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García-Terán JP, Beobide G, Castillo O, Cepeda J, Luque A, Pérez-Yáñez S, Román P. Supramolecular architectures of metal-oxalato coordination polymers bearing N-tethered adenine nucleobases. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mittal ML, Artamonova I, Baker P, Strathdee SA, Cepeda J, Bañuelos A, Morales M, Arredondo J, Rocha-Jimenez T, Clairgue E, Bustamante E, Patiño E, Gaines T, Beletsky L. Improving police conceptual knowledge of Mexico's law on cannabis possession: Findings from an assessment of a police education program. Am J Addict 2019; 27:608-611. [PMID: 30516331 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Policing practices do not reflect recent decriminalization of drug possession in Mexico. We assessed knowledge of cannabis law as part of a police education program (PEP) post-drug law reform in Tijuana. METHODS Officers took pre-/post-PEP surveys; random subsample (n = 759) received follow-up assessments. Longitudinal logistic regression (pre-, post-, 3-months post-PEP) measured knowledge of cannabis law. RESULTS PEP increased conceptual knowledge of cannabis law from baseline to post-training (AOR = 56.1, CI: 41.0-76.8) and 3 months post-PEP (AOR = 11.3, CI: 9.0-14.2). CONCLUSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE PEPs improve police knowledge of cannabis law. Reforms should be bundled with PEPs to improve policy implementation. (Am J Addict 2018;XX:XX-XX).
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Arredondo J, Beletsky L, Baker P, Abramovitz D, Artamonova I, Clairgue E, Morales M, Mittal ML, Rocha-Jimenez T, Kerr T, Banuelos A, Strathdee SA, Cepeda J. Interactive Versus Video-Based Training of Police to Communicate Syringe Legality to People Who Inject Drugs: The SHIELD Study, Mexico, 2015-2016. Am J Public Health 2019; 109:921-926. [PMID: 30998406 PMCID: PMC6507990 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2019.305030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To assess how instructional techniques affect officers' intent to communicate syringe legality during searches in Tijuana, Mexico, where pervasive syringe confiscation potentiates risk of HIV and HCV among people who inject drugs (PWID) and of occupational needle-stick injury among police. Methods. Using the SHIELD (Safety and Health Integration in the Enforcement of Laws on Drugs) model, Tijuana police underwent training to encourage communication of syringe possession legality to PWID. Trainees received either passive video or interactive role-play exercise on safer search techniques. We used logistic regression to assess the training's impact on self-reported intent to communicate syringe legality by training type and gender. Results. Officers (n = 1749) were mostly men (86%) assigned to patrol (84%). After the training, intent to communicate the law improved markedly: from 20% to 39% (video group) and 20% to 58% (interactive group). Gender and training type significantly predicted intent to communicate syringe legality. Male and female officers' adjusted odds ratios in the interactive group were 5.37 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.56, 6.33) and 9.16 (95% CI = 5.88, 14.28), respectively, after the training. Conclusions. To more effectively persuade police to endorse harm reduction and occupational safety practices, police trainings should include interactive elements.
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Rocha-Jiménez T, Mittal ML, Artamonova I, Baker P, Cepeda J, Morales M, Abramovitz D, Clairgue E, Bañuelos A, Patterson T, Strathdee S, Beletsky L. The Role of Gender in the Health and Human Rights Practices of Police: The SHIELD Study in Tijuana, Mexico. Health Hum Rights 2019; 21:227-238. [PMID: 31239629 PMCID: PMC6586956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, punitive drug law enforcement drives human rights violations. Drug control tactics, such as syringe confiscation and drug-related arrests, also cascade into health harms among people who use drugs. The role of police officer characteristics in shaping such enforcement and measures to reform police practices remains underexamined. We evaluated gender differences in syringe confiscation and syringe-related arrest behaviors among municipal police officers in Tijuana, Mexico, where syringe possession is legal. In the context of the SHIELD Study focusing on aligning policing with harm reduction measures, our baseline sample covered municipal police officers who reported having occupational contact with syringes. We used multivariable logistic regression with robust variance estimation via a generalized estimating equation to identify correlates of syringe-related policing behaviors. Among respondent officers (n=1,555), 12% were female. After considering possible confounding variables, such as district of service and work experience, female officers were significantly less likely to report confiscating syringes or arresting individuals for syringe possession. Consideration of officer gender is important in the design of interventions to improve the health and human rights of people who inject drugs and other highly policed groups, as well as measures to safeguard officer occupational safety. The feminization of law enforcement deserves special consideration as an imperative in reducing the public health harms of policing.
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Garfein RS, Liu L, Cuevas-Mota J, Collins K, Muñoz F, Catanzaro DG, Moser K, Higashi J, Al-Samarrai T, Kriner P, Vaishampayan J, Cepeda J, Bulterys MA, Martin NK, Rios P, Raab F. Tuberculosis Treatment Monitoring by Video Directly Observed Therapy in 5 Health Districts, California, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:1806-1815. [PMID: 30226154 PMCID: PMC6154139 DOI: 10.3201/eid2410.180459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed video directly observed therapy (VDOT) for monitoring tuberculosis treatment in 5 health districts in California, USA, to compare adherence between 174 patients using VDOT and 159 patients using in-person directly observed therapy (DOT). Multivariable linear regression analyses identified participant-reported sociodemographics, risk behaviors, and treatment experience associated with adherence. Median participant age was 44 (range 18–87) years; 61% of participants were male. Median fraction of expected doses observed (FEDO) among VDOT participants was higher (93.0% [interquartile range (IQR) 83.4%–97.1%]) than among patients receiving DOT (66.4% [IQR 55.1%–89.3%]). Most participants (96%) would recommend VDOT to others; 90% preferred VDOT over DOT. Lower FEDO was independently associated with US or Mexico birth, shorter VDOT duration, finding VDOT difficult, frequently taking medications while away from home, and having video-recording problems (p<0.05). VDOT cost 32% (range 6%–46%) less than DOT. VDOT was feasible, acceptable, and achieved high adherence at lower cost than DOT.
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Ruiz C, García-Valdivia AA, Fernández B, Cepeda J, Oyarzabal I, Abas E, Laguna M, García JA, Fernández I, San Sebastian E, Rodríguez-Diéguez A. Multifunctional coordination compounds based on lanthanide ions and 5-bromonicotinic acid: magnetic, luminescence and anti-cancer properties. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00292h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Four novel coordination compounds based on 5-bromonicotinic acid and lanthanide(iii) ions with interesting magnetic and luminescence properties, and a complete absence of cytotoxicity.
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Echenique-Errandonea E, Zabala-Lekuona A, Cepeda J, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Seco JM, Oyarzabal I, Colacio E. Effect of the change of the ancillary carboxylate bridging ligand on the SMM and luminescence properties of a series of carboxylate-diphenoxido triply bridged dinuclear ZnLn and tetranuclear Zn 2Ln 2 complexes (Ln = Dy, Er). Dalton Trans 2018; 48:190-201. [PMID: 30516203 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03800g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Eleven new dinuclear and tetranuclear compounds of general formulae [Zn(μ-L)(μ-X)Ln(NO3)2]·nS, [Zn2Dy2(μ3-L')2(μ-sal)2(NO3)(CH3OH)](NO3)·5CH3OH and [Zn2Er2(μ3-L')2(μ-sal)2(CH3OH)2](NO3)2·4CH3OH (X = benzoate, anthracenate, diclofenac, salicylate, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate; Ln = Dy, Er; S = water, acetonitrile, methanol) were prepared from the N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxy-3-formyl-5-bromobenzyl)ethylenediamine compartmental ligand (H2L). Complexes 1-6 and 9-11 consist of diphenoxido-carboxylate triply bridged compounds, which differ mainly in the carboxylate bridging ligand. It should be noted that the acidic character of the salicylic acid promotes, in the presence of methanol, the methoxylation of the H2L ligand thereby yielding a hemiacetal H3L', which is able to connect the Ln(iii) ions of two ZnLn dinuclear units forming the Zn2Ln2 tetranuclear complexes 7 and 8. All compounds display SMM behaviour in the presence of an external field with effective energy barriers (Ueff) as high as 61 K. Magneto-structural data for these complexes reveal that their SMM behaviour is not only significantly affected by the type of Ln(iii) ion but also by the carboxylate bridging ligand connecting the Zn(ii) and Ln(iii) ions. Photoluminescence properties have also been accomplished, showing that the ligands are able to sensitize lanthanide centred emissions in the visible and near-infrared regions with variable capacity. Moreover, the analysis of the luminescence decay curves reveals emission lifetimes in the range of few microsecond or hundreds of nanoseconds for Dy(iii)-based or Er(iii)-based luminophores, respectively.
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Ruiz-Muelle AB, García-García A, García-Valdivia AA, Oyarzabal I, Cepeda J, Seco JM, Colacio E, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Fernández I. Design and synthesis of a family of 1D-lanthanide-coordination polymers showing luminescence and slow relaxation of the magnetization. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:12783-12794. [PMID: 30152820 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02592d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized eight isostructural 1D coordination polymers (CPs) with the general formula {[Ln(aapc)3(DMF)]}n [where Ln(iii) = Y (2), La (3), Nd (4), Eu (5), Gd (6), Tb (7), Dy (8), Er (9); and aapc = 3-((anthraquinone-1-yl)amino)propanoate]. These CPs consist of Ln-carboxylate infinite rods in which the bulky anthraquinone scaffolds arise from it in such a way that the resulting supramolecular packing exhibits isolated 1D chains. Solution structures have been corroborated through NMR methods including PGSE and EXSY NMR studies and, due to the presence of lanthanide ions, magnetic and luminescence properties have been studied. Alternating current magnetic measurements of compound 8 show slow relaxation of the magnetization, a characteristic of single molecule magnets (SMMs). The evaluation of solid-state photophysical properties reveals that the aapc scaffold sensitizes lanthanide(iii) based emission of compounds 4-9 both in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions at 10 K.
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Romero JE, Cepeda J, Quinn P, Underwood SC. Prisoner rehabilitation through animal-assisted activities in Argentina: the Huellas de Esperanza Prison Dog Programme. REV SCI TECH OIE 2018; 37:171-180. [PMID: 30209419 DOI: 10.20506/rst.37.1.2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the most traumatic events that a person can ever experience in their lifetime is being detained. The prison dog programmes are the most successful prison rehabilitation programmes in the United States of America and consist of detainees training service dogs for other people to assist with different types of disability. It is a typical win-win system: inmates win as they connect with their deepest feelings of affection and solidarity while acquiring a concrete skill for their future release; people with disabilities win because they receive a dog to support their day-to-day activities; the dogs win (especially adopted street dogs) because their lot in life is improved; institutions win because they are enabled to meet their objective more fully; and society wins because they gain a concrete tool to aid the social rehabilitation of detainees. This article describes the operation and achievements of Huellas de Esperanza (Traces of Hope), the Argentine prison dog programme, which has been implemented by the Federal Penitentiary Service since 2010 using State resources. A total of 85 inmates have participated in the programme, which has delivered more than a dozen assistance dogs to people with disabilities and many more dogs to elderly people to provide them with affection and companionship. The article also describes the programme methodology and the way it has decreased prison unrest and led to a low reoffending rate among programme participants.
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Borquez A, Beletsky L, Nosyk B, Strathdee SA, Madrazo A, Abramovitz D, Rafful C, Morales M, Cepeda J, Panagiotoglou D, Krebs E, Vickerman P, Claude Boily M, Thomson N, Martin NK. The effect of public health-oriented drug law reform on HIV incidence in people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico: an epidemic modelling study. Lancet Public Health 2018; 3:e429-e437. [PMID: 30122559 PMCID: PMC6211569 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As countries embark on public health-oriented drug law reform, health impact evaluations are needed. In 2012, Mexico mandated the narcomenudeo reform, which depenalised the possession of small amounts of drugs and instituted drug treatment instead of incarceration. We investigated the past and future effect of this drug law reform on HIV incidence in people who inject drugs in Tijuana, Mexico. METHODS In this epidemic modelling study, we used data from the El Cuete IV cohort study to develop a deterministic model of injecting and sexual HIV transmission in people who inject drugs in Tijuana between 2012 and 2030. The population was stratified by sex, incarceration status, syringe confiscation by the police, HIV stage, and exposure to drug treatment or rehabilitation (either opioid agonist treatment or compulsory drug abstinence programmes). We modelled the effect of these exposures on HIV risk in people who inject drugs, estimating the effect of observed and potential future reform enforcement levels. FINDINGS In 2011, prior to the narcomenudeo reform, 547 (75%) of 733 people who inject drugs in the El Cuete cohort reported having ever been incarcerated, on average five times since starting injecting. Modelling estimated the limited reform implementation averted 2% (95% CI 0·2-3·0) of new HIV infections in people who inject drugs between 2012 and 2017. If implementation reduced incarceration in people who inject drugs by 80% from 2018 onward, 9% (95% CI 4-16) of new HIV infections between 2018 and 2030 could be averted, with 21% (10-33) averted if people who inject drugs were referred to opioid agonist treatment instead of being incarcerated. Referral to compulsory drug abstinence programmes instead of prison could have a lower or potentially negative impact with -2% (95% CI -23 to 9) infections averted. INTERPRETATION Mexican drug law reform has had a negligible effect on the HIV epidemic among people who inject drugs in Tijuana. However, appropriate implementation could markedly reduce HIV incidence if linked to opioid agonist treatment. Unfortunately, compulsory drug abstinence programmes are the main type of drug rehabilitation available and their expansion could potentially increase HIV transmission. FUNDING National Institute on Drug Abuse, UC San Diego Center for AIDS Research.
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Bekker LG, Alleyne G, Baral S, Cepeda J, Daskalakis D, Dowdy D, Dybul M, Eholie S, Esom K, Garnett G, Grimsrud A, Hakim J, Havlir D, Isbell MT, Johnson L, Kamarulzaman A, Kasaie P, Kazatchkine M, Kilonzo N, Klag M, Klein M, Lewin SR, Luo C, Makofane K, Martin NK, Mayer K, Millett G, Ntusi N, Pace L, Pike C, Piot P, Pozniak A, Quinn TC, Rockstroh J, Ratevosian J, Ryan O, Sippel S, Spire B, Soucat A, Starrs A, Strathdee SA, Thomson N, Vella S, Schechter M, Vickerman P, Weir B, Beyrer C. Advancing global health and strengthening the HIV response in the era of the Sustainable Development Goals: the International AIDS Society-Lancet Commission. Lancet 2018; 392:312-358. [PMID: 30032975 PMCID: PMC6323648 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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San Sebastian E, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Seco JM, Cepeda J. Coordination Polymers with Intriguing Photoluminescence Behavior: The Promising Avenue for Greatest Long-Lasting Phosphors. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Briones D, Leo P, Cepeda J, Orcajo G, Calleja G, Sanz R, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Martínez F. Alkaline-earth metal based MOFs with second scale long-lasting phosphor behavior. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00479j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three MOFs based on alkaline-earth metals and aromatic carboxylate linkers show blue fluorescence that turns into green long-lasting phosphorescence.
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García-García A, Oyarzabal I, Cepeda J, Seco JM, García-Valdivia AA, Gómez-Ruiz S, Salinas-Castillo A, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, Rodríguez-Diéguez A. Slow relaxation of magnetization and luminescence properties of a novel dysprosium and pyrene-1,3,6,8-tetrasulfonate based MOF. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02935g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel multifunctional Dy(iii) and pyrene-1,3,6,8-tetrasulfonate based MOF displays intense PL/ SIM behaviour.
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Pajuelo-Corral O, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, García JA, San Sebastián E, Seco JM, Cepeda J. Chiral coordination polymers based on d10 metals and 2-aminonicotinate with blue fluorescent/green phosphorescent anisotropic emissions. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:8746-8754. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two isostructural and chiral 2D-layered coordination polymers present bright blue steady-state fluorescence that turns into pale green long-lasting phosphorescence.
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Cepeda J, Beobide G, Castillo O, Luque A, Pérez-Yáñez S. Structural diversity of coordination compounds derived from double-chelating and planar diazinedicarboxylate ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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García-Valdivia AA, Seco JM, Cepeda J, Rodríguez-Diéguez A. Designing Single-Ion Magnets and Phosphorescent Materials with 1-Methylimidazole-5-carboxylate and Transition-Metal Ions. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:13897-13912. [PMID: 29120182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detailed structural, magnetic, and photoluminescence (PL) characterization of four new compounds based on 1-methylimidazole-5-carboxylate (mimc) ligand and transition metal ions, namely [Ni(mimc)2(H2O)4] (1), [Co(μ-mimc)2]n (2), {[Cu2(μ-mimc)4(H2O)]·2H2O}n (3), and [Cd(μ-mimc)2(H2O)]n (4) is reported. The structural diversity found in the family of compounds derives from the coordination versatility of the ligand, which coordinates as a terminal ligand to give a supramolecular network of monomeric entities in 1 or acts as a bridging linker to build isoreticular 2D coordination polymers (CPs) in 2-4. Magnetic direct-current (dc) susceptibility data have been measured for compounds 1-3 to analyze the exchange interactions among paramagnetic centers, which have been indeed supported by calculations based on broken symmetry (BS) and density functional theory (DFT) methodology. The temperature dependence of susceptibility and magnetization data of 2 are indicative of easy-plane anisotropy (D = +12.9 cm-1, E = +0.5 cm-1) that involves a bistable Ms = ±1/2 ground state. Alternating-current (ac) susceptibility curves exhibit field-induced single-ion magnet (SIM) behavior that occurs below 14 K, which is characterized by two spin relaxation processes of distinct nature: fast relaxation of single ions proceeding through multiple mechanisms (Ueff = 26 K) and a slow relaxation attributed to interactions along the polymeric crystal building. Exhaustive PL analysis of compound 4 in the solid state confirms low-temperature phosphorescent green emission consisting of radiative lifetimes in the range of 0.25-0.43 s, which explains the afterglow observed during about 1 s after the removal of the UV source. Time-dependent DFT and computational calculations to estimate phosphorescent vertical transitions have been also employed to provide an accurate description of the PL performance of this long-lasting phosphor.
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Arredondo J, Strathdee SA, Cepeda J, Abramovitz D, Artamonova I, Clairgue E, Bustamante E, Mittal ML, Rocha T, Bañuelos A, Olivarria HO, Morales M, Rangel G, Magis C, Beletsky L. Measuring improvement in knowledge of drug policy reforms following a police education program in Tijuana, Mexico. Harm Reduct J 2017; 14:72. [PMID: 29117858 PMCID: PMC5678566 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-017-0198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mexico’s 2009 “narcomenudeo reform” decriminalized small amounts of drugs, shifting some drug law enforcement to the states and mandating drug treatment diversion instead of incarceration. Data from Tijuana suggested limited implementation of this harm reduction-oriented policy. We studied whether a police education program (PEP) improved officers’ drug and syringe policy knowledge, and aimed to identify participant characteristics associated with improvement of drug policy knowledge. Methods Pre- and post-training surveys were self-administered by municipal police officers to measure legal knowledge. Training impact was assessed through matched paired nominal data using McNemar’s tests. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of improved legal knowledge, as measured by officers’ ability to identify conceptual legal provisions related to syringe possession and thresholds of drugs covered under the reform. Results Of 1750 respondents comparing pre- versus post training, officers reported significant improvement (p < 0.001) in their technical understanding of syringe possession (56 to 91%) and drug amounts decriminalized, including marijuana (9 to 52%), heroin (8 to 71%), and methamphetamine (7 to 70%). The training was associated with even greater success in improving conceptual legal knowledge for syringe possession (67 to 96%) (p < 0.001), marijuana (16 to 91%), heroin (11 to 91%), and methamphetamine (11 to 89%). In multivariable modeling, those with at least a high school education were more likely to exhibit improvement of conceptual legal knowledge of syringe possession (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.6, 95% CI 1.4–3.2) and decriminalization for heroin (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3–4.3), methamphetamine (aOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.4–3.2), and marijuana (aOR 2.5, 95% CI 1.6–4). Conclusions Drug policy reform is often necessary, but not sufficient to achieve public health goals because of gaps in translating formal laws to policing practice. To close such gaps, PEP initiatives bundling occupational safety information with relevant legal content demonstrate clear promise. Our findings underscore additional efforts needed to raise technical knowledge of the law among personnel tasked with its enforcement. Police professionalization, including minimum educational standards, appear critical for aligning policing with harm reduction goals.
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Seco JM, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Padro D, García JA, Ugalde JM, San Sebastian E, Cepeda J. Experimental and Theoretical Study of a Cadmium Coordination Polymer Based on Aminonicotinate with Second-Timescale Blue/Green Photoluminescent Emission. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:3149-3152. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zabala-Lekuona A, Cepeda J, Oyarzabal I, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, García JA, Seco JM, Colacio E. Rational design of triple-bridged dinuclear ZnIILnIII-based complexes: a structural, magnetic and luminescence study. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce02240e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Pérez-Yáñez S, Ruiz-Rubio L, Seco JM, Cepeda J. From isolated to 2D coordination polymers based on 6-aminonicotinate and 3d-metal ions: towards field-induced single-ion-magnets. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00234c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Echenique-Errandonea E, Oyarzabal I, Cepeda J, San Sebastian E, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Seco JM. Photoluminescence and magnetic analysis of a family of lanthanide(iii) complexes based on diclofenac. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00794a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A family of ten isostructural complexes based on the diclofenac ligand exhibiting interesting magnetic and luminescence properties has been prepared.
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Tang H, Wu Z, Mao Y, Cepeda J, Morano J. Risk Factor Associated with Negative Spouse HIV Seroconversion among Sero-Different Couples: A Nested Case-Control Retrospective Survey Study in 30 Counties in Rural China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164761. [PMID: 27741292 PMCID: PMC5065194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) and condom use have been proven to reduce the risk of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among HIV sero-different couples, but its full implementation remains a challenge. This study aims to assess HIV seroconversion rate of HIV-negative spouse and its associated risk factors among HIV sero-different couples in rural China. Methods An open cohort of HIV sero-different couples enrolled in 30 counties in China between October 1, 2010, and September 30, 2012, and followed-up to December 31, 2012, was constructed retrospectively. A nested case-control study of risk factors of HIV seroconversion among sero-different couples was conducted in April and May of 2013, based on the open cohort. Sero-different couples with the HIV-negative spouse seroconverting at least 3 months after the previous negative diagnosis during cohort observation period were labeled as “case couples”. The “control couples” were selected randomly from the same cohort that did not have the HIV-negative spouse seroconversion during the same period. The “case couples” and “control couples” were matched on gender, age, and region of residence. Sexual behaviors among HIV sero-different couples before and after the index spouses notifying their HIV infection status to their HIV-negative spouses were collected via face-to-face interview. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with HIV seroconversion among HIV sero-different couples. Results Of 4481 HIV sero-different couples, a total of 53 seroconversions were observed within 5218 person-years of follow-up. The incidence rate was 1.02 (95%CI: 0.76–1.33) per 100 person-years. Forty “case couples” confirmed HIV-negative spouse seroconversions infected via marital sexual transmission, were matched to 80 “control couples”. Of the 120 couples, 81(67.5%) were receiving ART, and 70 (58.3%) reported consistently used condoms during intercourse after the index spouse was diagnosed HIV infection. Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the desire to conceive a child (OR = 5.18, 95% CI: 1.19–22.58) significantly increased the odds of HIV seroconversion. Protective factors of spousal HIV seroconversion were currently receiving ART (OR = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.01–0.67) and consistent condom use (OR = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.01–0.28). Conclusions Intention to conceive a child is the most important risk factor for HIV seroconversion among sero-different couples. Specific efforts on scientific use of ART to assist sero-different couples to achieve their wish to conceive a healthy child are needed to minimize the risk of HIV transmission.
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Seco JM, Oyarzabal I, Pérez-Yáñez S, Cepeda J, Rodríguez-Diéguez A. Designing Multifunctional 5-Cyanoisophthalate-Based Coordination Polymers as Single-Molecule Magnets, Adsorbents, and Luminescent Materials. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:11230-11248. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mehta SH, McFall AM, Srikrishnan AK, Kumar MS, Nandagopal P, Cepeda J, Thomas DL, Sulkowski MS, Solomon SS. Morbidity and Mortality Among Community-Based People Who Inject Drugs With a High Hepatitis C and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Burden in Chennai, India. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw121. [PMID: 27419185 PMCID: PMC4942762 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We observed high mortality and liver disease progression associated primarily driven by untreated HIV and chronic hepatitis C as well as alcohol use in a cohort of PWID in India. Interventions to reduce HIV and HCV burden are needed. Background. There are limited data on clinical outcomes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection from low- and middle-income countries. We characterize mortality and liver disease progression in a cohort of people who inject drugs (PWID) with high HCV burden. Methods. In a cohort of PWID in Chennai, India, 851 persons were observed semiannually. Information on death was obtained through verbal autopsy and liver disease progression, which was defined as an incident liver stiffness measurement of ≥12.3 kPa if it was <12.3 at baseline. Poisson and Cox regression were used to identify factors associated with mortality and disease progression, respectively. Results. At baseline, 36.9% of cases were infected with HCV, 16.7% were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 71.6% had no or mild stiffness, 14.9% had moderate stiffness, and 13.5% had severe stiffness or cirrhosis. Mortality was significantly higher among those with moderate (mortality rate ratio [MRR] = 2.31) and severe stiffness (MRR = 4.86) at baseline, those with ongoing substance use, those who were HIV monoinfected and not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) (MRR = 6.59), and those who were HIV/HCV coinfected regardless of ART status (MRR for no ART = 5.34; MRR for ART = 4.51). Of those with no or mild stiffness, 25.9% and 6.4% had evidence of progression to moderate and severe stiffness or cirrhosis, respectively; 38.3% of those with moderate stiffness had evidence of progression to severe stiffness or cirrhosis. Factors associated with progression included age, alcohol use, body mass index, and chronic HCV infection. Conclusions. We observed significant morbidity and mortality primarily driven by untreated HIV, HIV/HCV coinfection, and alcohol use. Even with improved access to HIV treatment, in the absence of HCV treatment, outcomes are unlikely to improve for HIV/HCV-coinfected persons.
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