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Gozu H, Mueller S, Bircan R, Krohn K, Sargin M, Sargin H, Gezen C, Erginer T, Karadayi N, Paschke R. Genotype/phenotype relation for toxic thyroid nodules with or without TSH receptor mutations. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-972429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Müller S, Bircan R, Gozu HI, Krohn K, Paschke R. Influence of the D727E variant on the signalling of constitutive TSHR mutants. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-972331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ranki A, Hahtola S, Tuomela S, Burghart E, Elo L, Karenko L, Krohn K, Lahesmaa R, Monni O, Klein C. 409 POSTER Identification of novel candidate genes for targeted therapy of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. EJC Suppl 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(06)70414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Maier J, van Steeg H, van Oostrom C, Karger S, Paschke R, Krohn K. Deoxyribonucleic acid damage and spontaneous mutagenesis in the thyroid gland of rats and mice. Endocrinology 2006; 147:3391-7. [PMID: 16627585 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid tumors are a frequent finding not only in iodine-deficient regions. They are predominantly characterized by somatic genetic changes (e.g. point mutations or rearrangements). Because slow thyroid proliferation is a apparent contradiction to a high frequency of tumor initiation, we characterized mutational events in thyroid. First we studied the frequency of certain base exchanges in somatic TSH receptor (TSHR) mutations and determined the spontaneous mutation rate in thyroid and liver. Then we applied different protocols of the comet assay to quantify genomic DNA damage and conducted immunohistochemistry for 8-oxoguanine as a molecular marker for oxidative stress. Among 184 somatic mutations of the human TSHR found in thyroid tumors, C-->T transitions had a unexpectedly high frequency (>32%). The mutation rate in thyroid is 8-10 times higher than in other organs. The comet assay detected increased levels of oxidized pyrimidine (2- to 3-fold) and purine (2- to 4-fold) in thyroid, compared with liver and lung, and a 1.6-fold increase of oxidized purine, compared with spleen. Immunohistochemistry revealed high levels of 8-oxoguanine in thyroid epithelial cells. We have shown a strikingly high mutation rate in the thyroid. Furthermore, results of the comet assay as well as immunohistochemistry suggest that oxidative DNA modifications are a likely cause of the higher mutation rate. It is possible that free radicals resulting from reactive oxygen species in the thyroid generate mutations more frequently. This is also supported by the spectrum of somatic mutations in the TSHR because more frequent base changes could stem from oxidized base adducts that we detected in the comet assay and with immunohistochemistry.
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Krohn K, Boczan C, Otto B, Heldwein W, Landgraf R, Bauer CP, Koletzko B. Regulation of ghrelin is related to estimated insulin sensitivity in obese children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30:1482-7. [PMID: 16801928 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether ghrelin concentrations and their changes during weight loss in obese children are associated with parameters of glucose and insulin metabolism. DESIGN Total plasma ghrelin, insulin and glucose were measured during oral glucose tolerance testing before and after diet-induced weight loss over 6 weeks. SETTING In-patient rehabilitation program in a pediatric hospital. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three obese children (age 10-16 years) and 11 normal weight controls (age 10-15 years). OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in ghrelin concentrations during weight loss and correlation analysis of changes in ghrelin and changes in parameters of glucose and insulin metabolism. After data collection, subgroup analysis of obese patients with high, medium and low estimated insulin sensitivity whole-body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI) was performed. RESULTS Weight loss increased the area under the curve (AUC) of ghrelin by 26% (P<0.001). The increase in ghrelin AUC correlated significantly with improved estimated insulin sensitivity (WBISI) (r=0.69, P<0.001). The independent predicting effect of WBISI was confirmed in multivariate analysis. In children with low WBISI, ghrelin reached the level of control values after weight loss. In children with high WBISI, ghrelin increased markedly above control levels. CONCLUSIONS Changes in ghrelin are independently associated with changes in glucose and insulin metabolism. The increase in plasma ghrelin above control levels was limited to obese children with high WBISI.
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Eary JF, Conrad E, Link J, Cizik A, Mankoff D, Krohn K. Risk assessment in high grade sarcoma patients during neoadjuvant chemotherapy using multiple tracer PET. J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
20006 Background: Patients with high grade soft tissue sarcomas are treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Sarcomas have biological features that may predict for poor outcome. Some of these features are tumor proliferation rate, level of tumor hypoxia, and upregulation of tumor drug resistance mechanisms. Methods: We have a group of specific PET imaging agents to quantify the level of activity of these tumor processes. Patients with soft tissue sarcomas receive [C-11]Thymidine (TdR) to assess cellular proliferation, [O-15] Water to quantify tumor blood flow and to serve as the input function for quantification of the other tracers, [C-11]Verapamil to assess drug resistance mechanism activity, and [F-18]Fluoromisonidazole) FMISO to quantify changes in tumor hypoxic volume in response to treatment. These studies are performed in a single PET imaging session prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, after the second of four cycles of therapy and in the week prior to resection. Results: An example of this complex study result, is demonstrated by a recent patient with a high grade soft tissue sarcoma. The tumor showed increased TdR uptake, a moderate hypoxic volume, and [C-11] verapamil uptake prior to initiation of neoadjuvant adriamycin based chemotherapy. After 2 cycles of therapy, there was a significant decrease in the maximum level and volume of TdR uptake and a large reduction in tumor hypoxic volume. Conclusions: These data would imply a high risk soft tissue sarcoma due the presence of increased cellular proliferation, a significant hypoxic volume and the absence of p-glycoprotein activity determined by the presence of [C-11]Verapamil uptake. However, early response is also suggested by the findings above. Patient outcome will be assessed and correlated with these tumor parameters to further understand what tumor biological risk factors can be quantified non-invasively and repeated throughout the clinical course in soft tissue sarcoma patients. Supported by NIH NCI PO1 42045–18 and S10 RR017229–01 [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Rajendran JG, Hendrickson KRG, Spence AM, Muzi M, Krohn KA, Mankoff DA. Hypoxia imaging-directed radiation treatment planning. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006; 33 Suppl 1:44-53. [PMID: 16763816 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-006-0135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the role of the tumor microenvironment in modulating cancer behavior. Tissue hypoxia, an important and common condition affecting the tumor microenvironment, is well established as a resistance factor in radiotherapy. Increasing evidence points to the ability of hypoxia to induce the expression of gene products, which confer aggressive tumor behavior and promote broad resistance to therapy. These factors suggest that determining the presence or absence of tumor hypoxia is important in planning cancer therapy. Recent advances in PET hypoxia imaging, conformal radiotherapy, and imaging-directed radiotherapy treatment planning now make it possible to perform hypoxia-directed radiotherapy. We review the biological aspects of tumor hypoxia and PET imaging approaches for measuring tumor hypoxia, along with methods for conformal radiotherapy and image-guided treatment, all of which provide the underpinnings for hypoxia-directed therapy. As a case example, we review emerging data on PET imaging of hypoxia to direct radiotherapy.
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Aust G, Brylla E, Morgenthaler NG, Schröder S, Schütz A, Edelmann J, Krohn K. Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) in monozygotic twins: case study as well as transcriptomic and immunohistological analysis of thyroid tissues. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-932881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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59
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Maier J, Paschke R, Krohn K. DNA modification and thyroid mutagenesis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-932910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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60
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Krohn K, Gozu H, Bircan R, Müller S, Paschke R. Prevalence of somatic TSHR and Gsα mutations in toxic thyroid nodules in geographic regions of Turkey with different iodine intake. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-932908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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61
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Müller S, Gozu HI, Bircan R, Krohn K, Yavuzer D, Ekinci G, Sargin H, Sargin M, Orbay E, Cirakoglu B, Paschke R. Clinical characterization and genetic analysis of a large euthyroid family with the new TSH receptor germline mutation (N372T) and a hyperthyroid index patient with an additional somatic TSH receptor mutation (S281N) on the second TSH receptor allele. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-932906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Eszlinger M, Wiench M, Jarząb B, Krohn K, Beck M, Läuter J, Gubała E, Fujarewicz K, Świerniak A, Paschke R. Comparison of gene expression profiles of hot and cold thyroid nodules and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-932885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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63
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Aust G, Krohn K, Morgenthaler NG, Schröder S, Schütz A, Edelmann J, Brylla E. Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in monozygotic twins: case study as well as transcriptomic and immunohistological analysis of thyroid tissues. Eur J Endocrinol 2006; 154:13-20. [PMID: 16381986 DOI: 10.1530/eje.1.02063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report on the rare simultaneous occurrence of Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) in monozygotic twins. DESIGN We compared the pattern of thyroid tissue-derived cDNAs to gain insight into previous and ongoing immune destruction and reconstruction processes using microarrays. The results were confirmed by immunohistology and real-time PCR. RESULTS Destruction of thyroid tissue in HT reduced levels of thyrocyte-related cDNAs and cDNAs encoding extracellular matrix components, but increased levels of proteases involved in extracellular matrix degradation compared with GD. Lymphocytic infiltrates forming ectopic follicles replaced the thyroid tissue almost completely in HT. Thus, lymphocyte-related cDNA levels were higher in HT than in GD. The same was true for many chemokines and their receptors, which not only enable migration towards the thyroid but also maintain the lymphocytic infiltrate. HT also showed increased levels of cDNAs encoding molecules related to apoptosis than did GD. Surprisingly, the Th1- and Th2-specific cytokine profiles suggested for HT and GD respectively could not be confirmed. cDNAs encoding factors and receptors involved in angiogenesis were increased in GD compared with HT. CONCLUSIONS Comparison of gene expression reflects the cellular differences between the two types of autoimmune thyroid disease in twins with identical genetic and similar environmental background.
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Marchetti G, Hodges M, Brown R, Krohn K. TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY, EXTERNAL STRUCTURE VALIDITY AND RESPONSIVENESS OF GAIT PARAMETERS FOR OLDER ADULT FEMALES WALKING AT PREFERRED AND MAXIMUM VELOCITY. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1519/00139143-200512000-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Several regulatory challenges are encountered when proceeding towards human clinical trials with gene therapy products, one of these relating to the validity of the analytical methods. Many of the analytical methods used in preclinical studies and/or for analysing the gene therapy products are not yet recognized as a standardized pharmacopoeial methods. Thus, their validity should be demonstrated for the regulatory authorities by thorough assay validations, the extent being dependent on the product developmental stage. We hereby provide an overview on the critical parameters that have to be taken into consideration during the optimization and validation of bio-analytical methods such as PCR, enzyme-linked immunospot assay, Microarray and Limulus Amebocyte Lysate analyses.
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Krohn K, Eszlinger M, Paschke R, Roeder I, Schuster E. Increased power of microarray analysis by use of an algorithm based on a multivariate procedure. Bioinformatics 2005; 21:3530-4. [PMID: 15998661 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION The power of microarray analyses to detect differential gene expression strongly depends on the statistical and bioinformatical approaches used for data analysis. Moreover, the simultaneous testing of tens of thousands of genes for differential expression raises the 'multiple testing problem', increasing the probability of obtaining false positive test results. To achieve more reliable results, it is, therefore, necessary to apply adjustment procedures to restrict the family-wise type I error rate (FWE) or the false discovery rate. However, for the biologist the statistical power of such procedures often remains abstract, unless validated by an alternative experimental approach. RESULTS In the present study, we discuss a multiplicity adjustment procedure applied to classical univariate as well as to recently proposed multivariate gene-expression scores. All procedures strictly control the FWE. We demonstrate that the use of multivariate scores leads to a more efficient identification of differentially expressed genes than the widely used MAS5 approach provided by the Affymetrix software tools (Affymetrix Microarray Suite 5 or GeneChip Operating Software). The practical importance of this finding is successfully validated using real time quantitative PCR and data from spike-in experiments. AVAILABILITY The R-code of the statistical routines can be obtained from the corresponding author. CONTACT Schuster@imise.uni-leipzig.de
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Hendrickson K, Rajendran J, Ford E, Kinahan P, Lewellen B, Phillips M, Krohn K. SU-FF-J-106: FMISO-PET Hypoxia Imaging: A Novel Method to Plan IMRT-Based Boost Radiation to Hypoxic Subvolumes. Med Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1118/1.1997652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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68
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Milosevic J, Schwarz SC, Krohn K, Poppe M, Storch A, Schwarz J. Physiologische Sauerstoffkonzentrationen verhindern Alterung, Apoptose und Zelltod mesenzephaler neuraler Stammzellen (NSC). AKTUELLE NEUROLOGIE 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-866659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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69
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Frenzel R, Krohn K, Eszlinger M, Tönjes A, Paschke R. Sialylation of human thyrotropin receptor improves and prolonges its cell surface expression. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-862787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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70
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Eszlinger M, Krohn K, Läuter J, Beck M, Paschke R. Comparison of gene expression data of hot and cold thyroid nodules and TSH stimulated primary thyroid cell cultures. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-862901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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71
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Krohn K, Paschke R. Frequent polyclonal origin of micro-dissected thyroid follicles in normal but not in nodular thyroid tissue. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-862999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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72
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Christoforidis M, Schober R, Krohn K. Genetic-morphologic association study: association between the low density lipoprotein-receptor related protein (LRP) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2005; 31:11-9. [PMID: 15634227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2004.00614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that genetic factors such as apolipoprotein E (APOE), can act in different ways in the pathogenesis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The role of the low-density lipoprotein-receptor related protein (LRP), the major cerebral APOE receptor, in AD has been discussed controversially depending on data from different populations and methodological approaches. We examined the influence of LRP polymorphisms on CAA in 125 post-mortem cases genotyped for APOE and classified according to the neurofibrillary Braak and Braak staging of AD (indicating neurodegeneration grade). CAA was assessed separately for leptomeningeal (CAAlep.), noncapillary cortical (CAAcort.) and capillary cortical (CAAcap.) vessels in beta-amyloid stained sections. Our results suggest: (i) the 87 bp allele of LRP5' polymorphism (LRP5') is an independent predictive factor for CAAcort. and CAAlep.; (ii) the C/C genotype (C allele) of the LRP exon 3 polymorphism is positively associated with the severity of CAAlep. and CAAcort., implicating a younger age of CAA onset and/or faster CAA progression; (iii) as CAAcort. and CAAlep. showed different genetic associations in contrast to CAAcap., we can underscore the hypothesis that different molecular mechanisms are involved in CAA pathogenesis of noncapillary and capillary cerebral vessels. Our results lead us to postulate that the LRP5'87 bp and the LRP exon 3 C alleles of the LRP gene (or another locus that might be in linkage disequilibrium with these LRP polymorphic sites) could modify cerebrovascular LRP function or expression in noncapillary cerebral vessels, leading to an increased cerebrovascular amyloid deposition.
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Jappe U, Juschka U, Kuner N, Hausen BM, Krohn K. Fondaparinux: a suitable alternative in cases of delayed-type allergy to heparins and semisynthetic heparinoids? A study of 7 cases. Contact Dermatitis 2004; 51:67-72. [PMID: 15373846 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypersensitivity to unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparins and semisynthetic heparinoids is increasingly common. 7 female patients between 30 and 74 years with delayed-type allergy to heparins and semisynthetic heparinoids were investigated for (cross)-reactivity to fondaparinux, a new pentasaccharide with selective factor Xa inhibition. All patients showed delayed-type reactions to heparins and some additional cross-reaction to a heparinoid on intracutaneous testing. 6/7 tolerated fondaparinux on intradermal testing as well as on subcutaneous challenge testing. However, the 7th patient developed a characteristic delayed-type reaction to both skin tests with fondaparinux. Fondaparinux is a new synthetic pentasaccharide with a molecular weight of 1.728 Da. In some patients with cross-reactivity between various heparins and semisynthetic heparinoids, lepirudin, a recombinant hirudin, may be a safe and effective alternative. However, combined allergy to hirudin and heparins has been reported. Sometimes, intravenous administration of heparins or heparinoids may be tolerated. However, these patients are at risk of developing a systemic reaction. The pathogenesis of heparin hypersensitivity is not fully understood. Heparins may act as haptens by binding to dermal and/or subcutaneous structural proteins. The chemical structures of heparins and fondaparinux are different concerning their alpha- and beta-configuration and the molecular weight. However, some of their functional groups are nearly identical and therefore similar chemical and pharmacological reactivity is to be expected. Fondaparinux seems to be a valuable alternative in most cases of heparin and hirudin hypersensitivity. The clearly rare cross-reaction between fondaparinux and heparins, now confirmed by us, may be due to differences in the response to haptens.
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Krohn K, Paschke R. BRAF mutations are not an alternative explanation for the molecular etiology of ras mutation negative cold thyroid nodules. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-819145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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75
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Eszlinger M, Krohn K, Kropf S, Läuter J, Paschke R. Gene expression analysis suggests a relevance of aberrant phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling in cold thyroid nodules. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-819066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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