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Chévere-Torres I, Kaphzan H, Bhattacharya A, Kang A, Maki JM, Gambello MJ, Arbiser JL, Santini E, Klann E. Metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression is impaired due to elevated ERK signaling in the ΔRG mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:1101-10. [PMID: 22198573 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and fragile X syndrome (FXS) are caused by mutations in negative regulators of translation. FXS model mice exhibit enhanced metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression (mGluR-LTD). Therefore, we hypothesized that a mouse model of TSC, ΔRG transgenic mice, also would exhibit enhanced mGluR-LTD. We measured the impact of TSC2-GAP mutations on the mTORC1 and ERK signaling pathways and protein synthesis-dependent hippocampal synaptic plasticity in ΔRG transgenic mice. These mice express a dominant/negative TSC2 that binds to TSC1, but has a deletion and substitution mutation in its GAP-domain, resulting in inactivation of the complex. Consistent with previous studies of several other lines of TSC model mice, we observed elevated S6 phosphorylation in the brains of ΔRG mice, suggesting upregulated translation. Surprisingly, mGluR-LTD was not enhanced, but rather was impaired in the ΔRG transgenic mice, indicating that TSC and FXS have divergent synaptic plasticity phenotypes. Similar to patients with TSC, the ΔRG transgenic mice exhibit elevated ERK signaling. Moreover, the mGluR-LTD impairment displayed by the ΔRG transgenic mice was rescued with the MEK-ERK inhibitor U0126. Our results suggest that the mGluR-LTD impairment observed in ΔRG mice involves aberrant TSC1/2-ERK signaling.
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102
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Yamaguchi M, Arbiser JL, Weitzmann MN. Honokiol stimulates osteoblastogenesis by suppressing NF-κB activation. Int J Mol Med 2011; 28:1049-53. [PMID: 21887456 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2011.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnolia officinalis, a component of Asian herbal teas, has long been employed in traditional Japanese and Chinese medicine to treat numerous maladies. Honokiol, a biphenolic compound, is now considered to be one of the major active ingredients of Magnolia extract, and is under intense investigation for its anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and neuroprotective properties. Biochemically, honokiol has been recognized to modulate the nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB) signal transduction pathway suggesting that it possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation is intimately associated with bone turnover and skeletal deterioration and consequently, anti-inflammatory drugs may hold significant promise as bone protective agents to stem bone loss in osteoporotic conditions. We and others have demonstrated that suppression of NF-κB blunts osteoclastic bone resorption, but promotes osteoblastic bone formation. Indeed previous studies have demonstrated the anti-osteoclastogenic effects of honokiol, however, activities on osteoblast differentiation and activity have yet to be investigated. In this study, we show that honokiol is a potent inducer of in vitro osteoblast differentiation by virtue of its capacity to suppress basal and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-induced NF-κB activation and to alleviate the suppressive action of TNFα on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2-induced Smad activation. Our data confirm that honokiol may have considerable promise as a dual anabolic/anti-catabolic agent for the amelioration of multiple osteoporotic diseases.
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103
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Diano S, Liu ZW, Jeong JK, Dietrich MO, Ruan HB, Kim E, Suyama S, Kelly K, Gyengesi E, Arbiser JL, Belsham DD, Sarruf DA, Schwartz MW, Bennett AM, Shanabrough M, Mobbs CV, Yang X, Gao XB, Horvath TL. Peroxisome proliferation-associated control of reactive oxygen species sets melanocortin tone and feeding in diet-induced obesity. Nat Med 2011; 17:1121-7. [PMID: 21873987 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have proposed roles for hypothalamic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the modulation of circuit activity of the melanocortin system. Here we show that suppression of ROS diminishes pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) cell activation and promotes the activity of neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-co-producing (NPY/AgRP) neurons and feeding, whereas ROS-activates POMC neurons and reduces feeding. The levels of ROS in POMC neurons were positively correlated with those of leptin in lean and ob/ob mice, a relationship that was diminished in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. High-fat feeding resulted in proliferation of peroxisomes and elevated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) mRNA levels within the hypothalamus. The proliferation of peroxisomes in POMC neurons induced by the PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone decreased ROS levels and increased food intake in lean mice on high-fat diet. Conversely, the suppression of peroxisome proliferation by the PPAR antagonist GW9662 increased ROS concentrations and c-fos expression in POMC neurons. Also, it reversed high-fat feeding-triggered elevated NPY/AgRP and low POMC neuronal firing, and resulted in decreased feeding of DIO mice. Finally, central administration of ROS alone increased c-fos and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pStat3) expression in POMC neurons and reduced feeding of DIO mice. These observations unmask a previously unknown hypothalamic cellular process associated with peroxisomes and ROS in the central regulation of energy metabolism in states of leptin resistance.
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104
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Carnesecchi S, Deffert C, Donati Y, Basset O, Hinz B, Preynat-Seauve O, Guichard C, Arbiser JL, Banfi B, Pache JC, Barazzone-Argiroffo C, Krause KH. A key role for NOX4 in epithelial cell death during development of lung fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:607-19. [PMID: 21391892 PMCID: PMC3163392 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis is linked to oxidative stress, possibly generated by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating NADPH oxidase NOX4. Epithelial cell death is a crucial early step in the development of the disease, followed only later by the fibrotic stage. We demonstrate that in lungs of patients with idiopathic lung fibrosis, there is strong expression of NOX4 in hyperplastic alveolar type II cells. AIM To study a possible causative role of NOX4 in the death of alveolar cells, we have generated NOX4-deficient mice. RESULTS Three weeks after administration of bleomycin, wild-type (WT) mice developed massive fibrosis, whereas NOX4-deficient mice displayed almost normal lung histology, and only little Smad2 phosphorylation and accumulation of myofibroblasts. However, the protective effects of NOX4 deficiency preceded the fibrotic stage. Indeed, at day 7 after bleomycin, lungs of WT mice showed massive increase in epithelial cell apoptosis and inflammation. In NOX4-deficient mice, no increase in apoptosis was observed, whereas inflammation was comparable to WT. In vitro, NOX4-deficient primary alveolar epithelial cells exposed to transforming growth factor-β(1) did not generate ROS and were protected from apoptosis. Acute treatment with the NOX inhibitors also blunted transforming growth factor-β(1)-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION ROS generation by NOX4 is a key player in epithelial cell death leading to pulmonary fibrosis.
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105
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Arbiser JL. Fumarate Esters as Angiogenesis Inhibitors: Key to Action in Psoriasis? J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1189-91. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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106
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Amin AR, Jung KH, Wang D, Arbiser JL, Chen ZG, Shin DM. Abstract 3689: Targeting cell survival pathways with the combination of honokiol and resveratrol for prevention of head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Natural dietary agents have drawn great attention for cancer prevention because of their wide safety margin and ready availability. However, single agent intervention has failed to bring the expected outcomes in clinical trials. In the current study, we investigated a combinatorial approach using two natural compounds, honokiol (isolated from the bark of the magnolia tree) and resveratrol (a major constituent of red wines and grapes), and found that their combination at low doses (at which single agents induce minimal cell growth inhibition) strongly inhibited cell growth as measured by SRB assay. Moreover, the combination of low dose honokiol (which alone induces 10-15% apoptosis) with low dose resveratrol (also induces ∼10% apoptosis) strongly increased apoptosis (to 60-80%) in multiple head and neck cancer cell lines as evidenced by annexin V-PE staining and PARP cleavage. Interestingly, normal human fibroblasts (BJ) or immortalized normal bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were resistant to apoptosis induced by the combination of the two compounds (less than 10% apoptosis). To understand the mechanism of apoptosis, we fractionated cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions to study the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol, and found that the combination of honokiol and resveratrol more efficiently caused release of cytochrome c compared with either single agent alone. Further mechanistic studies suggested that the combination of the two agents inhibited phospho-STAT3 and phospho-AKT and reduced NF-κB protein level more efficiently than either single agent. Moreover, although single agent treatment has only minimal effect on expression of NF-κB and the STAT3 targets Bcl-2, Mcl-1 and survivin, the combination of the two agents strongly inhibited expression of these proteins, further supporting the involvement of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. However, expression of Bcl-xL, another proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein remained unchanged after treatment with the compounds. We also found transient inhibition of phospho S6 kinase, a downstream target of p-AKT. NF-κB, phospho-STAT3 and phospho-AKT pathways are frequently over-active in head and neck cancer, suggesting that the combination of honokiol and resveratrol might be an effective strategy for the prevention of head and neck cancer and providing an important rationale for future preclinical and clinical development. (Supported by U01CA101244, R01CA112643, and P50CA128613 to DMS)
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3689. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3689
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Zhang X, Zheng Y, Fried LE, Du Y, Montano SJ, Sohn A, Lefkove B, Holmgren L, Arbiser JL, Holmgren A, Lu J. Disruption of the mitochondrial thioredoxin system as a cell death mechanism of cationic triphenylmethanes. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:811-20. [PMID: 21215310 PMCID: PMC3047390 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in mitochondrial structure and function are a hallmark of cancer cells compared to normal cells and thus targeting mitochondria has emerged as an novel approach to cancer therapy. The mitochondrial thioredoxin 2 (Trx2) system is critical for cell viability, but its role in cancer biology is not well understood. Recently some cationic triphenylmethanes such as brilliant green (BG) and gentian violet were shown to have antitumor and antiangiogenic activity with unknown mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that BG killed cells at nanomolar concentrations and targeted mitochondrial Trx2, which was oxidized and degraded. HeLa cells were more sensitive to BG than fibroblasts. In HeLa cells, Trx2 down-regulation by siRNA resulted in increased sensitivity to BG, whereas for fibroblasts, the same treatments had no effect. BG was observed to accumulate in mitochondria and cause a rapid and dramatic decrease in mitochondrial Trx2 protein. With a redox Western blot method, we found that treatment with BG caused oxidation of both Trx1 and Trx2, followed by release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor from the mitochondria into the cytosol. Moreover, this treatment resulted in an elevation of the mRNA level of Lon protease, a protein quality control enzyme in the mitochondrial matrix, suggesting that the oxidized Trx2 may be degraded by Lon protease.
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108
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Berrios RL, Arbiser JL. Effectiveness of gentian violet and similar products commonly used to treat pyodermas. Dermatol Clin 2011; 29:69-73. [PMID: 21095530 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The term pyoderma encompasses a variety of distinct entities including impetigo (bullous and nonbullous), erysipelas, cellulitis, folliculitis, and staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Treatment of pyodermas centers around wound care and appropriate antibiotic selection. Triphenylmethane dyes, such as gentian violet, represent a unique group of compounds that act as antiseptics and have shown clinical efficacy as antibiotics in a variety of pyodermas, including those secondary to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Given their low cost, ease of application, and favorable side effect profile, triphenylmethanes must be considered legitimate treatment options for pyodermas, particularly in the face of continued and emerging bacterial resistance.
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109
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Bartus C, Brown LF, Bonner MY, Arbiser JL. High level expression of angiopoietin-2 in human abscesses. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64:200-1. [PMID: 21167418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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110
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Liao WT, Yu HS, Arbiser JL, Hong CH, Govindarajan B, Chai CY, Shan WJ, Lin YF, Chen GS, Lee CH. Enhanced MCP-1 release by keloid CD14+ cells augments fibroblast proliferation: role of MCP-1 and Akt pathway in keloids. Exp Dermatol 2011; 19:e142-50. [PMID: 20100200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Keloids are fibrous overgrowth induced by cutaneous injury. The pathogenesis of keloids is poorly understood, and no convincing animal model exists. Current hypotheses of the pathogenesis classify keloids as an entity of aberrant fibrosis. Hyperactivation of the MCP-1/CCR2 axis reportedly causes fibrosis in liver cirrhosis, atherosclerosis and lung fibrosis. Circulating CD14+ monocytes are precursors of circulating fibrocytes and contribute to fibrogenesis by a MCP-1/CCR2-dependent loop. As there is an increase in monocyte lineages in keloids, the aim of this study is to determine whether peripheral CD14+ monocytes in keloid patients trigger fibroblast proliferation through MCP-1. Expressions of MCP-1 and its receptor CCR2 in keloid lesions were measured by immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. The results revealed an increase in MCP-1 and CCR2 in the keloid tissues. Co-culture of keloid CD14+ cells and normal fibroblasts enhanced fibroblast proliferation and a parallel increase in extracellular MCP-1. We further found that MCP-1 modest enhanced fibroblast proliferation via Akt activation. Blockade of either MCP-1 or Akt signaling suppressed the mediation of fibroblast proliferation by CD14+ cells from patients. These results demonstrated that enhanced MCP-1 release by keloid CD14+ cells augments fibroblast proliferation via Akt pathway in keloids. We concluded that enhanced MCP-1 release by keloid CD14+ cells augments fibroblast proliferation, which might initiate keloid development.
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111
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Berrios RL, Arbiser JL. Novel antiangiogenic agents in dermatology. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 508:222-6. [PMID: 21172300 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Because angiogenesis underlies the pathogenesis of numerous conditions (cancer, psoriasis, macular degeneration), there is a pressing need for continued investigations into angiogenic signaling and potential drug targets. Antiangiogenic agents can be classified as either direct or indirect. Direct antiangiogenics act on untransformed endothelial cells to prevent differentiation and proliferation; indirect antiangiogenics act to inhibit factors involved in proangiogenic signaling. Agents currently available with dermatologic indications are few; while several established and novel biologics targeting various proangiogenic factors are currently being investigated for potential dermatologic uses, but the jury is still out on their efficacy and safety. In this review, we highlight our experience with a group of existing and novel, small molecules that combine several modes of action against angiogenesis in addition to other properties--triarylmethane dyes and fulvene derivatives.
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112
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Stoff B, MacKelfresh J, Fried L, Cohen C, Arbiser JL. A nonsteroidal alternative to impetiginized eczema in the emergency room. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:537-9. [PMID: 20708478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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113
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Chua RA, Arbiser JL. Molecular patterns in melanoma and therapeutic targets. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2010; 145:597-602. [PMID: 20930694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is one of the most lethal cancers whose treatment options are limited once it has metastasized. Recent advances in molecular technology have improved our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of melanoma pathogenesis. In this article, we highlight several pathways that have been implicated in melanoma-genesis. While a cure is not yet within grasp, the picture on the horizon is less hazy and the next decade promises to yield exciting new therapeutic discoveries.
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114
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Parker SRS, Traywick C, Arbiser JL. Ulcerative granulomatous mycosis fungoides. Skinmed 2010; 8:188-190. [PMID: 21137630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A 42-year-old white male military recruit presented with a 2-year history of painful ulcerations on the skin of his flanks and thighs. Prior skin biopsies were nondiagnostic but raised the suspicion of an infectious etiology due to the presence ofa granulomatous infiltrate. His medical history was significant for herpes zoster and eczema, and, on review of systems, he had a 1-year history of progressive fatigue and night sweats. Examination revealed approximately one dozen 1- to 5-cm indurated, dusky violaceous plaques on his trunk and lower extremities. Several of the plaques, including one on his right flank, had overlying deep ulcerations (Figure 1A and 1B). Bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy was present.
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115
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Leeman-Neill RJ, Cai Q, Joyce SC, Thomas SM, Bhola NE, Neill DB, Arbiser JL, Grandis JR. Honokiol inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor signaling and enhances the antitumor effects of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:2571-9. [PMID: 20388852 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the utility of honokiol, a naturally occurring compound, in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) as well as its ability to target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a critical therapeutic target in HNSCC, and to enhance the effects of other EGFR-targeting therapies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Human HNSCC cell lines and the xenograft animal model of HNSCC were used to test the effects of honokiol treatment. RESULTS Honokiol was found to inhibit growth in human HNSCC cell lines, with 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) values ranging from 3.3 to 7.4 micromol/L, and to induce apoptosis, as shown through Annexin V staining. These effects were associated with inhibition of EGFR signaling, including downstream inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and expression of STAT3 target genes, Bcl-X(L) and cyclin D1. Furthermore, honokiol enhanced the growth inhibitory and anti-invasion activity of the EGFR-targeting agent erlotinib. Although HNSCC xenograft models did not show significant inhibition of in vivo tumor growth with honokiol treatment alone, the combination of honokiol plus cetuximab, a Food and Drug Administration-approved EGFR inhibitor for this malignancy, significantly enhanced growth inhibition. Finally, HNSCC cells rendered resistant to erlotinib retained sensitivity to the growth inhibitory effects of honokiol. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that honokiol may be an effective therapeutic agent in HNSCC, in which it can augment the effects of EGFR inhibitors and overcome drug resistance.
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116
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Arbiser JL. Translating cyclooxygenase signaling in patch heterozygote mice into a randomized clinical trial in basal cell carcinoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:4-7. [PMID: 20051366 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This different perspective on Tang et al. (beginning on p. 25 in this issue of the journal) discusses the pivotal role of cyclooxygenase (COX) signaling in the pathogenesis of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). These investigators conducted elegant experiments showing increased BCC burden in patch heterozygous mice overexpressing COX-2 in the epidermis. Genetic deletion of COX-1 or COX-2 resulted in a robust decrease in BCC burden in patch heterozygote mice. They then studied pharmacologic COX inhibition in mice and humans with loss of patch, finding a trend in humans toward decreased BCC burden. This finding has implications for public health.
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117
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Swaminathan S, Arbiser JL, Hiatt KM, High W, Abul-Ezz S, Horn TD, Shah SV. Rapid improvement of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis with rapamycin therapy: Possible role of phospho-70-ribosomal-S6 kinase. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 62:343-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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118
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Chua RA, Arbiser JL, Chua RA, Arbiser JL. The role of angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Autoimmunity 2009; 42:574-9. [DOI: 10.1080/08916930903002461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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119
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Chua RA, Mackelfresh J, Cohen C, Varma V, Fried L, Arbiser JL. Disseminated pyoderma gangrenosum: role for vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia inducible factor-2. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 61:730-2. [PMID: 19751888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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120
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Bhatia B, Northcott PA, Hambardzumyan D, Govindarajan B, Brat DJ, Arbiser JL, Holland EC, Taylor MD, Kenney AM. Tuberous sclerosis complex suppression in cerebellar development and medulloblastoma: separate regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin activity and p27 Kip1 localization. Cancer Res 2009; 69:7224-34. [PMID: 19738049 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During development, proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNP), candidate cells-of-origin for the pediatric brain tumor medulloblastoma, requires signaling by Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF), the pathways of which are also implicated in medulloblastoma. One of the consequences of IGF signaling is inactivation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-suppressing tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), comprised of TSC1 and TSC2, leading to increased mRNA translation. We show that mice, in which TSC function is impaired, display increased mTOR pathway activation, enhanced CGNP proliferation, glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha/beta (GSK-3 alpha/beta) inactivation, and cytoplasmic localization of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1), which has been proposed to cause its inactivation or gain of oncogenic functions. We observed the same characteristics in wild-type primary cultures of CGNPs in which TSC1 and/or TSC2 were knocked down, and in mouse medulloblastomas induced by ectopic Shh pathway activation. Moreover, Shh-induced mouse medulloblastomas manifested Akt-mediated TSC2 inactivation, and the mutant TSC2 allele synergized with aberrant Shh signaling to increase medulloblastoma incidence in mice. Driving exogenous TSC2 expression in Shh-induced medulloblastoma cells corrected p27(Kip1) localization and reduced proliferation. GSK-3 alpha/beta inactivation in the tumors in vivo and in primary CGNP cultures was mTOR-dependent, whereas p27(Kip1) cytoplasmic localization was regulated upstream of mTOR by TSC2. These results indicate that a balance between Shh mitogenic signaling and TSC function regulating new protein synthesis and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition is essential for the normal development and prevention of tumor formation or expansion.
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Arbiser JL. Gentian violet is safe. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 61:359. [PMID: 19615548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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122
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Bhandarkar SS, Jaconi M, Fried LE, Bonner MY, Lefkove B, Govindarajan B, Perry BN, Parhar R, Mackelfresh J, Sohn A, Stouffs M, Knaus U, Yancopoulos G, Reiss Y, Benest AV, Augustin HG, Arbiser JL. Fulvene-5 potently inhibits NADPH oxidase 4 and blocks the growth of endothelial tumors in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2359-65. [PMID: 19620773 DOI: 10.1172/jci33877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemangiomas are the most common type of tumor in infants. As they are endothelial cell-derived neoplasias, their growth can be regulated by the autocrine-acting Tie2 ligand angiopoietin 2 (Ang2). Using an experimental model of human hemangiomas, in which polyoma middle T-transformed brain endothelial (bEnd) cells are grafted subcutaneously into nude mice, we compared hemangioma growth originating from bEnd cells derived from wild-type, Ang2+/-, and Ang2-/- mice. Surprisingly, Ang2-deficient bEnd cells formed endothelial tumors that grew rapidly and were devoid of the typical cavernous architecture of slow-growing Ang2-expressing hemangiomas, while Ang2+/- cells were greatly impaired in their in vivo growth. Gene array analysis identified a strong downregulation of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) in Ang2+/- cells. Correspondingly, lentiviral silencing of Nox4 in an Ang2-sufficient bEnd cell line decreased Ang2 mRNA levels and greatly impaired hemangioma growth in vivo. Using a structure-based approach, we identified fulvenes as what we believe to be a novel class of Nox inhibitors. We therefore produced and began the initial characterization of fulvenes as potential Nox inhibitors, finding that fulvene-5 efficiently inhibited Nox activity in vitro and potently inhibited hemangioma growth in vivo. In conclusion, the present study establishes Nox4 as a critical regulator of hemangioma growth and identifies fulvenes as a potential class of candidate inhibitor to therapeutically interfere with Nox function.
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Arbiser JL, Bonner MY. Melanomas reveal their nakedness: uncovered by interferon alfa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 145:587-8. [PMID: 19451506 DOI: 10.1001/archdermatol.2009.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Courtwright A, Siamakpour-Reihani S, Arbiser JL, Banet N, Hilliard E, Fried L, Livasy C, Ketelsen D, Nepal DB, Perou CM, Patterson C, Klauber-Demore N. Secreted frizzle-related protein 2 stimulates angiogenesis via a calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4621-8. [PMID: 19458075 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Secreted frizzle-related protein 2 (SFRP2), a modulator of Wnt signaling, has recently been found to be overexpressed in the vasculature of 85% of human breast tumors; however, its role in angiogenesis is unknown. We found that SFRP2 induced angiogenesis in the mouse Matrigel plug assay and the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. SFRP2 inhibited hypoxia induced endothelial cell apoptosis, increased endothelial cell migration, and induced endothelial tube formation. The canonical Wnt pathway was not affected by SFRP2 in endothelial cells; however, a component of the noncanonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway was affected by SFRP2 as shown by an increase in NFATc3 in the nuclear fraction of SFRP2-treated endothelial cells. Tacrolimus, a calcineurin inhibitor that inhibits dephosphorylation of NFAT, inhibited SFRP2-induced endothelial tube formation. Tacrolimus 3 mg/kg/d inhibited the growth of SVR angiosarcoma xenografts in mice by 46% (P = 0.04). In conclusion, SFRP2 is a novel stimulator of angiogenesis that stimulates angiogenesis via a calcineurin/NFAT pathway and may be a favorable target for the inhibition of angiogenesis in solid tumors.
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Abstract
Honokiol is a small-molecule polyphenol isolated from the genus Magnolia. It is accompanied by other related polyphenols, including magnolol, with which it shares certain biologic properties. Recently, honokiol has been found to have antiangiogenic, antiinflammatory, and antitumor properties in preclinical models, without appreciable toxicity. These findings have increased interest in bringing honokiol to the clinic as a novel chemotherapeutic agent. In addition, mechanistic studies have tried to find the mechanism(s) of action of honokiol, for two major reasons. First, knowledge of the mechanisms of action may assist development of novel synthetic analogues. Second, mechanistic actions of honokiol may lead to rational combinations with conventional chemotherapy or radiation for enhanced response to systemic cancers. In this review, we describe the findings that honokiol has two major mechanisms of action. First, it blocks signaling in tumors with defective p53 function and activated ras by directly blocking the activation of phospholipase D by activated ras. Second, honokiol induces cyclophilin D, thus potentiating the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and causing death in cells with wild-type p53. Knowledge of the dual activities of honokiol can assist with the development of honokiol derivatives and the design of clinical trials that will maximize the potential benefit of honokiol in the patient setting.
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Chua R, Setzer S, Govindarajan B, Sexton D, Cohen C, Arbiser JL. Maspin expression, angiogenesis, prognostic parameters, and outcome in malignant melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 60:758-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 01/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Fried L, Kirsner RS, Bhandarkar S, Arbiser JL. Efficacy of rapamycin in scleroderma: a case study. Lymphat Res Biol 2009; 6:217-9. [PMID: 18950288 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2008.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scleroderma is a common autoimmune disorder with no effective therapy. Current concepts of scleroderma include the hypothesis that scleroderma results from excess conversion of endothelial cells to fibroblast like cells, called endothelial mesenchymal transformation. This process is thought to be mediated by cytokines including transforming growth factor beta (TGFb), which causes increased collagen synthesis, resulting in fibrosis, the hallmark of the disease. In vitro studies have hypothesized that rapamycin may be of benefit in scleroderma due to antagonism of collagen synthesis. Given that rapamycin has antiangiogenic activities, inhibits wound healing, and prevents the synthesis of collagen in vivo, we tried rapamycin in a patient with scleroderma. We observed rapid improvement in skin stiffness and mobility. Our results provide the rationale for larger clinical trials of rapamycin in scleroderma and other fibrotic disorders.
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Le Poole C, Denman CJ, Arbiser JL. Immunosuppression may be present within condyloma acuminata. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59:967-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Park J, Kaufmann GF, Bowen JP, Arbiser JL, Janda KD. Solenopsin A, a venom alkaloid from the fire ant Solenopsis invicta, inhibits quorum-sensing signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:1198-201. [PMID: 18713055 DOI: 10.1086/591916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, quorum-sensing (QS) signaling regulates the expression of virulence factors and thus represents an attractive new target for anti-infective therapy. In the present study, we investigated whether solenopsin A, a venom alkaloid from the fire ant, possessed agonistic or antagonistic QS signaling activity in P. aeruginosa. We evaluated the modulation of virulence factor expression and transcriptional levels of QS-regulated genes in P. aeruginosa by solenopsin A and demonstrated that solenopsin A efficiently disrupted QS signaling. Interestingly, exogenously added C(4)-homoserine lactone (HSL), but not 3-oxo-C(12)-HSL, restored P. aeruginosa QS signaling, suggesting that solenopsin A targets the C(4)-HSL-dependent rhl QS system.
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Bhandarkar SS, Bromberg J, Carrillo C, Selvakumar P, Sharma RK, Perry BN, Govindarajan B, Fried L, Sohn A, Reddy K, Arbiser JL. Tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium, a N-myristoyltransferase-1 inhibitor, is effective against melanoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:5743-8. [PMID: 18794083 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Melanoma is a solid tumor that is notoriously resistant to chemotherapy, and its incidence is rapidly increasing. Recently, several signaling pathways have been shown to contribute to melanoma tumorigenesis, including constitutive activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, and Stat-3. The activation of multiple pathways may account in part for the difficulty in treatment of melanoma. In a recent screen of compounds, we found that an organopalladium compound, Tris (dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium (Tris DBA), showed significant antiproliferative activity against melanoma cells. Studies were carried out to determine the mechanism of action of Tris DBA. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tris DBA was tested on efficacy on proliferation of human and murine melanoma cells. To find the mechanism of action of Tris DBA, we did Western blot and gene array analyses. The ability of Tris DBA to block tumor growth in vivo was assessed. RESULTS Tris DBA has activity against B16 murine and A375 human melanoma in vivo. Tris DBA inhibits several signaling pathways including activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, Stat-3, and S6 kinase activation, suggesting an upstream target. Tris DBA was found to be a potent inhibitor of N-myristoyltransferase-1, which is required for optimal activity of membrane-based signaling molecules. Tris DBA showed potent antitumor activity in vivo against melanoma. CONCLUSION Tris DBA is thus a novel inhibitor of N-myristoyltransferase-1 with significant antitumor activity and is well tolerated in vivo. Further preclinical evaluation of Tris DBA and related complexes is warranted.
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Raja SM, Chen S, Yue P, Acker TM, Lefkove B, Arbiser JL, Khuri FR, Sun SY. The natural product honokiol preferentially inhibits cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein and augments death receptor-induced apoptosis. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:2212-23. [PMID: 18645030 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting death receptor-mediated apoptosis has emerged as an effective strategy for cancer therapy. However, certain types of cancer cells are intrinsically resistant to death receptor-mediated apoptosis. In an effort to identify agents that can sensitize cancer cells to death receptor-induced apoptosis, we have identified honokiol, a natural product with anticancer activity, as shown in various preclinical studies, as an effective sensitizer of death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Honokiol alone moderately inhibited the growth of human lung cancer cells; however, when combined with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), greater effects on decreasing cell survival and inducing apoptosis than TRAIL alone were observed, indicating that honokiol cooperates with TRAIL to enhance apoptosis. This was also true to Fas-induced apoptosis when combined with Fas ligand or an agonistic anti-Fas antibody. Among several apoptosis-associated proteins tested, cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) was the only one that was rapidly down-regulated by honokiol in all of the tested cell lines. The down-regulation of c-FLIP by honokiol could be prevented by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Moreover, honokiol increased c-FLIP ubiquitination. These results indicate that honokiol down-regulates c-FLIP by facilitating its degradation through a ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated mechanism. Enforced expression of ectopic c-FLIP abolished the ability of honokiol to enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Several honokiol derivatives, which exhibited more potent effects on down-regulation of c-FLIP than honokiol, showed better efficacy than honokiol in inhibiting the growth and enhancing TRAIL-induced apoptosis as well. Collectively, we conclude that c-FLIP down-regulation is a key event for honokiol to modulate the death receptor-induced apoptosis.
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Reddy KK, Lefkove B, Chen LB, Govindarajan B, Carracedo A, Velasco G, Carrillo CO, Bhandarkar SS, Owens MJ, Mechta-Grigoriou F, Arbiser JL. The antidepressant sertraline downregulates Akt and has activity against melanoma cells. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 21:451-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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134
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Garcia A, Zheng Y, Zhao C, Toschi A, Fan J, Shraibman N, Brown HA, Bar-Sagi D, Foster DA, Arbiser JL. Honokiol suppresses survival signals mediated by Ras-dependent phospholipase D activity in human cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4267-74. [PMID: 18594009 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Elevated phospholipase D (PLD) activity provides a survival signal in several human cancer cell lines and suppresses apoptosis when cells are subjected to the stress of serum withdrawal. Thus, targeting PLD survival signals has potential to suppress survival in cancer cells that depend on PLD for survival. Honokiol is a compound that suppresses tumor growth in mouse models. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of honokiol on PLD survival signals and the Ras dependence of these signals. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effect of honokiol upon PLD activity was examined in human cancer cell lines where PLD activity provides a survival signal. The dependence of PLD survival signals on Ras was investigated, as was the effect of honokiol on Ras activation. RESULTS We report here that honokiol suppresses PLD activity in human cancer cells where PLD has been shown to suppress apoptosis. PLD activity is commonly elevated in response to the stress of serum withdrawal, and, importantly, the stress-induced increase in PLD activity is selectively suppressed by honokiol. The stress-induced increase in PLD activity was accompanied by increased Ras activation, and the stress-induced increase in PLD activity in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was dependent on a Ras. The PLD activity was also dependent on the GTPases RalA and ADP ribosylation factor. Importantly, honokiol suppressed Ras activation. CONCLUSION The data provided here indicate that honokiol may be a valuable therapeutic reagent for targeting a large number of human cancers that depend on Ras and PLD for their survival.
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Dikalov S, Losik T, Arbiser JL. Honokiol is a potent scavenger of superoxide and peroxyl radicals. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:589-96. [PMID: 18640101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Honokiol, a compound extracted from Magnolia officinalis, has antitumor and antiangiogenic properties in several tumor models in vivo. Among the downstream pathways inhibited by honokiol is nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkappabeta). A prime physiologic stimulus of NFkappabeta is reactive oxygen species. The chemical structure of honokiol suggests that it may be an effective scavenger of reactive oxygen species. In this work, we have studied the reactions of honokiol with superoxide and peroxyl radicals in cell-free and cellular systems using electron spin resonance (ESR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. Honokiol efficiently scavenged superoxide radicals in xanthine oxidase and cytochrome P-450 cell-free systems with the rate constant 3.2x10(5)M(-1)s(-1), which is similar to reactivity of ascorbic acid but 20-times higher than reactivity of vitamin E analog trolox. Honokiol potently scavenged intracellular superoxide within melanoma cells. In addition, honokiol scavenged peroxyl radicals generated by 2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH). The rate constant of the reaction of honokiol with peroxyl radicals (1.4x10(6)M(-1)s(-1)) was calculated from the competition with spin trap 5-(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (EMPO), and was found close to reactivity of trolox (2.5x10(6)M(-1)s(-1)). Therefore, honokiol is an effective scavenger of both superoxide and peroxyl radicals, which may be important for physiological activity of honokiol.
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136
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Bhandarkar SS, MacKelfresh J, Fried L, Arbiser JL. Targeted therapy of oral hairy leukoplakia with gentian violet. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58:711-2. [PMID: 18342722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is a common oral manifestation of HIV infection. Clinically, these lesions appear as white plaques on the edges of the tongue. Pathophysiologically, these lesions occur because of infection of oral epithelium with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). No universally effective therapy exists for OHL. We have previously shown that EBV infection and EBV viral products induce the generation of reactive oxygen. We have also demonstrated that the Food and Drug Administration-approved over-the-counter medication gentian violet is a potent inhibitor of reactive oxygen species. We thus chose to treat a patient with biopsy-proven OHL with topical gentian violet. Gentian violet solution was applied topically to the tongue of a patient with OHL. Complete clinical resolution was noted after three treatments. Treatment with topical gentian violet resulted in resolution of the lesions. Further studies with larger numbers of patients are required. The application of gentian violet can be used as a method to OHL treatment. Gentian violet is an inexpensive and safe therapy and, given that it inhibits reactive oxygen, this old therapy is now a targeted novel therapy.
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Abstract
In melanoma, at least four major signaling abnormalities have been described. They include beta-catenin deregulation (mutation/mislocalization), p16 loss, MAP kinase activation, and Akt activation. In this review, we discuss the role of the fourth pathway, known as the reactive oxygen driven tumor. The role of reactive oxygen in tumorigenesis is likely to relate to virtually all forms of cancer, and lends itself to specific therapies. These include blockade of reactive oxygen, resulting in decreased activation of NF-kappaB, which should sensitize tumors to chemotherapy and radiation. The phenotype of the reactive oxygen driven tumor can be monitored using available markers already in use in most hospital laboratories.
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138
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Funa NS, Reddy K, Bhandarkar S, Kurenova EV, Yang L, Cance WG, Welsh M, Arbiser JL. Shb Gene Knockdown Increases the Susceptibility of SVR Endothelial Tumor Cells to Apoptotic Stimuli In Vitro and In Vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:710-6. [PMID: 17914455 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Shb adapter protein is an Src homology 2-domain containing signaling intermediate operating downstream of several tyrosine kinase receptors, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. Shb is multifunctional and apoptosis is one response that Shb regulates. Inhibition of angiogenesis can be used in cancer therapy, and one way to achieve this is by inducing endothelial cell apoptosis. The angiosarcoma cell line SVR is of endothelial origin and can be used as a tool for studying in vivo inhibition of angiogenesis, and we thus employed an Shb-knockdown strategy using an inducible lentiviral system to reduce Shb levels in SVR cells and to study their responses. Shb knockdown increases the susceptibility of SVR cells to the apoptotic agents, cisplatin and staurosporine. Simultaneously, Shb knockdown causes reduced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation, monitored as phosphorylation of the regulatory residues tyrosines 576/577. No detectable effects on Akt or extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity were noted. The altered FAK activity coincided with an elongated cell phenotype that was particularly noticeable in the presence of staurosporine. In order to relate the effects of Shb knockdown to in vivo tumorigenicity, cells were exposed to the angiogenesis inhibitor honokiol, and again the cells with reduced Shb content exhibited increased apoptosis. Tumor growth in vivo was strongly reduced in the Shb-knockdown cells upon honokiol treatment. It is concluded that Shb regulates apoptosis and cell shape in tumor endothelial cells via FAK, and that Shb is a potential target for inhibition of angiogenesis.
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Bhandarkar SS, Cohen C, Kuruvila M, Rea TH, Mackelfresh JB, Lee DJ, Modlin RL, Arbiser JL. Angiogenesis in cutaneous lesions of leprosy: implications for treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 143:1527-9. [PMID: 18087002 DOI: 10.1001/archderm.143.12.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the potential role of angiogenesis in leprosy. DESIGN Immunohistochemical analysis of leprosy lesions. SETTING Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Kasturba Medical College; Division of Dermatology, University of California at Los Angeles; and Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, Emory University. PATIENTS Thirty-two cutaneous lesions that represented the spectrum of leprosy were obtained from 32 patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE CD31 microvessel counts. RESULTS The mean CD31 microvessel count in borderline tuberculoid, midborderline, and lepromatous leprosy lesions was significantly higher than in indeterminate leprosy lesions. CONCLUSIONS Increased bacterial load is associated with increased angiogenesis. Angiogenesis inhibitors may be of benefit in the treatment of leprosy.
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140
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Shirazi F, Cohen C, Fried L, Arbiser JL. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is Activated in Cutaneous Vascular Malformations in Vivo. Lymphat Res Biol 2007; 5:233-6. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2007.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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141
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Abstract
In this issue of the JCI, Nissen et al. report that a reciprocal interaction exists between the growth factors FGF2 and PDGF-BB, causing tumors to exhibit increased angiogenesis and metastatic potential. Both FGF2 and PDGF-BB signal through tyrosine kinase receptors, which have been the target of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for cancer therapies. These inhibitors are usually small molecules that inhibit the kinase activity of a receptor or nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, preventing downstream signaling. The results of this study shed light on why tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been useful for the treatment of only a small number of advanced cancers. Currently, a major focus of pharmaceutical companies is to develop ever more potent and specific tyrosine kinases. The results presented here suggest that this approach may not be successful.
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Lefkove B, Govindarajan B, Arbiser JL. Fumagillin: an anti-infective as a parent molecule for novel angiogenesis inhibitors. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2007; 5:573-9. [PMID: 17678422 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.5.4.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fumagillin is an active amebicide and anti-infective isolated from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Since its characterization in 1951, fumagillin has been studied extensively for its anti-infective properties. Although fumagillin is not approved for systemic use in the USA, this compound has one of the highest efficacies for the treatment of microsporidial infections in HIV-positive patients. Fumagillin does exhibit some side effects that have deterred its acceptance as a viable treatment, but the current body of research on the synthesis of novel analogs of this molecule shows an exciting and promising revival of this drug as both an anti-infective and antiangiogenic agent.
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143
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Lim SD, Stallcup W, Lefkove B, Govindarajan B, Au KS, Northrup H, Lang D, Fisher DE, Patel A, Amin MB, Arbiser JL. Expression of the neural stem cell markers NG2 and L1 in human angiomyolipoma: are angiomyolipomas neoplasms of stem cells? Mol Med 2007. [PMID: 17592550 DOI: 10.2119/2006-00070.lim] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiomyolipomas are benign tumors of the kidney which express phenotypes of smooth muscle, fat, and melanocytes. These tumors appear with increased frequency in the autosomal dominant disorder tuberous sclerosis and are the leading cause of morbidity in adults with tuberous sclerosis. While benign, these tumors are capable of provoking life threatening hemorrhage and replacement of the kidney parenchyma, resulting in renal failure. The histogenesis of these tumors is currently unclear, although currently, we believe these tumors arise from "perivascular epithelioid cells" of which no normal counterpart has been convincingly demonstrated. Recently, stem cell precursors have been recognized that can give rise to smooth muscle and melanocytes. These precursors have been shown to express the neural stem cell marker NG2 and L1. In order to determine whether angiomyolipomas, which exhibit smooth muscle and melanocytic phenotypes, express NG2 and L1, we performed immunocytochemistry on a cell line derived from a human angiomyolipoma, and found that these cells are uniformly positive. Immunohistochemistry of human angiomyolipoma specimens revealed uniform staining of tumor cells, while renal cell carcinomas revealed positivity only of angiogenic vessels. These results support a novel histogenesis of angiomyolipoma as a defect in differentiation of stem cell precursors.
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144
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Bhandarkar SS, Arbiser JL. Curcumin as an inhibitor of angiogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 595:185-95. [PMID: 17569211 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from host vasculature, is critical for tumor growth and metastases. -Curcumin, a novel small-molecular-weight compound, has been shown to inhibit carcinogenesis in different organs and the common link between these actions is its antiangiogenic effect. Curcumin is a direct inhibitor of angiogenesis and also downregulates various proangiogenic proteins like vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Curcumin's antiangiogenic effect is also in part due to its inhibitory effect on signal transduction pathways, including those involving protein kinase C and the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1. Curcumin has an inhibitory effect on two groups of proteinases involved in angiogenesis that are the members of the matrix metalloproteinase family and the urokinase plasminogen activator family. Cell adhesion molecules are upregulated in active angiogenesis and curcumin can block'this effect, adding further dimensions to curcumin's antiangiogenic effect. Curcumin shows a dose-dependent inhibition on tumor necrosis factor, a versatile cytokine, which has its effect on angiogenesis through the signal transduction pathways, expression of proangiogenic factors, and cell adhesion molecules. Curcumin's effect on the overall process of angiogenesis compounds its enormous potential as an antiangiogenic drug.
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145
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Munroe ME, Arbiser JL, Bishop GA. Honokiol, a Natural Plant Product, Inhibits Inflammatory Signals and Alleviates Inflammatory Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:753-63. [PMID: 17617564 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Honokiol (HNK), a phenolic compound isolated and purified from magnolia, has been found to have a number of pharmacologic benefits, including anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. HNK has long been used in traditional Asian medicine without toxic side effects. We and others have extensively studied signaling to B cells by CD40 and its Epstein Barr viral mimic, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which has been implicated in exacerbation of chronic autoimmune disease. We asked whether HNK could inhibit CD40 and LMP1 inflammatory signaling mechanisms. In vivo, HNK stabilized the severity of symptomatic collagen-induced arthritis in both CD40-LMP1 transgenic mice and their congenic C57BL/6 counterparts. Ex vivo studies, including collagen-specific serum Ab and Ag recall responses, as well as CD40 or LMP1-mediated activation of splenic B cells, supported the anti-inflammatory effects of HNK. In mouse B cell lines expressing the human CD40-LMP1 chimeric receptor, CD40- and LMP1-mediated NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation were abrogated in a dose-dependent manner, with a concomitant decrease in TNF-alpha and IL-6. These promising findings suggest that the nontoxic anti-inflammatory properties of HNK could be valuable for blocking the autoimmune response.
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146
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Lim SD, Stallcup W, Lefkove B, Govindarajan B, Au KS, Northrup H, Lang D, Fisher DE, Patel A, Amin MB, Arbiser JL. Expression of the neural stem cell markers NG2 and L1 in human angiomyolipoma: are angiomyolipomas neoplasms of stem cells? MOLECULAR MEDICINE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2007; 13:160-5. [PMID: 17592550 PMCID: PMC1892760 DOI: 10.2119/2006–00070.lim] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Angiomyolipomas are benign tumors of the kidney which express phenotypes of smooth muscle, fat, and melanocytes. These tumors appear with increased frequency in the autosomal dominant disorder tuberous sclerosis and are the leading cause of morbidity in adults with tuberous sclerosis. While benign, these tumors are capable of provoking life threatening hemorrhage and replacement of the kidney parenchyma, resulting in renal failure. The histogenesis of these tumors is currently unclear, although currently, we believe these tumors arise from "perivascular epithelioid cells" of which no normal counterpart has been convincingly demonstrated. Recently, stem cell precursors have been recognized that can give rise to smooth muscle and melanocytes. These precursors have been shown to express the neural stem cell marker NG2 and L1. In order to determine whether angiomyolipomas, which exhibit smooth muscle and melanocytic phenotypes, express NG2 and L1, we performed immunocytochemistry on a cell line derived from a human angiomyolipoma, and found that these cells are uniformly positive. Immunohistochemistry of human angiomyolipoma specimens revealed uniform staining of tumor cells, while renal cell carcinomas revealed positivity only of angiogenic vessels. These results support a novel histogenesis of angiomyolipoma as a defect in differentiation of stem cell precursors.
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147
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Amblard F, Govindarajan B, Lefkove B, Rapp KL, Detorio M, Arbiser JL, Schinazi RF. Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and antiviral activities of new neolignans related to honokiol and magnolol. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4428-31. [PMID: 17587572 PMCID: PMC2001289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of new bisphenol derivatives bearing allylic moieties were synthesized as potential analogs of honokiol and/or magnolol. Certain compounds exhibited specific anti-proliferation activity against SVR cells and moderate anti-HIV-1 activity in primary human lymphocytes. Compound 5h was the most potent compound and its anti-tumor activity was evaluated in vivo.
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148
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Wolf I, O'Kelly J, Wakimoto N, Nguyen A, Amblard F, Karlan BY, Arbiser JL, Koeffler HP. Honokiol, a natural biphenyl, inhibits in vitro and in vivo growth of breast cancer through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Int J Oncol 2007; 30:1529-37. [PMID: 17487375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Honokiol (HNK), a naturally occurring biphenyl, possesses potent antineoplastic and antiangiogenic properties. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo activity of HNK against breast cancer. HNK exhibited potent anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cell lines and enhanced the activity of other drugs used for the treatment of breast cancer. In vivo, HNK was highly effective against breast cancer in nude mice. We identified two different effects of HNK on breast cancer cells: cell cycle inhibition, observed at lower doses of HNK, and induction of apoptosis, observed at higher doses of the compound. Our data suggest that HNK is a systemically available, non-toxic inhibitor of breast cancer growth and should be examined for clinical applications.
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149
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Shigemura K, Arbiser JL, Sun SY, Zayzafoon M, Johnstone PAS, Fujisawa M, Gotoh A, Weksler B, Zhau HE, Chung LWK. Honokiol, a natural plant product, inhibits the bone metastatic growth of human prostate cancer cells. Cancer 2007; 109:1279-89. [PMID: 17326044 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Honokiol, a soluble nontoxic natural product derived from Magnolia spp., has been shown to induce apoptosis in malignant cells. The effect of honokiol and the combined therapy with docetaxel on prostate cancer (PCa) growth and bone metastasis was investigated in experimental models. METHODS The in vitro proapoptotic effects of honokiol on human androgen-dependent and -independent PCa, bone marrow, bone marrow-derived endothelial, and prostate stroma cells were investigated. Honokiol-induced activation of caspases was evaluated by Western blot and FACS analysis. To confirm the cytotoxicity of honokiol, mice bone was inoculated in vivo with androgen-independent PCa, C4-2 cells and the effects of honokiol and/or docetaxel on PCa growth in bone were evaluated. Daily honokiol (100 mg/kg) and/or weekly docetaxel (5 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally for 6 weeks. PCa growth in mouse bone was evaluated by radiography, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and tissue immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Honokiol induced apoptosis in all cell lines tested. In PCa cells honokiol induced apoptosis via the activation of caspases 3, 8, and 9 and the cleavage of poly-adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Honokiol was shown to inhibit the growth and depress serum PSA in mice harboring C4-2 xenografts in the skeleton and the combination with docetaxel showed additive effects that inhibited further growth without evidence of systemic toxicity. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed honokiol exhibited growth-inhibitory, apoptotic, and antiangiogenic effects on PCa xenografts. CONCLUSIONS The combination of honokiol and low-dose docetaxel may be used to improve patient outcome in androgen-independent prostate cancer with bone metastasis.
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150
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Perry B, Banyard J, McLaughlin ER, Watnick R, Sohn A, Brindley DN, Obata T, Cantley LC, Cohen C, Arbiser JL. AKT1 Overexpression in Endothelial Cells Leads to the Development of Cutaneous Vascular Malformations In Vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 143:504-6. [PMID: 17438183 DOI: 10.1001/archderm.143.4.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular malformations are clinical disorders in which endothelial cells fail to remodel and/or undergo programmed cell death, leading to abnormal persistence of blood vessels. The abnormal persistence of vessels makes therapy difficult because these lesions are resistant to interventions that are effective against hemangiomas. Akt1 is a serine-threonine protein kinase, which is a key mediator of resistance to programmed cell death. Our objective was to determine whether sustained activation of Akt1 could lead to vascular malformation in mice. OBSERVATIONS We examined the effect of constitutive activation of Akt1 in murine endothelial cells (MS1 cells). Overexpression of active AKT1 in MS1 cells led to the development of vascular malformations, characterized by wide endothelial lumens and minimal investment of smooth muscle surrounding the vessels. The histologic features of these vascular malformations is distinct from ras-transformed MS1 cells (angiosarcoma) and suggest that differing signal abnormalities give rise to human vascular malformations vs malignant vascular tumors. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of Akt signaling may be useful in the treatment of vascular malformations. Examination of problematic hemangiomas and vascular malformations for the presence of activated Akt or downstream targets of Akt, such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), may predict response to treatment with Akt inhibitors or rapamycin. This study provides a potential rationale for the systemic and topical use of these inhibitors for vascular malformations and hemangiomas.
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