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Weiss E, Giabicani M, Saner F. Do Liver Transplantation Criteria Differ According to the Type of Donor and the Severity of the Recipient? Transplantation 2021; 105:e32. [PMID: 33617205 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Soffientini U, Beaton N, Baweja S, Weiss E, Bihari C, Habtesion A, Patel V, Paradis V, Sharma A, Luong TV, Hall A, Nadar A, Sarin S, Chokshi S, Williams R, Py B, Moreau R, Jalan R, Mehta G. The Lipopolysaccharide-Sensing Caspase(s)-4/11 Are Activated in Cirrhosis and Are Causally Associated With Progression to Multi-Organ Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:668459. [PMID: 34336828 PMCID: PMC8320658 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.668459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The development of multi-organ injury in cirrhosis is associated with increased intestinal permeability, translocation of gut-derived bacterial products [e.g., lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] into the circulation, and increased non-apoptotic hepatocyte cell death. Pyroptosis is a non-apoptotic, lytic form of cell death mediated by the LPS-sensing caspase(s)-4/11 (caspase-4 in humans, caspase-11 in mice), which leads to activation of the effector protein Gasdermin D (GSDMD) and subsequent formation of pores in the plasma membrane. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a feature of cirrhosis, has been identified as a factor promoting the activation of caspase-11, thus increasing sensitivity of the cell to LPS-mediated pyroptosis. The aim of this study was to determine the role of bacterial LPS in the activation of hepatic caspase(s)-4/11 and progression of hepatic and extra-hepatic organ injury in cirrhosis. Materials and Methods Human liver samples from patients with stable cirrhosis (SC) or acutely decompensated cirrhosis (AD) were analyzed for caspase-4 activation by immunohistochemistry. Wild-type and Casp11–/– mice underwent CCl4 treatment by gavage to induce advanced liver fibrosis, and subsequently low-dose injection of LPS to mimic bacterial translocation and induce multi-organ injury. Liver, kidney, and brain function were assessed by plasma ALT/creatinine and brain water respectively. The activity of inflammatory caspases was assessed by fluorometric assay and the occurrence of pyroptosis and overall cell death in liver tissue by GSDMD cleavage and TUNEL assay, respectively. Primary human hepatocytes were cultured according to standard techniques. Results Human liver samples demonstrated increased caspase-4 activation in AD cirrhosis. Caspase-4 activation was associated with MELD score and circulating levels of LDH. Wild-type mice treated with CCl4 developed significant multi-organ injury (increased ALT, creatinine, and brain water) upon LPS injection, and showed increased hepatic GSDMD cleavage compared to mice treated with CCl4 alone. Primary human hepatocytes could be sensitized to pyroptosis by pre-treatment with the ER-stress inducer tunicamycin and LPS. Casp11–/– mice treated with CCl4 + LPS were significantly protected from multi-organ injury compared to wild-type CCl4 + LPS. Conclusion These data demonstrate for the first time a causal relationship between LPS-mediated activation of caspase(s)-4/11 and development of hepatic and extra-hepatic injury in cirrhosis.
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Durand F, Roux O, Weiss E, Francoz C. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Where do we stand? Liver Int 2021; 41 Suppl 1:128-136. [PMID: 34155793 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is defined by the rapid development of organ(s) failure(s) associated with high rates of early (28-day) mortality in patients with cirrhosis. ACLF has been categorized into three grades of increasing severity according to the nature and number of organ failures. In patients with grade 3 ACLF, 28-day mortality is >70%. While the definition of ACLF has been endorsed by European scientific societies, North American and Asian Pacific associations have proposed alternative definitions. A prognostic score called the CLIF-C ACLF score provides a more precise assessment of the prognosis of patients with ACLF. Although bacterial infections and variceal bleeding are common precipitating factors, no precipitating factor can be identified in almost 60% of patients with ACLF. There is increasing evidence that cirrhosis is a condition characterized by a systemic inflammatory state and occult infections or translocation of bacteria or bacterial products from the lumen of the GUT to the systemic circulation which could play a role in the development of ACLF. Simple and readily available variables to predict the occurrence of ACLF in patients with cirrhosis have been identified and high-risk patients need careful management. Whether prolonged administration of statins, rifaximin or albumin can prevent ACLF requires further study. Patients with organ(s) failure(s) may needed to be admitted to the ICU and there should be no hesitation in admitting patients with cirrhosis to the ICU. No benefit to survival was observed with albumin dialysis and rescue transplantation is the best option in the most severe patients. One-year post-transplant survival rates exceeding 70%-75% have been reported, including in patients with grade 3 ACLF but these patients were highly selected. Criteria have been proposed to define futile transplantation (too ill to be transplanted), but these criteria need to be refined to include age, comorbidities and frailty in addition to markers of disease severity.
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Wan J, Weiss E, Ben Mkaddem S, Mabire M, Choinier PM, Picq O, Thibault-Sogorb T, Hegde P, Pishvaie D, Bens M, Broer L, Gilgenkrantz H, Moreau R, Saveanu L, Codogno P, Monteiro RC, Lotersztajn S. LC3-associated phagocytosis protects against inflammation and liver fibrosis via immunoreceptor inhibitory signaling. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/539/eaaw8523. [PMID: 32295902 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw8523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sustained hepatic and systemic inflammation, particularly originating from monocytes/macrophages, is a driving force for fibrosis progression to end-stage cirrhosis and underlies the development of multiorgan failure. Reprogramming monocyte/macrophage phenotype has emerged as a strategy to limit inflammation during chronic liver injury. Here, we report that LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), a noncanonical form of autophagy, protects against hepatic and systemic inflammation during chronic liver injury in rodents, with beneficial antifibrogenic effects. LAP is enhanced in blood and liver monocytes from patients with fibrosis and cirrhosis. Pharmacological inhibition of LAP components in human monocytes from patients with cirrhosis or genetic disruption of LAP in mice with chronic liver injury exacerbates both the inflammatory signature in isolated human monocytes and the hepatic inflammatory profile in mice, resulting in enhanced liver fibrosis. Mechanistically, patients with cirrhosis showed increased monocyte expression of Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIA (FcγRIIA) and enhanced engulfment of immunoglobulin G in LC3+ phagosomes that triggers an FcγRIIA/Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) inhibitory immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAMi) anti-inflammatory pathway. Mice overexpressing human FcγRIIA in myeloid cells show enhanced LAP in response to chronic liver injury and resistance to inflammation and liver fibrosis. Activation of LAP is lost in monocytes from patients with multiorgan failure and restored by specifically targeting ITAMi signaling with anti-FcγRIIA F(ab')2 fragments, or with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). These data suggest the existence of an ITAMi-mediated mechanism by which LAP might protect against inflammation. Sustaining LAP may open therapeutic perspectives for patients with chronic liver disease.
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Hedjoudje A, Farha J, Cheurfa C, Grabar S, Weiss E, Badurdeen D, Kumbhari V, Prat F, Levy P, Piton G. Serum phosphate is associated with mortality among patients admitted to ICU for acute pancreatitis. United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 9:534-542. [PMID: 33951327 PMCID: PMC8259433 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Routine laboratory tests can be useful predictors in the early assessment of the severity and mortality of acute pancreatitis (AP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of clinical and laboratory parameters for the prediction of mortality among patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for AP. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital made publicly available to examine the relationship between routine clinical and laboratory parameters with respect to mortality for AP. Cox proportional hazard ratio was used to evaluate the impact of several routine laboratory markers on mortality. Receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to determine the accuracy of diagnosis of laboratory tests by using area under curve (AUC) for the respective analysis. RESULTS In total, 499 patients were admitted to the ICU for AP. Several factors for predicting mortality in AP at admission were identified in the multivariate analysis: alkaline phosphatase hazard ratio (HR) = 1.00 (1.00-1.00, p = 0.024), anion gap HR = 1.09 (1.00-1.20, p = 0.047), bilirubin total HR = 1.11 (1.06-1.17, p < 0.001), calcium total HR = 0.59 (0.42-0.84, p = 0.004), phosphate HR = 1.51 (1.18-1.94, p = 0.001), potassium HR = 1.91 (1.03-3.55, p = 0.041), white blood cells HR = 1.04 (1.00-1.07, p = 0.028). The AUC of serum phosphate level for mortality was 0.7 in the ROC analysis. The optimal cut-off value of serum phosphate level for prediction of mortality was 3.78 mg/dl (sensitivity, 0.58; specificity, 0.78). CONCLUSION In this large cohort, we identified baseline serum phosphate as the most valuable single routine laboratory test for predicting mortality in AP. Future prospective studies are required to confirm these results.
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Zaccherini G, Aguilar F, Caraceni P, Clària J, Lozano JJ, Fenaille F, Castelli F, Junot C, Curto A, Formentin C, Weiss E, Bernardi M, Jalan R, Angeli P, Moreau R, Arroyo V. Assessing the role of amino acids in systemic inflammation and organ failure in patients with ACLF. J Hepatol 2021; 74:1117-1131. [PMID: 33276029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Systemic inflammation and organ failure(s) are the hallmarks of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), yet their pathogenesis remains uncertain. Herein, we aimed to assess the role of amino acids in these processes in patients with ACLF. METHODS The blood metabolomic database of the CANONIC study (comprising 137 metabolites, with 43% related to amino acids) - obtained in 181 patients with ACLF and 650 with acute decompensation without ACLF (AD) - was reanalyzed with a focus on amino acids, in particular 9 modules of co-regulated metabolites. We also compared blood metabolite levels between ACLF and AD. RESULTS The main findings in ACLF were: i) Metabolite modules were increased in parallel with increased levels of markers of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. ii) Seventy percent of proteinogenic amino acids were present and most were increased. iii) A metabolic network, comprising the amino acids aspartate, glutamate, the serine-glycine one-carbon metabolism (folate cycle), and methionine cycle, was activated, suggesting increased purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. iv) Cystathionine, L-cystine, glutamate and pyroglutamate, which are involved in the transsulfuration pathway (a methionine cycle branch) were increased, consistent with increased synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione. v) Intermediates of the catabolism of 5 out of the 6 ketogenic amino acids were increased. vi) The levels of spermidine (a polyamine inducer of autophagy with anti-inflammatory effects) were decreased. CONCLUSIONS In ACLF, blood amino acids fueled protein and nucleotide synthesis required for the intense systemic inflammatory response. Ketogenic amino acids were extensively catabolized to produce energy substrates in peripheral organs, an effect that was insufficient because organs failed. Finally, the decrease in spermidine levels may cause a defect in autophagy contributing to the proinflammatory phenotype in ACLF. LAY SUMMARY Systemic inflammation and organ failures are hallmarks of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Herein, we aimed to characterize the role of amino acids in these processes. The blood metabolome of patients with acutely decompensated cirrhosis, and particularly those with ACLF, reveals evidence of intense skeletal muscle catabolism. Importantly, amino acids (along with glucose), are used for intense anabolic, energy-consuming metabolism in patients with ACLF, presumably to support de novo nucleotide and protein synthesis in the activated innate immune system.
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Guedj K, Uzzan M, Soudan D, Trichet C, Nicoletti A, Weiss E, Manceau H, Nuzzo A, Corcos O, Treton X, Peoc’h K. I-FABP is decreased in COVID-19 patients, independently of the prognosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249799. [PMID: 33857216 PMCID: PMC8049236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is frequently associated with gastrointestinal manifestations. Herein we evaluated the interest in measuring the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), a biomarker of intestinal injury, in COVID-19 patients. METHODS Serum I-FABP was analyzed in 28 consecutive patients hospitalized for a PCR-confirmed COVID-19, in 24 hospitalized patients with non-COVID-19 pulmonary diseases, and 79 patients admitted to the emergency room for abdominal pain. RESULTS I-FABP serum concentrations were significantly lower in patients with COVID-19, as compared to patients with non-COVID-19 pulmonary diseases [70.3 pg/mL (47-167.9) vs. 161.1 pg/mL (88.98-305.2), respectively, p = 0.008]. I-FABP concentrations in these two populations were significantly lower than in patients with abdominal pain without COVID-19 [344.8 pg/mL (268.9-579.6)]. I-FABP was neither associated with severity nor the duration of symptoms. I-FABP was correlated with polymorphonuclear cell counts. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, we observed a low I-FABP concentration in COVID-19 patients either with or without gastrointestinal symptoms, of which the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical impact remain to be established. Further explorations on a larger cohort of patients will be needed to unravel the molecular mechanism of such observation, including the effects of malabsorption and/or abnormal lipid metabolism.
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Weiss E, de la Grange P, Defaye M, Lozano JJ, Aguilar F, Hegde P, Jolly A, Moga L, Sukriti S, Agarwal B, Gurm H, Tanguy M, Poisson J, Clària J, Abback PS, Périanin A, Mehta G, Jalan R, Francoz C, Rautou PE, Lotersztajn S, Arroyo V, Durand F, Moreau R. Characterization of Blood Immune Cells in Patients With Decompensated Cirrhosis Including ACLF. Front Immunol 2021; 11:619039. [PMID: 33613548 PMCID: PMC7893087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Patients with cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) have immunosuppression, indicated by an increase in circulating immune-deficient monocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate simultaneously the major blood-immune cell subsets in these patients. Material and Methods Blood taken from 67 patients with decompensated cirrhosis (including 35 critically ill with ACLF in the intensive care unit), and 12 healthy subjects, was assigned to either measurements of clinical blood counts and microarray (genomewide) analysis of RNA expression in whole-blood; microarray (genomewide) analysis of RNA expression in blood neutrophils; or assessment of neutrophil antimicrobial functions. Results Several features were found in patients with ACLF and not in those without ACLF. Indeed, clinical blood count measurements showed that patients with ACLF were characterized by leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Using the CIBERSORT method to deconvolute the whole-blood RNA-expression data, revealed that the hallmark of ACLF was the association of neutrophilia with increased proportions of macrophages M0-like monocytes and decreased proportions of memory lymphocytes (of B-cell, CD4 T-cell lineages), CD8 T cells and natural killer cells. Microarray analysis of neutrophil RNA expression revealed that neutrophils from patients with ACLF had a unique phenotype including induction of glycolysis and granule genes, and downregulation of cell-migration and cell-cycle genes. Moreover, neutrophils from these patients had defective production of the antimicrobial superoxide anion. Conclusions Genomic analysis revealed that, among patients with decompensated cirrhosis, those with ACLF were characterized by dysregulation of blood immune cells, including increases in neutrophils (that had a unique phenotype) and macrophages M0-like monocytes, and depletion of several lymphocyte subsets (including memory lymphocytes). All these lymphocyte alterations, along with defective neutrophil superoxide anion production, may contribute to immunosuppression in ACLF, suggesting targets for future therapies.
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Logre E, Bert F, Khoy-Ear L, Janny S, Giabicani M, Grigoresco B, Toussaint A, Dondero F, Dokmak S, Roux O, Francoz C, Soubrane O, Durand F, Paugam-Burtz C, Weiss E. Risk Factors and Impact of Perioperative Prophylaxis on the Risk of Extended-spectrum β-Lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae-related Infection Among Carriers Following Liver Transplantation. Transplantation 2021; 105:338-345. [PMID: 32217945 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) carriage is frequent among liver transplant (LT) recipients, thereby fostering a large empirical carbapenem prescription. However, ESBL-E infections occur in only 10%-25% of critically ill patients with rectal colonization. Our aim was to identify risk factors for post-LT ESBL-E infection in colonized patients. The effect of perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis (AP) was also analyzed in patients with prophylaxis lasting <48 hours and without proven intraoperative infection. METHODS Retrospective study from a prospective database including patients with a positive ESBL-E rectal screening transplanted between 2010 and 2016. RESULTS Among the 749 patients transplanted, 100 (13.3%) were colonized with an ESBL-E strain. Thirty-nine (39%) patients developed an infection related to the same ESBL-E (10 pulmonary, 11 surgical site, 13 urinary, 5 bloodstream) within 11 postoperative days in median. Klebsiella pneumoniae carriage, model for end-stage liver disease ≥25, preoperative spontaneous bacterial peritonitis prophylaxis, and antimicrobial exposure during the previous month were independent predictors of ESBL-E infection. We propose a colonization to infection risk score built on these variables. The prevalence of infection for colonization to infection score of 0, 1, 2, and ≥3 were 7.4%, 26.3%, 61.9%, and 91.3%, respectively. Of note, the incidence of post-LT ESBL-E infection was lower in case of perioperative AP targeting colonizing ESBL-E (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Thirty-nine percentage of ESBL-E carriers develop a related infection after LT. We identified predictors for ESBL-E infection in carriers that may help in rationalizing carbapenem prescription. Perioperative AP targeting colonizing ESBL-E may be associated with a reduced risk of post-LT ESBL-E infections.
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Hobeika C, Cauchy F, Weiss E, Chopinet S, Sepulveda A, Dondero F, Khoy-Ear L, Grigoresco B, Dokmak S, Durand F, Le Roy B, Paugam-Burtz C, Soubrane O. Practical model to identify liver transplant recipients at low risk of postoperative haemorrhage, bile leakage and ascites. BJS Open 2021; 5:6073666. [PMID: 33609380 PMCID: PMC7893463 DOI: 10.1093/bjsopen/zraa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to identify a subgroup of recipients at low risk of haemorrhage, bile leakage and ascites following liver transplantation (LT). Methods Factors associated with significant postoperative ascites (more than 10 ml/kg on postoperative day 5), bile leakage and haemorrhage after LT were identified using three separate multivariable analyses in patients who had LT in 2010–2019. A model predicting the absence of all three outcomes was created and validated internally using bootstrap procedure. Results Overall, 944 recipients underwent LT. Rates of ascites, bile leakage and haemorrhage were 34.9, 7.7 and 6.0 per cent respectively. The 90-day mortality rate was 7.0 per cent. Partial liver graft (relative risk (RR) 1.31; P = 0.021), intraoperative ascites (more than 10 ml/kg suctioned after laparotomy) (RR 2.05; P = 0.001), malnutrition (RR 1.27; P = 0.006), portal vein thrombosis (RR 1.56; P = 0.024) and intraoperative blood loss greater than 1000 ml (RR 1.39; P = 0.003) were independently associated with postoperative ascites and/or bile leak and/or haemorrhage, and were introduced in the model. The model was well calibrated and predicted the absence of all three outcomes with an area under the curve of 0.76 (P = 0.001). Of the 944 patients, 218 (23.1 per cent) fulfilled the five criteria of the model, and 9.6 per cent experienced postoperative ascites (RR 0.22; P = 0.001), 1.8 per cent haemorrhage (RR 0.21; P = 0.033), 4.1 per cent bile leak (RR 0.54; P = 0.048), 40.4 per cent severe complications (RR 0.70; P = 0.001) and 1.4 per cent 90-day mortality (RR 0.13; P = 0.004). Conclusion A practical model has been provided to identify patients at low risk of ascites, bile leakage and haemorrhage after LT; these patients could potentially qualify for inclusion in non-abdominal drainage protocols.
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Nguyen Y, Corre F, Honsel V, Curac S, Zarrouk V, Burtz CP, Weiss E, Moyer JD, Gauss T, Grégory J, Bert F, Trichet C, Peoc'h K, Vilgrain V, Rebours V, Fantin B, Galy A. A nomogram to predict the risk of unfavourable outcome in COVID-19: a retrospective cohort of 279 hospitalized patients in Paris area. Ann Med 2020; 52:367-375. [PMID: 32723107 PMCID: PMC7877983 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2020.1803499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify predictive factors of unfavourable outcome among patients hospitalized for COVID-19. METHODS We conducted a monocentric retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Paris area. An unfavourable outcome was defined as the need for artificial ventilation and/or death. Characteristics at admission were analysed to identify factors predictive of unfavourable outcome using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. Based on the results, a nomogram to predict 14-day probability of poor outcome was proposed. RESULTS Between March 15th and April 14th, 2020, 279 COVID-19 patients were hospitalized after a median of 7 days after the first symptoms. Among them, 88 (31.5%) patients had an unfavourable outcome: 48 were admitted to the ICU for artificial ventilation, and 40 patients died without being admitted to ICU. Multivariable analyses retained age, overweight, polypnoea, fever, high C-reactive protein, elevated us troponin-I, and lymphopenia as risk factors of an unfavourable outcome. A nomogram was established with sufficient discriminatory power (C-index 0.75), and proper consistence between the prediction and the observation. CONCLUSION We identified seven easily available prognostic factors and proposed a simple nomogram for early detection of patients at risk of aggravation, in order to optimize clinical care and initiate specific therapies. KEY MESSAGES Since novel coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, a minority of patients develops severe respiratory distress syndrome, leading to death despite intensive care. Tools to identify patients at risk in European populations are lacking. In our series, age, respiratory rate, overweight, temperature, C-reactive protein, troponin and lymphocyte counts were risk factors of an unfavourable outcome in hospitalized adult patients. We propose an easy-to-use nomogram to predict unfavourable outcome for hospitalized adult patients to optimize clinical care and initiate specific therapies.
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Ricco A, Allen A, Mukhopadhyay N, Kalman N, Weiss E. The Association Between Laboratory Pretreatment Immune Parameters and Radiographic Lung Changes in Early Stage Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Trebicka J, Gu W, Ibáñez-Samaniego L, Hernández-Gea V, Pitarch C, Garcia E, Procopet B, Giráldez Á, Amitrano L, Villanueva C, Thabut D, Silva-Junior G, Martinez J, Genescà J, Bureau C, Llop E, Laleman W, Palazon JM, Castellote J, Rodrigues S, Gluud L, Ferreira CN, Barcelo R, Cañete N, Rodríguez M, Ferlitsch A, Mundi JL, Gronbaek H, Hernández-Guerra M, Sassatelli R, Dell'Era A, Senzolo M, Abraldes JG, Romero-Gómez M, Zipprich A, Casas M, Masnou H, Primignani M, Weiss E, Catalina MV, Erasmus HP, Uschner FE, Schulz M, Brol MJ, Praktiknjo M, Chang J, Krag A, Nevens F, Calleja JL, Robic MA, Conejo I, Albillos A, Rudler M, Alvarado E, Guardascione MA, Tantau M, Bosch J, Torres F, Pavesi M, Garcia-Pagán JC, Jansen C, Bañares R. Rebleeding and mortality risk are increased by ACLF but reduced by pre-emptive TIPS. J Hepatol 2020; 73:1082-1091. [PMID: 32339602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The relationship between acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and acute variceal bleeding (AVB) is poorly understood. Specifically, the prevalence and prognosis of ACLF in the context of AVB is unclear, while the role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in the management in patients with ACLF has not been described to date. METHODS A multicenter, international, observational study was conducted in 2,138 patients from 34 centers between 2011 and 2015. ACLF was defined and graded according to the EASL-CLIF consortium definition. Placement of pre-emptive TIPS (pTIPS) was based on individual center policy. Patients were followed-up for 1 year, until death or liver transplantation. Cox regression and competing risk models (Gray's test) were used to identify independent predictors of rebleeding or mortality. RESULTS At admission, 380/2,138 (17.8%) patients had ACLF according to EASL-CLIF criteria (grade 1: 38.7%; grade 2: 39.2%; grade 3: 22.1%). The 42-day rebleeding (19% vs. 10%; p <0.001) and mortality (47% vs. 10%; p <0.001) rates were higher in patients with ACLF and increased with ACLF grades. Of note, the presence of ACLF was independently associated with rebleeding and mortality. pTIPS placement improved survival in patients with ACLF at 42 days and 1 year. This effect was also observed in propensity score matching analysis of 66 patients with ACLF, of whom 44 received pTIPs and 22 did not. CONCLUSIONS This large multicenter international real-life study identified ACLF at admission as an independent predictor of rebleeding and mortality in patients with AVB. Moreover, pTIPS was associated with improved survival in patients with ACLF and AVB. LAY SUMMARY Acute variceal bleeding is a deadly complication of liver cirrhosis that results from severe portal hypertension. This study demonstrates that the presence of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is the strongest predictor of mortality in patients with acute variceal bleeding. Importantly, patients with ACLF and acute variceal (re)bleeding benefit from pre-emptive (early) placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.
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Jan N, Mukhopadhyay N, Weiss E. Target Volume Definition for Radiotherapy of Staple Line Recurrences of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Cooper D, Ricco A, Rezai Gharai L, Guy C, Weiss E. Risk of Radiation Pneumonitis in Locally Advanced Lung Cancer Patients: Role of Interstitial Lung Disease Subtypes and Severity of Pulmonary Emphysema. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ricco A, Rezai Gharai L, Kalman N, Weiss E. Interstitial Lung Disease Subtypes and Severity of Pulmonary Emphysema: Relation to Radiographic Lung Changes and Radiation Pneumonitis after Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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67
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Ricco A, Kim A, Canada J, Grizzard J, Dana F, Rezai Gharai L, Abbate A, Weiss E. Extracellular Volume Fraction of Cardiac MRI in the Detection of Cardiac Toxicity from Radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mahon R, Jan N, Hugo G, Muscu S, Weiss E. Accuracy of Deformable Image Registration for Reirradiation of Lung Cancer Following Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.07.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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69
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Uzzan M, Soudan D, Peoc'h K, Weiss E, Corcos O, Treton X. Patients with COVID-19 present with low plasma citrulline concentrations that associate with systemic inflammation and gastrointestinal symptoms. Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52:1104-1105. [PMID: 32646736 PMCID: PMC7332957 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Weiss E, Zahar JR, Alder J, Asehnoune K, Bassetti M, Bonten MJM, Chastre J, De Waele J, Dimopoulos G, Eggimann P, Engelhardt M, Ewig S, Kollef M, Lipman J, Luna C, Martin-Loeches I, Pagani L, Palmer LB, Papazian L, Poulakou G, Prokocimer P, Rello J, Rex JH, Shorr AF, Talbot GH, Thamlikitkul V, Torres A, Wunderink RG, Timsit JF. Elaboration of Consensus Clinical Endpoints to Evaluate Antimicrobial Treatment Efficacy in Future Hospital-acquired/Ventilator-associated Bacterial Pneumonia Clinical Trials. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:1912-1918. [PMID: 30722013 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP and VABP, respectively) are important for the evaluation of new antimicrobials. However, the heterogeneity in endpoints used in RCTs evaluating treatment of HABP/VABP may puzzle clinicians. The aim of this work was to reach a consensus on clinical endpoints to consider in future clinical trials evaluating antimicrobial treatment efficacy for HABP/VABP. METHODS Twenty-six international experts from intensive care, infectious diseases, and the pharmaceutical industry were polled using the Delphi method. RESULTS The panel recommended a hierarchical composite endpoint including, by priority order, (1) survival at day 28, (2) mechanical ventilation-free days through day 28, and (3) clinical cure between study days 7 and 10 for VABP; and (1) survival (day 28) and (2) clinical cure (days 7-10) for HABP. Clinical cure was defined as the combination of resolution of signs and symptoms present at enrollment and improvement or lack of progression of radiological signs. More than 70% of the experts agreed to assess survival and mechanical ventilation-free days though day 28, and clinical cure between day 7 and day 10 after treatment initiation. Finally, the hierarchical order of endpoint components was reached after 3 Delphi rounds (72% agreement). CONCLUSIONS We provide a multinational expert consensus on separate hierarchical composite endpoints for VABP and HABP, and on a definition of clinical cure that could be considered for use in future HABP/VABP clinical trials.
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Zaccherini G, Weiss E, Moreau R. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Definitions, pathophysiology and principles of treatment. JHEP Rep 2020; 3:100176. [PMID: 33205036 PMCID: PMC7652714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The term acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) defines an abrupt and life-threatening worsening of clinical conditions in patients with cirrhosis or chronic liver disease. In recent years, different definitions and diagnostic criteria for the syndrome have been proposed by the major international scientific societies. The main controversies relate to the type of acute insult (specifically hepatic or also extrahepatic), the stage of underlying liver disease (cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis) and the concomitant extrahepatic organ failure(s) that should be considered in the definition of ACLF. Therefore, different severity criteria and prognostic scores have been proposed and validated. Current evidence shows that the pathophysiology of ACLF is closely associated with an intense systemic inflammation sustained by circulating pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. The development of organ failures may be a result of a combination of tissue hypoperfusion, direct immune-mediated damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. Management of ACLF is currently based on the supportive treatment of organ failures, mainly in an intensive care setting. For selected patients, liver transplantation is an effective treatment that offers a good long-term prognosis. Future studies on potential mechanistic treatments that improve patient survival are eagerly awaited.
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Key Words
- AARC, APASL ACLF Research Consortium
- ACLF, acute-on-chronic liver failure
- AKI, acute kidney injury
- APASL, Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver
- Acute decompensation
- Bacterial infections
- Bacterial translocation
- CLIF, Chronic Liver Failure-Consortium
- COSSH, Chinese Group on the Study of Severe Hepatitis
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- EASL, European Association for the Study of the Liver - Chronic Liver
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- HMGB1, high mobility group box 1
- ICU, intensive care unit
- INR, international normalised ratio
- Immunopathology
- Inflammatory response
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- Metabolism
- Multiorgan failure
- NACSELD, North American Consortium for the Study of End-stage Liver Disease
- NO, nitric oxide
- OF, organ failure
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PRR, pattern-recognition receptors
- Sterile inflammation
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- UNOS, United Network for Organ Sharing
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Artzner T, Michard B, Weiss E, Barbier L, Noorah Z, Merle JC, Paugam-Burtz C, Francoz C, Durand F, Soubrane O, Pirani T, Theocharidou E, O'Grady J, Bernal W, Heaton N, Salamé E, Bucur P, Barraud H, Lefebvre F, Serfaty L, Besch C, Bachellier P, Schneider F, Levesque E, Faitot F. Liver transplantation for critically ill cirrhotic patients: Stratifying utility based on pretransplant factors. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:2437-2448. [PMID: 32185866 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to produce a prognostic model to help predict posttransplant survival in patients transplanted with grade-3 acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF-3). Patients with ACLF-3 who underwent liver transplantation (LT) between 2007 and 2017 in 5 transplant centers were included (n = 152). Predictors of 1-year mortality were retrospectively screened and tested on a single center training cohort and subsequently tested on an independent multicenter cohort composed of the 4 other centers. Four independent pretransplant risk factors were associated with 1-year mortality after transplantation in the training cohort: age ≥53 years (P = .044), pre-LT arterial lactate level ≥4 mml/L (P = .013), mechanical ventilation with PaO2 /FiO2 ≤ 200 mm Hg (P = .026), and pre-LT leukocyte count ≤10 G/L (P = .004). A simplified version of the model was derived by assigning 1 point to each risk factor: the transplantation for Aclf-3 model (TAM) score. A cut-off at 2 points distinguished a high-risk group (score >2) from a low-risk group (score ≤2) with 1-year survival of 8.3% vs 83.9% respectively (P < .001). This model was subsequently validated in the independent multicenter cohort. The TAM score can help stratify posttransplant survival and identify an optimal transplantation window for patients with ACLF-3.
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Hinterberger C, Weiss E, Whelan M, Sen A. Food and Beverage Marketing to Children on YouTube: An Advertisement Content Analysis and Nutritional Comparison. J Acad Nutr Diet 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.06.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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74
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Weiss E, Roux O, Moyer JD, Paugam-Burtz C, Boudaoud L, Ajzenberg N, Faille D, de Raucourt E. Fibrinolysis Resistance: A Potential Mechanism Underlying COVID-19 Coagulopathy. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120:1343-1345. [PMID: 32645725 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Velly L, Gayat E, Quintard H, Weiss E, De Jong A, Cuvillon P, Audibert G, Amour J, Beaussier M, Biais M, Bloc S, Bonnet MP, Bouzat P, Brezac G, Dahyot-Fizelier C, Dahmani S, de Queiroz M, Di Maria S, Ecoffey C, Futier E, Geeraerts T, Jaber H, Heyer L, Hoteit R, Joannes-Boyau O, Kern D, Langeron O, Lasocki S, Launey Y, le Saché F, Lukaszewicz AC, Maurice-Szamburski A, Mayeur N, Michel F, Minville V, Mirek S, Montravers P, Morau E, Muller L, Muret J, Nouette-Gaulain K, Orban JC, Orliaguet G, Perrigault PF, Plantet F, Pottecher J, Quesnel C, Reubrecht V, Rozec B, Tavernier B, Veber B, Veyckmans F, Charbonneau H, Constant I, Frasca D, Fischer MO, Huraux C, Blet A, Garnier M. Guidelines: Anaesthesia in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2020; 39:395-415. [PMID: 32512197 PMCID: PMC7274119 DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The world is currently facing an unprecedented healthcare crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of these guidelines is to produce a framework to facilitate the partial and gradual resumption of intervention activity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS The group has endeavoured to produce a minimum number of recommendations to highlight the strengths to be retained in the 7 predefined areas: (1) protection of staff and patients; (2) benefit/risk and patient information; (3) preoperative assessment and decision on intervention; (4) modalities of the preanaesthesia consultation; (5) specificity of anaesthesia and analgesia; (6) dedicated circuits and (7) containment exit type of interventions. RESULTS The SFAR Guideline panel provides 51 statements on anaesthesia management in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. After one round of discussion and various amendments, a strong agreement was reached for 100% of the recommendations and algorithms. CONCLUSION We present suggestions for how the risk of transmission by and to anaesthetists can be minimised and how personal protective equipment policies relate to COVID-19 pandemic context.
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