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Zeugswetter F, Weissenböck H, Shibly S, Hassan J, Spergser J. Lethal bronchopneumonia caused by Mycoplasma cynos
in a litter of golden retriever puppies. Vet Rec 2007; 161:626-7. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.161.18.626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Roe B, Coughlan S, Hassan J, Grogan A, Farrell G, Norris S, Bergin C, Hall WW. Elevated Serum Levels of Interferon‐γ–Inducible Protein–10 in Patients Coinfected with Hepatitis C Virus and HIV. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:1053-7. [PMID: 17763328 DOI: 10.1086/520935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with an accelerated course of HCV infection and a faster progression to severe liver disease. We have investigated whether the development of liver disease in coinfected patients is associated with specific chemokine and cytokine production. Four cohorts--HCV/HIV-coinfected patients, HCV-monoinfected patients, HIV-monoinfected patients, and healthy control subjects--were studied. Serum levels of the 10-kDa interferon- gamma -inducible protein (IP-10) were higher in all 3 groups of infected patients than in control subjects (P<.0001). HCV/HIV-coinfected patients had significantly higher IP-10 levels than monoinfected patients. In HCV-monoinfected patients, liver fibrosis scores and liver enzyme levels were positively correlated with IP-10 levels. Elevated IP-10 levels are associated with and may contribute to liver damage in both HCV-monoinfected and HCV/HIV-coinfected patients.
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Hassan J, Connell J. Translational mini-review series on infectious disease: congenital cytomegalovirus infection: 50 years on. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149:205-10. [PMID: 17635529 PMCID: PMC1941944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the leading cause of congenital viral infection, with an incidence of 0.5-3% of live births worldwide. Clinical evidence has shown hearing and vision loss, mental retardation and sometimes death in affected newborns. Primary maternal CMV infection during gestation poses a 40% risk of intrauterine transmission in contrast to recurrent infection. European laboratories have made significant progress in the last decade in solving diagnostic problems linked to infection in pregnancy. With the advances in CMV serology, such as detection of anti-CMV IgM by enzyme immunoassays (EIA), confirmed by Western blot, together with seroconversion and anti-CMV IgG avidity evaluation in pregnant mothers, can help to identify recent infection. Preventative measures such as screening for CMV in the routine serological work-up of pregnant women have been introduced in countries such as Spain and Italy. The development of specific T cell-mediated immune responses in mothers, fetus and neonates is now emerging with regard to antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells, differentiation status, proliferative and cytokine responses. A protective vaccine against CMV is a major public health priority and the study of vaccines in animal model systems has identified potential strategies for interrupting transmission and preventing disease in newborns. Congenital CMV infection has a variable outcome and therefore novel diagnostic methods are required to identify those at risk and therapeutic interventions are needed to improve the long-term prognosis of those infected. CMV was first isolated in 1957. We are now 50 years on, so procrastination is not an option.
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Hassan J, Dooley S, Hall W. Immunological response to cytomegalovirus in congenitally infected neonates. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 147:465-71. [PMID: 17302895 PMCID: PMC1810494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection worldwide and occurs as a result of transplacental transmission of the virus. The human neonate is highly susceptible to infection due to a combination of immaturity of the immune system and antigenic inexperience. This study uses the in vivo model of congenital CMV to examine both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in vertically infected neonates and their mothers. Ten pairs of matched neonates and their mothers were evaluated for specific IgM responses to three immunodominant CMV antigens: pp38 (pUL80a), pp52 (pUL44) and pp150 (pUL32). In contrast to conventional enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testing for CMV-specific IgM, which found five of the mothers and four of the neonates to be positive, Western immunoblotting showed all 10 adults and nine newborns to be positive. Eight mothers and nine newborns had serological evidence of primary infection. All neonates showed a response to pp38, an assembly protein, nine responded to the pp52 immediate early antigen but only four had reactivity to the pp150 tegument associated protein. Of the mothers, eight had pp38 reactivity, 10 showed a response to the pp52 antigen and seven to the pp150 antigen. T cell-mediated immunity was assessed by measuring cytokines using a multiplex microarray assay. Levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma were high in both groups [mean +/- standard error of the mean (s.e.m.): neonates = 657 +/- 238 pg/ml, mothers = 1072 +/- 677 pg/ml, pNS]; however, neonates had significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-8 (316 +/- 136 pg/ml versus 48 +/- 28 pg/ml, P < 0.005). Similar levels of IL-2, IL-7, IL-10 and IL-12 were measured in both groups, but levels of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were either absent or low. In response to CMV, neonates and adults mount a predominant T helper 1 (Th1) response, as evidenced by the presence of IL-2, IL-8, IL-12 and IFN-gamma with concomitant lack of IL-4. These findings suggest that the neonate, when presented with infection in utero, is capable of mounting an individual response; however, the lower IFN-gamma and higher IL-8 levels suggest reduced immune responsiveness when compared to their adult counterparts.
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Tan PC, Vallikkannu N, Suguna S, Quek KF, Hassan J. Transvaginal sonographic measurement of cervical length vs. Bishop score in labor induction at term: tolerability and prediction of Cesarean delivery. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2007; 29:568-73. [PMID: 17444553 DOI: 10.1002/uog.4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare transvaginal sonography for cervical length measurement and digital examination for Bishop score assessment in women undergoing labor induction at term, to assess their tolerability (in terms of pain) and ability to predict need for Cesarean delivery. METHODS A prospective study was performed on 249 women admitted for labor induction. Cervical length was measured using transvaginal ultrasound examination. A 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) for procedure-related pain was obtained. Bishop score was determined just before labor induction and another pain score was obtained. Delivery outcome was recorded. Analyses were by t-test, Fisher's exact test, receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Transvaginal sonography was significantly less painful than digital examination for Bishop score assessment (mean difference in VAS score 3.46; P<0.001). Analyses of the ROC curves for cervical length and Bishop score indicated that both were predictors of Cesarean delivery (area under the curve 0.611 vs. 0.607; P=0.012 vs. P=0.015, respectively) with optimal cut-offs for predicting Cesarean delivery of >20 mm for cervical length and Bishop score<or=5. Cervical length had superior sensitivity (80% vs. 64%) and marginally better positive (30% vs. 27%) and negative (89% vs. 83%) predictive values. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that only nulliparity (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 4.1; 95% CI, 2.1-8.1; P<0.001) and transvaginal sonographic cervical length>20 mm (AOR 3.4; 95% CI, 1.4-8.1; P=0.006) were independent predictors of Cesarean delivery. CONCLUSIONS Transvaginal sonography for cervical length measurement is better tolerated than digital examination for Bishop score assessment. Both cervical length and Bishop score are useful predictors of the need for Cesarean delivery following labor induction. A cervical length>20 mm at labor induction at term is an independent predictor of Cesarean delivery.
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Mustafa AM, Malintan NT, Seelan S, Zhan Z, Mohamed Z, Hassan J, Pendek R, Hussain R, Ito N. Phytoestrogens levels determination in the cord blood from Malaysia rural and urban populations. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 222:25-32. [PMID: 17490695 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study is a result of an analysis of free and conjugated phytoestrogens daidzein, genistein, daidzin, genistin and coumesterol in human cord blood plasma using LCMS. Cord blood was collected from urban and rural populations of Malaysia (n=300) to establish a simple preliminary database on the levels of the analyzed compounds in the collected samples. The study also aimed to look at the levels of phytoestrogens in babies during birth as this may have a profound effect on the developmental process. The sample clean up was carried out by solid-phase extraction using C18 column and passed through DEAE sephadex gel before analysis by LCMS. The mean concentrations of total phytoestrogens were daidzein (1.4+/-2.9 ng/ml), genistein (3.7+/-2.8 ng/ml), daidzin (3.5+/-3.1 ng/ml), genistin (19.5+/-4.2 ng/ml) and coumesterol (3.3+/-3.3 ng/ml). Distribution of phytoestrogen was found to be higher in samples collected from rural areas compared to that of urban areas.
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Reid F, Connell J, Hassan J. Diagnosis and molecular epidemiology of recent mumps infection in Ireland using oral fluid samples. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hassan J, Dooley S, Hall W. Immunological response to cytomegalovirus in congenitally infected neonates. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Conway A, Hassan J, Connell J. Imported West Nile Virus infection in Ireland. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Conway A, Hassan J, Connell J. Detection and genetic characterisation of circulating measles virus in Ireland. J Clin Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tan JAMA, George E, Tan KL, Chow T, Tan PC, Hassan J, Chia P, Subramanium R, Chandran R, Yap SF. Molecular defects in the β-globin gene identified in different ethnic groups/populations during prenatal diagnosis for β-thalassemia: a Malaysian experience. Clin Exp Med 2004; 4:142-7. [PMID: 15599663 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-004-0048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2004] [Revised: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Beta-thalassemia is the most-common genetic disorder of hemoglobin synthesis in Malaysia, and about 4.5% of the population are heterozygous carriers of the disorder. Prenatal diagnosis was performed for 96 couples using the Amplification Refractory Mutation System and Gap-Polymerase Chain Reaction. We identified 17 beta-globin defects-initiation codon for translation (T-G), -29 (A-G), -28 (A-G), CAP +1 (A-C), CD 8/9 (+G), CD 15 (G-A), CD 17 (A-T), CD 19 (A-G), Hb E (G-A), IVS1-1 (G-T), IVS1-5 (G-C), CD 41/42 (-CTTT), CD 71-72 (+A), IVS2-654 (CT), poly A(A-G), 100-kb Ggamma(Agammadeltabeta) degrees and 45-kb Filipino deletions. The 192 beta-alleles studied comprised Chinese (151 patients), Malay (21), Orang Asli from East Malaysia (15), Filipino (1), Indian (1), Indonesian Chinese (2), and Thai (1). In the Chinese, 2 beta-globin defects at CD 41/42 and IVS2-654 were responsible for 74% of beta-thalassemia. beta-mutations at CD 19, IVS1-1 (G-T), IVS1-5, poly A, and hemoglobin E caused 76% of the hemoglobin disorders in the Malays. The Filipino 45-kb deletion caused 73.3% of bthalassemia in the Orang Asli. Using genomic sequencing, the rare Chinese beta-mutation at CD 43 (G-T) was confirmed in 2 Chinese, and the Mediterranean mutation IVS1-1 (G-A) was observed in a Malay beta-thalassemia carrier. The beta-globin mutations confirmed in this prenatal diagnosis study were heterogenous and 65 (68%) couples showed a different globin defect from each other. The use of specific molecular protocols has allowed rapid and successful prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia in Malaysia.
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Kim A, Anderson KF, Berliner J, Hassan J, Jensen J, Mertz HJ, Pietsch H, Rao A, Scherer R, Sutterfield A. A. Kim, k.f. Anderson, j. Berliner, j. Hassan, j. Jensen, h.j. Mertz, h. Pietsch, a. Rao, R. Scherer, and a. Sutterfield. STAPP CAR CRASH JOURNAL 2003; 47:489-523. [PMID: 17096262 DOI: 10.4271/2003-22-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, three dummies were evaluated on the component level and as a whole. Their responses were compared with available volunteer and embalmed Post Mortem Human Subject (PMHS) data obtained under similar test conditions to evaluate their biofidelity. The volunteer and PMHS data, used as comparators in this study, were used previously to establish some of the biofidelity requirements of the Hybrid III. The BioRID II, the Hybrid III, and the RID2 were all subjected to rear impact HYGE sled tests with deltaVs of 17 and 28 km/hr to determine their biofidelity in these conditions. A static pull test, where a load was manually applied to the head of each dummy, was used to evaluate the static strength of their necks in flexion and extension. Finally, pendulum tests were conducted with the Hybrid III and RID2 to evaluate the dynamic characteristics of their necks in flexion and extension. The sled test results indicate that out of the three dummies, the overall flexibility of the Hybrid III is comparable to that of the volunteer anticipating the impact. The overall flexibilities of the BioRID II and the RID2 are greater than those of all the comparators used in this study (the tensed volunteer and the two embalmed PMHSs). The responses of the Hybrid III are closer to those of the tensed volunteer than those of the PMHSs. The responses of the BioRID II and the RID2 are closer to those of the PMHSs than to the tensed volunteer.
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O'Neill RM, Hassan J, Reen DJ. IL-7-regulated homeostatic maintenance of recent thymic emigrants in association with caspase-mediated cell proliferation and apoptotic cell death. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:4524-31. [PMID: 12707329 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.9.4524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis of T cells is essential to the maintenance of the T cell pool and TCR diversity. In this study, mechanisms involved in the regulation of cytokine-mediated expansion of naive T cells in the absence of Ag, in particular the role of caspase activation and susceptibility to apoptosis of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs), were examined. Low level caspase-8 and caspase-3 activation was detected in proliferating IL-7-treated cells in the absence of cell death during the first days of culture. Caspase inhibitors suppressed IL-7-induced expansion of RTEs. Low level expression of CD95 and blocking Ab experiments indicated that this early caspase activation was CD95 independent. However, CD95 levels subsequently became dramatically up-regulated on proliferating naive T cells, and these cells became susceptible to CD95 ligation, resulting in high level caspase activation and apoptotic cell death. These results show a dual role for caspases in proliferation and in CD95-induced cell death during Ag-independent expansion of RTEs. This method of cell death in IL-7-expanded RTEs is a previously unrecognized mechanism for the homeostatic control of expanded T cells.
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Datta S, Hassan J, Machaal A, Martyszczuk R, Deiraniya A, Yonan N. Cyclosporin 2-hr post dose monitoring-a potentially valuable tool for optimising immunosuppresssion after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(02)00850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Jaleco S, Kinet S, Hassan J, Dardalhon V, Swainson L, Reen D, Taylor N. IL-7 and CD4+ T-cell proliferation. Blood 2002; 100:4676-7; author reply 4677-8. [PMID: 12453882 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-06-1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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De Caterina R, Madonna R, Hassan J, Procopio AD. Nutrients and gene expression. World Rev Nutr Diet 2002; 89:23-52. [PMID: 11530735 DOI: 10.1159/000059790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Kim A, Anderson KF, Berliner J, Bryzik C, Hassan J, Jensen J, Kendall M, Mertz HJ, Morrow T, Rao A, Wozniak JA. A Comparison of the Hybrid III and BioRID II Dummies in Low-Severity, Rear-Impact Sled Tests. STAPP CAR CRASH JOURNAL 2001; 45:257-84. [PMID: 17458749 DOI: 10.4271/2001-22-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A BioRID II dummy and a Hybrid III dummy, each representative of a midsize adult male, were tested side-by-side in simulated rear-impact sled tests. In all tests the dummies were restrained by 3-point belt systems. The results of 4 test sets conducted at a nominal change in velocity (deltaV) of 16 km/hr are presented and discussed. In three of the test sets, bucket seats were used. The head restraints were placed in the up-position in two of the three test sets and in the down-position in the third set of tests. In the fourth test set, rigid seats without any head restraints were used. While analyzing the BioRID II data, the presence of an axial neck load acting on the head, which bypassed the upper neck load transducer, was discovered in all the reported tests. The implication of this observation is that the axial force and all the moments measured by the BioRID II upper neck load transducer could be erroneous. A second concern with the BioRID II data was the high frequency noise observed, especially on the T1 acceleration response which is used in the NIC calculation. The 18 Hz filter used to process the T1 acceleration data for the NIC calculation attenuated the peak NIC values by 15% as compared to the SAE 180 filtered values. The unmeasured neck loads and high-frequency noise issues need to be resolved before additional BioRID II testing is done. A third concern with the BioRID II is the initial position of its head in the automotive seating posture. It is higher and more forward than that of the 50(th) percentile adult male.
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Hassan J, Reen DJ. Human recent thymic emigrants--identification, expansion, and survival characteristics. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1970-6. [PMID: 11489977 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study shows that, in humans at birth, circulating T cells represent recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) as reflected in their high level of expression of TCR excision circles. RTEs express "thymocyte-like" characteristics with regard to rapid rate of apoptosis. In the presence of common gamma-chain cytokines, in particular IL-7, they show enhanced potential to survive, entry into cell cycle, and proliferation. Although common gamma-chain cytokines were also potent antiapoptotic stimuli for mature adult-derived naive CD4+CD45RA+ T cells, these cells were refractory to IL-7-induced expansion in vitro. RTEs cultured with IL-7 could not reinduce recombination-activating gene-2 gene expression in vitro. These data suggest that postthymic naive T cells in the periphery during early life are at a unique stage in ontogeny as RTEs, during which they can undergo homeostatic regulation including expansion and survival in an Ag-independent manner while maintaining their preselected TCR repertoire.
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Marshall-Clarke S, Reen D, Tasker L, Hassan J. Neonatal immunity: how well has it grown up? IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 2000; 21:35-41. [PMID: 10637557 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hassan J, Busto M, Iyengar B, Campos AR. Behavioral characterization and genetic analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster larval response to light as revealed by a novel individual assay. Behav Genet 2000; 30:59-69. [PMID: 10934800 DOI: 10.1023/a:1002090627601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A new assay was designed, named checker, that measures the individual response to light in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster larva. In this assay the Drosophila larva apparently modulates its pattern of locomotion when faced with a choice between a dark and lit environment by orienting its movement towards the dark environment. We show that, in this assay, a response to light can be measured as an increase in residence time in the dark versus the lit quadrant. Mutations that disrupt phototransduction in the adult Drosophila abolish the larval response to light, demonstrating that this larval visual function is similar to that of the adult fly. Similarly, no response to light was detected in strains where the larval visual system (photoreceptors and target area) was disrupted by a mutation in the homeobox containing gene sine oculis (so) gene. Ablation of photoreceptors by the targeted expression of the cell death gene hid under the control of the photoreceptor-specific transcription factor glass (gl) abolishes this response entirely. Finally, we demonstrate that this response to light can be mediated by rhodopsins other than the blue absorbing Rh1.
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Hassan J. Were health resorts bad for your health? Coastal pollution control policy in England, 1945-76. ENVIRONMENT AND HISTORY 1999; 5:53-73. [PMID: 20449924 DOI: 10.3197/096734099779568452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A case study of beach pollution illustrates economic and political influences that have shaped environmental policy in Britain. The need to provide irrefutable evidence that there was a risk to public health, before tangible steps were taken to control pollution, was a characteristic
feature of official policy. The consequent deterioration of the holiday industry's prime asset - the marine environment - is traced from the early nineteenth century. The postwar period is selected for detailed study. The paper will explore why, despite the growth of opposition to the pumping
of raw sewage into the sea, this traditional method of waste disposal continued to be relied upon until the recent past.
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