Cysteinylation of MHC class II ligands: peptide endocytosis and reduction within APC influences T cell recognition

Peptides bind cell surface MHC class II proteins to yield complexes capable of activating CD4(+) T cells. By contrast, protein Ags require internalization and processing by APC before functional presentation. Here, T cell recognition of a short peptide in the context of class II proteins occurred only after delivery of this ligand to mature endosomal/lysosomal compartments within APC. Functional and biochemical studies revealed that a central cysteine within the peptide was cysteinylated, perturbing T cell recognition of this epitope. Internalization and processing of the modified epitope by APC, was required to restore T cell recognition. Peptide cysteinylation and reduction could occur rapidly and reversibly before MHC binding. Cysteinylation did not disrupt peptide binding to class II molecules, rather the modified peptide displayed an enhanced affinity for MHC at neutral pH. However, once the peptide was bound to class II proteins, oxidation or reduction of cysteine residues was severely limited. Cysteinylation has been shown to radically influence T cell responses to MHC class I ligands. The ability of professional APC to reductively cleave this peptide modification presumably evolved to circumvent a similar problem in MHC class II ligand recognition.

Investigation of the nonlinearity in the heart rate dynamics

This paper presents the application of a neural network to predict human heart rate. Electrocardiograms were measured from 5 healthy adult human subjects and 5 data sets were constructed calculating instantaneous heart rate from the measured signal. The nonlinear radial basis function neural network was applied to have a one step ahead prediction of the 1000 point heart rate. The results of the prediction are compared to that obtained by a linear autoregressive model. The results show that the neural network performs better than the autoregressive model in predicting heart rate for 2 data sets while for the other 3 data sets the performance of the two models is statistically similar. This indicates that the heart rate may be controlled nonlinearly by the autonomic nervous system.

Development-inhibiting activity of some tropical plants against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Thirteen tropical plants were evaluated for development-inhibiting activity against Sitophilus zeamais. The bioassays were carried out by incorporating seeds or leaves at various dose levels into an artificial diet for the test insect. It was found that seeds of Basella alba and leaves of Operculina turpethum and Calotropis gigantea were potent in delaying development and in reducing adult emergence, and hence the capacity for population increase. At 0.5% concentration, adult emergence in tests with B. alba, O. turpethum and C. gigantea was reduced by 62, 95 and 70%, respectively. In B. alba and C. gigantea, the development periods were 2.2 and 1.8 times those in the control and the capacities for increase/day were only 0.0324 and 0.0328 compared with 0.1004 in the control. B. alba, O. turpethum and C. gigantea were active at concentrations as low as 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1%. The potential of these materials in insect pest management is discussed.

Vairimorpha imperfecta n.sp., a microsporidian exhibiting an abortive octosporous sporogony in Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)

The microsporidian genus Nosema is characterized by development in direct control with host cell cytoplasm, diplokaryotic nuclei throughout development and disporous sporogony. The genus Vairimorpha exhibits the same features plus an octoporous sporogony producing uninucleate spores in a sporophorous vesicle. A microsporidium from diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, falls between Nosema and Vairimorpha in that it initiates but fails to complete the octosporous sequence in this host. The name Vairimorpha imperfecta n.sp. is proposed. Merogony is mainly by formation of buds from multinucleate meronts, the buds remaining attached in chains. Diplokaryotic spores measure 4.3 x 2.0 microns (fresh) and have 15.5 coils of the polar tube in 1 rank. The octosporous sporogony is aborted owing to irregular formation of nuclear spindles, incomplete cytoplasmic fission and bizarre deposition of electron-dense episporontal secretions. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences of the small subunit rRNA genes of V. imperfecta and of several Nosema and Vairimorpha spp. place V. imperfecta in a clade with Nosema spp. from Lepidoptera rather than in the clade containing the more typical species of Vairimorpha. It is suggested that the ancestors of the Vairimorpha/Nosema complex of species exhibited both disporous and octosporous sporogonies, as does the type species of Vairimorpha, Vairimorpha necatrix. It would follow that true Nosema spp. have lost the ability to express an octosporous sequence and that V. imperfecta is in the process of losing it. It is proposed that the genera Nosema and Vairimorpha be placed in the same family Nosematidae Labbé 1899, rather than in separate families and orders as at present.

Field studies on the sensitivity and specificity of an immunochromatographic test for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in tribal areas of Orissa

A rapid immunodiagnostic test developed by an Australian Biotechnology company for the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum in the peripheral blood has been evaluated in the field for its sensitivity, specificity and efficacy in comparison to microscopic examination. The results showed that the tests sensitivity, specificity and efficacy were 98.2, 96.9 and 97.5 per cent respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of the test were 96.4 and 98.4 per cent respectively. The test when compared to the conventional microscopy did not show any statistically significant difference suggesting that the two diagnostic methods are equally good. The test performed did not show cross-reactions with other parasite species. It is a simple and rapid field diagnostic method, which does not require any expensive laboratory equipment or skilled personnel.

Autoreactive CD4- CD8- alpha beta T cells to vaccinate adjuvant arthritis

Studies suggested that experimental autoimmune diseases can effectively be prevented and treated by application of normal autoreactive T cells or autoreactive T cells in an attenuated form. In this study, several autoreactive CD4- CD8- T-cell clones (A2, A6, and A13 cells) were isolated for the first time from the draining lymph nodes of Lewis rats with adjuvant arthritis (AA). Surprisingly, intraperitoneal inoculation with A13 cells, but not A2 or A6 cells protected rats from AA both clinically and histologically. It was demonstrated that A13 cells were CD4- CD8- alpha beta T cells, and showed proliferative responses to irradiated syngeneic spleen cells (antigen-presenting cells; APC). Interestingly, A13 cells proliferated against concanavalin A (Con A) and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), but did not show any proliferation to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt), or its 65 000 MW heat-shock protein (HSP). Rats protected from AA by inoculation with A13 cells showed a specific anti-idiotypic delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction compared with other autoreactive T cells (A2 or A6 cells). These findings demonstrate that AA can be suppressed by autoreactive CD4- CD8- alpha beta T cells, and these cells may be used as therapeutic agents in experimental autoimmunity.

Clonal anergy is a potent mechanism of oral tolerance in the suppression of acute antigen-induced arthritis in rats by oral administration of the inducing antigen

The effects of oral administration of ovalbumin (OVA) on acute OVA-induced arthritis (OIA) in rats, which is mediated by Arthus reaction to the antigen in the joint space, were investigated. The oral administration of OVA before immunization with OVA significantly suppressed the development of acute OIA in a dose-dependent manner, in accordance with decreases in both the in vivo anti-OVA IgG antibody production and in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses to OVA. These results were shown in both the single high-dose (200 mg x 1) or the multiple low-dose (200 microg x 5) feeding protocols. In vitro study showed that rat IL-2 could reverse the reduced OVA-specific lymphocyte proliferative responses. The spleen cells obtained from OVA-feeding, unprimed rats neither adoptively transferred the suppression to naive recipient rats nor suppressed the in vitro lymphocyte proliferation. These results demonstrate that the acute OIA can be suppressed by the induction of oral tolerance (OT) to OVA, and strongly suggest that the OT was due to clonal anergy of antigen-reactive T lymphocytes, not the active suppression by OVA-specific regulatory cells.

Suppression of adjuvant arthritis in rats by induction of oral tolerance to mycobacterial 65-kDa heat shock protein

Oral administration of mycobacterial 65-kDa heat shock protein (HSP) given daily for 5 days prior to immunization with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt) suppressed the development of adjuvant arthritis (AA) in rats. AA was significantly suppressed by 30 and 300 micrograms HSP, and variably by 0.3, 3 micrograms or 1 mg. Histological analysis of joint samples obtained from control and test rats confirmed the suppression of AA in the fed group. Feeding Mt or hen egg lysozyme (HEL) failed to affect AA, indicating that the suppression was HSP specific. The oral administration of 30 micrograms HSP decreased both delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions and proliferative responses to HSP and Mt. In addition, the proliferation of lymph node cells (LNC) from Mt-sensitized rats was inhibited by the addition of spleen cells (SPC) from HSP-fed animals, possibly by the secretion of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. Spleen cells obtained from tolerized donors were capable of transferring the tolerance to naive recipients. These results demonstrate that feeding HSP is an effective way to suppress AA and that the suppression of AA may be mediated by regulatory T cells generated following oral administration of mycobacterial 65-kDa HSP.

Acetabular labral tears: evaluation with MR arthrography

PURPOSE

To determine the usefulness of magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography in the diagnosis of acetabular labral tears.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MR arthrography of the hip was performed in 10 patients who underwent subsequent surgical evaluation. Eight arthrograms were obtained with intraarticular administration of gadolinium solution and two with intraarticular administration of normal saline. T1-weighted spin-echo (intraarticular gadolinium) or T2-weighted gradient-echo (intraarticular normal saline) images were obtained in the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes with use of a surface coil. Criteria for labral tears included labral blunting, absence, displacement, intrasubstance contrast material, and contrast material at the acetabular-labral junction. Labra with enlargement, intrasubstance intermediate signal intensity, or irregular margins were interpreted as degenerative.

RESULTS

Labral tears were diagnosed in eight hips. Tears included six labra with contrast material that tracked at the acetabular-labral junction, one of which had associated intrasubstance extension. One tear was confined to the labral substance. The other tear exhibited absent labral tissue and an irregular remnant. One degenerative labrum and one normal labrum were identified. All MR arthrographic findings were confirmed at surgery. Extension of one anterosuperior tear into the posterosuperior labrum was not prospectively appreciated.

CONCLUSION

In this preliminary study, MR arthrography appears to be a promising imaging modality for accurate diagnosis of acetabular labral tears.

Effect of growth condition on in-vitro susceptibility of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 killing by murine peritoneal macrophages

The intracellular fate of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 strains grown in casamino acid-yeast extract (CYE) broth and nutrient broth (NB) was studied in casein-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages. Virulent strains 14731 and W30864 cultured in NB and opsonised with normal mouse serum were susceptible to killing by peritoneal macrophages (66 SEM 1.7% killing by 2 h). In contrast, both strains grown in CYE broth and opsonised with normal mouse serum showed resistance to killing by peritoneal macrophages (76 SEM 1.4% survival by 2 h). Electronmicroscopy demonstrated that the bacteria escaped from the phagosome compartment by lysing the phagocytic vacuole and remained within the cytoplasm. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated peritoneal macrophages to kill the opsonised strains 14731 and W30864 grown in CYE broth (85.4 SEM 1.6% killing by 2 h). Recombinant murine gamma interferon (rIFN-gamma) also stimulated macrophages to kill CYE-grown bacteria (52.1 SEM 1.3% killing by 2 h). However, an avirulent rough mutant strain W30864-22 grown in either NB or CYE broth showed marked susceptibility to killing by peritoneal macrophages, which was similar to that of NB-grown strain 14731 or W30864. The results of the present study suggest that in-vitro growth conditions may modulate the susceptibility of S. dysenteriae type 1 to killing by phagocytes.

Effect of culture conditions on the susceptibility of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli to human serum and polymorphonuclear leucocytes

Recent work has indicated that the pathogenicity of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAggEC) is strictly regulated by environmental conditions. The growth conditions, susceptibility to the bactericidal activity of serum, and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) using strains of EAggEC grown in two different culture conditions were examined. Strains of EAggEC grown in casamino acids-yeast extract (CYE) broth at 37 degrees C for 20 h showed resistance to killing by human serum (86.8 +/- 6.9% survival by 2 h) and PMN (67 +/- 5.1% survival by 2 h). In contrast, these strains grown in nutrient broth (NB) showed sensitivity to serum (98.9 +/- 0.5% killing by 2 h) and PMN (98.9 +/- 0.5% killing by 2 h). EAggEC strains cultured in NB became resistant to killing by serum when mixed with extracellular material extracted from the bacteria grown in CYE broth. These results indicate that the growth condition may modulate the sensitivity of EAggEC, and the promotion of extracellular material formation in CYE broth is responsible for the resistance to killing by serum and PMN.

Developmental patterns of O2 consumption, heart rate and O2 pulse in unturned eggs

The effects of failure to turn eggs on the developmental patterns of oxygen consumption (MO2), heart rate (fH) and O2 pulse during the second half of incubation of individual chicken eggs were examined. The MO2 of unturned eggs increased at a significantly lower rate than the control toward the end of prenatal incubation, and the plateau MO2 between day 17 and 19 was significantly lower than the control. Lack of turning also resulted in significant changes in the developmental patterns of fH and O2 pulse. It is suggested that the effects of lack of egg-turning on the developmental patterns of MO2 may be attributable to lower embryonic growth rate in addition to impairment of gas exchange through the chorioallantoic gas exchanger.

Effects of pre-incubation egg storage on embryonic functions and growth

The effect of pre-incubation storage on physiological functions of chick embryos during the last half of incubation and the relationship to embryonic growth were studied. In the first experiment, eggs were stored for 20 or 30 days, respectively, and the developmental patterns of oxygen consumption (MO2), heart rate (fH) and O2 pulse of individual embryos were examined. The MO2 of stored eggs increased at significantly lower rate than the control between day 12 and 17 of incubation, and the stored eggs had a significantly lower plateau MO2 between day 17 and 19. The decrease in MO2 of some stored eggs was correlated with late incubation mortality. Pre-incubation storage also resulted in significant changes in the developmental patterns of fH and O2 pulse. In the second experiment, the eggs were stored for 10 and 20 days, respectively, to also examine the effect of short-term storage on the development of MO2 in relation to embryo growth. Pre-incubation storage for 10 days had no significant effect, but 20 days storage shifted developmental patterns of MO2, wet mass, dry mass and embryo water fraction to the right of the control. Furthermore, MO2 was significantly lower than expected on the basis of embryo mass after day 17 of incubation. Prolonged pre-incubation storage caused not only a rightward shift in MO2 pattern due to retarded growth, but also severe depression of MO2 during the last stages of prenatal development.

Surface components of shigellae involved in adhesion and haemagglutination

Strains of Shigella species were studied for their ability to adhere and agglutinate mammalian erythrocytes. Shigella dysenteriae and Sh. flexneri exhibited haemagglutinating (HA) properties when cultured in Casamino Acids-Yeast Extract (CYE) broth in the presence of 1 mmol 1-1 calcium chloride, but other shigellae did not show this property under the same culture conditions. Repeated subcultivation of Sh. boydii, Sh. sonnei and HA negative strains of Sh. dysenteriae and Sh. flexneri in CYE broth medium induced adhesive and haemagglutinating properties that were inhibited by sodium periodate. HA activities of Shigella spp. were also inhibited by N-acetylneuraminic acid, alpha 1-glycoprotein and fetuin, but not by protease. Electron microscopy of Sh. dysenteriae 1, Sh. flexneri 2a, Sh. boydii 12 and Sh. sonnei 1 grown in CYE broth showed the presence of an extracellular slime layer that promoted agglutination of erythrocytes. The slime layer extracted from the cell surface of Shigella spp. showed HA properties, whereas lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained from the same strains, except Sh. dysenteriae 1, did not agglutinate erythrocytes. This evidence suggests that the cell surface haemagglutinin is a loosely bound slime layer which is expressed in CYE broth medium.

Comparisons between invasive and noninvasive determinations of embryonic heart rate in chickens

The embryonic heart rate (HR) of chicken eggs was determined by ballistocardiography, electrocardiography, impedance-cardiography and acoustocardiography. The effects of these different methods on the HR were examined for young (12-day-old) and late (16- and 18-day-old) embryos. Ballistocardiography is a non-invasive method. Nevertheless, the mean HRs determined using this method at 5-hr intervals were significantly different in many embryos. This difference was caused by the natural variability of embryonic HR. The statistical analyses indicated that any of these four methods did not influence the HR measurement and can be used as a simple means for determination of the embryonic HR.

Contact hemolysin production by strains of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolated from children with diarrhea

Forty-five strains of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli were tested for hemolytic activity with different culture media and erythrocytes from different species. Thirty-seven strains showed proteinase K-sensitive contact hemolysin activity with sheep erythrocytes when cultured in Casamino Acids-yeast extract broth supplemented with 1 mM calcium chloride and when cultured in nutrient broth media. The production of contact hemolysin was dependent on temperature, pH, and culture conditions.

Role of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 slime polysaccharide in resistance to serum killing and phagocytosis

Shigella dysenteriae type 1 produce a slime polysaccharide when cultivated in vivo in adult rabbit ileal loops or in vitro in casamino acid yeast extract broth medium which promotes hemagglutination of these bacteria. Seven strains of S. dysenteriae 1 grown in vitro and in vivo and possessing slime polysaccharides resisted killing by normal human serum as compared to bacteria grown under conditions which do not stimulate the production of capsular polysaccharide and did not resist serum killing (mean survival 72% for in vitro growth and 73% for in vivo growth conditions favoring capsule production vs < 2% for growth conditions which do not favor capsule production; P < 0.001 for both comparisons). Similar differences were observed when killing was assessed by phagocytosis (62-78% vs < 2%; P < 0.001). We conclude that capsular polysaccharide may be an additional virulence factor of S. dysenteriae 1.

Influence of reserpine and guanethidine on the responses of the isolated rat ileum to catecholamines

The sensitivity of the isolated ileum of the rat to catecholamines has been investigated using normal, reserpinized and guanethidine treated animals. Both reserpine and guanethidine treatment produces supersensitivity to adrenaline, noradrenaline and to a greater extent to isoprenaline.

Mechanical suture methods in thoracic and abdominal surgery

Mechanical suturing procedures on the bowel, lung, bronchi and pulmonary vessels have been used on 264 occasions in 180 thoracic and abdominal operations. The instruments proved simple to use and produced reliable good quality closures, for the most part without manual reinforcement. There were 2 technical failures, one ending fatally, after colo-colostomy. Two minor postoperative suture leaks were encountered in 122 operations on the alimentary tract, but no leakage or other problem has arisen in 58 pulmonary cases. The staple-suturing methods described are safe and straightforward, and it is believed that they represent a significant advance in the techniques of thoracic and abdominal surgery, which can usefully be applied in many situations.

Preponderance of beta adrenergic receptors in the gastric fundus of the rat

There are two kinds of adrenergic receptors in rat fundus (stomach), the alpha receptors are stimulated with adrenaline and noradrenaline and can be blocked effectively with azapetine and the beta receptors are stimulated with isoprenaline and adrenaline and can be blocked effectively with propranolol. Adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline all produce inhibition of acetylcholine induced contractions in both untreated and reserpinized tissues that can be antagonized with azapetine and propranolol on its specific receptors but propranolol has a greater capacity to decrease the sensitivity of both untreated and reserpinized tissues to isoprenaline and adrenaline than azapetine can in case of noradrenaline and adrenaline.

Effects of reserpine on the responses of the isolated rat fundus strip to catecholamines and specific adrenoceptor antagonists

The effects of reserpine on the sensitivity to catecholamines and adrenoceptor antagonists propranolol and azapetine were studied on the fundus strips of the rat. The results obtained in this study would support the view that reserpine may increase the sensitivity of beta receptor to isoprenaline and adrenaline by the mechanism which may be independent of the uptake of catecholamines in the sympathetic nervous system.

Assessment of Psychiatric Disorders in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder commonly associated with psychosomatic illness Eighty six patients of IBS who met the clinical Rome-II criteria were enrolled in this prospective study. Necessary laboratory investigations were done to exclude organic diseases. All patients were subjected to psychiatric assessment by clinical psychiatrist using DSM-IV criteria. 96.5% of the studied patients actually had different psychiatric illness. Among them generalized anxiety disorder (24.4%), depressive illness (27.8%), somatoform disorder (12.7%) and hypochondriasis (10.4%) were the predominant abnormalities. New onset of IBS patients exhibited higher prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (42.8%) in comparison to longer duration of illness. Depressive illness (44.4%) was substantially higher in constipation-predominant IBS than other forms.   doi: 10.3329/taj.v18i1.3296 TAJ 2005; 18(1): 10-13

Effect of different host plants on growth and development of epilachna beetle

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of four different host plants viz., teasel gourd, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, and yard long bean on the growth and development of Epilachna dodecastigma Wied under laboratory condition. The number of eggs laid by female beetle was significantly highest feeding on teasel gourd leaves and lowest on yardlong bean leaves. Egg hatching was faster on yardlong bean and delayed on bitter gourd. The host plant, such as sponge gourd produced the large sized larvae, while large pupa and adult were developed by feeding teasel leaves. The smallest larvae, pupae, and adults were found on the consumption of yardlong bean leaves. Highest larval duration was found on sponge gourd followed by bitter gourd and yardlong bean. Both larval and adult food consumption was highest on teasel gourd and lowest on yardlong bean. Considering the biological characteristics and leaf consumption, the plant teasel gourd appeared to be the best host plant for E. dodecastigma. Key Words: Host plant, growth and development, Epilachna dodecastigma, leaf consumption. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3965 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 403-410, September 2009

Comparative efficacy of powdered form of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) leaves and glimepiride in induced diabetic rats

Now a day, various medicinal plants are becoming popular for the treatment of different diseases. Some medicinal plants are being used for the treatment of diabetes all over the world. The study was conducted to investigate the effects of powdered form of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) leaves on blood glucose concentration and body weight in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and for its efficacy study with a patent drug, Glimepiride. The effects of powdered form of Stevia leaves was evaluated in the Streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg body weight as single intraperitoneal injection) induced diabetic rats and for this, powdered form of Stevia leaves was orally administered at three different dose rates of 150 mg/kg, 200 mg/Kg and 250 mg/Kg body weight, respectively once a day for 3 weeks. Changes in the blood glucose levels and body weights were measured and the data obtained were compared with that of Glimepiride statistically by using Student's unpaired t-test. The powdered form of Stevia leaves produced significant (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) hypoglycemic effects on Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats in comparison with that of the standard drug, Glimepiride. Powdered form of Stevia leaves at a dose rate of 250 mg/Kg decreased body weight significantly (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) in STZ-induced diabetic rats. From this study, it was observed that powdered form of Stevia leaves possessed both hypoglycemic and body weight reducing effects. Key words: Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, glimepiride, streptozotocin, diabetic rat doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2338 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 211-215

Serum triglyceride level in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with or without Frozen shoulder

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are very common among the diabetic patients and frozen shoulder is one of the disabling conditions. The present study was conducted to compare the serum triglyceride level among the patients of type 2 diabetic presented with and without frozen shoulder.Methodology: This case control study was conducted from January 2008 to December 2009, in the department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka with an aim to compare the serum triglyceride level among diabetic patients presented with, and without frozen shoulder. Thirty types 2 diabetic patients with frozen shoulder were selected as cases and similar number well matched type 2 diabetic patients without frozen shoulder were selected as control.Results: We prospectively studied 30 diabetes mellitus (type 2) patients with the diagnosis of frozen shoulder. The blood sugar both fasting and 2 hours after breakfast, HbA1c and serum triglyceride levels were measured in all patients and compared with those in 30 diabetic patients without frozen shoulder. The blood sugar, fasting and 2 hours after breakfast, HbA1C and serum triglyceride levels were significantly elevated in the frozen-shoulder group (fasting blood sugar p = 0.012; blood sugar 2 hours after breakfast p<0.01; HbA1C p<0.05; and triglyceride p < 0.001).Conclusion: Diabetic type 2 patients presented with frozen shoulder had higher serum triglyceride level compare to the diabetic type 2 patients without frozen shoulder. DOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v36i2.6990Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2010; 36: 64-67