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Asturias JA, Ibarrola I, Arilla MC, Vidal C, Ferrer A, Gamboa PM, Viñuela JE, Sanz ML, Andreu C, Martínez A. Engineering of major house dust mite allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2 for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1088-98. [PMID: 19400901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specifically designed recombinant allergens with reduced IgE reactivity are promising candidates for a more defined, effective, and safer specific immunotherapy (SIT). OBJECTIVE We sought to obtain hypoallergenic hybrid molecules which could potentially be applied to house dust mite (HDM) allergy treatment. METHODS Two hybrid molecules (QM1 and QM2) derived from the two major Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergens, Der p 1 and Der p 2, were engineered by PCR, produced in Escherichia coli, and purified. The overall IgE-binding capacity of the hybrids was compared with their single components by Western blot, specific IgE, skin prick test (SPT), and IgE-inhibition assays. T cell proliferation assay were performed to confirm their retention of T cell reactivity. Immune responses to the hybrid molecules were studied in BALB/c mice. RESULTS The IgE reactivity of both hybrid proteins was strongly reduced as evaluated by in vitro methods. Furthermore, in vivo SPTs performed on 106 HDM-allergic patients showed that the hybrid proteins had a significantly lower potency to induce cutaneous reactions than the individual components. Hybrid molecules induced higher T cell proliferation responses than those produced by an equimolecular mixture of Der p 1 and Der p 2. Immunization of mice with the hybrid proteins induced Der p 1- and Der p 2-specific IgG, which inhibited the binding of allergic patients' IgE to these natural allergens. CONCLUSION QM1 and QM2 hybrids exhibited less IgE-binding activity but preserved immunogenicity and fulfilled the basic requirements for hypoallergenic molecules suitable for a future SIT of HDM allergy.
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Blanca M, Romano A, Torres MJ, Férnandez J, Mayorga C, Rodriguez J, Demoly P, Bousquet PJ, Merk HF, Sanz ML, Ott H, Atanasković-Marković M. Update on the evaluation of hypersensitivity reactions to betalactams. Allergy 2009; 64:183-93. [PMID: 19133923 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hypersensitivity reactions to betalactams (BLs) are classified as immediate or nonimmediate. The former usually appear within 1 h of drug-intake and are mediated by specific IgE-antibodies. Nonimmediate reactions are those occurring more than 1 h after drug-intake, and they can be T-cell mediated. The diagnostic evaluation of allergic reactions to BLs has changed over the last 5 years, for several reasons. Major and minor determinants are no longer commercially available for skin testing in many countries. In immediate allergic reactions, the sensitivity of skin testing and immunoassays is decreasing and new in vitro methods, such as the basophil activation test, are gaining importance for diagnosis. For nonimmediate reactions, skin testing appears to be less sensitive than previous results, although more studies need to be carried out in this direction. Nevertheless, the drug provocation test is still necessary for diagnosis.
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Puente-Maestu L, Villar F, de Miguel J, Stringer WW, Sanz P, Sanz ML, Garcia de Pedro J, Martinez-Abad Y. Clinical relevance of constant power exercise duration changes in COPD. Eur Respir J 2009; 34:340-5. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00078308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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54
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Blanca M, Romano A, Torres MJ, Férnandez J, Mayorga C, Rodriguez J, Demoly P, Bousquet PJ, Merk HF, Sanz ML, Ott H, Atanasković-Marković M. Update on the evaluation of hypersensitivity reactions to betalactams. Allergy 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bousquet PJ, Demoly P, Romano A, Aberer W, Bircher A, Blanca M, Brockow K, Pichler W, Torres MJ, Terreehorst I, Arnoux B, Atanaskovic-Markovic M, Barbaud A, Bijl A, Bonadonna P, Burney PG, Caimmi S, Canonica GW, Cernadas J, Dahlen B, Daures JP, Fernandez J, Gomes E, Gueant JL, Kowalski ML, Kvedariene V, Mertes PM, Martins P, Nizankowska-Mogilnicka E, Papadopoulos N, Ponvert C, Pirmohamed M, Ring J, Salapatas M, Sanz ML, Szczeklik A, Van Ganse E, De Weck AL, Zuberbier T, Merk HF, Sachs B, Sidoroff A. Pharmacovigilance of drug allergy and hypersensitivity using the ENDA-DAHD database and the GALEN platform. The Galenda project. Allergy 2009; 64:194-203. [PMID: 19178398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nonallergic hypersensitivity and allergic reactions are part of the many different types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Databases exist for the collection of ADRs. Spontaneous reporting makes up the core data-generating system of pharmacovigilance, but there is a large under-estimation of allergy/hypersensitivity drug reactions. A specific database is therefore required for drug allergy and hypersensitivity using standard operating procedures (SOPs), as the diagnosis of drug allergy/hypersensitivity is difficult and current pharmacovigilance algorithms are insufficient. Although difficult, the diagnosis of drug allergy/hypersensitivity has been standardized by the European Network for Drug Allergy (ENDA) under the aegis of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology and SOPs have been published. Based on ENDA and Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA(2)LEN, EU Framework Programme 6) SOPs, a Drug Allergy and Hypersensitivity Database (DAHD((R))) has been established under FileMaker((R)) Pro 9. It is already available online in many different languages and can be accessed using a personal login. GA(2)LEN is a European network of 27 partners (16 countries) and 59 collaborating centres (26 countries), which can coordinate and implement the DAHD across Europe. The GA(2)LEN-ENDA-DAHD platform interacting with a pharmacovigilance network appears to be of great interest for the reporting of allergy/hypersensitivity ADRs in conjunction with other pharmacovigilance instruments.
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Garrido-Fernández S, Garcia BE, Sanz ML, Ariz S, Tabar A. The role of lipid transfer proteins in the almond tree and almond fruit as contact and airborne allergens. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2009; 19:61-63. [PMID: 19274932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
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57
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Ferrer M, Sanz ML, Sastre J, Bartra J, del Cuvillo A, Montoro J, Jáuregui I, Dávila I, Mullol J, Valero A. Molecular diagnosis in allergology: application of the microarray technique. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2009; 19 Suppl 1:19-24. [PMID: 19476050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant and purified allergens are currently available for determining specific IgE targeted to different allergenic components. In this way it is possible to diagnose the sensitization profile of each individual patient. The microarray technique makes it possible to determine specific IgE against multiple allergens simultaneously in one same patient, with a minimum amount of serum, and even allows the determination of IgG and IgM against the same allergens in one same serum sample. Microarray procedures are being developed not only for the determination of antibodies but also for cell activation tests. In addition, microarray technology will help explain cross-reactions, and will facilitate the evaluation of subjects in which skin tests cannot be performed. These techniques will allow a great step forward in the development of immunotherapy specifically targeted to the sensitizations found in each individual patient, yielding especially hypoallergenic forms of great immunogenic capacity, and thus improving the safety and efficacy of immunotherapy. Lastly, microarrays will improve our understanding of the physiopathology of allergic diseases.
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De Weck AL, Sanz ML, Gamboa PM, Aberer W, Blanca M, Correia S, Erdman S, Jermann JM, Kanny G, Kowalski M, Mayorga L, Medrala W, Merk A, Sturm GJ, Sainte-Laudy J, Schneider MS, Sczczeklik A, Weber JM, Wedi A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug hypersensitivity syndrome. A multicenter study. I. Clinical findings and in vitro diagnosis. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2009; 19:355-369. [PMID: 19862935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present the results obtained from the largest series of in vitro diagnostic tests ever reported in patients with clinically validated hypersensitivity to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) compared with various categories of controls tolerating ASA/NSAIDs. This multicenter study, which was performed within the framework of the European Network for Drug Allergy (ENDA) group, showed that the basophil activation test (BAT), particularly when used with the 3 NSAIDs aspirin (ASA), diclofenac (DIC), and naproxen (NAP), allows us to confirm the diagnosis of NSAID hypersensitivity syndrome. The results of the cellular allergen stimulation test (CAST) frequently correlate with those of the BAT, although not always. An unexpected finding was that basophil activation by NSAIDs is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon restricted to clinically hypersensitive patients, but that it also occurs in a dose-related manner in some NSAID-tolerant control individuals.Therefore, NSAID hypersensitivity appears as a shift in the normal pharmacological response to NSAIDs. These findings allow us to formulate a new rational hypothesis about the mechanism of NSAID hypersensitivity syndrome, a mechanism that most authors continue to describe as "unknown." METHODS We enrolled 152 patients with a history of hypersensitivity to NSAIDs and 136 control participants in 11 different centers between spring 2003 and spring 2006. Flowcytometric BAT was performed. RESULTS The most noteworthy results of our study were that 57% of 140 patients presented very clear-cut positive BAT results to multiple NSAIDs, and 16% were entirely negative. In about 27% of cases, positive results were obtained with 1 or 2 concentrations of a single NSAID. There is clearly a correlation between the results of BAT and CAST. CONCLUSIONS BAT seems particularly indicated in patients with a clinical history of NSAID intolerance, and in whom a provocation test is not advisable for ethical, clinical, or other reasons. Clear-cut positive results can be considered as confirming a history of NSAID hypersensitivity, although negative results may not exclude it.
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García BE, Gamboa PM, Asturias JA, López-Hoyos M, Sanz ML, Caballero MT, García JM, Labrador M, Lahoz C, Longo Areso N, Martínez Quesada J, Mayorga L, Monteseirín FJ. Guidelines on the clinical usefulness of determination of specific immunoglobulin E to foods. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2009; 19:423-432. [PMID: 20128415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic gold standard for food allergy is challenge with the culprit food, particularly in double-blind placebo-controlled challenge. This approach involves risks and consumes both time and resources. A more efficient system would be desirable. The detection of serum specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) against the culprit food enables us to establish sensitization, although this is not always accompanied by clinical reactivity. Age, symptoms (immediate/late reaction, local/systemic reaction), concomitant condition (eg, atopic dermatitis, pollinosis) and selection sample criteria (eg, presence of symptoms related to ingestion, positive skin prick test result) can influence the detection and concentration of IgE against foods. We analyze the clinical usefulness of sIgE determination in light of studies in which oral food challenge is used as the diagnostic method. We review clinical usefulness at diagnosis and in the decision to reintroduce the food, as well as the prognostic value of the determination of IgE to foods.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Algorithms
- Allergens/administration & dosage
- Allergens/adverse effects
- Allergens/immunology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Comorbidity
- Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis
- Dermatitis, Atopic/epidemiology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/physiopathology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Epitopes/immunology
- Feasibility Studies
- Female
- Food/adverse effects
- Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis
- Food Hypersensitivity/epidemiology
- Food Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Food Hypersensitivity/physiopathology
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/diagnosis
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/epidemiology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/physiopathology
- Selection Bias
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Serologic Tests
- Spain
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Gamboa PM, Sanz ML, Lombardero M, Barber D, Sánchez-Monje R, Goikoetxea MJ, Antépara I, Ferrer M, Salcedo G. Component-resolved in vitro diagnosis in peach-allergic patients. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2009; 19:13-20. [PMID: 19274924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in vitro diagnosis of pollen-related food allergy presents low specificity and reproducibility with many conventional extracts. This can be improved using natural purified allergens, recombinant purified allergens, or both. OBJECTIVE We compared specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E determination (slgE), the basophil activation test (BAT), the histamine release test (HRT), and the cellular allergen stimulation test (CAST) using natural and recombinant allergens in the diagnosis of peach allergy. METHODS Thirty-two peach allergic patients were studied. Skin prick tests were performed with commercial peach and extract with Mal d 1, nPru p 3, and profilin (nPho d 2). slgE, BAT, CAST, and HRT were determined using rPru p 3, rMal d 3, rBet v 1, rMal d 1, and rMal d 4. RESULTS Agreement between the techniques was good with all the allergens, except HRT with rMal d 1 and rMal d 4. With rPru p 3, slgE, CAST, BAT, and HRT showed sensitivity values of 88%, 81%, 72%, and 69% and specificity values of 100%, 93%, 97%, and 83%, respectively. In patients with systemic symptoms or contact urticaria, the values were 100%, 85%, 81%, and 81%. In patients with oral allergy syndrome, sensitivity to profilins or homologues of Bet v 1 was detected in 100% of the cases by all the techniques, except by HRT with rMal d 1, which detected 66% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS The use of single allergens in the in vitro diagnosis of peach allergy by specific IgE determination, BAT, and CAST offers high specificity and sensitivity, with better results than the HRT.
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De Week AL, Sanz ML, Gamboa PM, Aberer W, Sturm G, Bilo MB, Montroni M, Blanca M, Torres MJ, Mayorga L, Campi P, Manfredi M, Drouet M, Sainte-Laudy J, Romano A, Merk H, Weber JM, Jermann TM. Diagnosis of immediate-type beta-lactam allergy in vitro by flow-cytometric basophil activation test and sulfidoleukotriene production: a multicenter study. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2009; 19:91-109. [PMID: 19476013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This multicenter study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of 2 cellular tests based on basophil reactivity--the basophil activation test (BAT, Flow-CAST) and the sulfidoleukotriene release assay (CAST-ELISA)--in immediate-type beta-lactam allergy, particularly in patients with a clinical history of allergy and a negative skin test result. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a multicenter study encompassing 10 European centers, 181 patients with a history of immediate-type beta-lactam allergy, and 81 controls, we evaluated the diagnostic efficiency of specific IgE determinations and of 2 cellular tests based on basophil reactivity, the BAT and the sulfidoleukotriene release assay. RESULTS With Flow-CAST, sensitivity varied for individual beta-lactam allergens from 16% for penicilloyl-polylysine to 33% for amoxicillin, reaching 50% when all 5 allergens were considered. In beta-lactam-allergic patients with negative skin test results (22.8%), Flow-CAST showed positive results for at least 1 of the 5 allergens in 37%. Specificity varied from 89% to 97%, depending on the allergens used. In CAST-ELISA, the overall sensitivity in skin test-positive patients was 41.7%; in patients with negative skin test results it was 27.9%. Both tests were not absolutely correlated, so that when all the results were considered together, sensitivity increased to 64.3% and specificity varied for both tests combined from 73% to 92%. In contrast, specific IgE determinations in the same population yielded a lower sensitivity (28.3%). CONCLUSIONS A diagnostic algorithm including skin tests and specific IgE, followed by cellular tests in negative patients and controlled challenge enabled us to confirm beta-lactam allergy in 92% of cases. This procedure would also allow us to avoid two-thirds of the required controlled challenges.
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Ruiz-Matute AI, Ramos L, Martínez-Castro I, Sanz ML. Fractionation of honey carbohydrates using pressurized liquid extraction with activated charcoal. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8309-8313. [PMID: 18729462 DOI: 10.1021/jf8014552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the development of a new procedure that combines the use of activated charcoal and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) to obtain enriched fractions of di- and trisaccharides from honey. Honey was adsorbed onto activated charcoal and packed into a PLE extraction cell. Optimum results were obtained at 10 MPa and 40 degrees C using two consecutive PLE cycles: first, 1:99 (v/v) ethanol/water for 5 min and second, 50:50 (v/v) ethanol/water for 10 min. Di- and trisaccharide fractions were enriched after PLE treatment, accounting for 73% and 8% of total carbohydrates, respectively. This procedure was also compared with other methodologies reported in the literature for the fractionation of honey carbohydrates (yeast treatment and extraction from activated charcoal). While the removal of monosaccharides was more efficient with yeast treatment, recovery of di- and trisaccharides was higher when either the PLE or the activated charcoal treatment was used. PLE was found to be the faster technique; it also required less solvent volume and minimized handling of the sample.
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63
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Longo N, Gamboa PM, Gastaminza G, Audícana MT, Antepara I, Jaúregui I, Sanz ML. Diagnosis of clavulanic acid allergy using basophil activation and leukotriene release by basophils. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2008; 18:473-475. [PMID: 19123441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clavulanic acid is a potent inhibitor of B-lactamase that is increasingly prescribed in association with amoxicillin. We report 2 cases of patients who experienced pruritus, wheals, and angioedema after oral intake of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Routine skin tests for B-lactam antibiotics and specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E were negative in both patients. Analysis of CD63 expression by the basophil activation test (BAT) using flow cytometry and of sulphidoleukotriene (sLT) release by basophils using the cellular allergen stimulation test (CAST) revealed significant positive responses with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and with clavulanic acid, and negative responses with amoxicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics. In addition, cultured CD3+CD4+ cells showed a significant increase in the expression of CD69, CD25, and HLA-DR in the presence of clavulanic acid. Both patients tolerated therapeutic doses of amoxicillin. BAT and CAST are useful ex vivo procedures for the detection of specific IgE-mediated allergy to clavulanic acid, especially for patients with negative skin test results.
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64
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De Week AL, Sanz ML, Gamboa PM, Aberer W, Bienvenu J, Blanca M, Demoly P, Ebo DG, Mayorga L, Monneret G, Sainte Laudy J. Diagnostic tests based on human basophils: more potentials and perspectives than pitfalls. II. Technical issues. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2008; 18:143-155. [PMID: 18564624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular basophil activation tests (BAT) such as histamine or sulfidoleukotriene-release tests for allergy diagnosis have been available for some time, but expression of basophil-activation markers such as CD63 and CD203c detected by flow cytometry has attracted particular attention in recent years. Not only the potential but also the possible pitfalls of flow-cytometric BAT have been stressed recently. Some authors have suggested that the technical problems are still such that BAT should only be performed in specialist laboratories. In an earlier review based on our clinical experience obtained over several years, we showed that, even using different protocols, reproducible and meaningful clinical results can be obtained. In this paper, we review the current knowledge in relation to several technical issues and show that flow-cytometric BAT already represents a major advance in the field of in vitro allergy diagnosis. We conclude that there are no serious technical justifications for depriving allergic patients of clinically indicated BAT tests, which can be performed reliably by any laboratory with the appropriate experience in allergy diagnosis and flow cytometry.
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Ruiz-Matute AI, Soria AC, Martínez-Castro I, Sanz ML. A new methodology based on GC-MS to detect honey adulteration with commercial syrups. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:7264-9. [PMID: 17676863 DOI: 10.1021/jf070559j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Honey adulterations can be carried out by addition of inexpensive sugar syrups, such as high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and inverted syrup (IS). Carbohydrate composition of 20 honey samples (16 nectar and 4 honeydew honeys) and 6 syrups has been studied by GC and GC-MS in order to detect differences between both sample groups. The presence of difructose anhydrides (DFAs) in these syrups is described for the first time in this paper; their proportions were dependent on the syrup type considered. As these compounds were not detected in any of the 20 honey samples analyzed, their presence in honey is proposed as a marker of adulteration. Detection of honey adulteration with HFCS and IS requires a previous enrichment step to remove major sugars (monosaccharides) and to preconcentrate DFAs. A new methodology based on yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) treatment has been developed to allow the detection of DFAs in adulterated honeys in concentrations as low as 5% (w/w).
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66
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Garrido S, García BE, Echechipía S, Sanz ML, Ariz S, Tabar AI. Anaphylaxis following the first ingestion of lychee fruit: clinical features and immunological cross-reactivity implications. Allergy 2007; 62:962-3. [PMID: 17484730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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67
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Sanz ML, Martínez-Castro I. Recent developments in sample preparation for chromatographic analysis of carbohydrates. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:74-89. [PMID: 17257608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are a very important group of compounds due to their roles as structural materials, sources of energy, biological functions and environmental analytes; they are characterized by their structural diversity and the high number of isomers they present. While many advances have been made in carbohydrate analysis, the sample preparation remains difficult. This review aims to summarize the most important treatments which have been recently developed to be applied prior to the analysis of carbohydrates by chromatographic techniques. Due to the multiplicity of structures and matrices, many different techniques are required for clean-up, fractionation and derivatization. A number of new techniques which could be potentially adequate for carbohydrate characterization have also been revised.
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68
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Hughes SA, Shewry PR, Li L, Gibson GR, Sanz ML, Rastall RA. In vitro fermentation by human fecal microflora of wheat arabinoxylans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:4589-95. [PMID: 17488118 DOI: 10.1021/jf070293g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The fermentation of three arabinoxylan (AX) fractions from wheat by the human fecal microflora was investigated in vitro. Three AX fractions, with average molecular masses of 354, 278, and 66 kDa, were incorporated into miniature-scale batch cultures (with inulin as a positive prebiotic control) with feces from three healthy donors, aged 23-29. Microflora changes were monitored by the culture-independent technique, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and lactic acid production were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Total cell numbers increased significantly in all treated cultures, and the fermentation of AX was associated with a proliferation of the bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and eubacteria groups. Smaller but statistically significant increases in bacteroides and clostridia groups were also observed. All AX fractions had comparable bifidogenic impacts on the microflora at 5 and 12 h, but the 66 kDa AX was particularly selective for lactobacilli. Eubacteria increased significantly on all AX fractions, particularly on 66 kDa AX. As previously reported, inulin gave a selective increase in bifidobacteria. All supplemented cultures showed significant rises in total SCFA production, with a particularly high proportion of butyric acid being produced from AX fermentation. The prebiotic effect, that is, the selectivity of AX for bifidobacteria and lactobacilli groups, increased as the molecular mass of the AX decreased. This suggests that molecular mass may influence the fermentation of AX in the colon.
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Ruiz-Matute AI, Sanz ML, Martinez-Castro I. Use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for identification of a new disaccharide in honey. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1157:480-3. [PMID: 17543972 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been used to separate and identify disaccharides of edible honey. According to the characteristic fragmentation behaviour of disaccharide TMS-oximes, fructofuranosyl-(2-1)-fructose (inulobiose) has been structurally characterized. Identification was carried out on the basis of retention time on two columns of different polarity and mass spectrometric analysis. Inulobiose was found in honeys of different origins for the first time, varying within 0.93 and 6.14 mg/g of honey. Its occurrence in honeys is discussed.
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Ruiz-Matute AI, Sanz ML, Corzo N, Martín-Alvarez PJ, Ibañez E, Martínez-Castro I, Olano A. Purification of lactulose from mixtures with lactose using pressurized liquid extraction with ethanol-water at different temperatures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:3346-50. [PMID: 17394342 DOI: 10.1021/jf070018u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The viability of the purification of lactulose from a mixture with lactose [70:30 (w/w)] using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) at 1500 psi for 30 min was studied. Different temperatures (from 40 to 130 degrees C) and proportions of ethanol:water (70:30, 80:20, 90:10, 95:5, and 100:0) as the extraction solvent were assayed. Lactose and lactulose were measured by gas chromatographic analysis as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. Data were fitted through multiple linear regressions to different quadratic models to describe both the extraction yield (in terms of mg of lactulose) and the purity of the lactulose extracted. The optimum extraction conditions provided by the model were as follows: extraction temperature, 40 degrees C; and solvent composition, 70:30 ethanol:water. PLE extraction under the optimized conditions was also applied to purify lactulose from lactose in a synthesis mixture. To our knowledge, this is the first time that PLE has been tested for extraction and purification of lactulose from its mixture with lactose; this technique showed several advantages over classical methods such as the short extraction time and the low solvent consumption.
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Gamboa PM, Cáceres O, Antepara I, Sánchez-Monge R, Ahrazem O, Salcedo G, Barber D, Lombardero M, Sanz ML. Two different profiles of peach allergy in the north of Spain. Allergy 2007; 62:408-14. [PMID: 17362252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peach allergy has two different patterns: central Europe with oral allergy syndrome (OAS) related to a primary sensitization to birch pollen Bet v 1 and profilins and southern Europe with mostly systemic symptoms, in many cases due to sensitization to lipid-transfer proteins. METHODS Thirty peach-allergic patients with positive skin and food challenge tests and 29 control subjects were included. Skin prick tests (SPT) with inhalant allergens, commercial peach and apple extracts and native Pru p 3 were performed. In vitro specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E to grass pollen, birch pollen, peach, apple, rBet v 1, rBet v 2 and rPhl p 12 was determined by CAP, and rBet v 1, rMal d 1, rMal d 4, rMal d 3 and rPru p 3 using the ADVIA-Centaur platform. Basophil activation test (BAT) with commercial peach extract, commercial apple extract, nPru p 3, rMal d 3, rMal d 1 and rMal d 4 was also performed. RESULTS Pru p 3 was the major allergen in the patient group from northern Spain. Sensitization to this allergen was found in 100% of the patients with systemic symptoms or contact urticaria. Only 60% of OAS patients were sensitized to Pru p 3, being all of them sensitized to profilins and 60% of them to allergens of the Bet v 1 family. Specific IgE determination and BAT using recombinant allergens (rPru p 3) show specificity and sensitivity values close to 100%. CONCLUSIONS Most peach-allergic patients coming from the north of Spain present systemic symptoms after ingestion of peach, Pru p 3 being the main allergen. Patients with OAS present profilin-Bet v 1-related sensitization. Thus, in the north of Spain our patients show a mixed central-south Europe pattern with LTP-profilin-Bet v 1 sensitization depending on the symptoms presented. The use of natural and recombinant plant allergens, allows establishing the sensitization patterns to the different allergens studied.
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Roman BS, Espuelas S, Gómez S, Gamazo C, Sanz ML, Ferrer M, Irache JM. Intradermal immunization with ovalbumin-loaded poly-?-caprolactone microparticles conferred protection in ovalbumin-sensitized allergic mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:287-95. [PMID: 17250702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although immunotherapy has been reported as the only treatment able to revert the T-helper type 2 (Th2) response, its administration has some disadvantages such as the requirement of multiple doses, possible side-effects provoked by conventional adjuvants and the risk of suffering an anaphylactic shock. For these reasons, drug-delivery systems appear to be a promising strategy due to its ability to (i) transport the allergens, (ii) protect them from degradation, (iii) decrease the number of administrations and (iv) act as immuno-adjuvants. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to evaluate the properties of poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL) microparticles as adjuvants in immunotherapy using ovalbumin (OVA) as an allergen model. For this purpose, the protection capacity of these microparticles (OVA PCL) against OVA allergy was studied in a murine model. METHODS The humoral and cellular-induced immune response generated by OVA encapsulated into PCL microparticles was studied by immunizing BALB/c mice intradermically. Also, OVA-sensitized mice were treated with OVA PCL and OVA adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide (OVA-Alum). Fifteen days after therapy, animals were challenged with OVA and different signs of anaphylactic shock were evaluated. RESULTS One single shot by an intradermal route with OVA PCL resulted in a Th2-type immune response. In OVA-sensitized mice, treatment with OVA PCL elicited high OVA-specific IgG but low levels of IgE. Furthermore, OVA PCL mice group displayed lower levels of serum histamine and higher survival rate in comparison with the positive control group. CONCLUSION The anaphylactic shock suffered by OVA PCL-treated mice was weaker than the one induced in the OVA-Alum group. Hence, the intradermal immunization with OVA PCL microparticles induced hyposensitization in OVA-allergic mice.
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Escudero R, Gamboa PM, Antón J, Sanz ML. Food allergy due to trout roe. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2007; 17:346-347. [PMID: 17982930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
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De las Marinas D, Cojocariu Z, Escudero R, Pardo N, Sanz ML. Anaphylaxis induced by lupine as a hidden allergen. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2007; 17:283-4. [PMID: 17694709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
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de Weck AL, Gamboa PM, Esparza R, Sanz ML. Hypersensitivity to aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Curr Pharm Des 2006; 12:3347-58. [PMID: 17017929 DOI: 10.2174/138161206778193971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypersensitivity to aspirin and other non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) manifesting in the airways (rhinosinusitis, polyps, asthma) or in the skin (urticaria, angioedema) is the second most frequent untoward allergic reaction to drugs. Various aspects of this syndrome, such as its clinical features, the cell types and mediators involved, the role of underlying chronic inflammatory processes, the patterns of cross-reactivity between NSAIDs, the major role of sulfidoleukotrienes (LTC4) and of some other mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and C5a are briefly reviewed. It has been assumed for a long time that there were no reliable in vitro tests for that condition and that diagnostic confirmation can only be ascertained by provocation challenge. This appears no longer to be true, since several recent studies using a leukotriene release test (CAST) or a basophil activation test (BAT) on blood basophils, or a combination of both tests, yields positive results (70-75%) in a sizeable number of clinically validated cases, with a high specificity (above 85%). The finding in that syndrome of hyperreactive basophils suggests that the NSAID hypersensitivity syndrome is due to the associated effect of several factors: 1) Localized inflammatory processes causing a non specific cellular hyperreactivity; 2) An abnormal pharmacogenetic reaction to NSAIDs resulting in a hyperproduction of LTC4 and other mediators by activated mast cells, basophils and eosinophils.
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