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Goel AK, Tamrakar AK, Kamboj DV, Singh L. Direct immunofluorescence assay for rapid environmental detection of Vibrio cholerae O1. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2006; 50:448-52. [PMID: 16475506 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An immunofluorescence assay for direct detection of V. cholerae O1 was developed using polyclonal antibodies raised against outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of V. cholerae O1. Production of OMPs varied with growth media used; maximum production was found in tryptic soy broth. The detection system was specific because no cross-reactivity was observed with other bacteria including V. cholerae O139, E. coli, S. dysenteriae and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi. The technique was able to detect 240 CFU/mL of V. cholerae O1 suspended in phosphate-buffered saline. The assay coupled with bacterial enrichment in APW for 6 h detected as few as 5 CFU of V. cholerae in spiked samples. Moreover, a 2-h incubation of enriched bacterial cells in 0.1% yeast extract with 10 ppm nalidixic acid enhanced the bacterial size and helped in morphological identification of V. cholerae. Among 32 potable water samples from afflicted hand pumps and wells collected from a cholera-plagued area 12 were found to be contaminated with V. cholerae by immunofluorescence assay as well as by conventional culture methods. The proposed method could thus be employed in environmental surveillance of V. cholerae O1.
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Kumar V, Langsiteh BT, Biswas S, Babu JP, Rao TN, Thangaraj K, Reddy AG, Singh L, Reddy BM. Asian and non-Asian origins of Mon-Khmer- and Mundari-speaking Austro-Asiatic populations of India. Am J Hum Biol 2006; 18:461-9. [PMID: 16788903 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we analyzed 1,686 samples from 31 tribal populations of India for the mitochondrial DNA 9-base-pair deletion/insertion polymorphism, and characterized them based on the relevant mitochondrial DNA coding-region single nucleotide polymorphisms and hypervariable region I motifs, to test the genetic origins of the ethnically and linguistically heterogeneous Austro-Asiatic tribes of India. A comparative analysis of our results with the existing data suggests multiple origins of Austro-Asiatic tribes in India, and particularly the Asian and non-Asian origins of the Mon-Khmer and the Mundari populations. We also identified a novel subclade of haplogroup B in the Mon-Khmer Khasi tribes that distinguishes them from the Nicobarese, indicating two different waves of migration of the Mon-Khmer tribes in India.
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Sachdev M, Sankaranarayanan R, Reddanna P, Thangaraj K, Singh L. Major histocompatibility complex class I polymorphism in Asiatic lions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 66:9-18. [PMID: 15982252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00432.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica), whose only natural habitat in the world is the Gir forest sanctuary of Gujarat State in India, are highly endangered and are considered to be highly inbred with narrow genetic diversity. An objective assessment of genetic diversity in their immune loci will help in assessing their survivability and may provide vital clues in designing strategies for their scientific management and conservation. We analyzed the comparative sequence polymorphism at exon 2 and exon 3 of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I in three groups of lions, i.e. wild Asiatic (from Gir forest), captive-bred Asiatic (from zoological parks in India), and Afro-Asiatic hybrid groups (from zoological parks in India) through polymorphism chain reaction-assisted sequence-based typing. The two exons were amplified, cloned, sequenced, and analyzed for polymorphism at nucleotide and putative translated product level. The analysis revealed extensive sequence polymorphism not only between clones derived from different lions but also the clones derived from a single lion. Furthermore, the wild Asiatic lions of Gir forest exhibited abundant sequence polymorphism at MHC class I comparable with that of Afro-Asiatic hybrid lions and significantly higher than that of captive-bred Asiatic lions. We hypothesize that Asiatic lions of Gir forest are not highly inbred as thought earlier and they possess abundant sequence polymorphism at MHC class I loci. During this study, 52 new sequences of the multigene MHC class I family were also identified among Asiatic lions.
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Babu A, Rao L, Kanakavalli M, Suryanarayana V, Shivaji S, Singh L. NAT2 481 C→T Genetic Polymorphism in Combination With 803 A→G Mutation is Associated With Polycystic Ovaries in South Indian Women. Fertil Steril 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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105
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Rao L, Babu A, Murthy K, Deenadayal M, Singh L. 13p and Yq Homology Have Anything To Do With Male Infertility Status: A Novel Familial Inheritance of 13p Deletion. Fertil Steril 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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106
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Suryanarayana V, Rao L, Murthy K, Padmalatha V, Deenadayal M, Singh L. Evaluation of Critical Genetic Variations in Idiopathic Recurrent Miscarriages Among South Indian Women- A Genomic and Proteomic Approach. Fertil Steril 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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107
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Reddy BM, Naidu VM, Madhavi VK, Thangaraj K, Langstieh BT, Venkataramana P, Kumar V, Singh L. STR data for the Amp FlSTR Profiler Plus loci among 27 populations of different social hierarchy from southern part of Andhra Pradesh, India. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 149:81-97. [PMID: 15734114 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2003] [Revised: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Allele frequency for the 9 STR loci (D3S1358, vWA, FGA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D7S820) were estimated from a total of 1096 individuals belonging to 27 endogamous populations from the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, covering the entire gamut of socio-economic variation of the linguistic region. These loci are found to be highly polymorphic within the populations with high levels of average heterozygosity (>0.80). However, the allele frequency distributions are fairly uniform across the populations in case of these loci suggesting relatively greater homogeneity among the populations. Regrouping populations into five broad socio-economic categories further reiterated the homogenous pattern of genetic diversity.
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Sarda AK, Bhalla SA, Goyal A, Lal P, Singh L, Kulshreshta VN. Chronic cholelithiasis with gallstones lodged in an isolated subserosal intramural gastric pouch. W INDIAN MED J 2005; 54:85-6. [PMID: 15892397 DOI: 10.1590/s0043-31442005000100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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109
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Idris MM, Bhaskar S, Reddy DN, Mani KR, Rao GV, Singh L, Chandak GR. Mutations in anionic trypsinogen gene are not associated with tropical calcific pancreatitis. Gut 2005; 54:728-9. [PMID: 15831926 PMCID: PMC1774499 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.055335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Pritchard MC, Raphy J, Singh L. Structure-based design in drug discovery - the application of a peptoid drug design strategy for the development of non-peptide neuropeptide receptor ligands. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6:349-65. [PMID: 15989604 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.6.4.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade the increasing availability of metabolically- stable non-peptide antagonists targeted at neuropeptide receptors has led directly to a more thorough understanding of the role of neuropeptides in mammalian physiology. By far the majority of these non-peptide neuropeptide receptor antagonists thus far disclosed have been developed from leads identified from broad screening of company compound files or natural product collections, and may thus bear little obvious structural resemblance to the endogenous peptide ligand. This review will focus on an alternative structure-based approach to non-peptide neuropeptide receptor ligand design, referred to as the 'peptoid' drug design strategy, in which an appreciation of the structure of the neuropeptide is the key to the success of this approach. The development and current clinical progress of peptoid cholecystokinin and tachykinin receptor ligands that have thus far resulted from this process will be highlighted and used to exemplify the importance of this novel approach.
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Shanker K, Ramadevi J, Choudhury BC, Singh L, Aggarwal RK. Phylogeography of olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) on the east coast of India: implications for conservation theory. Mol Ecol 2005; 13:1899-909. [PMID: 15189212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Orissa, on the east coast of India, is one of the three mass nesting sites in the world for olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea). This population is currently under threat as a result of fishery-related mortality; more than 100 000 olive ridleys have been counted dead in the last 10 years in Orissa. In general, the globally distributed olive ridley turtle has received significantly less conservation attention than its congener, the Kemp's ridley turtle (L. kempi), because the latter is recognized as a distinct species consisting of a single endangered population. Our study of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes suggests that the ridley population on the east coast of India is panmictic, but distinct from all other populations including Sri Lanka. About 96% of the Indian population consisted of a distinct 'K' clade with haplotypes not found in any other population. Nested clade analysis and conventional analysis both supported range expansions and/or long-distance colonization from the Indian Ocean clades to other oceanic basins, which suggested that these are the ancestral source for contemporary global populations of olive ridley turtles. These data support the distinctiveness of the Indian Ocean ridleys, suggesting that conservation prioritization should be based on appropriate data and not solely on species designations.
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Verma N, Singh AK, Singh L, Kulshreshtha S, Raikhy G, Hallan V, Ram R, Zaidi AA. Occurrence of Cucumber mosaic virus in Gerbera jamesonii in India. PLANT DISEASE 2004; 88:1161. [PMID: 30795265 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2004.88.10.1161c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gerbera jamesonii (family Asteraceae) is a popular perennial ornamental cut flower and potted plant with considerable economic importance. In a survey of gerbera grown in floriculture fields at the Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur and nearby nurseries, color break symptoms on the petals, asymmetrical ray florets, and deformed flowers were observed during 2003-2004. The virus evoked chlorotic local lesions on Chenopodium album, C. amaranticolor, and C. quinoa, while systemic mosaic was observed on Cucumis sativus, Nicotiana benthamiana, N. clevelandii, N. glutinosa, and N. tabacum cv. Samsun. The virus was transmitted nonpersistently by Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii and was identified as Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with CMV-specific antibodies (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). Polyhedral particles approximately 29 nm were observed with electron microscopy of leaf dips from symptomatic gerbera leaves. Total RNA was isolated from the infected gerbera plants and N. glutinosa by using RNAqueous (Ambion, Austin, TX). CMV-specific primers (1) were used to detect the virus with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction that produced an amplicon predicted size of approximately 540 bp, but the virus was not detected in healthy controls. Sequence alignment of the amplicons (533 bp) utilizing BLAST resulted in 91 to 99% homology with the partial intercistronic region and partial coat protein gene (1042-1574 bp) (gene sequence submitted to EMBL database with Accession no. AJ634532) of CMV RNA3 in subgroup I. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMV on gerbera in India. Reference: (1) C. De Blas et al. J. Phytopathol. 141:323, 1994.
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Dixit H, Deendayal M, Singh L. Mutational analysis of the mature peptide region of inhibin genes in Indian women with ovarian failure. Hum Reprod 2004; 19:1760-4. [PMID: 15205401 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically, premature ovarian failure (POF) is defined as unexplained amenorrhoea (> 6 months) with a high FSH level (> 40 IU) before the age of 40 years. POF is a heterogeneous genetic disease with unknown aetiology. Inhibin and activin regulate the FSH level by their opposing actions and thus have been considered as strong candidate genes in the aetiology of POF. METHODS We have screened inhibin genes in patients with POF (n = 80), primary amenorrhoea (n = 33) and secondary amenorrhoea (n = 4). RESULTS INHbetaB and INHbetaA genes do not show any association with ovarian failure. We found the Ala257Thr missense mutation in INHalpha gene with high statistical significance in POF (nine out of 80, 11.2%) (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.0005), primary amenorrhoea (three out of 33, 9.1%) (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.014) and secondary amenorrhoea (two out of four, 50%) (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.001) with complete absence of this mutation in controls (none out of 100). CONCLUSION The INHalpha gene is a strong candidate gene for ovarian failure. Mutations in INHbetaB and INHbetaA genes are not associated with ovarian failure.
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Chandak GR, Idris MM, Reddy DN, Mani KR, Bhaskar S, Rao GV, Singh L. Absence of PRSS1 mutations and association of SPINK1 trypsin inhibitor mutations in hereditary and non-hereditary chronic pancreatitis. Gut 2004; 53:723-8. [PMID: 15082592 PMCID: PMC1774044 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2003.026526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mutations in the cationic trypsinogen (protease, serine, 1 (trypsin 1); PRSS1) gene are causally associated with recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis. We investigated whether mutations in the PRSS1 gene are associated with hereditary and non-hereditary pancreatitis. As a modifier role has been proposed for trypsin inhibitor (serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type I; SPINK1) mutations, the role of SPINK1 mutations in these patients was also analysed. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The coding regions of PRSS1 and SPINK1 genes were sequenced in 290 controls and 198 patients, of whom 120 were diagnosed as idiopathic (ICP), 41 as alcoholic (ACP), and 37 as hereditary pancreatitis (HP). Twenty four unaffected relatives of HP probands were also analysed and genotype-phenotype correlations and statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS No mutations in the PRSS1 gene were detected in any of the patients, including HP patients, while the N34S mutation was observed in the SPINK1 gene in the majority of HP patients (73%). Similarly, 26.8% of ACP (11 of 41) and 32.5% (39 of 120) of ICP patients also had SPINK1 mutations. The N34S mutation was observed in both homozygous and heterozygous conditions. In comparison, only 2.76% of the control population had the N34S allele (p<0.001). The P55S mutation was observed in one ICP and one ACP patient, and in three normal individuals. Genotype-phenotype correlations did not suggest any significant difference in the age of onset, severity of disease, or pancreatic endocrine insufficiency in patients with or without mutated SPINK1 and irrespective of the allelic status of N34S SPINK1. CONCLUSIONS Irrespective of the aetiology, mutations in the PRSS1 gene are not associated with chronic pancreatitis, including HP. In contrast, the N34S mutation in the SPINK1 gene shows a significant correlation in these patients. A comparable phenotype in terms of age of onset, diabetes mellitus, and other phenotypic features in patients with or without SPINK1 mutations and N34S homozygotes and heterozygotes suggests that there may still be involvement of other genetic or environmental factors.
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Gaur A, Singh A, Arunabala V, Umapathy G, Shailaja K, Singh L. Development and characterization of 10 novel microsatellite markers from Chital deer (Cervus axis) and their cross-amplification in other related species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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116
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Priyadarshini P, Murthy BS, Nagaraju J, Singh L. A GATA-binding protein expressed predominantly in the pupal ovary of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:185-195. [PMID: 12535677 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Preferential localization of Bkm (Banded krait minor-satellite) DNA sequences on Y/W chromosomes of higher eukaryotes, which remain highly condensed in somatic cells but undergo extensive decondensation in the germ cells during early stages of development, led to the postulation for the existence of a sex- and tissue-specific Bkm-binding protein (BBP). Accordingly, we purified and characterized a BmBBP expressed predominantly in pupal ovary of the silkworm (Bombyx mori). 2D-PAGE revealed BmBBP as moderately basic (pI 7.8-8, in the range expected for DNA-binding proteins) and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight exhibited a value of 37.5-kDa. BmBBP neither contains nor requires divalent metal ions for its DNA-binding activity, suggesting that it does not belong to the well-studied GATA-family of transcription factors. BmBBP is unusually strong in its DNA-binding characteristics to Bkm (GATA-repeats), which suggests its probable role in bringing about coordinated chromatin conformational changes to activate genes present in associated chromosomal domains. Fluorescence immuno-localization studies employing specific anti-BmBBP antibodies revealed its presence in the follicle cells and in the ooplasm, as well as the nucleus of different developmental stages of oocytes.
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Verma SK, Singh L. Novel universal primers establish identity of an enormous number of animal species for forensic application. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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118
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Singh A, Shailaja K, Gaur A, Singh L. Development and characterization of novel microsatellite markers in the Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2002.00306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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119
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Aggarwal K, Shenoy V, Ramadevi J, Rajkumar R, Singh L. Molecular characterization of some Indian Basmati and other elite rice genotypes using fluorescent-AFLP. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2002; 105:680-690. [PMID: 12582481 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-002-0973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2001] [Accepted: 12/28/2001] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated rice is a high-volume, low-value cereal crop providing staple food to more than 50% of the world populace. A small group of rice cultivars, traditionally produced on the Indo-Gangetic plains and popularly known as Basmati, have exquisite quality grain characteristics and are a prized commercial commodity. Efforts to improve the yield potential of Basmati have led to the development of several crossbred Basmati-like cultivars. In this study we have analysed the genetic diversity and interrelationships among 33 rice genotypes consisting of the traditional Basmati, improved Basmati-like genotypes developed in India and elsewhere, American long-grain rice and a few non-aromatic rice using a DNA marker-based approach - fluorescent-amplified fragment length polymorphism (f-AFLP). Using a set of nine primer-pairs we scored a total of 10,672 data points over all of the genotypes in the size range of 75-500 bp. The scored data points corresponded to a total of 501 AFLP markers (putative loci/genome landmarks) of which 327 markers (65%) were polymorphic. The f-AFLP marker data, which were analysed using different clustering algorithms and principal component analysis, indicate that: (1) considerable genetic variability exists in the analysed genotypes; (2) traditional Basmati cultivars could be distinctly separated from the crossbred Basmati-like genotypes as well as from the non-aromatic rice; (3) the crossbred Basmati-like cultivars from the subcontinent and elsewhere are genetically very distinct; (4) f-AFLP-based clustering, in general, conforms to the putative pedigree of the improved genotypes. Moreover, analysis to ascertain the scope of AFLP as a technique suggests that the polymorphism revealed by three selective primer-pair combinations is sufficient to obtain reliable estimates of genetic diversity for the type of material used in this study. However, its utility to identify group-specific DNA markers was discounted due to a low frequency of observed group-specific discrete markers.
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Chandak GR, Sridevi MU, Vas CJ, Panikker DM, Singh L. Apolipoprotein E and presenilin-1 allelic variation and Alzheimer's disease in India. Hum Biol 2002; 74:683-93. [PMID: 12495082 DOI: 10.1353/hub.2002.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As part of a larger epidemiological survey to study the prevalence of dementia in a suburb of Mumbai, Western India, we identified 78 cases with a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) > or = 1.0. Of these, 49 Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases were analyzed for risk association with APOE E*4 allele at apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) and presenilin-1 (PS-1) intron-8 polymorphism and were compared with 100 age- and sex-matched nondemented controls. Genotype analysis confirmed the association of APOE E*4 allele with AD as has been reported by various studies. We report a low frequency of APOE E*4 allele, consistent with a low prevalence of AD in this study. Comparisons with other similar studies on APOE from India suggest common risk factors for AD in the Indian population, which is diverse in its ethnic and racial characteristics. The frequency for allele 1 at PS-1 intron-8 polymorphism is the highest among all studies reported. This first report of PS-1 intron-8 polymorphism and AD from India demonstrates no significant association.
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Chandak GR, Idris MM, Reddy DN, Bhaskar S, Sriram PVJ, Singh L. Mutations in the pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor gene (PSTI/SPINK1) rather than the cationic trypsinogen gene (PRSS1) are significantly associated with tropical calcific pancreatitis. J Med Genet 2002; 39:347-51. [PMID: 12011155 PMCID: PMC1735106 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.39.5.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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122
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Thangaraj K, Reddy AG, Singh L. Is the amelogenin gene reliable for gender identification in forensic casework and prenatal diagnosis? Int J Legal Med 2002; 116:121-3. [PMID: 12056520 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-001-0262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the amelogenin gene is present on both the X and the Y chromosomes. However, there are size differences in this gene between these chromosomes, which have been utilised for sexing in forensic casework and prenatal diagnosis. Our study using the AmpFl STR Profiler Plus kit, showed a deletion of Y chromosome-specific amelogenin in five Indian males (1.85%). We propose to call them "deleted-amelogenin males" (DAMs), who but for the detection of the presence of other Y-specific markers (e.g. SRY, STR and 50f2) would have been identified as females. Considering the consequences of the result obtained only using the amelogenin marker, we suggest the use of additional Y chromosome markers for unambiguous gender identification.
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Dhaked RK, Sharma SK, Parida MM, Singh L. Isolation and characterization of Clostridium botulinum type E from soil of Gwalior, India. JOURNAL OF NATURAL TOXINS 2002; 11:49-56. [PMID: 11829060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
A strain of Clostridium botulinum type E has been isolated from soil samples of Gwalior, India. The isolated strain shows curved vegetative cells with oval, bulging, and terminal spores. The production of toxin was detected by immunodiffusion test, symptomatic death of mice and mouse protection assay with trivalent antitoxin (A+B+E). The culture supernatant gave 10(3) MLD (minimum lethal dose) per ml without any protease treatment. Group specific and serotype specific primers amplified the DNA fragments of 260 bp and 445 bp, respectively, indicating Clostridium botulinum type 'E.'
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Ramana GV, Vasanthi A, Khaja M, Su B, Govindaiah V, Jin L, Singh L, Chakraborty R. Distribution of HIV-1 resistance-conferring polymorphic alleles SDF-1-3'A, CCR2-64I and CCR5-Delta32 in diverse populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India. J Genet 2001; 80:137-40. [PMID: 11988632 DOI: 10.1007/bf02717909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphic allelic variants of chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5, as well as of stromal-derived factor-1 SDF-1, the ligand for the chemokine receptor CXCR4, are known to have protective effects against HIV-1 infection and to be involved with delay in disease progression. We have studied the DNA polymorphisms at the loci that encode these proteins in 525 healthy individuals without any history of HIV-1 infection from 11 diverse populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India. The two protective alleles SDF-1-3'A and CCR2-64I at the SDF-1 and CCR2 loci, respectively, are present in all populations studied, although their frequencies differ considerably across populations (from 17% to 35% for the SDF-1-3'A allele, and from 3% to 17% for CCR2-64I). In contrast the CCR5-Delta32 allele is observed only in three populations (Yamani, Pathan and Kamma), all in low frequencies (i.e. 1% to 3%). The mean number of mutant alleles (for the three loci together) carried by each individual varies from 0.475 (in Vizag Brahmins) to 0.959 (in Bohra Muslims). The estimated relative hazard values for the populations, computed from the three-locus genotype data, are comparable to those from Africa and Southeast Asia, where AIDS is known to be widespread.
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Asopa HS, Garg M, Singhal GG, Singh L, Asopa J, Nischal A. Dorsal free graft urethroplasty for urethral stricture by ventral sagittal urethrotomy approach. Urology 2001; 58:657-9. [PMID: 11711331 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(01)01377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the feasibility of applying a dorsal free graft to treat urethral stricture by the ventral sagittal urethrotomy approach without mobilizing the urethra. METHODS Twelve patients with long or multiple strictures of the anterior urethra were treated by a dorsal free full-thickness preputial or buccal mucosa graft. The urethra was not separated from the corporal bodies and was opened in the midline over the stricture. The floor of the urethra was incised, and an elliptical raw area was created over the tunica on which a free full-thickness graft of preputial or buccal mucosa was secured. The urethra was retubularized in one stage. RESULTS After a follow-up of 8 to 40 months, one recurrence developed and required dilation. CONCLUSIONS The ventral sagittal urethrotomy approach for dorsal free graft urethroplasty is not only feasible and successful, but is easy to perform.
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Andrews N, Loomis S, Blake R, Ferrigan L, Singh L, McKnight AT. Effect of gabapentin-like compounds on development and maintenance of morphine-induced conditioned place preference. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001; 157:381-7. [PMID: 11605097 DOI: 10.1007/s002130100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2000] [Accepted: 05/05/2001] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Psychological dependence to the opioid analgesic morphine is attributable to the rewarding properties of the drug, and its evolution can be divided into two distinct phases: development and maintenance. Both phases can be studied using conditioned place preference (CPP). OBJECTIVES To determine whether the two phases can be influenced by pre-treatment with gabapentin-like compounds. METHODS CPP to morphine was used to demonstrate the rewarding properties of morphine in the presence or absence of gabapentin-like compounds. In-vivo microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens was used to determine the effects of gabapentin or pregabalin on morphine-induced dopamine release. RESULTS Pretreatment with either gabapentin (10-100 mg/kg p.o.) or pregabalin (3-30 mg/kg p.o.) attenuated CPP induced by a submaximal dose of morphine (0.75 mg/kg). Neither gabapentin nor pregabalin had any effect alone in the CPP test. Both gabapentin-like compounds blocked the effect of morphine (0.75 mg/kg s.c.) to increase the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Studies of the maintenance of CPP to morphine showed CPP was maintained for at least 4 days after the initial test. In a second experiment, it was found that pregabalin (injected once, 24 h after CPP had been demonstrated) was able to reverse morphine-induced CPP. CONCLUSIONS Neither gabapentin nor pregabalin induced CPP, but both compounds blocked the development of CPP to morphine and also blocked morphine's effects on dopamine release. Furthermore, pregabalin blocked the maintenance of morphine-induced CPP. It is concluded that gabapentin-like compounds, which have no intrinsic rewarding properties, may have some therapeutic use in the treatment of opioid dependence.
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Ramana GV, Su B, Jin L, Singh L, Wang N, Underhill P, Chakraborty R. Y-chromosome SNP haplotypes suggest evidence of gene flow among caste, tribe, and the migrant Siddi populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India. Eur J Hum Genet 2001; 9:695-700. [PMID: 11571559 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2001] [Revised: 07/03/2001] [Accepted: 07/04/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
From observations of lack of haplotype sharing based on Y-chromosome specific short tandem repeat (STR) loci, previous reports suggested negligible gene flow among different geographic populations of India. Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) sites in combination with STRs, we observed evidence of haplotype sharing across caste-tribe boundaries in South India. We examined 27 SNPs in the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome to investigate gene flow in 204 individuals belonging to three caste groups (Vizag Brahmins, Peruru Brahmins, Kammas), three tribes (Bagata, Poroja, Valmiki) and an additional group (the Siddis) of African ancestry. Principal component and AMOVA analyses show that the between group component of variation is non-significant (P>0.05), while that among populations within the caste and tribal groups is significant (P<0.001). In particular, the Valmikis and Siddis are close to the caste groups. Of a total of 11 distinct SNP-haplotypes observed, the two tribal groups (Bagata and Poroja) lack the haplotypes H4, H4A, H5A and H16, which are seen in the caste groups. In contrast, all three tribal groups exhibit the Southeast Asian haplotype H11 that is absent in the caste populations. The presence of haplotypes H4, H5, H14, and H16 in the Siddis indicate that they have assimilated considerable non-African admixture. The evidence of haplotype sharing between castes and tribes is also found when the H14 lineage was further subdivided by five STR loci. We conclude that even though these SNP-based Y-haplotypes are able to distinguish the populations, gene flow in these South Indian populations is not as negligible as that inferred from other studies based on Y-specific short tandem repeat markers.
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Ashwood VA, Field MJ, Horwell DC, Julien-Larose C, Lewthwaite RA, McCleary S, Pritchard MC, Raphy J, Singh L. Utilization of an intramolecular hydrogen bond to increase the CNS penetration of an NK(1) receptor antagonist. J Med Chem 2001; 44:2276-85. [PMID: 11428921 DOI: 10.1021/jm010825z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and physical and biological effects of introducing different substituents at the alpha-position of the tryptophan containing neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist [(R)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-methyl-1-((S)-1-phenyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid benzofuran-2-ylmethyl ester (CI 1021). The described compounds all exhibit less than 5 nM binding affinities for the human neurokinin-1 receptor and selectivity over the tachykinin NK(2) and NK(3) receptor subtypes. Application of variable temperature nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of the amide and urethane protons was utilized to determine the existence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond. This intramolecular hydrogen bond increases the apparent lipophilicity to allow increased central nervous system penetration and pharmacological activity (gerbil foot tap test) in the case of the highest affinity compound [(S)-1-dimethylaminomethyl-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-((S)-1-phenyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid benzofuran-2-ylmethyl ester (PD 174424) over those analogues that could not form an intramolecular hydrogen bond.
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Cliff S, Felix RH, Singh L, Harland CC. The successful treatment of lupus pernio with the flashlamp pulsed dye laser. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 1:49-52. [PMID: 11360426 DOI: 10.1080/14628839950517101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Lupus pernio of the nose is the most characteristic cutaneous lesion of sarcoidosis. It is cosmetically disfiguring and can be the cause of significant morbidity. In particular, the affected skin is often red or purple due to increased vasculature. It is particularly resistant to both surgical and medical therapy. We describe a patient with lupus pernio affecting her nose, which showed a dramatic improvement following treatment with the pulse dye laser (PDL). A biopsy taken after treatment showed the continued presence of sarcoidal granulomas. We therefore feel that treatment with the PDL is an effective tool in improving the cosmetic appearance of lupus pernio, but does not influence the underlying disease process.
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Singh S, Malhotra R, Kumar J, Singh B, Singh L. Uranium analysis of geological samples, water and plants from Kulu Area, Himachal Pradesh, India. RADIAT MEAS 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4487(01)00200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gao Q, Singh L, Kumar A, Srinivasan S, Wazer DE, Band V. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6-induced degradation of E6TP1 correlates with its ability to immortalize human mammary epithelial cells. J Virol 2001; 75:4459-66. [PMID: 11287601 PMCID: PMC114197 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.9.4459-4466.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent analyses have identified a number of binding partners for E6, including E6AP, ERC55, paxillin, hDlg, p300, interferon regulatory factor 3, hMCM7, Bak, and E6TP1. Notably, association with E6 targets p53, E6TP1, myc, hMCM7, and Bak for degradation. However, the relative importance of the various E6 targets in cellular transformation remains unclear. E6 alone can dominantly immortalize normal human mammary epithelial cells (MECs), permitting an assessment of the importance of various E6 targets in cellular transformation. Studies in this system indicate that E6-induced degradation of p53 and E6 binding to ERC55 or hDlg do not correlate with efficient immortalization. Here, we have examined the role of E6TP1, a Rap GTPase-activating protein, in E6-induced immortalization of MECs. We tested a large set of human papillomavirus type 16 E6 mutants for their ability to bind and target E6TP1 for degradation in vitro and in vivo. We observed a strict correlation between the ability of E6 protein to target E6TP1 for degradation and its ability to immortalize MECs. Recent studies have identified telomerase as a target of E6 protein. Previous analyses of E6 mutants have revealed this trait to closely correlate with MEC immortalization. We examined our entire panel of E6 mutants for rapid induction of telomerase activity and found in general a strong correlation with immortalizing ability. The tight correlation between E6TP1 degradation and MEC immortalization strongly supports a critical role of functional inactivation of E6TP1 in E6-induced cellular immortalization.
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Ramana G, Singh L, Chakraborty R. The SRY-1532 site of the human Y chromosome is subject to recurrent single nucleotide mutations. Hum Biol 2001; 73:71-80. [PMID: 11332646 DOI: 10.1353/hub.2001.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Haplotype determination based on three Y-linked polymorphic sites, 92R7 (C/T), SRY-1532 (A/G), and YAP (-/+), in 127 males belonging to three caste Hindu populations of South India (Vizag Brahmins, Peruru Brahmins, and Kammas) and 13 males belonging to a migrant group (the Siddis) showed the existence of all four haplotypes (CA-, CG-, TG-, and TA-) under the YAP- background. This finding suggests that the reverse mutation (G-->A) at the SRY-1532 site, described earlier in the literature, is present in South Indian populations as well. The YAP+ mutation was seen in only five Siddi individuals. Four of these were of the CG+ haplotype structure, but a novel haplotype (CA+) was found in one male. To explain the occurrence of the six haplotypes found within these three sites, a haplotype tree is constructed that introduces a new reverse mutation at the SRY-1532 site (G-->A), occurring under the CG+ background after the migrant Siddi population arrived in India.
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Mandal AK, Singh AP, Rao L, Singh L, Hornby S, Jones B. Roberts pseudothalidomide syndrome. ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (CHICAGO, ILL. : 1960) 2000; 118:1462-3. [PMID: 11030842 DOI: 10.1001/archopht.118.10.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Gonzalez MI, Field MJ, Hughes J, Singh L. Evaluation of selective NK(1) receptor antagonist CI-1021 in animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 294:444-50. [PMID: 10900217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CI-1021 ([(2-benzofuran)-CH(2)OCO]-(R)-alpha-MeTrp-(S)-NHCH(CH (3))Ph) is a selective and competitive neurokinin-1 (NK(1)) receptor antagonist. This study examines its activity in animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. In mice, CI-1021 (1-30 mg/kg, s.c.) dose dependently blocked the development of the late phase of the formalin response with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 3 mg/kg. Two chemically unrelated NK(1) receptor antagonists, CP-99,994 (3-30 mg/kg) and SR 140333 (1-100 mg/kg), also dose dependently blocked the late phase, with respective MEDs of 3 and 10 mg/kg. PD 156982, a NK(1) receptor antagonist with poor central nervous system penetration, failed to have any effect. However, when administered i. c.v., it selectively blocked the late phase of the formalin response. Chronic constrictive injury (CCI) to a sciatic nerve in the rat induced spontaneous pain, thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, and cold, dynamic, and static allodynia. CI-1021 (10-100 mg/kg) and morphine (3 mg/kg) blocked all the responses except dynamic allodynia. Carbamazepine (100 mg/kg) was weakly effective against all the responses. Once daily administration of morphine (3 mg/kg, s. c.) in CCI rats led to the development of tolerance within 6 days. Similar administration of CI-1021 (100 mg/kg, s.c.) for up to 10 days did not induce tolerance. Moreover, the morphine tolerance failed to cross-generalize to CI-1021. CI-1021 blocked the CCI-induced hypersensitivity in the guinea pig, with a MED of 0.1 mg/kg, p.o. CI-1021 (10-100 mg/kg, s.c.) did not show sedative/ataxic action in the rat rota-rod test. It is suggested that NK(1) receptor antagonists possess a superior side effect profile to carbamazepine and morphine and may have a therapeutic use for the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
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Rescorla L, Mirak J, Singh L. Vocabulary growth in late talkers: lexical development from 2;0 to 3;0. JOURNAL OF CHILD LANGUAGE 2000; 27:293-311. [PMID: 10967889 DOI: 10.1017/s030500090000413x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Vocabulary growth from 2;0 to 3;0 was studied in 28 late talkers using expressive vocabulary inventories reported bimonthly on the Language Development Survey (LDS). Group milestones were 18 words at 2;0, 89 words at 2;6, and 195 words at 3;0. A sub-group of 11 children (Group 1) showed a rapid vocabulary spurt between 2;2 and 2;8, reached the 150-180 word mark by 2;6, and attained the LDS ceiling of about 300 words by 2;10. In contrast, the 17 children in Group 2 still had a mean vocabulary of fewer than 30 words at 2;6, had less of a vocabulary spurt when they did start acquiring words, and attained the 150-180 vocabulary mark at 3;0. All 3;0 language outcome measures were significantly predicted by LDS vocabulary size from 2;2 to 2;4.
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Ramana GV, Chandak GR, Singh L. Sickle cell gene haplotypes in Relli and Thurpu Kapu populations of Andhra Pradesh. Hum Biol 2000; 72:535-40. [PMID: 10885199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
We performed polymerase chain reaction analysis of 8 restriction-site polymorphisms in the beta-globin gene cluster to define haplotypes and provide hematological profiles of Relli and Thurpu Kapu caste populations in Andhra Pradesh, India. In all sickle cell homozygous subjects, the clinical manifestation of the disease is benign with elevated fetal hemoglobin levels (3.9%-21.1%). Clinical symptoms in some of the sickle cell homozygous subjects include jaundice, leg ulcers, and splenomegaly. Molecular analysis of the sickle cell gene (HBB*S) reveals the presence of the ubiquitous Arab-Indian haplotype in both populations. We encountered, for the first time, a rare, atypical haplotype ((+)-------) in a sickle cell homozygous individual of the Thurpu Kapu population, presumably the result of gene conversion.
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Gao Q, Kumar A, Srinivasan S, Singh L, Mukai H, Ono Y, Wazer DE, Band V. PKN binds and phosphorylates human papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:14824-30. [PMID: 10809724 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.20.14824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The high risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with carcinomas of cervix and other genital tumors. Previous studies have identified two viral oncoproteins E6 and E7, which are expressed in the majority of HPV-associated carcinomas. The ability of high risk HPV E6 protein to immortalize human mammary epithelial cells has provided a single gene model to study the mechanisms of E6-induced oncogenic transformation. In recent years, it has become clear that in addition to E6-induced degradation of p53 tumor suppressor protein, other targets of E6 are required for mammary epithelial cells immortalization. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have identified a novel interaction of HPV16 E6 with protein kinase PKN, a fatty acid- and Rho small G protein-activated serine/threonine kinase with a catalytic domain highly homologous to protein kinase C. We demonstrate direct binding of high risk HPV E6 proteins to PKN in wheat-germ lysate in vitro and in 293T cells in vivo. Importantly, E6 proteins of high risk HPVs but not low risk HPVs were able to bind PKN. Furthermore, all the immortalization-competent and many immortalization-non-competent E6 mutants bind PKN. These data suggest that binding to PKN may be required but not sufficient for immortalizing normal mammary epithelial cells. Finally, we show that PKN phosphorylates E6, demonstrating for the first time that HPV E6 is a phosphoprotein. Our finding suggests a novel link between HPV E6 mediated oncogenesis and regulation of a well known phosphorylation cascade.
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Singh L, Nakahara Y, Ito Y, Nakahara Y. An efficient access to protected disialylated glycohexaosyl threonine present on the leukosialin of activated T-lymphocytes. Carbohydr Res 2000; 325:132-42. [PMID: 10795820 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00313-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of the threonine-linked core 2 class disialylated hexasaccharide in a completely protected form was accomplished for the first time. The L-threonine conjugate, N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-O-[(5-acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-ben zyl-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosylonic acid)-(2-->3)-(2,6-di-O-benzyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-(1-->4)-2-acetam ido-2-deoxy-3,6-di-O-benzyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-[(5-acetamido- 4,7,8,9-tetra-O-benzyl-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-alpha-D-galacto-2-nonulo pyranosylonic acid)-(2-->3)-2,6-di-O-benzyl-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-2-acetami do-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1d-->4c:1f-->4e)-dilactone ]-L-threonine allyl ester was synthesized via stereocontrolled glycosylations employing readily accessible monosaccharidic blocks; t-butyl-diphenylsilyl-2-azido-2-deoxy-3,6-di-O-benzyl-beta-D-gluco pyranose, N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-O-(2-azido-6-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl -2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-L-threonine allyl ester, 8, 9 and N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-O-(2-azido-4,6-O-benzylidene-3-O-ch loroacetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl)-L-threonine allyl ester. For the introduction of the amino acid, the azide group was used to temporarily mask the amino group of GalNAc so as to obtain an alpha-glycosidic linkage without participation from the C-2 substituent. The threonine was attached to the sugar unit at the monosaccharide stage to avoid loss of oligosaccharide at a later stage. The Fmoc and allyl ester protected amino acid at the reducing end facilitates efficient glycopeptide synthesis on solid-phase support.
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Andrews N, Davis B, Gonzalez MI, Oles R, Singh L, McKnight AT. Effect of gastrin-releasing peptide on rat hippocampal extracellular GABA levels and seizures in the audiogenic seizure-prone DBA/2 mouse. Brain Res 2000; 859:386-9. [PMID: 10719092 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), a selective agonist for the BB(2) subtype of bombesin receptor, is reported to depolarise GABAergic interneurons in the stratum oriens layer of the hippocampus. Such an action might lead to increased extracellular levels of GABA in the hippocampus, and result in an anti-convulsant effect with this peptide. We have tested this hypothesis by determining the effect of GRP on extracellular levels of GABA in the ventral hippocampus of the freely moving rat using in vivo microdialysis, and by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of GRP to audiogenic seizure-prone DBA/2 mice prior to exposure to the noise of an electric bell. Following local perfusion in the ventral hippocampus by reverse dialysis GRP (10 microM) significantly raised levels of GABA in the recovered dialysates by approximately 40%. In the seizure studies, GRP (30-300 ng) increased the latency to tonic seizure, the number of mice convulsing and reduced the incidence of lethality. In both dialysis and seizure studies, the effects of GRP were blocked by the selective BB(2) receptor antagonist, [D-Phe(6), Leu-NHEt(13)]bombesin (6-13). These experiments provide further functional evidence that activation of the BB(2) receptor may modulate neurotransmission in the hippocampus, and that this action may confer anti-convulsant properties on agonists acting at the BB(2) receptor in the brain.
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Santos FR, Pandya A, Kayser M, Mitchell RJ, Liu A, Singh L, Destro-Bisol G, Novelletto A, Qamar R, Mehdi SQ, Adhikari R, de Knijff P, Tyler-Smith C. A polymorphic L1 retroposon insertion in the centromere of the human Y chromosome. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9:421-30. [PMID: 10655552 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/9.3.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a novel polymorphic L1 retroposon insertion, designated LY1, in the centromeric alphoid array of the human Y chromosome. The element belongs to the transpositionally active Ta subset and its presence is compatible with normal centromere function. It was found at highest frequency in China, where it accounts for 23% of the Han sample, and was present at low frequencies in the surrounding areas, but was not found at all outside Asia. Chromosomes carrying LY1 show considerable microsatellite diversity, suggesting an ancient origin for the lineage at approximately 10 000 years ago (with wide confidence limits), but only limited subsequent migration.
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Field MJ, Bramwell S, Hughes J, Singh L. Detection of static and dynamic components of mechanical allodynia in rat models of neuropathic pain: are they signalled by distinct primary sensory neurones? Pain 1999; 83:303-11. [PMID: 10534603 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, chronic constrictive injury (CCI model) of the sciatic nerve or tight ligation of L5 and L6 spinal nerves (Chung model) produced both dynamic and static components of mechanical allodynia in rats. The two responses were detected, respectively, by lightly stroking the hind paw with cotton wool or application of pressure using von Frey hairs. Animals with spinal nerve ligation developed both types of responses at a faster rate compared to animals with the CCI. Morphine (1-3 mg/kg, s.c.) dose-dependently blocked static but not dynamic allodynia. In contrast, pregabalin (previously S-isobutylgaba and CI-1008) dose-dependently (3-30 mg/kg, p.o.) blocked both types of allodynia. In CCI animals, two administrations of capsaicin (100 microg/50 microl) into the plantar surface of the ipsilateral paw at 1-h intervals blocked the maintenance of thermal hyperalgesia without affecting either static or dynamic allodynia. The similar administration of a further two doses of capsaicin into the same animals blocked the maintenance of static allodynia without affecting the dynamic response. These data indicate that thermal hyperalgesia, static and dynamic allodynia are respectively signalled by C-, Adelta- and Abeta/capsaicin insensitive Adelta- primary sensory neurones. It is suggested that pregabalin possesses a superior antiallodynic profile than morphine and may represent a novel class of therapeutic agents for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Kapoor RK, Singh L, Mehrotra S, Mishra PK, Chandra M. Demasking of subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in anemic children. Indian Pediatr 1999; 36:991-8. [PMID: 10745309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in anemic children. SETTING Hospital. SUBJECTS The study population consisted of 52 cases of anemia (16 mild, 14 moderate, 22 severe) and 20 normal age and height matched children aged between 7-12 years. METHODS These children were subjected to Echocardiography on Ascuson XP model using 3.5 MHz Transducer during rest and immediately after maximum tolerated exercise on Quniton Model Q-5000 treadmill using modified Naughton protocol. Left ventricular end diastolic dimensions, left ventricular systolic dimension, fractional shortening, left ventricular end diastolic volume, systolic volume, stroke volume and ejection fraction were studied on M-mode echocardiography, and E/A ratio on doppler mode. RESULTS Significant differences were observed in resting heart rate, gain in heart rate at peak exercise compared to basal values and double product, total exercise duration and metabolic equivalents at peak exercise in controls and anemic subjects. Left ventricular dysfunction was present in all severely anemic subjects after maximum tolerated exercise on treadmill. The only evidence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction was in form of decreased left ventricular end diastolic volume after exercise in moderate and severely anemic subjects. CONCLUSIONS Exercise is helpful in demasking subtle left ventricular dysfunctions in anemic subjects that are not detected during rest.
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Receveur JM, Bryans JS, Field MJ, Singh L, Horwell DC. Synthesis and biological evaluation of conformationally restricted Gabapentin analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2329-34. [PMID: 10476863 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of conformationally restricted Gabapentin analogues has been synthesised. The pyrrolidine analogue (R)-2-Aza-spiro[4.5]decane-4-carboxylic acid hydrochloride (3a) had an IC50 of 120 nM, similar to that of Gabapentin (IC50 = 140 nM), at the Gabapentin binding site on the alpha2delta subunit of a calcium channel. Compound (3a) also reversed carrageenan induced hyperalgesia in rats.
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Lee K, Dixon AK, Gonzalez I, Stevens EB, McNulty S, Oles R, Richardson PJ, Pinnock RD, Singh L. Bombesin-like peptides depolarize rat hippocampal interneurones through interaction with subtype 2 bombesin receptors. J Physiol 1999; 518 ( Pt 3):791-802. [PMID: 10420015 PMCID: PMC2269471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0791p.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from visually identified hippocampal interneurones in slices of rat brain tissue in vitro. Bath application of the bombesin-like neuropeptides gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) or neuromedin B (NMB) produced a large membrane depolarization that was blocked by pre-incubation with the subtype 2 bombesin (BB2) receptor antagonist [D-Phe6, Des-Met14]bombesin-(6-14)ethyl amide. 2. The inward current elicited by NMB or GRP was unaffected by K+ channel blockade with external Ba2+ or by replacement of potassium gluconate in the electrode solution with caesium acetate. 3. Replacement of external NaCl with Tris-HCl significantly reduced the magnitude of the GRP-induced current at -60 mV. In contrast, replacement of external NaCl with LiCl had no effect on the magnitude of this current. 4. Photorelease of caged GTPgammaS inside neurones irreversibly potentiated the GRP-induced current at -60 mV. Similarly, bath application of the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U-73122 significantly reduced the size of the inward current induced by GRP. 5. Reverse transcription followed by the polymerase chain reaction using cytoplasm from single hippocampal interneurones demonstrated the expression of BB2 receptor mRNA together with glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67). 6. Although bath application of GRP or NMB had little or no effect on the resting membrane properties of CA1 pyramidal cells per se, these neuropeptides produced a dramatic increase in the number and amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in these cells in a TTX-sensitive manner.
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Abstract
Y-chromosome polymorphism using short tandem repeat (STR) markers on 94 normal males belonging to the Brahmin and Kamma caste populations of Andhra Pradesh, India, and Siddis, a migrant population from Africa, inhabiting Hyderabad, India, revealed heterogeneity as indicated by network analysis. We have observed population-specific haplotypes and alleles. Analysis of Y-Alu polymorphism (YAP) in Siddis showed the presence of Alu insertion in 40% of the individuals. However, YAP insertion was not found in Brahmins and Kammas. The dendrogram based on hypervariable region I (HVR I) of the displacement loop (D-loop) sequence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Siddis showed genetic relationships to African populations. YAP and mtDNA analysis of Siddis also confirmed their immigration from Africa.
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146
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Niranjan Y, Chandak GR, Veerraju P, Singh L. Some atypical and rare sickle cell gene haplotypes in populations of Andhra Pradesh, India. Hum Biol 1999; 71:333-40. [PMID: 10380370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the clinical, hematological, and molecular genetic characteristics of sickle cell anemia patients from 6 populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India. Of 72 sickle cell chromosomes (HBB*S) 60 belong to characteristic Arab-Indian haplotypes, 6 to variant Arab-Indian haplotypes, 1 to a Bantu haplotype, 2 to a Cameroon haplotype, and 3 to rare haplotypes. This is the first report of a Bantu haplotype in an Indian population. Some information on haplotype characteristics of normal chromosomes (HBB*A) is also presented. The average hemoglobin level was 7.3 g% and mean fetal hemoglobin (HbF) level was 12.6%. The higher HbF levels corroborate earlier observations in sickle cell homozygotes from India. Clinical investigations have revealed splenomegaly and painful crises as the most common features in these patients.
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147
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Singh L, Senn A, De Grandi P, Germond M. O-105. Follow-up of 100 children, aged 1 and 2 years, born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/14.suppl_3.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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148
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Alexandrakis M, Singh L, Boucher W, Letourneau R, Theofilopoulos P, Theoharides TC. Differential effect of flavonoids on inhibition of secretion and accumulation of secretory granules in rat basophilic leukemia cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1999; 21:379-90. [PMID: 10405873 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(99)00018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells resemble mucosal mast cells (MMC) and develop few secretory granules under normal culture conditions. RBL cells have been used for the study of secretion and for the possible involvement of MMC in food allergies and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The flavonoid quercetin is one of very few molecules that inhibit RBL cell proliferation and constitutive histamine release; it also induces synthesis of rat mast cell protease (RMCP) II and accumulation of secretory granules. Even though quercetin is available as a food supplement over the counter, some early studies had indicated it may be carcinogenic. We, therefore, compared the effect of quercetin to that of other flavonoids with similar structure. Flavone, kaempferol, myricetin and morin were investigated for their action on RBL cell secretion of beta-hexosaminidase stimulated by anti-DNP serum and DNP-BSA, as well as on secretory granule development. Quercetin, myricetin and kaempferol inhibited RBL cell secretion significantly only at 10(-4) M. Flavone inhibited secretion at 10(-4), 10(-5) and 10(-6) M; it also maximally induced secretory granule accumulation as evidenced by light and electron microscopy. In contrast, morin which differs structurally only by one extra hydroxyl group had minimal effect. These results indicate that flavone is capable of inhibiting stimulated secretion and inducing secretory granule development at reasonable concentrations.
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Abstract
This is the report of a case of fetus-in-fetu diagnosed in a 3-month-old boy and found to be located in the upper retroperitoneum. The entity was distinguished from teratoma by the presence of vertebral axis with limb buds. It corresponded to a diamniotic, monochorionic, monozygotic twin. Complete excision of the mass was performed. Radiological, histopathologic, and DNA fingerprinting studies performed on fetus-in-fetu specimen showed that the fetus was a monozygotic twin.
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150
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Field MJ, Carnell AJ, Gonzalez MI, McCleary S, Oles RJ, Smith R, Hughes J, Singh L. Enadoline, a selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist shows potent antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic actions in a rat model of surgical pain. Pain 1999; 80:383-9. [PMID: 10204752 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enadoline is a highly selective and potent kappa-opioid receptor agonist. This report describes and compares the activities of enadoline and morphine in a rat model of postoperative pain. A 1 cm incision through the muscle and skin of the plantar surface of the right hind paw induced thermal hyperalgesia as well as static and dynamic allodynia lasting at least 2 days. Postoperative testing was carried out using the plantar test for thermal hyperalgesia, von Frey hairs for static allodynia and light stroking with a cotton bud for dynamic allodynia. A single i.v. dose of enadoline 15 min before surgery dose-dependently (1-100 microg/kg) blocked the development of thermal hyperalgesia as well as static and dynamic allodynia for over 24 h with respective MEDs of < or = 1, 10 and 10 microg/kg. The administration of enadoline (100 microg/kg, i.v.), 1 h after surgery, completely blocked the maintenance of the hyperalgesic and allodynic responses, but its duration of action was much shorter (2 h) than when administered before surgery. Previous studies have shown that administration of morphine (1-6 mg/kg, s.c.) 0.5 h before surgery can prevent the development of thermal hyperalgesia with a MED of < or =1 mg/kg, but it has little effect on static allodynia. In the present study similar administration of morphine (1-3 mg/kg), unlike enadoline, had no effect on the development of dynamic allodynia. Morphine dose-dependently (1-6 mg/kg, s.c.) potentiated isoflurane-induced sleeping time and respiratory depression in the rat. However, whilst enadoline also (1-1000 microg/kg, i.v.) potentiated isoflurane-induced sleeping time, it did not cause respiratory depression. It is suggested that enadoline may possess therapeutic potential as a pre-emptive antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic agent.
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