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Herek GM, Capitanio JP, Widaman KF. HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1991-1999. Am J Public Health 2002; 92:371-7. [PMID: 11867313 PMCID: PMC1447082 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.92.3.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study assessed the prevalence of AIDS stigma and misinformation about HIV transmission in 1997 and 1999 and examined trends in stigma in the United States during the 1990s. METHODS Telephone surveys with national probability samples of English-speaking adults were conducted in the period 1996 to 1997 (n = 1309) and in 1998 to 1999 (n = 669). Findings were compared with results from a similar 1991 survey. RESULTS Overt expressions of stigma declined throughout the 1990s, with support for its most extreme and coercive forms (e.g., quarantine) at very low levels by 1999. However, inaccurate beliefs about the risks posed by casual social contact increased, as did the belief that people with AIDS (PWAs) deserve their illness. In 1999, approximately one third of respondents expressed discomfort and negative feelings toward PWAs. CONCLUSION Although support for extremely punitive policies toward PWAs has declined, AIDS remains a stigmatized condition in the United States. The persistence of discomfort with PWAs, blame directed at PWAs for their condition, and misapprehensions about casual social contact are cause for continuing concern and should be addressed in HIV prevention and education programs.
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MacCallum RC, Widaman KF, Preacher KJ, Hong S. Sample Size in Factor Analysis: The Role of Model Error. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 2001; 36:611-37. [PMID: 26822184 DOI: 10.1207/s15327906mbr3604_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This article examines effects of sample size and other design features on correspondence between factors obtained from analysis of sample data and those present in the population from which the samples were drawn. We extend earlier work on this question by examining these phenomena in the situation in which the common factor model does not hold exactly in the population. We present a theoretical framework for representing such lack of fit and examine its implications in the population and sample. Based on this approach we hypothesize that lack of fit of the model in the population will not, on the average, influence recovery of population factors in analysis of sample data, regardless of degree of model error and regardless of sample size. Rather, such recovery will be affected only by phenomena related to sampling error which have been studied previously. These hypotheses are investigated and verified in two sampling studies, one using artificial data and one using empirical data.
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Hock E, Eberly M, Bartle-Haring S, Ellwanger P, Widaman KF. Separation anxiety in parents of adolescents: theoretical significance and scale development. Child Dev 2001; 72:284-98. [PMID: 11280485 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8624.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parents of adolescents commonly face separation-related issues associated with children's increasing independence and imminent leave-taking. The aims of this investigation were (1) to develop a reliable and valid measure of parental emotions associated with separation and (2) to validate the measure by relating it to other attributes (attachment relationship quality, parent-child communication, and parent-adolescent differentiation) assessed in mothers, fathers, and their adolescents. The newly constructed, 35-item Parents of Adolescents Separation Anxiety Scale (PASAS) was administered to 686 parents of teenagers in grades 6, 8, 10, and 12 or college-bound freshmen and seniors. Factor analyses supported formation of two subscales: Anxiety about Adolescent Distancing (AAD) and Comfort with Secure Base Role (CSBR); both subscales showed distinctive patterns of change with child age. Parents' reports indicated that healthy adult attachment styles were associated with lower AAD and higher CSBR scores; children of parents who had higher AAD scores reported lower quality of attachment to both mothers and fathers.
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104
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Reise SP, Widaman KF. Assessing the fit of measurement models at the individual level: A comparison of item response theory and covariance structure approaches. Psychol Methods 1999. [DOI: 10.1037/1082-989x.4.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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105
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Widaman KF. Ruminations on aging changes in mental abilities and their heritability: comment on Finkel, Pedersen, Plomin, and McClearn (1998). Dev Psychol 1998; 34:1414-6. [PMID: 9823520 DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.34.6.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging is a semilongitudinal study of the aging of mental abilities in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. In the article by D. Finkel, N. L. Pedersen, R. Plomin, and G. E. McClearn (1998), data from 602 individuals were used to investigate developmental changes on 14 measures of mental ability as well as changes in the heritability of these abilities. This commentary details a number of problems with the design and analysis of data reported by Finkel et al., problems that leave the results difficult to interpret, and then provides suggestions for more fruitful approaches for analyzing data from such studies in the future.
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Borthwick-Duffy S, Widaman KF, Grossman HJ. Mortality research, placement, and risk of death: basic research, the media, and public policy. MENTAL RETARDATION 1998; 36:416-22. [PMID: 9803137 DOI: 10.1352/0047-6765(1998)036<0416:mrparo>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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108
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Borthwick-Duffy SA, Lane KL, Widaman KF. Measuring problem behaviors in children with mental retardation: dimensions and predictors. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 1997; 18:415-433. [PMID: 9403926 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-4222(97)00020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Scores from the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach, 1991a) and the Client Development Evaluation Report (CDER; California Department of Developmental Services, 1980) for 67 children and adolescents with mental retardation were examined to evaluate the factorial validity of the instruments. Four factor analyses were conducted. The initial factor analysis of CBCL data failed to confirm the presence of the five first-order factors previously reported for the CBCL standardization sample (Achenbach, 1991b). Second, the higher-order factors of Externalizing and Internalizing behaviors, similar to the structure reported for the CBCL standardization sample (Achenbach, 1991b), were confirmed on the present sample. Third, the two CDER factors of Personal Maladaption and Social Maladaption, previously identified by Widaman, Gibbs, and Geary (1987), were also confirmed. Finally, a higher-order factor analysis of the two factor scores from the CBCL and two factor scores from the CDER was conducted to study the congruence between the CBCL Externalizing and CDER Social Maladaption dimensions, and between the CBCL Internalizing and CDER Personal Maladaption factors. Moderate levels of congruence were found. Next, child characteristics, including level of mental retardation, age, and four dimensions of adaptive behavior, were used as predictors of problem behavior. No child characteristics were significantly related to the CBCL Externalizing dimension, but child age and level of mental retardation were significant predictors of the CBCL Internalizing dimension. CDER Cognitive Competence predicted CDER Social Maladaption, and child age predicted CDER Personal Maladaption. The findings are discussed in relation to previous studies of problem behaviors of children and adolescents with mental retardation.
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109
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Little TD, Widaman KF. A production task evaluation of individual differences in mental addition skill development: internal and external validation of chronometric models. J Exp Child Psychol 1995; 60:361-92. [PMID: 8551210 DOI: 10.1006/jecp.1995.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A production task paradigm for obtaining reaction times to mental addition stimuli was used for internal and external validation of chronometric models of mental addition processing. The first analysis explored the internal validity of extant chronometric models and found that three models, (a) a tabular memory network retrieval strategy (PRODUCT), (b) a nontabular memory network retrieval strategy (ERROR RATE), and (c) a computational strategy (MIN), were able to encompass individual differences in strategy choice for 155 individuals from Grades 2 to 8 and 111 college students. Patterns of convergent and discriminant validity for these models were also demonstrated. The second analysis explored the external validity of relations among (a) two traditionally measured factor analytic dimensions of ability, Numerical Facility and Perceptual Speed; (b) two information processing dimensions presumed to underlie mental addition. Addition Efficiency and Speediness; and (c) a digit-span measure of Short-Term Memory. We specified a series of two-group (grade school and college) structural equation models to represent the relations among all measures and showed that individual differences in the apparently calculative processes that underlie the traditionally defined ability dimension of Numerical Facility are highly related to individual differences in Addition Efficiency and Speediness of information processing.
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110
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Floyd FJ, Widaman KF. Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychol Assess 1995. [DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2110] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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111
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Diaz-Veizades J, Widaman KF, Little TD, Gibbs KW. The Measurement and Structure of Human Rights Attitudes. The Journal of Social Psychology 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.1995.9713961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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112
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Widaman KF. On Methods for Comparing Apples and Oranges. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 1995; 30:101-106. [PMID: 26828350 DOI: 10.1207/s15327906mbr3001_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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113
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Reise SP, Widaman KF, Pugh RH. Confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory: two approaches for exploring measurement invariance. Psychol Bull 1993; 114:552-566. [PMID: 8272470 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.3.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the utility of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and item response theory (IRT) models for testing the comparability of psychological measurements. Both procedures were used to investigate whether mood ratings collected in Minnesota and China were comparable. Several issues were addressed. The first issue was that of establishing a common measurement scale across groups, which involves full or partial measurement invariance of trait indicators. It is shown that using CFA or IRT models, test items that function differentially as trait indicators across groups need not interfere with comparing examinees on the same trait dimension. Second, the issue of model fit was addressed. It is proposed that person-fit statistics be used to judge the practical fit of IRT models. Finally, topics for future research are suggested.
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Widaman KF, Stacy AW, Borthwick-Duffy SA. Construct validity of dimensions of adaptive behavior: a multitrait-multimethod evaluation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MENTAL RETARDATION : AJMR 1993; 98:219-234. [PMID: 8398082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The construct validity of four dimensions of adaptive and maladaptive behavior was investigated using the multitrait-multimethod matrix procedure of Campbell and Fiske (1959). Measures of four traits--cognitive competence, social competence, social maladaption, and personal maladaption--were obtained on a sample of 157 persons with moderate, severe, or profound mental retardation using each of three methods of measurement--standardized assessment instrument, day shift staff ratings, and evening shift staff ratings. Applying the Campbell and Fiske rules of thumb and recently proposed structural equation modeling techniques to the data demonstrated strong convergent validity, clear discriminant validity, and only moderate levels of method variance in the observed measures. Implications of the results for the assessment of adaptive behavior and its dimensional structure were discussed.
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115
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Widaman KF, Carlson JS, Saetermoe CL, Galbraith GC. The relationship of auditory evoked potentials to fluid and crystallized intelligence. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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116
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Widaman KF. Common Factor Analysis Versus Principal Component Analysis: Differential Bias in Representing Model Parameters? MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 1993; 28:263-311. [PMID: 26776890 DOI: 10.1207/s15327906mbr2803_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present article was to reconsider several conclusions by Velicer and Jackson (1990a) in their review of issues that arise when comparing common factor analysis and principal component analysis. Specifically, the three conclusions by Velicer and Jackson that are considered in the present article are: (a) that common factor and principal component solutions are similar, (b) that differences between common factor and principal component solutions appear only when too many dimensions are extracted, and (c) that common factor and principal component parameters are equally generalizable. In contrast, Snook and Gorsuch (1989) argued recently that principal component analysis and common factor analysis led to different, dissimilar estimates of pattern loadings, terming the principal component loadings biased and the common factor loadings unbiased. In the present article, after replicating the Snook and Gorsuch results, an extension demonstrated that the difference between common factor and principal component pattern loadings is inversely related to the number of indicators per factor, not to the total number of observed variables in the analysis, countering claims by both Snook and Gorsuch and Velicer and Jackson. Considering the more general case of oblique factors, one concomitant of overrepresentation of pattern loadings is an underrepresentation of intercorrelations among dimensions represented by principal component analysis, whereas comparable values obtained using factor analysis are accurate. Differences in parameters deriving from principal component analysis and common factor analysis were explored in relation to several additional aspects of population data, such as variation in the level of communality of variables on a given factor and the moving of a variable from one battery of measures to another. The results suggest that principal component analysis should not be used if a researcher wishes to obtain parameters reflecting latent constructs or factors.
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Abstract
The multitrait-multimethod matrix is a versatile tool for structuring the design and analysis of studies in many areas of psychology, including the aging of psychological processes. The basic goal for which the multitrait-multimethod matrix was developed is the establishment of the construct validity of measures. With newer forms of analyzing multitrait-multimethod data, particularly those using structural equation modeling, it is possible to specify models and employ model comparisons for an even broader goal: the more adequate generalization of conclusions across the facets included in the study. Topics addressed in this paper include the design of multitrait-multimethod studies, the specification of an array of structural models for such data, model comparisons that allow the estimation of the degree of convergent validity, discriminant validity, and method variance exhibited by a set of measures, and the extension of structural models to more than a single group, which allows the testing of questions regarding means, as well as the traditional tests of differences in variance and covariance. The procedures discussed are then explicated by describing the representation of data from a hypothetical four-group study of memory employing a form of design that is common in research on aging. Strengths and weaknesses of the structural modeling approach to the analysis of multitrait-multimethod data are discussed.
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118
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Geary DC, Widaman KF. Numerical cognition: On the convergence of componential and psychometric models. INTELLIGENCE 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0160-2896(92)90025-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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119
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Widaman KF, MacMillan DL, Hemsley RE, Little TD, Balow IH. Differences in adolescents' self-concept as a function of academic level, ethnicity, and gender. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MENTAL RETARDATION : AJMR 1992; 96:387-403. [PMID: 1739453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The relations of dimensions of self-concept of adolescents with their academic level, ethnicity, and gender were investigated. A self-concept inventory assessing 11 aspects of self-concept was administered to a sample of 1,140 eight-grade students stratified with regard to academic level (regular class, educationally marginal, learning handicapped), ethnicity (white, black, and Hispanic), and gender. Results showed that regular class students had higher levels of self-concept on most scales than did students who were educationally marginal or learning handicapped; the latter two groups showed few differences. Black students had higher self-concept ratings than did white and Hispanic students on most scales. An interaction on two academically related dimensions of self-concept revealed that white students who were educationally marginal had the lowest level of academic and verbal self-concept. Implications of the results for theories of self-concept formation were discussed.
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Widaman KF. Properly characterizing clusters of families who have children with mental retardation: a comment on Mink, Blacher, and Nihira. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MENTAL RETARDATION : AJMR 1991; 96:217-20; discussion 221-4. [PMID: 1930952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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121
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Saetermoe CL, Widaman KF, Borthwick-Duffy S. Validation of the parenting style survey for parents of children with mental retardation. MENTAL RETARDATION 1991; 29:149-57. [PMID: 1881345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A validation study was performed in order to assess the content, construct, and criterion-related validities of the Parenting Style Survey, an instrument assessing parental behavior in families with a child who has mental retardation. Subjects were the primary careproviders of 29 individuals with moderate mental retardation. Data corroborating the validity of the Parenting Style Survey were derived from home visits, individuals experienced in developmental psychology, careproviders for individuals with mental retardation, and the Family Environment Scale (Moos, 1974). The Parenting Style Survey is a reliable and valid measure of parenting behaviors for individuals who have a child with mental retardation living at home.
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Widaman KF, Borthwick-Duffy SA, Little TD. The Structure and Development of Adaptive Behaviors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF RESEARCH IN MENTAL RETARDATION 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7750(08)60102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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123
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Little TD, Widaman KF. On the modeling of scaled measurement sequences: Implications for analyses of cognitive development. INTELLIGENCE 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0160-2896(05)80015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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124
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Abstract
The primary goal of the present article is to compare expectancy models with competing attitude models of alcohol use. First, several methodological issues in expectancy research were addressed, to more adequately compare the theoretical models. Study 1 examined the effect of possible self-report biases on associations among expectancy constructs and alcohol use. In Studies 2 and 3, the basic distinction between general factors of positive and negative alcohol expectancies was investigated in both cross-sectional and prospective models. Alternative predictions that were based on competing expectancy and attitude theories were evaluated primarily in Study 3. Results from these studies supported the validity of the expectancy constructs and the proposed distinctions among expectancy and attitude constructs-in terms of strong discriminant validity, absence of self-report bias, and differential prediction of alcohol use. Furthermore, the findings favored certain expectancy models over alternative attitude models of alcohol use, reaffirming the usefulness of the expectancy framework.
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Widaman KF. Bias in Pattern Loadings Represented by Common Factor Analysis and Component Analysis. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 1990; 25:89-95. [PMID: 26741974 DOI: 10.1207/s15327906mbr2501_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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126
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Abstract
The primary goal of the present article is to compare expectancy models with competing attitude models of alcohol use. First, several methodological issues in expectancy research were addressed, to more adequately compare the theoretical models. Study 1 examined the effect of possible self-report biases on associations among expectancy constructs and alcohol use. In Studies 2 and 3, the basic distinction between general factors of positive and negative alcohol expectancies was investigated in both cross-sectional and prospective models. Alternative predictions that were based on competing expectancy and attitude theories were evaluated primarily in Study 3. Results from these studies supported the validity of the expectancy constructs and the proposed distinctions among expectancy and attitude constructs-in terms of strong discriminant validity, absence of self-report bias, and differential prediction of alcohol use. Furthermore, the findings favored certain expectancy models over alternative attitude models of alcohol use, reaffirming the usefulness of the expectancy framework.
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127
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Widaman KF, Geary DC, Cormier P, Little TD. A componential model for mental addition. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 1989. [PMID: 2528607 DOI: 10.1037//0278-7393.15.5.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A componential model capable of representing simple and complex forms of mental addition was proposed and then tested by using chronometric techniques. A sample of 23 undergraduate students responded to 800 addition problems in a true-false reaction time paradigm. The 800 problems comprised 200 problems of each of four types: two single-digit addends, one single- and one double-digit addend, two double-digit addends, and three single-digit addends. The results revealed that the columnwise product of addends, a structural variable consistent with a memory network retrieval process, was the best predictor of mental addition for each of the four types of problem. Importantly, the componential model allowed estimation of effects of several other structural variables, e.g., carrying to the next column and speed of encoding of digits. High levels of explained variance verified the power of the model to represent the reaction time data, and the stability of estimates across types of problem implied consistent component use by subjects. Implications for research on mental addition are discussed.
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Abstract
A componential model capable of representing simple and complex forms of mental addition was proposed and then tested by using chronometric techniques. A sample of 23 undergraduate students responded to 800 addition problems in a true-false reaction time paradigm. The 800 problems comprised 200 problems of each of four types: two single-digit addends, one single- and one double-digit addend, two double-digit addends, and three single-digit addends. The results revealed that the columnwise product of addends, a structural variable consistent with a memory network retrieval process, was the best predictor of mental addition for each of the four types of problem. Importantly, the componential model allowed estimation of effects of several other structural variables, e.g., carrying to the next column and speed of encoding of digits. High levels of explained variance verified the power of the model to represent the reaction time data, and the stability of estimates across types of problem implied consistent component use by subjects. Implications for research on mental addition are discussed.
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Widaman KF. When failure to replicate is not failure to replicate: A comment on Kranzler, Whang, and Jensen (1988). INTELLIGENCE 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0160-2896(89)90008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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130
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Geary DC, Widaman KF, Little TD, Cormier P. Cognitive addition: Comparison of learning disabled and academically normal elementary school children. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0885-2014(87)90075-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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131
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Abstract
Unities in the processes involved in solving arithmetic problems of varying operations have been suggested by studies that have used both factor-analytic and information-processing methods. We designed the present study to investigate the convergence of mental processes assessed by paper-and-pencil measures defining the Numerical Facility factor and component processes for cognitive arithmetic identified by using chronometric techniques. A sample of 100 undergraduate students responded to 320 arithmetic problems in a true-false reaction-time (RT) verification paradigm and were administered a battery of ability measures spanning Numerical Facility, Perceptual Speed, and Spatial Relations factors. The 320 cognitive arithmetic problems comprised 80 problems of each of four types: simple addition, complex addition, simple multiplication, and complex multiplication. The information-processing results indicated that regression models that included a structural variable consistent with memory network retrieval of arithmetic facts were the best predictors of RT to each of the four types of arithmetic problems. The results also verified the effects of other elementary processes that are involved in the mental solving of arithmetic problems, including encoding of single digits and carrying to the next column for complex problems. The relation between process components and ability measures was examined by means of structural equation modeling. The final structural model revealed a strong direct relation between a factor subsuming efficiency of retrieval of arithmetic facts and of executing the carry operation and the traditional Numerical Facility factor. Furthermore, a moderate direct relation between a factor subsuming speed of encoding digits and decision and response times and the traditional Perceptual Speed factor was also found. No relation between structural variables representing cognitive arithmetic component processes and ability measures spanning the Spatial Relations factor was found. Results of the structural modeling support the conclusion that information retrieval from a network of arithmetic facts and execution of the carry operation are elementary component processes involved uniquely in the mental solving of arithmetic problems. Furthermore, individual differences in the speed of executing these two elementary component processes appear to underlie individual differences on ability measures that traditionally span the Numerical Facility factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Eyman RK, Widaman KF. Life-span development of institutionalized and community-based mentally retarded persons, revisited. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MENTAL DEFICIENCY 1987; 91:559-69. [PMID: 3591844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Life-span development of adaptive behavior of 30,749 mentally retarded individuals residing in California and being served by the California Department of Developmental Services was studied. The estimated life-span trends differed somewhat from those reported in an earlier investigation (Eyman & Arndt, 1982.) We used a larger sample and a more appropriate model and found different growth curves in adaptive behavior over levels of retardation, contrary to the Eyman and Arndt findings. Moreover, when cross-sectional vs. semi-longitudinal growth curves were compared, the degree of similarity of the two types of curves was a function of level of retardation. Evidence on the need for large sample life-span studies based on at least 6 to 8 years follow-up was presented.
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Widaman KF, Gibbs KW, Geary DC. Structure of adaptive behavior: I. Replication across fourteen samples of nonprofoundly mentally retarded people. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MENTAL DEFICIENCY 1987; 91:348-60. [PMID: 3812605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A two-step procedure was used to investigate the dimensional structure of adaptive behavior of mildly, moderately, and severely mentally retarded people. The first step consisted of item factor analyses of the 66-item Client Development Evaluation Report for two derivation samples, each containing 3,024 subjects; results revealed a high degree of cross-sample similarity. Using the preceding results, we conducted parcel factor analyses for 14 samples of retarded people (average sample size, 676). These analyses resulted in a quite stable six-factor structure of adaptive behavior: Motor Development, Independent-Living Skills, Cognitive Competence, Social Competence, Social (or Extrapunitive) Maladaption, and Personal (or Intrapunitive) Maladaption. The implications for research and theory of the highly replicable six-factor structure of adaptive behavior were discussed.
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Hays RD, Widaman KF, DiMatteo MR, Stacy AW. Structural-equation models of current drug use: are appropriate models so simple(x)? J Pers Soc Psychol 1987. [PMID: 2880995 DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.52.1.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The simplex and common-factor models of drug use were compared using maximum-likelihood estimation of latent variable structural models in two samples: a sample of 226 high school students, using ratio-scale measures of current drug use, and a sample of 310 industrial workers and 811 college students, using ordinal-scale measures of current drug use. Latent variables of alcohol, marijuana, enhancer hard drugs, and dampener hard drugs were specified in a series of structural models. Contrary to previous findings with cumulative drug-use data, the common-factor model provided a more acceptable representation of the observed current-use data than did the simplex model in both samples. In addition, the similarity of results across both of these samples supports recent contentions by Huba and Bentler (1982) that quantitatively measured variables are not necessarily superior to qualitative, ordinal indicators in latent variable models of drug use.
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Abstract
Unities in the processes involved in solving arithmetic problems of varying operations have been suggested by studies that have used both factor-analytic and information-processing methods. We designed the present study to investigate the convergence of mental processes assessed by paper-and-pencil measures defining the Numerical Facility factor and component processes for cognitive arithmetic identified by using chronometric techniques. A sample of 100 undergraduate students responded to 320 arithmetic problems in a true-false reaction-time (RT) verification paradigm and were administered a battery of ability measures spanning Numerical Facility, Perceptual Speed, and Spatial Relations factors. The 320 cognitive arithmetic problems comprised 80 problems of each of four types: simple addition, complex addition, simple multiplication, and complex multiplication. The information-processing results indicated that regression models that included a structural variable consistent with memory network retrieval of arithmetic facts were the best predictors of RT to each of the four types of arithmetic problems. The results also verified the effects of other elementary processes that are involved in the mental solving of arithmetic problems, including encoding of single digits and carrying to the next column for complex problems. The relation between process components and ability measures was examined by means of structural equation modeling. The final structural model revealed a strong direct relation between a factor subsuming efficiency of retrieval of arithmetic facts and of executing the carry operation and the traditional Numerical Facility factor. Furthermore, a moderate direct relation between a factor subsuming speed of encoding digits and decision and response times and the traditional Perceptual Speed factor was also found. No relation between structural variables representing cognitive arithmetic component processes and ability measures spanning the Spatial Relations factor was found. Results of the structural modeling support the conclusion that information retrieval from a network of arithmetic facts and execution of the carry operation are elementary component processes involved uniquely in the mental solving of arithmetic problems. Furthermore, individual differences in the speed of executing these two elementary component processes appear to underlie individual differences on ability measures that traditionally span the Numerical Facility factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Hays RD, Widaman KF, DiMatteo MR, Stacy AW. Structural-equation models of current drug use: Are appropriate models so simple(x)? J Pers Soc Psychol 1987; 52:134-44. [PMID: 2880995 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The simplex and common-factor models of drug use were compared using maximum-likelihood estimation of latent variable structural models in two samples: a sample of 226 high school students, using ratio-scale measures of current drug use, and a sample of 310 industrial workers and 811 college students, using ordinal-scale measures of current drug use. Latent variables of alcohol, marijuana, enhancer hard drugs, and dampener hard drugs were specified in a series of structural models. Contrary to previous findings with cumulative drug-use data, the common-factor model provided a more acceptable representation of the observed current-use data than did the simplex model in both samples. In addition, the similarity of results across both of these samples supports recent contentions by Huba and Bentler (1982) that quantitatively measured variables are not necessarily superior to qualitative, ordinal indicators in latent variable models of drug use.
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Riggio RE, Tucker J, Widaman KF. Verbal and nonverbal cues as mediators of deception ability. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00990233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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138
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Geary DC, Widaman KF, Little TD. Cognitive addition and multiplication: evidence for a single memory network. Mem Cognit 1986; 14:478-87. [PMID: 3796285 DOI: 10.3758/bf03202519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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139
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Hays RD, Stacy AW, Widaman KF, DiMatteo MR, Downey R. Multistage Path Models of Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Use: A Reanalysis. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 1986. [DOI: 10.1177/002204268601600303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simplex and nonsimplex models containing personality and perceived environment variables as predictors of current use of alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use were compared in this reanalysis of data reported in a study by Potvin and Lee (1980). Contrary to the results given in the original study, we found that a nonsimplex pattern of relations among different forms of drug use allowed for a more adequate representation of the data than a simplex model for two of the three different age groups of adolescents sampled. Conformity-commitment and religiousness had consistent negative effects on drug use in each sample; parental support-affection and parental approval of friends tended to have small negative effects on drug use; self-esteem and alienation were unrelated to drug use. In general it appears that a nonsimplex model of current drug use provides a more adequate representation of the data than does a simplex model and that religiousness and conformity-commitment are constraining influences on adolescent involvement in drug use.
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Stacy AW, Widaman KF, Hays R, DiMatteo MR. Validity of self-reports of alcohol and other drug use: a multitrait-multimethod assessment. J Pers Soc Psychol 1985. [PMID: 4020615 DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.49.1.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Four methods (self-reported rating, self-reported intake, peer-reported rating, peer-reported intake) and multiple analytical criteria were employed to assess the construct validity of reports of three types of substance use (alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes) in a study of 194 college students who were members of friendship pairs. The resulting multitrait-multimethod matrix was analyzed in the traditional fashion as well as with confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent and discriminant validity for the three substance use traits were quite adequate, although the validity of one measure (the peer-reported intake measure of alcohol use) may be considered inadequate according to some criteria. This study demonstrates the usefulness of multimethod assessment and confirmatory factor analysis for research on construct validity and for derivation of more accurate measures of drug use.
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Stacy AW, Widaman KF, Hays R, DiMatteo MR. Validity of self-reports of alcohol and other drug use: A multitrait-multimethod assessment. J Pers Soc Psychol 1985; 49:219-32. [PMID: 4020615 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Four methods (self-reported rating, self-reported intake, peer-reported rating, peer-reported intake) and multiple analytical criteria were employed to assess the construct validity of reports of three types of substance use (alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes) in a study of 194 college students who were members of friendship pairs. The resulting multitrait-multimethod matrix was analyzed in the traditional fashion as well as with confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent and discriminant validity for the three substance use traits were quite adequate, although the validity of one measure (the peer-reported intake measure of alcohol use) may be considered inadequate according to some criteria. This study demonstrates the usefulness of multimethod assessment and confirmatory factor analysis for research on construct validity and for derivation of more accurate measures of drug use.
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Gibbs JC, Widaman KF, Colby A. Construction and Validation of a Simplified, Group-Administerable Equivalent to the Moral Judgment Interview. Child Dev 1982. [DOI: 10.2307/1129126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nygren TE, Widaman KF. Using nonorthogonal analysis of variance designs in psychological research: Comment on Donahue and Costar. J Couns Psychol 1979. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-0167.26.3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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