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/agonists
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/deficiency
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/physiology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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Pons J, Kitlinska J, Ji H, Lee EW, Zukowska Z. Mitogenic actions of neuropeptide Y in vascular smooth muscle cells: synergetic interactions with the beta-adrenergic system. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2003; 81:177-85. [PMID: 12710532 DOI: 10.1139/y02-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a sympathetic cotransmitter and vasoconstrictor, also stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth, but which of its Y1-Y5 receptors are involved remains unclear. In quiescent rat VSMCs, NPY receptor mRNAs were undetectable (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction), but Y1, Y2, and Y5 expression were upregulated or induced following NPY treatment. Concomitantly, NPY increased up to twofold [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell number bimodally, with a high-affinity peak at pM and low affinity peak at nM concentrations. The Y1 or Y5 (not Y2) antagonist alone did not change the high-affinity peak but decreased the low affinity peak by 50% and fully blocked NPY's response when combined. In VSMCs lacking NPY receptors and responsiveness, transient Y1 cDNA transfection restored their mitogenic response (blocked by the Y1 antagonist). In VSMCs with low or no NPY responsiveness, pre-exposure to beta-adrenergic receptor agonist (isoproterenol), forskolin, or dibutyryl cAMP augmented NPY's mitogenic effect, while upregulating Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor expression (isoproterenol only). Thus, NPY is a potent vascular mitogen acting via Y1 and Y5 receptors. However, since their expression is low in nonproliferating cells, amplification of NPY's mitogenic responses requires upregulation of at least the Y1 receptor by NPY itself or beta-adrenergic, cAMP-dependent activation.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Catecholamines/metabolism
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Drug Synergism
- Growth Substances/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Neuropeptide Y/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- RNA, Complementary/drug effects
- RNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/drug effects
- Receptors, Neuropeptide Y/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Swine
- Thymidine/metabolism
- Transfection
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Abstract
Sympathetic nerve activation often accompanies tissue ischemia, which in turn stimulates angiogenesis, but whether the nerves regulate vascular functions beyond vasoconstriction (i.e., by promoting new vessel formation) has never been established. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic cotransmitter preferentially released during intense or prolonged stress, which causes vasoconstriction and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by activating multiple Gi/o-coupled receptors, Y1 and Y5. At nonvasoconstrictive concentrations and through non-Y1 receptors, NPY also stimulates endothelial cell adhesion to matrix, migration, proliferation, capillary tube formation on matrigel, and aortic sprouting. Recent studies also indicate that NPY and its non-Y1 receptors exert powerful angiogenic effects in peripheral limb ischemia, promising a new way of treatment for revascularization of ischemic tissues.
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Zukowska Z, Pons J, Lee EW, Li L. Neuropeptide Y: a new mediator linking sympathetic nerves, blood vessels and immune system? Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2003; 81:89-94. [PMID: 12710520 DOI: 10.1139/y03-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY(1-36)), a sympathetic cotransmitter and neurohormone, has pleiotropic activities ranging from the control of obesity to anxiolysis and cardiovascular function. Its actions are mediated by multiple Gi/o-coupled receptors (Y1-Y5) and modulated by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV/cd26), which inactivates NPY's Y1-agonistic activity but generates the Y2 and Y5-agonist, NPY(3-36). Released by sympathetic activity, NPY is a major mediator of stress, responsible for prolonged vasoconstriction via Y1 receptors. Y1 receptors also mediate NPY's potent vascular growth-promoting activity leading in vivo in rodents to neointima formation. This and the association of a polymorphism of the NPY signal peptide with increased lipidemia and carotid artery thickening in humans strongly suggest NPY's role in atherosclerosis. NPY and DPPIV/cd26 are also coexpressed in the endothelium, where the peptide activates angiogenesis. A similar system exists in immune cells, where NPY and DPPIV/cd26 are coactivated and involved in the modulation of cytokine release and immune cell functions. Thus, NPY, both a messenger and a modulator for all three systems, is poised to play an important regulatory role facilitating interactions among sympathetic, vascular and immune systems in diverse pathophysiological conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and stress-related alterations of immunity.
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Abstract
Which of Y1-Y5 receptors (Rs) mediate NPY's angiogenic activity was studied using Y2R-null mice and R-specific antagonists. In Y2R-null mice, NPY-induced aortic sprouting and in vivo Matrigel capillary formation were decreased by 50%; Y1R-antagonist blocked the remaining response. NPY-induced sprouting was equally inhibited by Y2R- (and Y5R- but less by Y1R-) antagonists in wild type mice. Spontaneous and NPY-induced revascularization of ischemic gastrocnemius muscles were similarly reduced in Y2R-null mice. Thus, NPY-induced angiogenesis, spontaneous and ischemic, is primarily mediated by Y2Rs. However, Y5Rs and, to a lesser degree Y1Rs, also may play a role in NPY-mediated angiogenesis.
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Wilding MD, Lee EW. Superzone boundary effects in the electrical resistivity of dysprosium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0370-1328/85/5/313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lee EW, Callaby DR, Lynch AC. The Use of the Kerr Effect for Studying the Magnetization of a Reflecting Surface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0370-1328/72/2/308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Birss RR, Lee EW. The Saturation Magnetostriction Constants of Nickel within the Temperature Range - 196 to 365 C. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0370-1328/76/4/307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lee EW. The magnetoelastic behaviour of antiferromagnets having helical spin configurations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0370-1328/84/5/307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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66
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Jordan RG, Lee EW. Low-temperature magnetic properties of dysprosium single crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0370-1328/92/4/331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lee EW. The Influence of Domain Structure on the Magnetization Curves of Single Crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0370-1298/66/7/307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lee EW. The [110] Magnetostriction of some Single Crystals of Iron and Silicon-Iron. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0370-1298/68/2/301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Jackson RC, Lee EW, Troughton AGH. The influence of the method of demagnetization on the reversible permeability of a high-permeability nickel-iron alloy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0508-3443/9/12/309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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McKinnon JB, Melville D, Lee EW. The antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic transition in iron-rhodium alloys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/3/1s/306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Age-related changes in NPY-driven angiogenesis were investigated using Matrigel and aortic sprouting assays in young (2 months.) and aged (18 months.) mice. In both assays, NPY-induced vessel growth decreased significantly with age. In parallel, aged mice showed reduced expression (RT-PCR) of Y2 receptors and the NPY converting enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), in spleens. Aging of human microvascular endothelial cells in vitro led to a loss of their mitogenic responses to NPY accompanied by a lack of NPY receptor mRNAs. Thus, NPY-dependent angiogenesis is impaired with age, which is associated with a decreased expression of endothelial NPY receptors (Y2) and DPPIV.
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Hong SX, Cha IH, Lee EW, Kim J. Mandibular invasion of lower gingival carcinoma in the molar region: its clinical implications on the surgical management. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001; 30:130-8. [PMID: 11405448 DOI: 10.1054/ijom.2000.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The spread pattern of a tumour and its extent in the mandible are important in the management of gingival cancer. Sixteen patients with gingival squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) involving the mandible in the molar region were included in this study. Resection specimens of the mandibular bone and adjacent cancer were histologically analysed to identify the type and characteristics of invasion and were compared with the radiological features. Our results showed that the actual width of invasion was underestimated to a greater extent than the actual depth of invasion. For horizontal aspects, four dentate cases had horizontal intramedullary spread underneath intact mucosa or cortical bone extended from the main foci of tumour that infiltrated through the occlusal surface. For vertical aspects, nerve invasion took place in only one of 16 specimens, while five cases showed downward infiltration beyond the inferior alveolar canal without nerve involvement, so that the pattern of tumour spread was mostly transmedullary rather than perineural in previously non-irradiated cases. These cases with deep infiltration showed the infiltrative type of invasion in the dentate mandible. And when the tumour was related with previous dental extractions or curettage, it tended to be more extensive than what was predicted from an imaging point of view. These pathological and clinical features affecting the tumour spread should be considered in the management of gingival SCC in the molar region.
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