Mucosa-associated microbiota signature in colorectal cancer

The aim of this study was to explore the gut microbiota profiles of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and to examine the relationship between gut microbiota and other key molecular factors involved in CRC tumorigenesis. In this study, a 16S rDNA sequencing platform was used to identify possible differences in the microbiota signature between CRC and adjacent normal mucosal tissue. Differences in the microbiota composition in different anatomical colorectal tumor sites and their potential association with KRAS mutation were also explored. In this study, the number of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria decreased, while the number of Fusobacteria increased in the gut of CRC patients. In addition, at the genus level, Fusobacterium was identified as the key contributor to CRC tumorigenesis. In addition, a different distribution of gut microbiota in ascending and descending colon cancer samples was observed. Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis-associated microbial genes were enriched in tumor tissues. Our study suggests that specific mucosa-associated microbiota signature and function are significantly changed in the gut of CRC patients, which may provide insight into the progression of CRC. These findings could also be of value in the creation of new prevention and treatment strategies for this type of cancer.

Gut microbiota and colorectal cancer

The gut microbiota is considered as a forgotten organ in human health and disease. It maintains gut homeostasis by various complex mechanisms. However, disruption of the gut microbiota has been confirmed to be related to gastrointestinal diseases such as colorectal cancer, as well as remote organs in many studies. Colorectal cancer is a multi-factorial and multi-stage involved disorder. The role for microorganisms that initiate and facilitate the process of colorectal cancer has become clear. The candidate pathogens have been identified by culture and next sequencing technology. Persuasive models have also been proposed to illustrate the complicated and dynamic time and spatial change in the carcinogenesis. Related key molecules have also been investigated to demonstrate the pathways crucial for the development of colorectal cancer. In addition, risk factors that contribute to the tumorigenesis can also be modulated to decrease the susceptibility for certain population. In addition, the results of basic studies have also translated to clinical application, which displayed a critical value for the diagnosis and therapy of colorectal cancer. In this review, we not only emphasize the exploration of the mechanisms, but also potential clinical practice implication in this microbiota era.

Horse-Expert: An aided expert system for diagnosing horse diseases

In contrast to the rapid development of the horse husbandry in China, the ability of horse veterinarians to diagnose diseases has not been improved and only a few domain experts have considerable expertise. At present, many expert systems have been developed for diseases diagnosis, but few for horse diseases diagnosis have been studied in depth. This paper presents the design and development of a computer-aided expert system for diagnosing horse diseases. We suggest an approach for diagnosis of horse diseases based on the analysis of diagnostic characteristics and the experiential knowledge of domain experts. It is based on using evidence-weighted uncertainty reasoning theory, which is a combination of evidence theory and an uncertainty pass algorithm of confidence factors. It enables drawing of inferences with atypical clinical signs and the uncertainty of the user's subjective understanding. It reduces the influence of subjective factors on diagnostic accuracy. The system utilizes a user friendly interface for users and requests a confidence factor from users when feedback is given to the system. Horse-Expert combines the confidence factors with weight factors assigned to clinical signs by experts during the knowledge acquisition process to make diagnostic conclusions. The system can diagnose 91 common horse diseases, and provides suggestions for appropriate treatment options. In addition, users can check the medical record through statistical charts. The system has been tested in seven demonstration areas of Xinjiang province in northwestern China. By constantly maintaining and updating the knowledge base, the system has potential application in veterinary practice.

Three-dimensional stress In vitro promotes the proliferation and differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells implanted by bioactive glass

To analyze the biological and mechanical microenvironment on the directional differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) In vitro. PDLSCs were cultured in three-dimensional stress system In vitro for 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Methods like immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were adopted and the proliferation and differentiation situation of PDLSCs were determined. Bioactive glass (BAG) of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% was implanted into PDLSCs with or without three-dimensional stress for 3 weeks, respectively. The proliferation and differentiation situation of PDLSCs were determined. The mRNA levels of Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Type I Collagen (COL I), Type II Collagen (COL II), Bone sialoprotein (BSP), Osteocalcin (OCN) and Osteopontin (OPN) were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. 30% BAG and three-dimensional stress for 3 weeks promoted the proliferation and differentiation of PDLSCs mostly. PDLSCs induced by BAG and 3D force and the control all expressed the mRNA of ALP, COLⅠand COL Ⅱ. The BAG and three-dimensional stress induced PDLSCs also expressed the mRNA of BSP, OCN and OPN. BAG and three-dimensional stress indicated microenvironment In vitro can promote the proliferation and differentiation of PDLSCs.

Significant metal enhanced fluorescence of Ag2S quantum dots in the second near-infrared window

The amplification of light in NIR-II from Ag2S QDs via metal enhanced fluorescence (MEF) is reported for the first time. Significant fluorescence enhancement of over 100 times for Ag2S QDs deposited on Au-nanostructured arrays, paves the way for novel sensing and imaging applications based on Ag2S QDs, with improved detection sensitivity and contrast enhancement.

Whole-genome association analysis of treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder

Up to 30% of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibit an inadequate response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). To date, genetic predictors of OCD treatment response have not been systematically investigated using genome-wide association study (GWAS). To identify specific genetic variations potentially influencing SRI response, we conducted a GWAS study in 804 OCD patients with information on SRI response. SRI response was classified as 'response' (n=514) or 'non-response' (n=290), based on self-report. We used the more powerful Quasi-Likelihood Score Test (the MQLS test) to conduct a genome-wide association test correcting for relatedness, and then used an adjusted logistic model to evaluate the effect size of the variants in probands. The top single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was rs17162912 (P=1.76 × 10(-8)), which is near the DISP1 gene on 1q41-q42, a microdeletion region implicated in neurological development. The other six SNPs showing suggestive evidence of association (P<10(-5)) were rs9303380, rs12437601, rs16988159, rs7676822, rs1911877 and rs723815. Among them, two SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium, rs7676822 and rs1911877, located near the PCDH10 gene, gave P-values of 2.86 × 10(-6) and 8.41 × 10(-6), respectively. The other 35 variations with signals of potential significance (P<10(-4)) involve multiple genes expressed in the brain, including GRIN2B, PCDH10 and GPC6. Our enrichment analysis indicated suggestive roles of genes in the glutamatergic neurotransmission system (false discovery rate (FDR)=0.0097) and the serotonergic system (FDR=0.0213). Although the results presented may provide new insights into genetic mechanisms underlying treatment response in OCD, studies with larger sample sizes and detailed information on drug dosage and treatment duration are needed.

ApoE and S-100 expression and its significance in the brain tissue of rats with focal contusion

This study explored the effect of focal cerebral contusion on the expression of ApoE and S-100, and its significance in determining the time of brain injury. Based on a rat model of cerebral contusion, immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the expressions of S-100 and ApoE at different time points after injury. Thirty minutes following cerebral contusion, ApoE protein expression was significantly increased in cortex neurons (P < 0.01), and S-100 protein expression was significantly (P < 0.001) elevated 2 h after cerebral contusion. Over time, the number of ApoE and S-100 positively expressing cells gradually increased. Three days after injury, ApoE was widely distributed throughout the tissue and the number of ApoE-positive cells and staining intensity reached a peak. ApoE expression decreased after this time point. Five days after cerebral contusion, the number of S-100-positive cells reached a peak level of expression higher than that in the control group. Our data demonstrate that the expression of ApoE and S-100 correlated with the progression of focal cerebral contusion. This suggests that both proteins may serve as effective biomarkers of focal cerebral contusions.

ZnRF3 induces apoptosis of gastric cancer cells by antagonizing Wnt and Hedgehog signaling

AIM

The aim of this paper was to investigate the function an importance of E3-ubiquitin ligase ZnRF3 in the progression of cancer cell growth.

METHODS

A total of 58 patients (44 males and 14 females) were enrolled in the study and their gastric tumors were removed surgically and were staged by the TNM approach. Among these patients, 43 patients died and 15 survived at the time of this study. The tumors and the paracancerous tissues were examined by immunohostochemistry for the expression of ZnRF3. We assessed the expression of ZnRF3 in gastric tumors and paracancerous tissues from our patients and related this to patient survival.

RESULTS

A large proportion of malignant cancers of the stomach are gastric adenocarcinoma type. In spite of many studies, the molecular basis for this cancer is still unclear. Deregulated cell proliferative signaling via Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog pathways is considered important in the pathogenesis of many cancers including the gastric cancer. Recent studies identified ZnRF3 protein, which is a E3-ubiquitin ligase and which is either deleted or mutated in cancers, to inhibit Wnt signaling. However, the significance of ZnRF3 in the control of gastric cancer and whether it also regulates Hedgehog signaling pathway, is not known. ZnRF3 expression was much higher in tumors from aged patients. Male patients showed higher mortality than the females. Mechanistic studies using normal gastric cells (GES1) and gastric cancer cells (MGC-803) infected with either AdZnRF3 or AdGFP viral vectors, revealed that ZnRF3 overexpression causes significantly more apoptosis and lowered proliferation of cancer cells. ZnRF3 overexpression led to greatly reduced levels of Lgr5, a component of Wnt signaling and also Gli1, a component of Hedgehog signaling. Thus, ZnRF3 negatively influences both the Wnt and Hedgehog proliferative pathways and probably this way it negatively regulates cancer progression. These results suggest the importance of normal ZnRF3 function in checking the progression of cancer cell growth and indicate that a lack of this protein can lead to poorer clinical outcomes for gastric cancer patients.

CONCLUSION

We observed a clear relationship between ZnRF3 expression in paracancerous tissue and tumor size.

Mutation screening of DUOX2 in Chinese patients with congenital hypothyroidism

BACKGROUND

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common neonatal endocrine disorder in infancy. Dual oxidase 2 gene (DUOX2) mutations have been reported to be one of the leading genetic causes of CH.

AIM

The aim of this study was to screen for DUOX2 gene mutations among CH patients in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China and to define the relationships between DUOX2 genotypes and clinical phenotypes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Blood samples were collected from 45 CH patients in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, and genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. All exons of the DUOX2 gene together with their exon-intron boundaries were screened by Sanger sequencing.

RESULTS

Sequencing analysis of DUOX2 in 45 CH patients revealed ten different variants in thirteen individuals. The variants included five known mutations, namely c.3329G>A (p.R1110Q), c.1588A>T (p.K530X), c.2635G>A (p.E879K), c.2524C>T (p.R842X) and c.4027G>T (p.L1343F), and one novel frame shift variant c.3340delC (p.L1114SfsX56), as well as four novel missense variants c.903G>T (p.W301C), c.2048G>T (p.R683L), c.1736T>C (p.L579P) and c.3413C>A (p.A1138D). The variant p.K530X is highly recurrent in our patient cohort but the clinical phenotypes vary greatly among those carrying this variant. Most patients with monoallelic or biallelic DUOX2 pathogenic variants turned out to be cases of transient congenital hypothyroidism (TCH), while three patients with triallelic DUOX2 pathogenic variants were associated with permanent congenital hypothyroidism (PCH).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of DUOX2 pathogenic variants was high (29 %) among patients with CH in Guangxi, China. Monoallelic and biallelic DUOX2 pathogenic variants were mainly associated with TCH, while triallelic DUOX2 pathogenic variants were associated with PCH. Our study expanded the DUOX2 mutation spectrum, and functional studies of the novel mutations need to be conducted in the future.

Effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ATP-binding cassette B1 gene on the clinical outcome of traumatic brain injury

The critical role of ATP-binding cassette B1 (ABCB1) in the function of the blood-brain barrier led us to conducted this prospective study in order to investigate the clinical outcome of patients suffering from severe traumatic brain injury. A total of 182 patients with traumatic brain injury were included in our study. Genotyping of ABCB1 C3435T and G2677T/A was conducted using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Using multivariate-logistic regression analysis, we found that patients carrying the CT+CC genotype of ABCB1 C3435T were more likely to have a better neurological outcome when compared with the TT genotype (odds ratio = 2.71, 95% confidence interval = 1.12-6.86). However, no significant association was found between the G2677T/A polymorphism and outcome of traumatic brain injury patients. Our study provides important information regarding the prognostic value of ABCB1 C3435T, and the ABCB1 C3435T polymorphism may be used as a predictive marker for the outcome of traumatic brain injury patients.

Experimental quantum-walk revival with a time-dependent coin

We demonstrate a quantum walk with time-dependent coin bias. With this technique we realize an experimental single-photon one-dimensional quantum walk with a linearly ramped time-dependent coin flip operation and thereby demonstrate two periodic revivals of the walker distribution. In our beam-displacer interferometer, the walk corresponds to movement between discretely separated transverse modes of the field serving as lattice sites, and the time-dependent coin flip is effected by implementing a different angle between the optical axis of half-wave plate and the light propagation at each step. Each of the quantum-walk steps required to realize a revival comprises two sequential orthogonal coin-flip operators, with one coin having constant bias and the other coin having a time-dependent ramped coin bias, followed by a conditional translation of the walker.

A narrow repertoire of transcriptional modules responsive to pyogenic bacteria is impaired in patients carrying loss-of-function mutations in MYD88 or IRAK4

Loss of function of the kinase IRAK4 or the adaptor MyD88 in humans interrupts a pathway critical for pathogen sensing and ignition of inflammation. However, patients with loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding these factors are, unexpectedly, susceptible to only a limited range of pathogens. We employed a systems approach to investigate transcriptome responses following in vitro exposure of patients' blood to agonists of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and receptors for interleukin 1 (IL-1Rs) and to whole pathogens. Responses to purified agonists were globally abolished, but variable residual responses were present following exposure to whole pathogens. Further delineation of the latter responses identified a narrow repertoire of transcriptional programs affected by loss of MyD88 function or IRAK4 function. Our work introduces the use of a systems approach for the global assessment of innate immune responses and the characterization of human primary immunodeficiencies.

Effects of high thoracic epidural anesthesia on ischemic cardiomyopathy cardiac function and autonomic neural function

We aimed at observing the effects of high thoracic epidural anesthesia (HTEA) on cardiac structure and function, heart rate variability (HRV), and QT interval variation (QTV) in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) patients with chronic heart failure. We divided 30 ICM patients into HTEA (N = 16) and control (N = 14) groups.The control group was treated with medication, and the HTEA group was treated with HTEA and medication for 4 weeks. We measured the changes in the left-ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd) and left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) before and after treatment by using echocardiography and examined changes in HRV and QTV using ambulatory electrocardiogram. HTEA significantly narrowed the LVEDd, improved LVEF, significantly increased the HRV, and significantly reduced the QTV in the ICM group compared to the control group. HTEA significantly narrowed the ventricular chamber diameter size of ICM patients, enhanced myocardial contractility, increased myocardial electrical stability, and improved the cardiac structure and function.

Laboratory evolution of adenylyl cyclase independent learning in Drosophila and missing heritability

Gene interactions are acknowledged to be a likely source of missing heritability in large-scale genetic studies of complex neurological phenotypes. However, involvement of rare variants, de novo mutations, genetic lesions that are not easily detected with commonly used methods and epigenetic factors also are possible explanations. We used a laboratory evolution study to investigate the modulatory effects of background genetic variation on the phenotypic effect size of a null mutation with known impact on olfactory learning. To accomplish this, we first established a population that contained variation at just 23 loci and used selection to evolve suppression of the learning defect seen with null mutations in the rutabaga adenylyl cyclase. We thus biased the system to favor relatively simplified outcomes by choosing a Mendelian trait and by restricting the genetic variation segregating in the population. This experimental design also assures that the causal effects are among the known 23 segregating loci. We observe a robust response to selection that requires the presence of the 23 variants. Analyses of the underlying genotypes showed that interactions between more than two loci are likely to be involved in explaining the selection response, with implications for the missing heritability problem.

Hamiltonian mechanics of stochastic acceleration

We show how to find the physical Langevin equation describing the trajectories of particles undergoing collisionless stochastic acceleration. These stochastic differential equations retain not only one-, but two-particle statistics, and inherit the Hamiltonian nature of the underlying microscopic equations. This opens the door to using stochastic variational integrators to perform simulations of stochastic interactions such as Fermi acceleration. We illustrate the theory by applying it to two example problems.

Direct synthesis of heparin-like poly(ether sulfone) polymer and its blood compatibility

In this study, heparin-like poly(ethersulfone) (HLPES) was synthesized by a combination of polycondensation and post-carboxylation methods, and was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrum and gel permeation chromatography. Owing to the similar backbone structure, the synthesized HLPES could be directly blended with pristine PES at any ratios to prepare PES/HLPES membranes. After the introduction of HLPES, the microscopic structure of the modified PES membranes was changed, while the hydrophilicity was significantly enhanced. Bovine serum albumin and bovine serum fibrinogen adsorption, activated partial thromboplastin time, thromb time and platelet adhesion for the modified PES membranes were investigated. The results indicated that the blood compatibility of the PES/HLPES membranes was significantly improved compared with that of pristine PES membrane. For the PES/HLPES membranes, obvious decreases in platelet activation on PF-4 level, in complement activation on C3a and C5a levels, and in leukocytes activation on CD11b levels were observed compared with those for the pristine PES membrane. The improved blood compatibility of the PES/HLPES membrane might due to the existence of the hydrophilic groups (-SO3Na, -COONa). Furthermore, the modified PES membranes showed good cytocompatibility. Hepatocytes cultured on the PES/HLPES membranes presented improved growth in terms of SEM observation, MTT assay and confocal laser scanning microscope observation compared with those on the pristine PES membrane. These results indicate that the PES/HLPES membranes present great potential in blood-contact fields such as hemodialysis and bio-artificial liver supports.

Lenalidomide enhances the protective effect of a therapeutic vaccine and reverses immune suppression in mice bearing established lymphomas

Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) are effective therapeutic agents with direct inhibitory effects on malignant B- and plasma-cells and immunomodulatory effects on the T-cell activation. This dual function of IMiDs makes them appealing candidates for combination with a cancer vaccine. We investigated the immune stimulatory effects of lenalidomide, administrated to mice in doses, which provided comparable pharmacokinetics to human patients, on the potency of a novel fusion DNA lymphoma vaccine. The combination was curative in the majority of mice with 8d pre-established syngeneic A20 lymphomas compared with vaccine or lenalidomide alone and induced immune memory. In vivo depletion experiments established the requirement for effector CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells in protective immunity. Unexpectedly, lenalidomide alone was also associated with reduced numbers of systemic myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) and regulatory T cell (Treg) in tumor-bearing but not naïve mice, an effect that was independent of simple tumor burden reduction. These results confirm and extend results from other models describing the effect of lenalidomide on enhancing T-cell immunity, highlight the potency of this effect, and provide a rationale for clinical application. Independently, a novel mechanism of action reversing tumor-induced immune suppression by MDSC is suggested.