Role of the vasopressin V(1) receptor in regulating the epithelial functions of the guinea pig distal colon

Vasopressin has a wide spectrum of biological action. In this study, the role of vasopressin in regulating electrolyte transport in the colon was elucidated by measuring the short-circuit current (I(sc)) as well as the Na(+), K(+), and Cl(-) flux in a chamber-mounted mucosal sheet. The cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) was also measured in fura 2-loaded cells by fluorescence imaging. Serosal vasopressin decreased I(sc) at 10(-9) M and increased I(sc) at 10(-7)-10(-6) M. The decrease in I(sc) was accompanied by two effects: one was a decrease in the amiloride-sensitive Na(+) absorption, whereas the other was an increase in the bumetanide-sensitive K(+) secretion. The increase in I(sc) was accompanied by an increase in the Cl(-) secretion that can be inhibited by serosal bumetanide or mucosal diphenylamine-2-carboxylate. Vasopressin caused an increase in [Ca(2+)](i) in crypt cells. These responses of I(sc) and the [Ca(2+)](i) increase in crypt cells were all more potently inhibited by the vasopressin V(1) receptor antagonist than by the V(2) receptor antagonist. These results suggest that vasopressin inhibits electrogenic Na(+) absorption and stimulates electrogenic K(+) and Cl(-) secretion. In all of these responses, the V(1) receptor is involved, and the [Ca(2+)](i) increase may play an important role.

Prevention of encephalomyocarditis virus-induced diabetes in mice by inhibition of the tyrosine kinase signalling pathway and subsequent suppression of nitric oxide production in macrophages

Macrophages comprise the major population of cells infiltrating pancreatic islets during the early stages of infection in DBA/2 mice by the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC-D virus). Inactivation of macrophages prior to viral infection almost completely prevents EMC-D virus-induced diabetes. This investigation was initiated to determine whether a tyrosine kinase signalling pathway might be involved in the activation of macrophages by EMC-D virus infection and whether tyrosine kinase inhibitors might, therefore, abrogate EMC-D virus-induced diabetes in vivo. When isolated macrophages were infected with EMC-D virus, inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA was expressed and nitric oxide was subsequently produced. Treatment of macrophages with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin AG126, but not tyrphostin AG556, prior to EMC-D virus infection blocked the production of nitric oxide. The infection of macrophages with EMC-D virus also resulted in the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p42(MAPK/ERK2)/p44(MAPK/ERK1), p38(MAPK), and p46/p54(JNK). In accord with the greater potency of AG126 than of AG556 in blocking EMC-D virus-mediated macrophage activation, the incidence of diabetes in EMC-D virus-infected mice treated with AG126 (25%) was much lower than that in AG556-treated (75%) or vehicle-treated (88%) control mice. We conclude that EMC-D virus-induced activation of macrophages resulting in macrophage-mediated beta-cell destruction can be prevented by the inhibition of a tyrosine kinase signalling pathway involved in macrophage activation.

Control of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice by GAD expression or suppression in beta cells

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a pancreatic beta cell autoantigen in humans and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. beta Cell-specific suppression of GAD expression in two lines of antisense GAD transgenic NOD mice prevented autoimmune diabetes, whereas persistent GAD expression in the beta cells in the other four lines of antisense GAD transgenic NOD mice resulted in diabetes, similar to that seen in transgene-negative NOD mice. Complete suppression of beta cell GAD expression blocked the generation of diabetogenic T cells and protected islet grafts from autoimmune injury. Thus, beta cell-specific GAD expression is required for the development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice, and modulation of GAD might, therefore, have therapeutic value in type 1 diabetes.

Megalencephaly, hydrocephalus and cortical dysplasia in severe dwarfism mimicking leprechaunism

This report concerns an autopsy case of megalencephaly exhibiting a unique combination of physical and brain malformations. A 4-year-old boy had a peculiar face, a severe reduction of subcutaneous adipose tissue, severe growth failure and frequent hypoglycemic episodes. These clinical features were compatible with leprechaunism; however, the absence of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance prevented the diagnosis of leprechaunism. The autopsy disclosed complex cardiac and brain malformations. Although hydrocephalus coexisted, the brain weight after complete removal of the cerebrospinal fluid was 2260 g, which was greater than the average brain weight of normal Japanese children of the same age. The neuronal density in the cerebral cortex was decreased, while the surface area of the cerebral cortex and white matter were greater than those in an age-matched control. There was cortical dysplasia in the frontal and parietal lobes. Endocrine tests and immunohistochemical analysis of the brain did not demonstrate any abnormalities in the hypothalamus-pituitary system. Megalencephaly can be associated with dwarfism, and this case is important for consideration of the interrelationship between neuronal proliferation and physical growth.

A molecular cytogenetic analysis of 7q31 in prostate cancer

Gains of chromosome 7 and alterations of the 7q-arm have been frequently observed in multiple cancers using various cytogenetic and molecular genetic techniques. Using PCR analysis of microsatellite markers, we have previously reported that allelic imbalance of 7q31 is common in prostate cancer and is associated with higher tumor grade and advanced pathological stage. In an effort to better understand the chromosome 7 alterations in prostate cancer, we undertook a molecular cytogenetic study of 25 prostate specimens using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes for the chromosome 7 centromere and for 5 loci mapped to 7q31 (D7S523, D7S486, D7S522, D7S480, and D7S490) and 1 locus at 7q11.23 (ELN). Six tumors had no apparent anomaly for any chromosome 7 probe. Nine tumors showed apparent simple gain of a whole chromosome 7, whereas one tumor had apparent simple loss of a whole chromosome 7. Four tumors had gain of the chromosome 7 centromere and additional overrepresentation of the 7q-arm. One tumor had overrepresentation of 7q31 without any apparent anomaly of the chromosome 7 centromere, and one tumor had apparent loss of the chromosome 7 centromere with no apparent anomaly of the 7q-arm. Three tumors had gain of the chromosome 7 centromere and loss of the 7q31 region. Gain of 7q31 was strongly correlated with tumor Gleason score. Multiplex PCR studies of these specimens supported these FISH observations. Mutation screening and DNA sequencing of the MET gene, which is mapped to 7q31, revealed only the presence of simple sequence polymorphisms but no apparent acquired disease-associated mutations. FISH analysis of metaphases from an aphidicolin-induced, chromosome 7 only, somatic cell hybrid demonstrated that the DNA probe for D7S522 spans the common fragile site FRA7G at 7q31. Our data indicate that the 7q-arm, particularly the 7q31 region, is genetically unstable in prostate cancer, and some of the gene dosage differences observed may be due to fragility at FRA7G.

Bedside wellness--development of a virtual forest rehabilitation system

The present study aims at the development of a new concept system that will contribute toward improving the quality of life for bedridden patients and the elderly. The results of a basic study showed the possibility of a virtual reality system reducing stress and pain, provided VR sickness does not occur. A Bedside Wellness System which lets a person experience a virtual forest walk and provides a facility of rehabilitation was proposed based on the basic study and developed. An experiment to assess the developed system using healthy subjects was executed. The data suggested the positive effects of the system; however, some points to be improved were also extracted. After a few improvements, the system will be available for clinical use.

Apoptosis of murine hepatocytes induced by high doses of galactosamine

Apoptosis induced by high doses of Galactosamine (GalN) was investigated in mice hepatocytes in vivo. In mice intraperitoneally (i.p.) treated with GalN 3 g/kg, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells were first observed at 6 hr postadministration (PA). Both acidophilic bodies in hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained sections and TUNEL-positive cells were markedly found at 24 hr PA. At 48 hr PA, cellular degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes were prominently observed, and TUNEL-positive cells were scarcely found. In the mice ip treated with GalN 1.5 g/kg, the lesion was milder than that in those treated with GalN 3 g/kg. Acidophilic bodies and TUNEL-positive cells were scarcely found at 24 hr PA, whereas they were markedly seen at 48 hr PA. In addition, a ladder-like DNA fragmentation pattern by agarose gel electrophoresis was observed most remarkably at 24 hr PA with GalN 3 g/kg and at 48 hr PA with GalN 1.5 g/kg, and less distinctly at 48 hr PA with GalN 3 g/kg. On the other hand, sGOT and sGPT activities increased prominently at 48 hr PA with GalN 3 g/kg. These results suggest that the cell death induced by high dose of GalN may be caused by apoptosis, and subsequently by necrosis in vivo.

Equine inhibin/activin beta A-subunit mRNA is expressed in the endometrial gland, but not in the trophoblast, during pregnancy

The expression of both inhibin alpha- and inhibin/activin beta A-subunit mRNA was examined in equine uteroplacental tissues collected during pregnancy (days 90 to 300). Northern blot analysis revealed that 5 transcripts (7.0, 4.1, 3.4, 2.6, 1.5 kb) of beta A-subunit were present, and the most abundantly expressed transcript was the 1.5 kb one. Relatively high levels of the 1.5 kb transcript were seen in the second trimester of pregnancy compared to what was found in the third trimester. To identify the tissue localization of beta A-subunit mRNA, in situ hybridization was performed, and the positive signal was observed exclusively in the endometrial glands, but not in the fetal placental tissue (trophoblast) at days 150, 210, and 300 of pregnancy. On the other hand, inhibin alpha-subunit transcript could not be detected at any stage of pregnancy examined either by Northern blot analysis or in situ hybridization. Although the factor(s) regulating the gene expression of beta A-subunit in this equine tissue is currently unknown, these results suggest that activin, but not inhibin, is predominantly produced in the endometrial glands of the pregnant mare, and thus produced activin may play a paracrine or endocrine role during pregnancy in this species.

Galactosamine-induced apoptosis in the primary mouse hepatocyte cultures

Galactosamine (GalN)-induced apoptosis was investigated in cultured hepatocytes from mice. The percentage of fragmented DNA measured by the ELISA method increased in a concentration-dependent manner from the very early stage, i.e. 0.5 hrs, after GalN-exposure. In addition, a ladder-like fragmentation pattern by agarose gel electrophoresis appeared first at 3 hr-exposure to 20 mM GalN, at 6 hr-exposure to 10 mM GalN and at 12 hr-exposure to 5 mM GalN, respectively. On the other hand, cytotoxicity indicated by leakage of lactate dehydrogenase from cultured hepatocytes to culture medium was first detected at 24 hrs after GalN-treatment. Morphologically, formation of blebs and apoptotic bodies was observed from 12 hr-exposure to 20 mM GalN and from 24 hr-exposure to 10 mM GalN, respectively. Thus GalN could induce apoptosis in primary hepatocyte cultures from mice.

Role of macrophages and macrophage-derived cytokines in the pathogenesis of Kilham rat virus-induced autoimmune diabetes in diabetes-resistant BioBreeding rats

The diabetes-resistant BioBreeding (DR-BB) rat, derived from diabetes-prone forebears, does not normally develop spontaneous insulitis or diabetes, but when infected with Kilham rat virus (KRV) this animal develops autoimmune diabetes similar to the diabetes-prone BioBreeding (DP-BB) rat. In this study, we attempted to determine whether macrophages and macrophage-derived cytokines play a role in the development of KRV-induced diabetes in DR-BB rats. Seventy-eight percent of DR-BB rats treated with KRV and poly(I:C) develop diabetes, whereas depletion of macrophages with liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate (lip-Cl2MDP) in KRV and poly(I:C)-treated DR-BB rats results in the near-complete prevention of insulitis and diabetes. Measurement of the macrophage-derived cytokines IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta revealed a selective increase of their expression, after KRV infection, in the splenic lymphocytes and the pancreatic islets. Measurement of CD4+ T cell-derived cytokines revealed that IL-2 and IFN-gamma cytokine gene expression closely correlates with an elevation of IL-12, but IL-4 and IL-10 do not change. Depletion of macrophages before the isolation of splenic lymphocytes from DR-BB rats treated with KRV and poly(I:C) resulted in the loss of ability to transfer diabetes to young DP-BB rats. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that macrophages and macrophage-derived cytokines play a critical role in the cascade of events leading to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, culminating in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Expression and cellular localization of inhibin alpha-subunit mRNA in equine fetal gonads

The expression of inhibin alpha-subunit mRNA in equine fetal gonads during pregnancy (Days 90 to 300) was examined by means of Northern blot analysis. In all samples examined, a single species of transcript was detected at the size of 1.5 kb. A digoxigenin-labeled antisense cRNA probe specific to equine inhibin alpha-subunit was synthesized and in situ hybridization analysis to locate the inhibin alpha-subunit mRNA positive cells was performed using frozen tissue sections of equine fetal ovary (day 150 of pregnancy) and equine fetal testis (day 180 of pregnancy). In the fetal ovary, positive cells were seen throughout the interstitial area but did not show any particular localization. In the fetal testis, on the other hand, the antisense cRNA hybridized almost exclusively to the interstitial cells surrounding developing seminiferous cords and Sertoli cells within the cords. Positive signals were also detected in a limited number of the interstitial cells located away from the cords. These results suggest that in equine fetal gonads, inhibin and/or inhibin alpha-subunit related molecules such as the monomeric form are produced and these molecules may have a paracrine/autocrine role within the gonads.

Role of macrophages and macrophage-derived cytokines in the pathogenesis of Kilham rat virus-induced autoimmune diabetes in diabetes-resistant BioBreeding rats

The diabetes-resistant BioBreeding (DR-BB) rat, derived from diabetes-prone forebears, does not normally develop spontaneous insulitis or diabetes, but when infected with Kilham rat virus (KRV) this animal develops autoimmune diabetes similar to the diabetes-prone BioBreeding (DP-BB) rat. In this study, we attempted to determine whether macrophages and macrophage-derived cytokines play a role in the development of KRV-induced diabetes in DR-BB rats. Seventy-eight percent of DR-BB rats treated with KRV and poly(I:C) develop diabetes, whereas depletion of macrophages with liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate (lip-Cl2MDP) in KRV and poly(I:C)-treated DR-BB rats results in the near-complete prevention of insulitis and diabetes. Measurement of the macrophage-derived cytokines IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta revealed a selective increase of their expression, after KRV infection, in the splenic lymphocytes and the pancreatic islets. Measurement of CD4+ T cell-derived cytokines revealed that IL-2 and IFN-gamma cytokine gene expression closely correlates with an elevation of IL-12, but IL-4 and IL-10 do not change. Depletion of macrophages before the isolation of splenic lymphocytes from DR-BB rats treated with KRV and poly(I:C) resulted in the loss of ability to transfer diabetes to young DP-BB rats. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that macrophages and macrophage-derived cytokines play a critical role in the cascade of events leading to the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, culminating in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Possible role of macrophage-derived soluble mediators in the pathogenesis of encephalomyocarditis virus-induced diabetes in mice

Pancreatic islets from DBA/2 mice infected with the D variant of encephalomyocarditis (EMC-D) virus revealed lymphocytic infiltration with moderate to severe destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Our previous studies showed that the major population of infiltrating cells at the early stages of infection is macrophages. The inactivation of macrophages prior to viral infection resulted in the prevention of diabetes, whereas activation of macrophages prior to viral infection resulted in the enhancement of beta-cell destruction. This investigation was initiated to determine whether macrophage-produced soluble mediators play a role in the destruction of pancreatic beta cells in mice infected with a low dose of EMC-D virus. When we examined the expression of the soluble mediators interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the pancreatic islets, we found that these mediators were clearly expressed at an early stage of insulitis and that this expression was evident until the development of diabetes. We confirmed the expression of these mediators by in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled RNA probes or immunohistochemistry in the pancreatic islets. Mice treated with antibody against IL-1beta or TNF-alpha or with the iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine exhibited a significant decrease in the incidence of diabetes. Mice treated with a combination of anti-IL-1beta antibody, anti-TNF-alpha antibody, and aminoguanidine exhibited a greater decrease in the incidence of disease than did mice treated with one of the antibodies or aminoguanidine. On the basis of these observations, we conclude that macrophage-produced soluble mediators play an important role in the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in the development of diabetes in mice infected with a low dose of EMC-D virus.

Detection of viral RNA by electron microscopic in situ hybridization (ISH-EM) in the germinal epithelium of mice infected with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus

Electron microscopic in situ hybridization (ISH-EM) was first applied to the detection of viral RNA in the germinal epithelium of mice inoculated i.p. with 10(5) plaque-forming units/mouse of the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC-D). Signals of viral RNA were first detected in a small number of Sertoli cells showing mild degeneration at 2 days post inoculation, and 2 days later, they were also detected in germinal cells and spermatogonia when Sertoli cells showed prominent degeneration. The results clearly demonstrated that the first site of viral attack in the germinal epithelium was Sertoli cell in the case of EMC-D-induced mouse orchitis.

Variation in serum creatine phosphokinase activity as indicated in two-phase EMC-D virus-induced myocarditis

In this study, myocardial damage in the D-variant of encephalomyocarditis (EMC-D) virus-induced myocarditis has been investigated consecutively by measuring serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity. CPK activity in 8 week-old male BALB/cAJcl mice inoculated with EMC-D virus increased to a peak at 4 or 5 days postinoculation (DPI) and then gradually decreased. The CPK activity rose again after 7 DPI until it reached a second peak. In view of the kinetics of CPK activity, two-phase (early and late phase) myocardial damage in EMC virus infection were considered. In the late phase, an increase in cellular infiltration in the myocardium and a decrease in viral titer in the heart were observed. It was therefore suspected that the increase in CPK in the late phase may be caused by cellular infiltration, but not by viral replication. In our results, we suggested that a serial measurement of serum CPK activity might be a useful method for throwing more light on the myocardial damage caused by the autoimmune response. We also used a pathological (TUNEL) method to detect apoptotic cells and some apoptotic myocytes in the myocardium in late phase EMC virus-induced myocarditis.

Molecular cloning and characterization of a new member of the rat placental prolactin (PRL) family, PRL-like protein D (PLP-D)

The rat placental PRL family consists of molecules structurally similar to PRL and GH, and to date, seven members have been identified. During investigation of pregnancy stage-specific placental factors by the differential display method, we obtained a complementary DNA (cDNA) fragment (199 bp) encoding a peptide homologous to PRL-like protein (PLP)-C. By using the 3' and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends method, a full-length cDNA was cloned and tentatively named PLP-D. The cDNA encoded a mature protein of 240 amino acids, including a 29-amino acid signal sequence. PLP-D contains one putative N-glycosylation site and six cysteine residues that are highly conserved in the placental PRL family. Sequence comparison between PLP-D and other members of the placental PRL family showed that PLP-D is highly homologous to PLP-C (80%) and decidual PRL-related protein (73%). Northern blot analysis revealed that PLP-D messenger RNA (mRNA) first appeared at day 14 of pregnancy, and that its expression increased until term. In situ hybridization analysis indicated that PLP-D mRNA was specifically expressed in spongiotrophoblast cells and trophoblast giant cells of the placental junctional zone. Differentiated Rcho-1 cells also expressed PLP-D mRNA, whereas undifferentiated Rcho-1 cells did not.

[Primary right atrial hemangiosarcoma manifesting as cardiac tamponade: a case report with transesophageal echocardiography]

A 39-year-old woman presented with a right atrial hemangiosarcoma manifesting as cardiac tamponade with complaints of chest discomfort and dyspnea. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed remarkable pericardial effusion and a right atrial mass. Transesophageal echocardiography disclosed the tumor extending into the right atrial cavity. Surgery found the tumor was poorly demarcated, immobile and adhered to the adjacent right atrial wall and septum. The echocardiographic findings correlated well with the surgical and autopsy findings.

Depletion of Mac1-positive macrophages protects DBA/2 mice from encephalomyocarditis virus-induced myocarditis and diabetes

DBA/2 mice treated with anti-Mac1 monoclonal antibody (MAb) failed to develop encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)-induced diabetes and myocarditis. Virus concentrations and the number of viral RNA-positive cells in the pancreas and heart were significantly reduced in mice treated with anti-Mac1 MAb. Mac1-positive macrophages seem to be involved in EMCV-induced disease and to affect the replication of EMCV in target organs.

Relation between distribution of viral RNA and development of histopathological changes in encephalomyocarditis virus-induced orchitis in mice

The relation between the distribution of viral RNA and the development of histopathological changes was investigated in the early stage of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus-induced orchitis in mice. Signals of viral RNA were first detected by in situ hybridization in a few Sertoli cells in almost intact germinal epithelia at 2 days post-inoculation (d.p.i.). The number of Sertoli cells bearing signals of viral RNA increased at 3 d.p.i. when mild degenerative changes were exceptionally found in germinal epithelia. Signals of viral RNA came to be detected not only in Sertoli cells but also in a small number of germinal cells and spermatogonia at 4 d.p.i. when mild to moderate degenerative changes developed in germinal epithelia, resulting in desquamation of degenerated cells. At the same time, virus-like particles were observed by electron-microscopy in the degenerated and desquamated germinal cells. At and after 5 d.p.i., luminal obstruction with cellular debris and inflammatory cells was generally found. These results suggest that EMC virus carried to seminiferous tubules via the blood first attacks Sertoli cells and then damages germinal cells and spermatogonia.

Involvement of macrophages in the development of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus-induced diabetes in mice

The role of macrophages in the development of diabetes following infection with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus was examined in 3 strains of mice (DBA/2 and BALB/c: susceptible, C57BL/6: resistant). After infection with 100 plaque forming units (PFU)/head of EMC-D (highly diabetogenic variant), the incidence of diabetes at 3 days post infection (DPI) (DBA/2: 7/8, BALB/c: 3/8, C57BL/6: 0/8) was well correlated with the severity of macrophage infiltration with beta cell damage in the pancreatic islets (DBA/2: sever, BALB/c: moderate, C57BL/6: slight). Silica-pretreatment depleted macrophage infiltration in the pancreatic islets and decreased the incidence of diabetes at 7 DPI from 100% to 40% in DBA/2 and from 80% to 0% in BALB/c mice, respectively. These results suggest that macrophages play a critical role in the process of pancreatic beta cell damage in EMC virus infection in mice.

Distribution of viral RNA in the spinal cord of DBA/2 mice developing biphasic paralysis following infection with the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC-D)

DBA/2 mice infected with the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC-D) (10(1) PFU/head) developed biphasic hind limb paralysis. As a first step in clarifying its pathogenesis, we examined the distribution of viral RNA in the spinal cord using in situ hybridization. At 3 days post inoculation (DPI), in the spinal cord of mice showing slight paralysis, viral RNA was observed in capillary endothelial cells and a few adjacent glia cells in the funiculus lateralis from thoracic to lumbar enlargement. At 7 DPI, in the spinal cord of mice showing apparent paralysis, viral RNA was observed in a larger number of glia cells in the demyelinated lesion associated with infiltration of macrophages in the funiculus lateralis and in a small number of degenerated neurons in the cornu ventrale. In the funiculus lateralis, viral RNA could not be observed after 28 DPI. On the other hand, viral RNA was observed in degenerated neurons in the cornu ventrale of mice showing the second phase paralysis at 42 DPI. Many CD4+T cells infiltrated around these degenerated neurons. These results suggest that: (1) the viral entry zone was the capillary endothelial cells in the funiculus lateralis; (2) first phase paralysis was due to demyelination caused by EMC-D and associated with macrophage infiltration; (3) second phase paralysis was due to degeneration of motor neurons bearing viral RNA associated with infiltration by CD4+T cells.

Protective effects of macrophage-derived interferon against encephalomyocarditis virus-induced diabetes mellitus in mice

The involvement of macrophages in protection against diabetes mellitus in mice of BALB/c (susceptible) and C57BL (resistant) strains infected with the B (non-diabetogenic) or D (highly diabetogenic) variant of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus was examined. Pretreatment with the B variant of EMC virus (EMC-B), avirulent interferon (IFN) inducer, or Corynebacterium parvum inhibited diabetes in BALB/c mice infected with the D variant of EMC virus (EMC-D). Treatment of C57BL mice with carrageenan to compromise macrophage function rendered C57BL mice susceptible to EMC-D-induced diabetes. In macrophage culture for BALB/c mice, EMC-B induced IFN at an earlier stage than did EMC-D. The C57BL mouse-derived macrophages produced more IFN than did BALB/c mouse-derived macrophages after stimulation with EMC-D. Moreover, C. parvum increased IFN production in macrophage cultures from BALB/c mice, whereas carrageenan inhibited that in macrophage cultures from C57BL mice. These results suggest that IFN derived from macrophages may have an important role in protecting mice against EMC virus infection.

Expression and identification of the feline herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein B (gp143/108)

The gene for feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) glycoprotein B (gB) has been cloned into an expression vector, pRVSVneo, containing the long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus and polyadenylation signal of SV40. This expression vector containing FHV-1 gB gene, pRVSVgBneo, was transfected into Crandell feline kidney (CRFK) cells which are susceptible to FHV-1 infection. By indirect immunofluorescence analysis, the expressed gB was recognized with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against FHV-1 gp143/108. Immunoprecipitation analysis using a MAb 34H12 showed that molecular weights of the gB were 143 and 108 kDa under non-denaturing conditions that 108, 70, 64, and 58 kDa under denaturing conditions. The molecular weights were similar to those of the gB expressed in FHV-1-infected CRFK cells. In addition, when plasmid DNAs were injected into mice to obtain gB-monospecific serum, the pooled serum from mice inoculated with pRVSVgBneo, but not with pRVSVgDneo or pRVSVneo, recognized the FHV-1 gB polypeptides.

[Clinical implications of mismatched uptakes of beta-methyl fatty acid analogue and thallium in infarcted myocardium: correlations with coronary stenosis and regional wall motion abnormality]

Myocardial perfusion and fatty acid metabolism were assessed by using myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography with thallium and beta-methyl-p-iodophenyl-pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) during acute and/or late stages of myocardial infarction in 157 infarcted segments of 100 patients. The incidence of reduced thallium perfusion relative to BMIPP uptake ("T-type" mismatch) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower (9%) compared to that of reduced BMIPP uptake relative to thallium perfusion ("B-type" mismatch) (59%) or non-mismatched segment (32%). In an anteroseptal region, B-type dissociation had a significantly higher incidence compared to no or T-type mismatch; 68% vs. 27% vs. 5%, respectively, whereas the incidence of T-type uptake was relatively high in inferior and posterolateral regions; 13%, 11%, respectively. Severe coronary stenosis was observed in 76% of B-type segments and 72% of non-mismatched segments but in only 43% of T-type segments. The incidence of regional wall motion abnormality was significantly lower (46%) in the T-type mismatch segments when compared to the B-type (91%) or non-mismatched segments (96%). In conclusion, myocardial fatty acid metabolism was more markedly impaired compared to an involved coronary perfusion, resulting in the mismatch of perfusion and fatty acid metabolism. Coronary stenosis and regional wall motion abnormality are more closely related to "B-type" mismatch but not necessarily to "T-type" dissociation, probably because of attenuation artifacts in inferior and posterolateral regions in thallium scan.

Abrupt augmentation of ST segment elevation associated with successful reperfusion: a sign of diminished myocardial salvage

To investigate the significance of abrupt augmentation of ST segment elevation immediately after reperfusion, 36 patients with an initial acute anterior myocardial infarction successfully treated with thrombolysis were studied. Immediately after reperfusion was performed, 17 (47%) patients showed abrupt augmentation of ST segment elevation of anterior area (E group), and 19 (53%) patients did not (N group). The time to reperfusion was not significantly different between the two groups. In the E group the peak level of creatine kinase MB isozyme was higher (p < 0.05) than in the N group. The left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) did not increase in the E group from acute to chronic phase. However, in the N group EF increased significantly. The difference in EF in the chronic phase was significant between the two groups (p < 0.05). The infarcted regional wall motion (RWM) did not increase in the E group, whereas in the N group it increased markedly (p < 0.05). In addition, the infarcted RWM in the chronic phase was worse in the E group than in the N group (p < 0.05). Abrupt augmentation of ST segment elevation associated with successful reperfusion appears to reflect diminished myocardial salvage.

Accuracy of prostatic volume calculation in transrectal ultrasonography

BACKGROUND

Estimation of the prostatic volume by transrectal ultrasonography is now widely used to evaluate the effect of conservative treatment and to improve the specificity of prostate specific antigen. Accurate measurement of prostatic volume is necessary for the calculation of prostate specific antigen density (PSA/prostatic volume ratio).

METHODS

Three dimensional models of the prostatic contour were constructed from transrectal ultrasonotomograms taken at 5 mm intervals in 20 cases. Using these models, the accuracy of ellipsoid volume calculation and prolate ellipse volume calculation were examined. For prolate ellipse volume calculation, prostatic length was measured in two ways; length (Lv) vertical to the transverse section, and length (Lp) parallel to the prostatic urethra.

RESULTS

Ellipsoid volume calculation showed errors of about 20%. Moreover, ellipsoid volume calculation fluctuated markedly (up to 50%) in accordance with the change of the scanning angle of the transverse section. The error of prolate ellipse volume calculation using Lp for length increased by an average of 25% as the angle moved away from the perpendicular. The prolate ellipse volume calculation using Lv for length was the most reliable method. The degree of error was least dependent on the angle between the plane and the axis.

CONCLUSION

Although prolate ellipse volume calculation was more accurate than ellipsoid volume calculation, it is essential to have the three axes cross at right angles to obtain an accurate value by the prolate ellipse volume calculation.

Early development of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus-induced orchitis in Syrian hamsters

Lesions associated with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus in the testes of Syrian hamsters were investigated. Histopathologic changes were first detectable by light microscopy at 3 days postinoculation (DPI). Immunohistochemically, virus antigens were detected in the cytoplasm of germ cells and Sertoli cells in some seminiferous tubules beginning at 2 DPI. The following ultrastructural changes were observed: 1) swelling of mitochondria and dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum in germ cells, 2) large number of residual bodies in seminiferous tubules, 3) aggregates of virus-like particles in the cytoplasm of degenerated cells and tubular lumen, 4) condensation of cytoplasm and dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum in Sertoli cells, and 5) degenerative changes in capillary endothelial cells.

Analysis of PrPc mRNA by in situ hybridization in brain, placenta, uterus and testis of rats

An amyloid-like isoform of a 33- to 34-kD glycoprotein, termed as the scrapie prion protein (PrPsc), plays a critical role in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies of animals and humans. It has even been suggested to present the responsible infectious agent. This protein is a posttranslationally modified form of the cellular isoform of prion protein (PrPc). Hitherto, little has been known about the functions of PrPc. In order to examine the localization of PrPc mRNA in rat tissues, the in situ hybridization technique was performed. In rat brain, PrPc mRNA was predominantly localized within pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, large neurons of the thalamus and neocortex, and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. In the placenta, not only PrPc mRNA was localized to a subpopulation of decidual cells at the highest levels, it was also expressed in the amnion and mesodermal layer of the yolk sac. Furthermore, PrPc mRNA was also expressed in the myometrium of the uterus and seminiferous tubule in the testis. However, signals were not obtained in the lung, spleen, liver of prenatals and other fetus tissues. The distribution of rat PrPc mRNA portrayed the levels which were different among the various types of cells, suggesting that its expression may be regulated in a tissue-specific manner.

[Treatment of advanced prostatic cancer--chronological change between 1975 and 1991]

A chronological analysis of the clinical features and treatments of advanced prostatic cancer, stages C and D, was performed in 154 cases treated from 1976 through 1991. These cases were divided into two chronological groups: 61 cases treated between 1976 and 1983, and 93 cases between 1984 and 1991. Concerning demographic features and diagnosis, the number of patients with lymph node metastasis was higher in the latter group. There was also increase in cases who were urologically asymptomatic and detected by checkup digital rectal examination or by the elevation of serum prostatic tumor markers. Histopathological differentiation was consistent between the two groups; more than 70% of cancers were moderately and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. As for the treatment, total prostatectomy was performed in eight cases in the latter against none in the earlier, but hormonal therapy remained the main treatment throughout the periods: 74.2% in the earlier and 70.7% in the latter. However the methods of the therapy have clearly changed; estrogens and castration were used less often in the latter period, while LH-RH analogues and antiandrogens replaced them although the therapy was equally effective in 82.3% of the cases in the earlier and in 90.4% in the later period and five-year survival rate and the progression-free survival rate at three years showed no significant difference between the two periods. These results showed 1) refined quality of diagnosis 2) a change in mode of hormonal therapy and 3) no detectable improvement of survival in these 16 years. Development of more effective therapies would be warranted for a better survival.

Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus-induced testicular lesion in BALB/c mice

Characteristics of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus-induced testicular lesions were investigated in 4- and 8-week-old BALB/c male mice after intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intratesticular (left) (i.t.) inoculation of the D variant of EMC virus (EMC-D). Apart from variation in severity and incidence, the histopathological nature of the resultant testicular lesion was similar in all infected mice, and was characterized by degeneration and necrosis of germinal cells and spermatogonia with inflammatory infiltration. Almost all the inoculated left testes of the i.t. group developed marked lesions. In general, the virus titre in the testis and incidence of testicular lesions were higher in 4-week-old mice than in 8-week-old mice. In addition, testicular lesions developed earlier and with a higher incidence in the PBS-inoculated right testis of the i.t. group than in either testis of the i.p. group of the same age.

[Image diagnosis of vasculitis--ultrasound]

Ultrasound is widely used for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with many kinds of vasculitis. Transcutaneous or transesophageal two-dimensional ultrasound images can depict vascular wall lesions associated with vasculitis such as stenosis, aneurysm or wall thickening. Pulsed Doppler and color Doppler are useful for the assessment of stenoses and changes in blood flow. Recent progress in intravascular ultrasound apparatus made it possible to more precisely assess morphological changes in vascular wall. Intravascular ultrasound of a 27-year old male patient suffering from inferior myocardial infarction with right coronary aneurysms revealed calcification and fibrosis of the intima and early development of atherosclerosis in both right and left coronary arteries suggestive of the sequelae of Kawasaki disease.

[Penetration of the esophageal and gastric ulcers to the cardioaortic system following hiatus hernia: a lethal complication in the severely-handicapped]

Among the severely-handicapped, hiatus hernia (HH) and/or gastroesophageal regurgitation (GER) are not uncommon. We report here three patients with HH and/or GER. Two of them died of massive hemorrhage in the alimentary tract from the heart or the thoracic aorta due to penetration of the gastric or esophageal ulcer. The third patient died of pneumonia, but autopsy proved multiple esophageal ulcers, one of which reached the wall of the brachiocephalic artery without penetration. We propose that proper treatment for HH and/or GER is required for the severely-handicapped, including surgical intervention, before their general conditions become worse and decompensatory.

[Objective and subjective response in stage D2 prostate cancer patients with cancer pain]

Fourty-eight patients with stage D2 prostate cancer, initially treated with endocrine therapy at the University of Tokyo between 1981 and 1990, were followed up and analysed. For the assessment of a subjective response, pain score, narcotic score, and performance stages (PS) were used. Of the fourty-eight patients, twenty-one suffered from cancer pain due to bone metastases. These patients showed significantly (p < 0.01) more lesions of bone metastases and higher PS, compared with patients without cancer pain. The progression free survival of these patients was significantly (p < 0.01) lower than that of patients without cancer pain, although the actuarial survival was not significant. In twenty-one patients with cancer pain, the objective and subjective response rates to endocrine therapy were 75% and 86%, respectively. The duration of pain relief was 1.25-54 (median 19) months. Those rates to anti-cancer chemotherapy in refractory patients (8 patients) previously treated with endocrine therapy were both 25% and those to additional administration of flutamide (FUL) or diethylstilbestrol (DES) in refractory patients (6 patients) were 33% and 100%, respectively. Although the duration of pain relief was 0.78-8 (median 2) months, the additional administration of DES or FLU led to pain relief and improved quality of life (QOL) in all 6 patients. Endocrine therapy such as LH-RH agonist and non-steroidal pure anti-androgen, which has no severe side effects, would be of great usefulness in stage D2 prostatic cancer patients with pain on the basis of efficacy and safety.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[The cranial MRI in severe cerebral palsy: a comparative study with clinical data]

The magnetic resonance examination was performed in 38 patients with severe cerebral palsy (CP; 15 males and 23 females) who had both motor delay (unable to move anywhere) and mental retardation (I. Q or D. Q below 30). Neuroimaging findings were compared with the CP type, etiology, and grade of understanding of language. Cranial magnetic resonance imagings (MRI) in CP were divided into five types. Type 1 : nine predominantly showed cyst-liked ventricles and periventricular hyperintensity on T2-weighted imaging (PVH) and only scarred basal ganglia and thalamus were visible. All suffered from neonatal asphyxia and the clinical type was rigospastic tetraplegia (RST). Type 2: eleven predominantly showed PVH and hyperintensity on T2-weighted (HT2) in basal ganglia and thalamus. All suffered from neonatal asphyxia and the clinical type was RST or rigospastic diplegia. Type 3: five showed PVH and three had cortical atrophy. All suffered from neonatal asphyxia and the clinical type was spastic diplegia. Type 4: four predominantly showed HT 2 in putamen and thalamus. Three had cortical atrophy. All suffered from neonatal asphyxia. The clinical type was athetotic CP (ATH). Type 5: nine predominantly showed HT 2 in globus pallidus. Four had cortical atrophy and two had hippocampal atrophy. All suffered from neonatal jaundice and the clinical type was ATH. All patients who suffered from neonatal asphyxia and spastic CP had MRI in PVH. All patients who suffered from neonatal asphyxia and ATH showed HT 2 in putamen and thalamus. Almost patients who suffered neonatal jaundice and ATH showed HT 2 in globus pallidus. With athetotic CP, cases with atrophy of the cerebral cortex or/and hippocampus were lower grade of understanding of language than no atrophy of both. The result of studies of MRI are in agreement with neuropathological findings.

Transmissibility of the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC-D) in mice

Transmissibility of the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC-D) was examined. Eight-week-old ICR:CD-1 male mice inoculated with 10(5) plaque forming units (PFU)/animal of EMC-D intranasally, orally or intraperitoneally showed marked viraemia and prominent pancreatic lesions at 2 days after inoculation (2 DAI), and excreted virus in faeces from 2 to 8 DAI (virus titre: 10(3)-10(5) PFU/g). Only a small proportion of control mice housed with EMC-D-inoculated mice for 10 days developed viraemia and pancreatic lesions.

Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus-induced myocarditis by different virus variants and mouse strains

The mode of occurrence of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus-induced myocarditis in mice was pathologically and virologically investigated using 2 virus variants (highly diabetogenic EMC-D and non-diabetogenic EMC-B) and 2 mouse strains (diabetes-susceptible BALB/c and diabetes-resistant C57BL/6). Mice were inoculated with 10(5) PFU/head of the virus intraperitoneally and observed up to 7 days post inoculation (7DPI). As compared with EMC-B-infected BALB/c and EMC-D-infected C57BL/6 mice, EMC-D-infected BALB/c mice developed marked myocarditis and exhibited a heart virus titer of more than 100 times above that of the others after 4DPI. Electron microscopically, small aggregations of virus-like particles, with 20-25 nm in diameter, were found in the cytoplasm of degenerated cardiomyocytes showing mitochondrial and myofibrillar degeneration in EMC-D-infected BALB/c mice.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection after a natural course for 10 years--a case report

We encountered a patient with spontaneous coronary artery dissection complicated by acute inferior myocardial infarction. A 58-year-old male was admitted to our hospital due to acute inferior myocardial infarction in 1979. Coronary angiography performed 4 weeks after the onset showed a double lumen divided by a linear intimal flap in the right coronary artery, suggesting coronary artery dissection, but no apparent occlusion. Subsequently, he had been medicated with nitrates without any recurrent infarction. In February, 1989, 10 years after the first examination, coronary angiography was again performed and showed that the dissection had remained unchanged. Acetylcholine infusion into the right coronary artery induced coronary spasm. The prognosis of this condition seems to be better than has been generally considered, particularly in patients such as ours in whom the involvement of coronary spasm in the development of coronary artery dissection and myocardial infarction is suggested. When coronary spasm in controlled by treatment with nitrates or calcium antagonists, an uneventful course may be expected.

Lesions in the central nervous system of DBA/2 mice infected with the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC-D)

The central nervous system (CNS) of DBA/2 mice inoculated i.p. with the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC-D) (10(3) PFU/head) was examined up to 28 days postinoculation (28 DPI). The virus titer of CNS reached a maximum level at 4 DPI, and infectious viruses became undetectable by 28 DPI. Histopathologically, degeneration of neurons with virus antigens was observed in St. pyramidale hippocampi, Nuc. amigdaloideus corticalis and St. granulosum cerebelli of the brain and in Cornu ventrale of the thoracic to lumbar spinal cord at 6 DPI. In addition, in the spinal cord, demyelination was found in Funiculus ventralis and Funiculus lateralis at 6 DPI and it progressed to form spongiosis at 10 DPI. In correspondence with these virological and histopathological findings, hind limb paralysis developed in some mice at 6 DPI, and its incidence increased markedly to about 60% at 10 DPI.

Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus-induced orchitis in Syrian hamsters

Testes of 8-week-old male Syrian hamsters which were inoculated intraperitoneally with 10(5) plaque-forming units of the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC-D) were examined virologically and histologically. Viral replication was detected from 1 day post inoculation (1 DPI), became more prominent 3 DPI, and was no longer demonstrated 7 DPI. The weight of testis decreased in course of time and it was about 2% of that of control 6 weeks post inoculation (6 WPI). Histopathologically, degeneration and/or necrosis of germinal cells and spermatogonia were observed in many seminiferous tubules of all hamsters 3 DPI. At 7 DPI, luminal obstruction by cellular debris and subsequent replacement of them by mesenchymal cells were common in mildly atrophic tubules surrounded with inflammatory cells. Thereafter, atrophy of seminiferous tubules became severer with the lapse of time and, in addition to plasma cell infiltration, apparent increase in the number of Leydig cells was found in the interstices. No regenerative signs of germinal epithelia were detected by 6 WPI. This is the first report of EMC virus-induced orchitis.

[Transurethral ultrasonography for the preoperative staging of prostatic cancer]

Transurethral ultrasonography was used to demonstrate the local extension of prostatic cancer in 18 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. By ultrasonography, capsular penetration of the carcinoma was judged from irregularity and protrusion of the capsule. Infiltration to the seminal vesicle was determined by asymmetry on the echogram. The ultrasound staging was compared to the pathological findings of the step sectioned specimens obtained by total prostatectomy. The accuracy of transurethral ultrasonography in demonstrating the local extension was 94%. The accuracy rates in detecting capsular penetration and depicting seminal vesicle infiltration were 94% and 72%, respectively. The local extension of prostatic cancer has been evaluated by transrectal and transabdominal scannings. Ultrasonography is considered to be more reliable than digital rectal examination, CT or MRI in the preoperative staging of the prostatic cancer. The present study revealed that transurethral ultrasonography had advantage in demonstrating the capsule of the prostate for the following reasons; 1) there is no interposing tissue between the probe and prostate because the probe is inserted into the prostatic urethra, 2) the prostate is observed without deformity caused by the balloon in the rectum, and 3) the beam hits the capsule perpendicularly. The prostatic cancer at the portion of capsular penetration was hypoechoic or anechoic pathologically, these areas corresponded to homogeneous and large cancer nodules. Transurethral ultrasonography is valuable in demonstrating local extension of the prostatic cancer, in particular capsular penetration.

Acute infection of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus in Syrian hamsters

One-month-old Syrian hamsters of the APA and Std: golden strains were inoculated intraperitoneally with 10(5) PFU/head of the D variant of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus and examined virologically and pathologically up to 7 days after inoculation. APA hamsters developed apparent hyperglycemia due to pancreatic islet cell damage while Std:golden hamsters did not. Hamsters of both strains showed clear histopathologic changes in the testis with prominent viral replication as well as in the brain, heart and exocrine pancreas. The susceptibility to EMC virus-infection was higher in males than in females and in APA than in Std: golden hamsters.

Cardiac and pancreatic lesions in guinea pigs infected with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus

Cardiac and pancreatic lesions were observed in guinea pigs infected with 2 variants (B and D) of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Cardiac changes were characterized by focal myocardial necrosis and subsequent replacement by immature granulation tissue, and the pancreatic ones by vacuolar degeneration of acinar cells. In the electron microscopic examinations, the affected cardiomyocytes showed intracellular oedema, swelling and/or partial destruction of mitochondria, and distortion and disruption of myofibrils. Intracellular vacuolization and dilatation of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER) were conspicuous in the damaged pancreatic acinar cells. In addition, intracisternal granules were found in dilated rER with a high frequency. These changes were common to animals infected with the B and D variants. On the contrary, B cell alterations; i.e. degranulation and degeneration of insulin granules, were detected only in animals infected with the D variant.

Sex-associated differences in organ transplantation: different effects of steroid hormones, testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and prednisolone on the survival time of allogeneic skin graft in rats treated with cyclosporin A

Adult male recipients could accept allogeneic skin graft with CyA treatment alone for considerably long periods, whereas young male and female, and adult females were not susceptible to the immunosuppression. When testosterone or prednisolone was administered with CyA as a combination therapy to young male and adult female recipients, the survival time of the graft was significantly prolonged. On the contrary, estradiol totally inhibited the immunosuppressive activity of CyA in any recipients. These present data strongly suggested that immunoreactivity against transplantation antigens can be influenced by sex steroid hormones, and that the usage of steroid combination therapy may overcome the lack of immunosuppression by CyA induced by the female sex steroid estradiol.