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Périz M, Pérez-Cano FJ, Cambras T, Franch À, Best I, Pastor-Soplin S, Castell M, Massot-Cladera M. Attenuating Effect of Peruvian Cocoa Populations on the Acute Asthmatic Response in Brown Norway Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2301. [PMID: 32751867 PMCID: PMC7469048 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocoa contains bioactive components, which vary according to genetic and environmental factors. The present study aimed to ascertain the anti-allergic properties of native Peruvian cocoa populations ("Blanco de Piura" or BPC, "Amazonas Peru" or APC, "Criollo de Montaña" or CMC, "Chuncho" or CCC, and an ordinary cocoa or OC). To do so, after an initial in vitro approach, an in vivo study focused on the induction of an anaphylactic response associated with allergic asthma in Brown Norway rats was carried out. Based on their polyphenol content, antioxidant activity and in vitro effects, the APC and CMC were selected to be included in the in vivo study. Cocoa diets were tested in a model of allergic asthma in which anaphylactic response was assessed by changes in body temperature, motor activity and body weight. The concentration of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), mast cell protease and leukotrienes was also quantified in serum and/or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. CMC and OC populations exhibited a protective effect on the allergic asthma rat model as evidenced by means of a partial protection against anaphylactic response and, above all, in the synthesis of IgE and the release of mast cell protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Périz
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (F.J.P.-C.); (T.C.); (À.F.); (M.C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (F.J.P.-C.); (T.C.); (À.F.); (M.C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Trinitat Cambras
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (F.J.P.-C.); (T.C.); (À.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Àngels Franch
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (F.J.P.-C.); (T.C.); (À.F.); (M.C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Ivan Best
- Programa Cacao, Ingeniería Agroforestal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 15842, Peru; (I.B.); (S.P.-S.)
- Unidad de Investigación en Nutrición, Salud, Alimentos Funcionales y Nutracéuticos, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima 15024, Peru
| | - Santiago Pastor-Soplin
- Programa Cacao, Ingeniería Agroforestal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima 15842, Peru; (I.B.); (S.P.-S.)
| | - Margarida Castell
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (F.J.P.-C.); (T.C.); (À.F.); (M.C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (F.J.P.-C.); (T.C.); (À.F.); (M.C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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Murphy RC. Lipid mass spectrometry: A path traveled for 50 years. J Mass Spectrom 2020; 55:e4492. [PMID: 31896171 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the middle of the 1960s, I began graduate school and at the same time started on the path of using mass spectrometry to gain insight into various aspects of lipid biochemistry. This was not a straight path but one that went from organic geochemistry, to lunar sample analysis, to a pursuit of the structure of an elusive and very active, lipid mediator slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). The discovery of the structure of SRS-A opened important questions about phospholipid biochemistry and the arachidonate cycle in cells. I have written this reflection to highlight the various advances in mass spectrometry that occurred during this time that had a great impact on our ability to study lipid biochemistry. I specifically applied these new advances to studies of leukotriene biosynthesis in vivo, leukotriene metabolism, and arachidonate-containing phospholipids that are essential in providing arachidonic acid for the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Along the way, imaging mass spectrometry was shown to be a powerful tool to probe lipids as they exist in tissue slices. We found this as just one of the ways to use the emerging technology of lipidomics to study human pathophysiology. Our studies of neutral lipids and oxidized phospholipids were especially challenging due to the total number of molecular species that could be found in cells. Many challenges remain in using mass spectrometry for lipid studies, and a few are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12801 E. 17th Ave, Aurora, Colorado, 80045
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3
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Heemskerk MM, Giera M, el Bouazzaoui F, Lips MA, Pijl H, Willems van Dijk K, van Harmelen V. Increased PUFA Content and 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway Expression Are Associated with Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obese Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2015; 7:7676-90. [PMID: 26378572 PMCID: PMC4586557 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have more inflammation in their subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) than age-and-BMI similar obese women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). We aimed to investigate whether WAT fatty acids and/or oxylipins are associated with the enhanced inflammatory state in WAT of the T2DM women. Fatty acid profiles were measured in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (vWAT) of 19 obese women with NGT and 16 age-and-BMI similar women with T2DM. Oxylipin levels were measured in sWAT of all women. Arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) percentages were higher in sWAT, but not vWAT of the T2DM women, and AA correlated positively to the gene expression of macrophage marker CD68. We found tendencies for higher oxylipin concentrations of the 5-LOX leukotrienes in sWAT of T2DM women. Gene expression of the 5-LOX leukotriene biosynthesis pathway was significantly higher in sWAT of T2DM women. In conclusion, AA and DHA content were higher in sWAT of T2DM women and AA correlated to the increased inflammatory state in sWAT. Increased AA content was accompanied by an upregulation of the 5-LOX pathway and seems to have led to an increase in the conversion of AA into proinflammatory leukotrienes in sWAT.
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MESH Headings
- 5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Proteins/genetics
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/analysis
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/genetics
- Arachidonic Acid/analysis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Dipeptidases/genetics
- Docosahexaenoic Acids/analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Inflammation/diagnosis
- Inflammation/enzymology
- Inflammation Mediators/analysis
- Intra-Abdominal Fat/enzymology
- Leukotrienes/analysis
- Middle Aged
- Netherlands
- Obesity, Morbid/diagnosis
- Obesity, Morbid/enzymology
- Obesity, Morbid/genetics
- Obesity, Morbid/surgery
- Signal Transduction
- Subcutaneous Fat/enzymology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattijs M. Heemskerk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (M.M.H.); (F.B.); (K.W.V.D.)
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Fatiha el Bouazzaoui
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (M.M.H.); (F.B.); (K.W.V.D.)
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Lips
- Department of Medicine, division Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (M.A.L.); (H.P.)
| | - Hanno Pijl
- Department of Medicine, division Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (M.A.L.); (H.P.)
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (M.M.H.); (F.B.); (K.W.V.D.)
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, division Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (M.A.L.); (H.P.)
| | - Vanessa van Harmelen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (M.M.H.); (F.B.); (K.W.V.D.)
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +31-71-526-9471; Fax: +31-71-526-8285
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Pelclová D, Fenclová Z, Vlcková S, Lebedová J, Syslová K, Pecha O, Belácek J, Navrátil T, Kuzma M, Kacer P. Leukotrienes B4, C4, D4 and E4 in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC), blood and urine in patients with pneumoconiosis. Ind Health 2012; 50:299-306. [PMID: 22785421 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.ms1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are involved in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis and were increased in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of the patients with pneumoconiosis. However the possible influence of extra-pulmonary disorders on the EBC markers is not known. Therefore in parallel with EBC, LTs' levels in the plasma and urine were measured in patients with pneumoconiosis (45 × asbestos exposure, 37 × silica exposure) and in 27 controls. Individual LTs B4, C4, D4 and E4 were measured by liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). In EBC, LT D4 and LT E4 were increased in both groups of patients (p<0.001 and p<0.05), comparing with the controls. Both LT B4 and cysteinyl LTs were elevated in asbestos-exposed subjects (p<0.05). Asbestosis with more severe radiological signs (s1/s2-t3/u2) and lung functions impairment has shown higher cysteinyl LTs and LT C4 in the EBC (p<0.05) than mild asbestosis (s1/s0-s1/s1). In addition, in the subjects with asbestosis, cysteinyl LTs in EBC correlated with TLC (-0.313, p<0.05) and TLCO/Hb (-0.307, p<0.05), and LT C4 with TLC (-0.358, p<0.05). In pneumoconioses, EBC appears the most useful from the 3 fluids studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pelclová
- Department of Occupational Medicine of the 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.
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Matsunaga K, Yanagisawa S, Ichikawa T, Akamatsu K, Koarai A, Hirano T, Sugiura H, Minakata Y, Ichinose M. Molecular mechanism of the additive effects of leukotriene modifier in asthmatic patients receiving steroid therapy. Allergol Int 2009; 58:89-96. [PMID: 19153534 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.08-oa-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The addition of leukotriene modifier (LM) may be a useful approach for uncontrollable asthma despite treatment with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), especially in asthmatics comorbid with allergic rhinitis (AR), although little is known about its molecular mechanism. We evaluated the additive effects of LM with ICS on pulmonary function and airway inflammation in asthmatics with or without AR. METHODS Eighteen uncontrolled steroid-treated asthmatics, nine with and nine without AR, were enrolled. Spirometry, peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurements, and exhaled breath condensate sampling were performed before and 8 weeks after LM administration. The lowest PEF over the course of one week, expressed as a percentage of the highest PEF (Min%Max PEF), was used as an index of fluctuation of the airway caliber. Airway cytokine expression was analyzed with a protein array. RESULTS A significant improvement in forced expiratory volume in one second as a percentage of the predicted value (%FEV(1)) and Min%Max PEF was seen in the subgroup of asthma with AR. Although there was no significant difference in the baseline cytokine values between the groups, the exhaled RANTES level was significantly reduced by LM in the asthma with AR group. The changes in the RANTES level were significantly related to the changes in the %FEV(1) and Min%Max PEF values. CONCLUSIONS LM caused a greater improvement in pulmonary function and airway inflammation in asthmatics with AR. The RANTES-mediated pathway may be involved in the improvement of the airflow limitation and airway lability by LM additive therapy in asthmatics receiving steroid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Matsunaga
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
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6
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Klusackova P, Lebedova J, Kacer P, Kuzma M, Brabec M, Pelclova D, Fenclova Z, Navratil T. Leukotrienes and 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate in bronchoprovocation tests with occupational allergens. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008; 78:281-92. [PMID: 18513935 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) contains many substances, which could help in diagnosis of occupational asthma. The aim of the study is to monitor leukotrienes (LT) and 8-isoprostane from EBC in bronchoprovocation tests with allergens in 47 patients with suspected occupational asthma. Forty-one patients were tested negative. In negative bronchoprovocation tests, no significant differences (P<0.05) were seen between the five measurements during and after the test. In control measurements (without provocation), significant differences were found among four measurements done within 24h for 8-isoprostane (P=0.0138). The relationship between the log transformed ratios of the EBC parameters and FEV(1) was never significant at the 5% level in control measurements, while in negative tests, statistical significance was recorded for LTB(4) (P=0.0299) before and 5h after the test. Six of 47 patients were tested positive. Such a small number of patients did not allow proper statistical analysis and therefore, the results are described separately for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Klusackova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Na Bojisti 1, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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7
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Tsuburai T, Mita H, Tsurikisawa N, Oshikata C, Ono E, Fukutomi Y, Tanimoto H, Sekiya K, Otomo M, Maeda Y, Taniguchi M, Ikehara K, Akiyama K. [Relationship between cysteinyl leukotriene in exhaled breath condensate and the severity of asthma in adult asthmatics in Japan]. Arerugi 2008; 57:121-129. [PMID: 18349586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The measurement of several mediators in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) can be useful as the biomarker for asthma. But there are a few reports about EBC of asthmatics in Japan. AIM We examined the safety of the collection of EBC and the utility of cysteinyl leukotriene (cysLTs) in EBC as the biomarker of asthma. METHODS Fifty-three asthmatics and eleven subjects without asthma were recruited. After the measuring of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and spirometory, EBC were collected. The levels of cysLTs in EBC were measurement by ELISA within 2 months. RESULTS The collection of EBC did not induce any other symptoms in all subjects. In 48 subjects, the collection significantly increased their FEV1 and MMF level (DeltaFEV1: 2.27+/-0.77%, DeltaMMF 14.6+/-3.92% (mean+/-SEM). The level of cysLTs in EBC on asthmatics treated with high-dose ICS was significantly high compared with control group (p=0.0034), steroid-naïve asthmatics or asthmatics treated with low-dose ICS (steroid naive vs. high dose ICS, p=0.041, low dose ICS vs. high dose ICS, p=0.021). The relationship between cysLTs in EBC and the levels of LTE4 in urine was significantly correlated (n=34, r=0.32, p=0.0435). The relationship between cysLTs in EBC and the levels of eNO was significantly correlated only in steroid-naïve asthmatics (r=-0.57, p=0.0369). There was no relationship between cysLTs in EBC and FEV1, or log PC20Ach. CONCLUSION The collection of EBC was perfectly non-invasive. The level of cysLTs can be useful as a biomarker of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tsuburai
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital.
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8
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Longo N, Gamboa PM, Gastaminza G, Audícana MT, Antepara I, Jaúregui I, Sanz ML. Diagnosis of clavulanic acid allergy using basophil activation and leukotriene release by basophils. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2008; 18:473-475. [PMID: 19123441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clavulanic acid is a potent inhibitor of B-lactamase that is increasingly prescribed in association with amoxicillin. We report 2 cases of patients who experienced pruritus, wheals, and angioedema after oral intake of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Routine skin tests for B-lactam antibiotics and specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E were negative in both patients. Analysis of CD63 expression by the basophil activation test (BAT) using flow cytometry and of sulphidoleukotriene (sLT) release by basophils using the cellular allergen stimulation test (CAST) revealed significant positive responses with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and with clavulanic acid, and negative responses with amoxicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics. In addition, cultured CD3+CD4+ cells showed a significant increase in the expression of CD69, CD25, and HLA-DR in the presence of clavulanic acid. Both patients tolerated therapeutic doses of amoxicillin. BAT and CAST are useful ex vivo procedures for the detection of specific IgE-mediated allergy to clavulanic acid, especially for patients with negative skin test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Longo
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Santiago Apóstol, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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9
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Ballmer-Weber BK, Weber JM, Vieths S, Wüthrich B. Predictive value of the sulfidoleukotriene release assay in oral allergy syndrome to celery, hazelnut, and carrot. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2008; 18:93-99. [PMID: 18447137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients sensitized to birch pollen frequently suffer from a food allergy to plant foods such as celery, carrots, or hazelnut. One of the main manifestations of birch pollen-related food allergy is the oral allergy syndrome. Skin tests and allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E determinations are poor predictors of such reactions when assessed by double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC). OBJECTIVE To investigate whether a cellular test based on leukotriene release from basophils, the cellular antigen stimulation test in combination with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CAST-ELISA), is predictive of pollen-related food allergy. METHODS Birch pollen-sensitized patients with positive DBPCFC to celery (n=21), hazelnut (n=15), and carrot (n=7) underwent skin tests along with determination of specific IgE and CAST-ELISA for the respective allergens. The results were compared with those of 24 birch pollen-sensitized patients with negative open food challenge to celery, hazelnut, and carrot. RESULTS While skin prick tests had a sensitivity of 85%, 80%, and 29% for commercial extracts of celery, hazelnut, and carrot, respectively, prick testing with self-prepared extracts yielded sensitivities of 100%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. For specific IgE determinations, sensitivities were 71%, 73%, and 57%, respectively, and the respective specificities were 67%, 73%, and 60%. For CAST-ELISA with various sources and doses of allergens, the sensitivity varied from 71% to 95% for celery, 73% to 80% for hazelnut, and 43% to 86% for carrot. The respective specificities were 67% to 92%, 75% to 88%, and 77% to 91%. Analysis of the predictive value of CAST-ELISA with receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the results of the tests were more predictive of pollen-related food allergy than quantitative allergen-specific IgE determinations. CONCLUSIONS CAST-ELISA is more specific than routine diagnostic tests for the diagnosis of pollen-related food allergy to celery, hazelnut, and carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Ballmer-Weber
- Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Pelclová D, Fenclová Z, Kacer P, Navrátil T, Kuzma M, Lebedová JK, Klusácková P. 8-isoprostane and leukotrienes in exhaled breath condensate in Czech subjects with silicosis. Ind Health 2007; 45:766-774. [PMID: 18212471 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.45.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Silicosis has progressive, but unpredictable development. There are no markers routinely available to measure the activity and prognosis of silicosis. 8-isoprostane, a marker of oxidative stress and leukotrienes B4, C4, D4, and E4 were measured in exhaled breath condensate in patients with silicosis. Sixty subjects were examined, with mean age 66.7+/-2.0 yr and mean exposure to silica 23.6+/-2.5 yr. The control group had 25 subjects, with mean age 64.7+/-4.8 yr. Exhaled breath was collected using the EcoScreen (Jaeger, Germany); 8-isoprostane and leukotrienes were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Several lung functions parameters were impaired in silicotics in comparisons with the controls; ESR, alpha1-antitrypsin and proteinuria were higher in the silicotics. Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies were more frequent in the silicotics (39%) than in the controls (4%), (p=0.0017). The mean level of 8-isoprostane in the patients with silicosis was 73.6+/-9.9 vs. 43+/-10 pg/ml (p=0.0001) in the controls. Silica exposure category (high, medium, none) was positively associated with the level of 8-isoprostane. In the patients with complicated silicosis, a high level of 8-isoprostane was found more frequently (p=0.0194). Leukotriene D4 was also increased in the silicotics (21.1+/-2.7 pg/ml) vs. the controls (14.7+/-2.7 pg/ml), (p=0.001). No significant effect of smoking or alcohol consumption on the markers examined was seen. This is the first study using exhaled breath condensate analysis in patients with silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pelclová
- Department of Occupational Medicine of the First Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Tufvesson E, Aronsson D, Bjermer L. Cysteinyl-leukotriene levels in sputum differentiate asthma from rhinitis patients with or without bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:1067-73. [PMID: 17581201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that asthma differs from rhinitis with or without bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the perception and degree of lower airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate whether sputum levels of inflammatory markers could further distinguish these patient groups. METHODS Patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis with or without asthma or bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine were investigated. Induced sputum was performed during as well as off season, and analysed for cysteinyl-leukotrienes, hyaluronan, eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and other inflammatory markers. RESULTS Asthmatic patients differentiated from those with rhinitis with or without bronchial hyperresponsiveness in levels of cysteinyl-leukotrienes [geometric mean: 3.3 (lower 95%-upper 95% confidence interval (CI) of geometric mean: 1.9-5.1) vs. 1.4 (0.9-2.2) and 0.7 (0.3-1.6) pg/microg total protein] and hyaluronan [0.30 (0.22-0.43) vs. 0.15 (0.10-0.20) and 0.20 (0.12-0.35) ng/microg total protein] in sputum. The levels of cysteinyl-leukotrienes decreased in sputum from the asthmatic patients, while the levels of hyaluronan remained elevated off-season. Furthermore, elevated levels of ECP were noticed among both the asthmatic and rhinitis patients with hyperresponsiveness compared with controls [0.022 (0.014-0.033) and 0.015 (0.011-0.021) compared with 0.010 (0.007-0.014) ng/microg total protein]. The level of ECP remained elevated off season. CONCLUSION Cysteinyl-leukotrienes are possibly more related to mast cell-mediated inflammation and remodelling, also indicated by increased levels of hyaluronan during and off season. This inflammation may be partly different from the eosinophil-driven inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tufvesson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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12
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Bäck M, Airila-Månsson S, Jogestrand T, Söder B, Söder PO. Increased leukotriene concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid from subjects with periodontal disease and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2007; 193:389-94. [PMID: 16930607 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that periodontal disease is associated with the development of early atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid artery. Since inflammation is a key feature in both atherosclerosis and periodontal disease, a common mediator of the two diseases could be anticipated. Leukotrienes are lipid-derived inflammatory mediators recently implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and previously shown to be produced in periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to detect leukotrienes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from subjects with atherosclerosis. Carotid ultrasonography and oral clinical examination were performed in 19 periodontitis patients and 16 healthy subjects. Atherosclerotic plaques were detected on ultrasound examination in 13 subjects with periodontis, and in 5 of the healthy subjects. Elevated concentrations of leukotriene B(4) and cysteinyl-leukotrienes were detected in GCF from subjects with a high dental plaque index (PLI>0.3), supporting an increased leukotriene formation in periodontitis. In addition, subjects with atherosclerotic plaques had significantly elevated concentrations of cysteinyl-leukotrienes in their GCF as compared with subjects without a visible plaque. Finally, the increased cysteinyl-leukotriene concentrations in GCF from atherosclerotic subjects were observed also when sub groups of periodontis patients and healthy subjects were compared separately. In summary, increased GCF concentrations of cysteinyl-leukotrienes were correlated to measures of both periodontitis and atherosclerosis. These results suggest that increased leukotriene formation may represent a possible link between periodontitis and atherosclerosis and a risk factor marker for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bäck
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, L8:03, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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13
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Treschow AP, Hodges LD, Wright PFA, Wynne PM, Kalafatis N, Macrides TA. Novel anti-inflammatory ω-3 PUFAs from the New Zealand green-lipped mussel, Perna canaliculus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 147:645-56. [PMID: 17543561 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study has identified in the marine mollusc, Perna canaliculus, an homologous series of novel omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA) with significant anti-inflammatory (AI) activity. The free fatty acid (FFA) class was isolated from a supercritical-CO2 lipid extract of the tartaric acid-stabilised freeze-dried mussel powder by normal phase chromatography, followed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The RP-HPLC involved separation based on carbon numbers, followed by argentation-HPLC (Ag-HPLC) of the methyl esters based on degree of unsaturation. Identification of the FFA components was performed using gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionisation detection, and individual structures were assigned by GC-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Inhibition of leukotriene production by stimulated human neutrophils was used as an in vitro screening method to test the AI activity of the purified PUFAs. A structurally related family of omega-3 PUFAs was identified in the most bioactive fractions, which included C18:4, C19:4, C20:4, and C21:5 PUFA. The C20:4 was the predominant PUFA in the extract, and was a structural isomer of arachidonic acid (AA). The novel compounds may be biologically significant as AI agents, as a result of their in vitro inhibition of lipoxygenase products of the AA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Treschow
- Natural Products Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
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14
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Debley JS, Hallstrand TS, Monge T, Ohanian A, Redding GJ, Zimmerman J. Methods to improve measurement of cysteinyl leukotrienes in exhaled breath condensate from subjects with asthma and healthy controls. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:1216-7. [PMID: 17655919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis is a very common infection in infants and, after the acute phase, a number of patients develop a reactive airway disease that lasts for years. Although the pathogenesis of the lung damage after RSV bronchiolitis is still largely unknown, previous studies suggest that leukotrienes may play an active part in it. The aim of this study was to measure leukotriene levels in the nasal lavage fluid (NLF) collected in infants during RSV bronchiolitis and 1 month later. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys-LTs) and leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) were measured in the NLF of 22 infants with their first episode of RSV bronchiolitis and 16 healthy infants. A second NLF sample was collected to measure leukotriene levels 1 month after the acute disease. NLF Cys-LT levels were significantly higher in infants with RSV bronchiolitis than in healthy controls [950 pg/ml (285.5-2155.9) vs. 110.5 pg/ml (66.5-451.3), p = 0.01], and they remained so a month after the acute infection (p = 0.02). A subanalysis showed no difference in Cys-LTs concentrations, either between bronchiolitis infants with and without a family history of atopy, or between those with and without passive exposure to cigarette smoke. No significant difference was found between the LTB(4) levels measured in the bronchiolitis cases and the control children. Cys-LTs are significantly increased in the NLF of infants with acute RSV bronchiolitis, and remain so at 1-month follow-up, suggesting a possible role of these eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liviana Da Dalt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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16
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Velten FW, Bayerl C, Baenkler HW, Schaefer D. Functional eicosanoid test and typing (FET) in acetylsalicylic acid intolerant patients with urticaria. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 57 Suppl 12:35-46. [PMID: 17244953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the common side effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is the induction of pseudoallergic reactions that range from urticarial wheals to anaphylactic shock. At present there is no reliable detection method available for the diagnosis of ASA-hypersensitivity and its relation to clinical symptoms. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the functional eicosanoid typing (FET) score taking into account several parameters of the equilibrium between prostaglandins (PG) and peptido-leukotriens (pLT). A total eicosanoid pattern score (TEP) ranging from 0.0 to 3.0, was defined that exhibited significant differences (p <or= 0.001) between ASA-intolerant patients and healthy subjects. In addition to the differentiation of both groups at a TEP cut-off value of 1.0, the increasing TEP values correlated with an increasing severity of clinical symptoms in ASA-intolerant patients. We conclude that the FET has the potential for the safe and reliable detection of ASA-intolerance and, probably, other eicosanoid-related pseudoallergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W Velten
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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17
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Baenkler HW. Functional-eicosanoid-test (FET) and disease. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 57 Suppl 12:65-72. [PMID: 17244955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are involved in most cellular activities. Measurement of their levels in tissue or blood renders information about the function of activated cells. An extended analysis will improve the conclusions regarding eicosanoid-related diseases. Peripheral white blood cells (WBC) were used for the test. Stimulating or inhibiting substances to influence the generation and the metabolism of eicosanoids were separately added to the samples. Prostaglandins (PG) and leukotrienes (LT) were measured after incubation in culture medium for 20 minutes at room temperature. Healthy controls rendered normal data. Patients with intolerance to acetylsalicylic acid (ASS) showed an elevated output of PG and LT upon stimulation. Addition of ASS shifted from PG to LT. An altered pattern of eicosanoids also was found in patients suffering from gastroduodenal ulcer and in intestinal malignancy. The sensitivity regarding the ASS-intolerance is >80% and the specificity in the same group >70%. We concluded that the FET is a suitable test for the demonstration and verification of intolerance to ASS. It also detects an imbalance of the eicosanoids in intestinal malignancy. This makes the FET a helpful tool for diagnosis and for the elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-W Baenkler
- University Hospital, Department of Medicine 3 (Immunology), Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Schäfer D. Testing and typing of eicosanoid-patterns. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 57 Suppl 12:47-64. [PMID: 17244954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are pleiotrope mediators with essential function in most biological processes. The network of inter- and intracellular signalling requires coordinated cellular information processing. The cross-talk is characterised by complex non-linear responses to combinations of different stimuli and cells, but little is known about the density of these interactions. Here I have analysed eicosanoid interactions carried out by functional eicosanoid testing and typing (FET) in leucocytes from healthy subjects and patients suffering from inflammatory diseases. The known eicosanoid pattern scoring was extended to metabolically linked prostaglandin E(2) and peptido-leukotrienes pathways, both alone and in all pair wise combinations, for basal, maximal synthesis capacity, acetylsalicylic acid, and neuropeptide modification. Eicosanoids fluctuated over twenty minutes context-dependent dynamically, demanding further data integration. The integration suggested that many stimuli converge for quantitative discrimination applying a total eicosanoid pattern score (TEP). Varying cellular activities affect FET and thereby TEP. The non-additive metabolic interactions were consistent with known mechanisms of metabolic pathway cross-talk. FET-based modelling of eicosanoid circuits most suitably reflects the fundamental impact of eicosanoids in maintaining cellular integrity of organ and body function. This might improve our present understanding of complex cellular eicosanoid interactions of inflammatory diseases and might be applied for diagnostic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schäfer
- Medical Clinic III, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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19
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Castro SM, Guerrero-Plata A, Suarez-Real G, Adegboyega PA, Colasurdo GN, Khan AM, Garofalo RP, Casola A. Antioxidant treatment ameliorates respiratory syncytial virus-induced disease and lung inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:1361-9. [PMID: 17008643 PMCID: PMC2648297 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200603-319oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children. No treatment has been shown to significantly improve the clinical outcome of patients with this infection. Recent evidence suggests that oxidative stress could play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic lung inflammatory diseases. We do not known whether RSV induces pulmonary oxidative stress and whether antioxidant treatment can modulate RSV-induced lung disease. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of antioxidant administration on RSV-induced lung inflammation, clinical disease, and airway hyperreactivity (AHR). METHODS BALB/c mice were infected with 10(7) plaque-forming units of RSV, in the presence or absence of orally administered butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), an antioxidant. Malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal were measured in bronchoalveoar lavage (BAL) by colorimetric assay. Cytokines and chemokines were measured in BAL by Bio-Plex and leukotrienes were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AHR to methacholine challenge was measured by whole-body plethysmography. RESULTS BHA treatment significantly attenuated RSV-induced lung oxidative stress, as indicated by the decrease of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal content in BAL of RSV-infected mice. RSV-induced clinical illness and body weight loss were also reduced by BHA treatment, which inhibited neutrophil recruitment to the lung and significantly reduced pulmonary cytokine and chemokine production after RSV infection. Similarly, antioxidant treatment attenuated RSV-induced AHR. CONCLUSION Modulation of oxidative stress represents a potential novel pharmacologic approach to ameliorate RSV-induced acute lung inflammation and potentially prevent long-term consequences associated with RSV infection, such as bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Monique Castro
- Department of Pediatrics, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0366, USA
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Intranasal administration of aspirin-lysine has been used in Europe for the diagnosis of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. It has a low adverse effect profile and is believed to be safer for asthmatic patients, particularly those with a low baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 second, in whom oral aspirin challenge would be contraindicated. Ketorolac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug useful for severe pain, is available in the United States in parenteral form. OBJECTIVE To determine whether ketorolac nasal challenge has acceptable specificity and sensitivity for diagnosing aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. METHODS Twenty-nine patients with suspected aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease were challenged with nasal ketorolac before oral challenge and desensitization with aspirin. Symptoms, objective changes in nasal examination findings, and peak nasal inspiratory flow values were recorded. Nasal lavage fluid for cysteinyl leukotriene analysis was collected. Ketorolac doses of 2.1, 5.2, or 7.8 mg were administered and compared with the results of oral aspirin challenge. RESULTS Eighteen patients had a positive challenge reaction to oral aspirin. Ketorolac nasal inhalation had a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 64%. Patients in the reactor group had significantly higher levels of cysteinyl leukotrienes after ketorolac challenge than in the nonreactor group. Mild bronchospasm occurred in 3 patients, and 2 of these occurred at higher starting doses of ketorolac. CONCLUSIONS Nasal ketorolac administration is a reasonably accurate and safe method for diagnosing aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew White
- Department of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California, USA.
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a noninvasive method to obtain samples from fluids lining the respiratory surfaces. Even though various methods and devices are now available, the relative efficiency of these methods for recovering airway mediators and characterizing EBC has not been established. AIM To compare the volume, pH, lipid mediator, and protein concentrations in EBCs collected by two commonly used commercially available devices, RTube and ECoScreen. METHODS Exhaled breath condensates were obtained consecutively using the RTube and ECoScreen methods from 30 healthy, nonallergic adults. Samples were immediately placed on dry ice after collection. pH was measured after argon deaeration. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) were measured as a representative lipid mediator and eotaxin as the protein mediator by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The mean volume of samples obtained with ECoScreen (1880 +/- 116 microl) was significantly higher than that obtained with RTube (1405 +/- 82 microl) (P < 0.001). Concentrations of both cys-LTs [205.4 pg/ml (65.5-472.3) with ECoScreen vs 21.6 (11.87-152.2) with RTube, P < 0.001] and eotaxin [17.0 pg/ml (11.4-22.4) with ECoScreen vs 11.7 (10.5-13.5) with RTube, P = 0.01] were significantly higher in samples collected with ECoScreen than with RTube. There was no significant difference between the pH measurements. CONCLUSION Compared with RTube, collection of exhaled breath by ECoScreen allows larger volumes to be collected and detects protein and lipid mediators with greater sensitivity. These differences in mediator recovery may be due to the differences in the collection temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- O U Soyer
- Pediatric Allergy and Asthma Unit, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Hacettepe, Ankara, Turkey
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22
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Zhao Y, van Hasselt CA, Woo JK, Chen GG, Wong YO, Wang LH, Leung PC. Effect of a Chinese herbal formula, Shi-Bi-Lin, on an experimental model of allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006; 96:844-50. [PMID: 16802773 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61348-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jia Wei Cang Er Zi San, a traditional Chinese herbal formula, has been used to treat allergic rhinitis (AR) for several centuries. However, its effect on experimental animal models and its therapeutic mechanism remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of Shu-Bi-Lin, a modified Jia Wei Cang Er Zi San, on an animal model of AR. METHODS Shu-Bi-Lin was administered to the guinea pig model of AR. Meanwhile, an antihistamine-treated group for the treatment control, an ovalbumin-sensitized and untreated group for the positive control, and a sham-sensitized, sham-challenged group for the sham control were studied in parallel. Symptomatic and some pathophysiologic variables were evaluated. RESULTS Sneezing and nasal scratching after challenges were significantly ameliorated in the Shu-Bi-Lin-treated group compared with the ovalbumin-sensitized and untreated group, but rhinorrhea volume was not reduced. Shu-Bi-Lin significantly suppressed the production of IgG1 in the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test. The thromboxane B2 level in nasal lavage fluid was significantly deceased in the Shu-Bi-Lin-treated group; however, the reduction in histamine and peptide leukotriene levels did not reach statistical significance. In addition, eosinophil infiltration and endothelial nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the nasal tissues were reduced in the Shu-Bi-Lin-treated group. CONCLUSIONS Shu-Bi-Lin could alleviate the nasal symptoms of AR, and its mechanism might be related to its inhibitory effect on type I anaphylaxis reactions and eosinophil infiltration in the nasal tissues, as well as the inhibition of some mediators related to AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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23
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Hua Z, Fei H, Mingming X. Evaluation and interference of serum and skin lesion levels of leukotrienes in patients with eczema. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2006; 75:51-5. [PMID: 16757158 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the levels of leukotrienes (LTs), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in patients with eczema and observe the effects inversed by mizolastine. Serum LTB4, LTC4, IL-2, IL-4, IFN-gamma and urinary LTE4 levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and LTB4, LTC4, LTE4 concentrations of cutis tissue were measured by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) in 10 eczema patients and 10 healthy volunteers. Eczema patients received mizolastine 10 mg once a day for 5 days, respectively, for comparison between before and after treatment. The above markers were assayed again after treatment. Serum LTB4, LTC4, IL-2, IFN-gamma and urinary LTE4 and skin tissue LTB4, LTC4, LTE4 levels in patients are higher than those in healthy volunteers significantly (P < 0.05). But serum IL-4 level did not show significant difference between patients and normal controls (P > 0.05). Mizolastine significantly reduced serum LTB4 and IFN-gamma levels as well as skin lesion LTB4, LTC4, LTE4 concentrations. LTs are involved in the pathogenesis of eczema. Mizolastine clearly reduces LTs levels in skin lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Hua
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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24
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Gupta SK, Peters-Golden M, Fitzgerald JF, Croffie JM, Pfefferkorn MD, Molleston JP, Corkins MR, Lim JR. Cysteinyl leukotriene levels in esophageal mucosal biopsies of children with eosinophilic inflammation: are they all the same? Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:1125-8. [PMID: 16573772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Allergic eosinophilic esophagitis (AEE) is characterized by intense eosinophilic inflammation of the esophageal mucosa. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLT) are eosinophil chemoattractants. We studied CysLT levels in esophageal mucosa of children with AEE and controls. METHODS CysLT levels (pg CysLT/microg protein) were quantified by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) on endoscopically obtained esophageal mucosal biopsies. RESULTS Twelve children with AEE (eight boys, mean age 6.6 yr, range 1.0-14.5 yr) and 10 controls (six boys, mean age 9.56 yr, range 1.08-15.08 yr) were enrolled. None were on anti-LT or corticosteroid therapy. All controls had histologically normal mucosal biopsies of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Patients with AEE had intense eosinophilic inflammation of the esophageal mucosa (mean 39 eosinophils/hpf, range 15-70 eosinophils/hpf) and a normal 24-h pH probe study. CysLT levels were similar between the two groups: mean levels were 12.44 (median 10.87, range 2.54-28.29) in AEE patients and 9.52 (median 9.26, range 1.71-21.64) in controls. CysLT levels did not correlate with the degree of esophageal eosinophilic inflammation. Incidentally, five patients with eosinophilic gastroduodenitis, in addition to esophagitis, were enrolled; their CysLT levels were statistically higher than those of controls. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to examine CysLT levels in esophageal mucosal biopsies of children with AEE and normal children. CysLT levels in AEE patients are similar to those in controls, and independent of the severity of inflammation. While this would argue against the use of CysLT antagonists in the treatment of AEE, further studies into the expression of the CysLT receptor itself are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Gupta
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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25
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Lex C, Zacharasiewicz A, Payne DNR, Wilson NM, Nicholson AG, Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ, Bush A. Exhaled breath condensate cysteinyl leukotrienes and airway remodeling in childhood asthma: a pilot study. Respir Res 2006; 7:63. [PMID: 16603074 PMCID: PMC1456970 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) play an important role in airway remodeling. Previous reports have indicated that cysLTs augment human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation. Recently, cysLTs have been measured in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cysLTs in EBC and another marker of airway remodeling, reticular basement membrane (RBM) thickening, in endobronchial biopsies in children. Methods 29 children, aged 4–15 years, with moderate to severe persistent asthma, who underwent bronchoscopy as part of their clinical assessment, were included. Subjects underwent spirometry and EBC collection for cysLTs analysis, followed by bronchoscopy and endobronchial biopsy within 24 hours. Results EBC cysLTs were significantly lower in asthmatic children who were treated with montelukast than in those who were not (median (interquartile range) 36.62 (22.60–101.05) versus 249.1 (74.21–526.36) pg/ml, p = 0.004). There was a significant relationship between EBC cysLTs and RBM thickness in the subgroup of children who were not treated with montelukast (n = 13, r = 0.75, p = 0.003). Conclusion EBC cysLTs appear to be associated with RBM thickening in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Lex
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine at the Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Pulmonology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Angela Zacharasiewicz
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine at the Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelminenspital Vienna, Austria
| | - Donald NR Payne
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine at the Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicola M Wilson
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine at the Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
| | - Andrew G Nicholson
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine at the Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
| | - Sergei A Kharitonov
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine at the Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine at the Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
| | - Andrew Bush
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine at the Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, London, UK
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Bezerra-Santos CR, Vieira-de-Abreu A, Barbosa-Filho JM, Bandeira-Melo C, Piuvezam MR, Bozza PT. Anti-allergic properties of Cissampelos sympodialis and its isolated alkaloid warifteine. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:1152-60. [PMID: 16714219 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of new agents capable of regulating eosinophilic inflammation can uncover novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of allergic diseases, such as asthma. Here, we evaluated the anti-allergic properties of an extract of the Brazilian Menispermaceae Cissampelos sympodialis, focusing on its effects on allergic eosinophilia. By studying two models of allergic inflammation, an asthma model and the allergic pleurisy in actively sensitized Balb/c mice, we observed that the oral pre-treatment with C. sympodialis reduced pleural eosinophil influx triggered by allergen challenge in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanism involved in C. sympodialis inhibitory effect appeared to be independent of a direct effect on eosinophil locomotory machinery, but depend on a blockage of eotaxin production, a key eosinophil chemoattractant with important roles in allergic reactions. C. sympodialis was also able to affect eosinophil activation, as attested by its ability of inhibiting formation of new cytoplasmic lipid bodies and the secretion of cysteinyl leukotrienes. The alkaloid warifteine isolated from the C. sympodialis extract represents an active component responsible for the anti-eosinophilic effects of the extract, since warifteine was able to reproduce C. sympodialis inhibitory effects on allergic eosinophilia and cysteinyl leukotrienes production. Of interest, C. sympodialis and warifteine post-treatments also effectively inhibited eosinophilic reaction observed after allergic challenge. Therefore, C. sympodialis/warifteine may be a promising anti-allergic therapy, inasmuch as it presents potent anti-eosinophil and anti-leukotrienes activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio R Bezerra-Santos
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-970, Paraíba, Brazil
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Grandel U, Benkelmann R, Buerke M, Kiss L, Hattar K, Mayer K, Heep M, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Sibelius U. Free arachidonic versus eicosapentaenoic acid differentially influences the potency of bacterial exotoxins to provoke myocardial depression in isolated rat hearts. Crit Care Med 2006; 34:118-26. [PMID: 16374165 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000190626.71045.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Staphylococcal alpha-toxin and Escherichia coli hemolysin (ECH) evoke cardiac dysfunction in isolated rat hearts by provoking myocardial synthesis of arachidonic acid-derived thromboxane A2 or the cysteinyl-leukotrienes, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, respectively. We investigated whether low doses of either toxin, which fail to induce cardiac depression by themselves, induce cardiac dysfunction when combined with free arachidonic acid. DESIGN Prospective, experimental study. SETTING Research laboratory at a university hospital. SUBJECTS Isolated hearts from male Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS Hearts were perfused with low doses of ECH or alpha-toxin in the absence or presence of arachidonic acid or the alternative eicosanoid precursor eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Application of low-dose ECH with arachidonic acid increased coronary perfusion pressure, depressed left ventricular contractile function, provoked electrical instability, and induced a release of creatine kinase concomitant with the liberation of LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 into the perfusate. All events were abolished when formation of cysteinyl-leukotrienes was blocked by the 5-lipoxygenase activity inhibitor MK-886, targeting 5-lipoxygenase activating protein. In the presence of arachidonic acid, low doses of alpha-toxin caused an increase in cerebral perfusion pressure and a decline of contractile performance, attributable to the release of thromboxane A2, as both events were mitigated by the cyclooxygenase-inhibitor indomethacin. High doses of ECH caused cardiac dysfunction even in the absence of arachidonic acid. However, in the presence of EPA, the cardiodepressant effect of ECH was blunted. Release of EPA-derived LTE5 at the expense of arachidonic acid-derived LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 was noted in these hearts. CONCLUSIONS The potency of the bacterial exotoxins ECH and alpha-toxin to cause coronary vasoconstriction and myocardial depression is dependent on the availability of free arachidonic acid and may be influenced by supplying omega-3 fatty acids as alternative lipid precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Grandel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH appears to be a robust measure of asthma. However, the association between EBC pH and clinical factors and airway inflammatory markers remains unclear. The objectives of this study were to investigate the factors determining EBC pH in asthmatic children, and the reproducibility and effects of collection devices on EBC pH in nine healthy, nonsmoking adults. EBC was collected once from asthmatic children using EcoScreen, and from adults over 3 consecutive days using both RTubes and EcoScreen. EBC pH was measured immediately in non-deaerated samples by microelectrode pH meter. Concentrations of 8-isoprostane, cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LT), and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were measured using enzyme immunoassay. Exhaled nitric oxide concentration (FeNO) was measured by chemiluminescence. Fifty-eight asthmatics (16 intermittent, 12 mild persistent, and 30 moderate-to-severe persistent) were recruited. EBC pH was lower among patients with moderate-to-severe persistent than intermittent asthma (P = 0.046). This marker correlated inversely with disease severity score (rho = -0.276, P = 0.036), but not FeNO or other EBC biomarkers. Bland-Altman analyses found pH but not other EBC biomarkers to be reproducible, which were confirmed by its low coefficient of variation (2.7%; range, 0.4-5.2%). There was poor correlation between pH in EBC collected by RTube and EcoScreen (rho = 0.059, P = 0.784). Factor analysis selected four factors that explained 67.5% of the total variance, and EBC pH clustered with both cys-LT and LTB4. In conclusion, our results suggest that pH in non-deaerated EBC is influenced by asthma severity in children. EBC pH measurement is reproducible, but is dependent on the collection devices used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting F Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteinyl-leukotrienes are lipid derived mediators involved in asthma. They are able to stimulate eosinophil chemotaxis in vitro. Induced sputum from asthmatics has been shown to contain eosinophil chemotactic activity. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the contribution of cysteinyl-leukotrienes to sputum eosinophil chemotactic activity in asthmatics and to seek whether there might be differences between asthmatics free of inhaled corticosteroids vs those regularly receiving this treatment. METHODS Twenty-two patients (11 corticosteroid free, mean FEV1 99% predicted, 11 corticosteroid-treated, mean FEV1 77% predicted) recruited from our asthma clinic underwent a sputum induction. Sputum was processed according to standard procedure. Eosinophil chemotactic activity contained in the fluid phase was assessed using Boyden microchamber model and expressed as chemotaxis index (CI). Cysteinyl-leukotrienes were measured in sputum supernatant by ELISA and their role in sputum eosionophil chemotactic activity was evaluated by using montelukast, a selective antagonist of a cys-LT1 receptor. RESULTS Cysteinyl-leukotrienes were well detectable in sputum supernatants from both steroid-naive (247 +/- 42 pg/ml) and steroid-treated (228 +/- 26 pg/ml) asthmatics. Sputum eosinophil chemotactic activity was indiscriminately present in both corticosteroid-naive (CI: 2.61 +/- 0.22) and corticosteroid-treated (2.98 +/- 0.35) asthmatics. Montelukast (100 microM) significantly inhibited the eosinophil chemotactic activity in both groups achieving a mean inhibition of 54.2 +/- 9.2% (P < 0.001) and 64.7 +/- 7.8% (P < 0.001) in steroid-naive and steroid-treated asthmatics respectively. CONCLUSION Cysteinyl-leukotrienes actively participate in sputum eosinophil chemotactic activity found in asthmatics irrespective of whether they are or not under treatment with inhaled corticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hemelaers
- Department of Pneumology, CHU Sart-Tilman, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Machado ER, Ueta MT, Lourenço EV, Anibal FF, Sorgi CA, Soares EG, Roque-Barreira MC, Medeiros AI, Faccioli LH. Leukotrienes play a role in the control of parasite burden in murine strongyloidiasis. J Immunol 2005; 175:3892-9. [PMID: 16148135 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.6.3892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is clear that leukotrienes mediate inflammatory response; new aspects of leukotriene function have recently been described. In this study, we demonstrate that leukotrienes are key chemical mediators in the control of parasite burdens in mice infected with Strongyloides venezuelensis. High leukotriene levels were detected in the lungs and small intestines of Swiss mice. In infected Swiss mice treated with MK886, a leukotriene synthesis inhibitor, numbers of adult worms, and eggs/g/feces were greater than in infected-only animals. The MK886 treatment inhibited leukotriene B(4) production in the lungs and small intestines, albeit on different postinfection days. Similarly, parasite burdens and eggs/g/feces were greater in 5-lipoxygenase(-/-) mice than in wild-type animals. These observation were confirmed by histopathological study of the duodena. We subsequently observed significant lower numbers of eosinophils and mononuclear cells in the blood, peritoneal cavity fluid, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of Swiss mice treated with MK886. In the lung parenchyma of infected animals, MK886 significantly inhibited synthesis of IL-5 at the beginning of infection, whereas levels of IL-12 increased progressively throughout the postinfection period. However, levels of leukotriene C(4), PGE(2), TNF-alpha, IL-3, IL-4, IFN-gamma, and IL-10 were comparable between the treated and untreated groups. Nevertheless, IgE and IgG1 (but not IgG2a) synthesis was also significantly inhibited by MK886 administration. Therefore, in S. venezuelensis-infected mice, adult worm and egg burdens are leukotriene dependent. These findings indicate potential immunostimulatory strategies involving leukotriene administration, and may serve as an alert to physicians treating Strongyloides stercoralis-infected patients presenting asthma-like symptoms because use of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors may worsen the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleuza R Machado
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Biernacki WA, Kharitonov SA, Biernacka HM, Barnes PJ. Effect of montelukast on exhaled leukotrienes and quality of life in asthmatic patients. Chest 2005; 128:1958-63. [PMID: 16236841 DOI: 10.1378/chest.128.4.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES In some patients with asthma treated with inhaled corticosteroids, suppression of inflammation is incomplete. This may be because the effect of corticosteroids on cysteinyl-leukotriene (cys-LT) biosynthesis is limited. Montelukast is a cys-LT antagonist that significantly improves asthma control in corticosteroid-treated asthmatic patients. However, not all patients treated with cys-LT antagonists show a clinical improvement. DESIGN We have studied the effect of treatment for 4 weeks with montelukast (10 mg/d) on exhaled cys-LTs and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), exhaled nitric oxide, asthma quality of life (AQL), and respiratory function in patients with stable asthma. SETTING Asthma clinics in general practice. PATIENTS We studied 50 patients (30 men; mean +/- SEM age, 53 +/- 2 years) who were treated with inhaled corticosteroids. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS We detected cys-LTs in exhaled breath condensate in 25 of 50 patients; however, in the normal nonasthmatic subjects, cys-LTs were below the limit of detection. After treatment with montelukast, there was a fall in cys-LT concentrations from 14.6 +/- 3.3 to 8.5 +/- 2.6 pg/mL after 2 weeks (p > 0.05) and to 3.9 +/- 1.3 pg/mL after 4 weeks (p < 0.01). Exhaled LTB4 levels were also elevated. After treatment with montelukast, LTB4 levels fell from 33.0 +/- 3.9 to 20.4 +/- 2.5 pg/mL after 2 weeks of treatment (p < 0.05), and to 17.0 +/- 2.2 pg/mL after 4 weeks of treatment (p < 0.01). These changes in exhaled cys-LT and LTB4 were associated with significant improvements in AQL scores. CONCLUSIONS It appears that in some patients with stable asthma treated with inhaled corticosteroids, the suppression of inflammation is incomplete. Adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist can provide a complementary effect of controlling inflammation, with a significant improvement in quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech A Biernacki
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK
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Fullmer JJ, Khan AM, Elidemir O, Chiappetta C, Stark JM, Colasurdo GN. Role of cysteinyl leukotrienes in airway inflammation and responsiveness following RSV infection in BALB/c mice. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2005; 16:593-601. [PMID: 16238585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2005.00248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) contribute to the development of airway obstruction and inflammation in asthma; however little information is available on the role of these molecules in the pathophysiology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of RSV infection on CysLTs production in a well-established mouse infection model. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of anti-inflammatory agents (a leukotriene receptor antagonist, MK-571, and dexamethasone) on the functional and immune changes induced by RSV infection. Six to 8-wk-old BALB/c mice were infected with human RSV (strain A2). Measurements of airway function were performed using whole body plethysmography. Lung inflammation was assessed by cell counts, measurement of cytokines and CysLTs in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the absence and presence of treatment with MK-571 or dexamethasone. RSV infection produced a marked increase in CysLTs in the BALF and lung tissue, recruitment of neutrophils and lymphocytes into the airways, increased IFN-gamma levels and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Treatment with MK-571 decreased RSV-induced AHR without affecting the cellular and inflammatory responses to RSV. Dexamethasone decreased AHR and markedly reduced the recruitment of inflammatory cells and production of IFN-gamma. Our findings suggest CysLTs play an important role in the pathogenesis of RSV-induced airway dysfunction. Treatment with MK-571 decreases RSV-induced AHR but does not appear to alter the lung inflammatory responses to RSV. In contrast, dexamethasone decreases RSV-induced AHR but interferes with recruitment of inflammatory cells, resulting in decreased Th1 cytokines (a potentially Th2-prone environment) in this model. These studies support recent reports on the beneficial effects of CysLT receptor antagonist in human trials and provide a model for investigating the role of CysLTs in RSV bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Fullmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Kita Y, Takahashi T, Uozumi N, Shimizu T. A multiplex quantitation method for eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor using column-switching reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2005; 342:134-43. [PMID: 15958190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids and platelet-activating factor (PAF) are phospholipid-derived lipid mediators produced by various tissues and cells through a cascade pathway. For a comprehensive analysis of these lipid mediators, a simultaneous quantitation method with sensitivity and reliability is necessary. This article details a development of column-switching reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for multiplex quantitation of eicosanoids and PAF. The adsorptive nature of lipids caused significant loss of signal in a conventional column-switching configuration. The use of an online-dilution method allowed use of 100% methanol as a sample solvent, which prevented sample adsorption to contacting surfaces. Addition of 0.2% formic acid to the sample solvent was required for the successful introduction of LTC4 to the trapping column and minimizing its carryover. The optimized method provided rapid analysis of 14 lipid mediators with a throughput of 96 samples/24 h, lower limits of quantitation of 5 pg on column, and linear calibration ranges up to 2000-5000 pg. The system was highly compatible with solid-phase-extracted samples, as methanol-eluted fractions were directly injected without reconstitution. The analysis of lipid mediator production of macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells demonstrated that the cell-based assay can be performed in a 96-well format, suitable for metabolomics analyses and/or screening strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Gregor JI, Kilian M, Heukamp I, Kiewert C, Kristiansen G, Schimke I, Walz MK, Jacobi CA, Wenger FA. Effects of selective COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibition on prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis in ductal pancreatic cancer in Syrian hamster. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 73:89-97. [PMID: 15964750 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2004] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of eicosanoid synthesis seems to decrease carcinogenesis, however, the effect on liver metastasis in pancreatic cancer is still unknown. Ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma was chemically induced by weekly injection of N-nitrosobis-2-oxopropylamine (BOP) in Syrian hamster. Animals received selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (Celebrex) and 5-lipoxygenase (Zyflo). In week 33, hamsters were sacrificed and incidence of pancreatic carcinomas as well as liver metastases were examined. Furthermore, size and number of liver metastases per animal were determined and concentration of PGF1alpha, PGE2 and leukotrienes was measured in hepatic and pancreatic tissue. Combined therapy (Celebrex+Zyflo) significantly decreased incidence, number and size of liver metastases. Furthermore extra- and intrametastatic concentration of PGE2 was reduced by this treatment in hepatic tissue. Single Cox-2-inhibition (Celebrex) decreased intrametastatic hepatic PGF1alpha and PGE2 concentration while PGF1alpha concentration was reduced in non-metastatic liver (nml). Moreover 5-LOX-inhibition (Zyflo) decreased intrametastatic PGE2 concentration as well as PGF1alpha and PGE2 in nml. In pancreatic carcinomas highest LT-concentration was found after combined treatment and this therapy group was the only one revealing a significantly higher amount of LTs in carcinomas compared to tumour-free tissue. Hepatic LT-concentration was significantly lower in the control groups than in nml of the tumour groups. Combination of Cox-2-inhibition and 5-Lox-inhibition might be a suitable adjuvant therapy to prevent liver metastasis in human ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Gregor
- Clinic of General, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Germany
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Grimm H, Mertes N, Goeters C, Schlotzer E, Mayer K, Grimminger F, Fürst P. Improved fatty acid and leukotriene pattern with a novel lipid emulsion in surgical patients. Eur J Nutr 2005; 45:55-60. [PMID: 16041475 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-005-0573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the effects of a novel lipid emulsion with reduced content of n-6 fatty acids (FA), increased share of MUFA and n-3 FA and supplemental vitamin E on fatty acid and leukotriene pattern in surgical patients. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized study 33 patients received isonitrogenous, isocaloric TPN over 5 postoperative days following major abdominal surgery. 19 patients received the new SMOFlipid 20% and 14 patients a standard soybean oil emulsion (Lipovenoes 20%, both Fresenius Kabi), each 1.5 g fat/kg body weight (BW)/d. Routine lipid biochemistry, plasma tocopherol, fatty acid pattern in plasma phospholipids, as well as leukotriene (LT) release in leukocytes were assessed. Additionally, fatty acid pattern in leukocyte and platelet phospholipids were analysed, but results are not presented. RESULTS On day 6, plasma alpha-tocopherol (34.2 +/- 10.3 vs. 17.6 +/- 2.9 micromol/L) and, in plasma PL, total n-3 FA were higher (11.1 +/- 1.9 vs. 4.9 +/- 0.9 mol%; p < 0.05) and total n-6 FA lower (23.8 +/- 2.2 vs. 31.8 +/- 1.7 mol%; P < 0.05); the ratio n-3/n-6 FA being elevated (0.5 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.2 +/- 0.0 p < 0.05) with SMOFlipid compared to the soybean oil emulsion. The shares of EPA (3.3+/-1.0 vs. 0.4+/-0.2 mol%; p<0.05) and DHA (6.9 +/- 1.8 vs. 3.7 +/- 0.8 mol%; p < 0.05) were highly increased but that of arachidonic acid (AA) was unchanged with SMOFlipid while the ratio EPA/AA was increased (0.7 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.1 +/- 0.0 p < 0.05). LTB(5) release was enhanced on day 6 (8.1 +/- 5.3 vs. 1.8 +/- 3.8 pmol/10(7) PMN, p < 0.05) and liberation of LTB(4) was lowered, yet not significantly with SMOFlipid (124.0 +/- 51.2 vs. 152.1 +/- 68.8 pmol/10(7) PMN). Length of hospital stay was significantly shorter with SMOFlipid (13.4 +/- 2.0 vs. 20.4 +/- 10.0 days, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Treatment with the new emulsion SMOFlipid is well tolerated and modulates FA and leukotriene pattern suggesting favourable anti-inflammatory effects and further clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Grimm
- Clinic for General, Visceral, Thoracic, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, Clinical Centre Passau, Innstr. 76, 94032 Passau, Germany.
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Lee DKC, Khoo KC, Currie GP. Histamine and indirect bronchoprovocation with adenosine monophosphate in asthma. Respir Med 2005; 99:515; author reply 516. [PMID: 15763461 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lv R, Zhou W, Zhang LD, Xu JG. Effects of hydroxyethyl starch on hepatic production of cytokines and activation of transcription factors in lipopolysaccharide-administered rats. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49:635-42. [PMID: 15836676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2005.00668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is one of the most frequently used plasma substitutes. Some studies have indicated that HES may have anti-inflammatory effects. The present in vivo study was performed to investigate the effects of HES on hepatic production of cytokines and activation of transcription factors in sepsis. METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: rats challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg kg(-1)) and treated with saline (64 ml kg(-1)); challenged with LPS (5 mg kg(-1)) and treated with HES (16 ml kg(-1)); injected with saline and treated with HES (16 ml kg(-1)); and saline control. Each hepatic tissue was collected in groups of rats 2 h after induction of endotoxemia for determination of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels, TNF-alpha mRNA expressions, and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, activator protein (AP)-1 activities or 3 h after LPS challenge for IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 levels and the mRNA expressions. RESULTS Endotoxemia was associated with significant increases in hepatic proinflammatory cytokine productions and transcription factor activities. HES significantly reduced the increased hepatic levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and the mRNAs in the endotoxemic rats. Similarly, HES could inhibit hepatic NF-kappaB and AP-1 activations. CONCLUSION The results suggest that in sepsis HES may down-regulate hepatic inflammatory mediators production and these anti-inflammatory effects may act through inhibition of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lv
- Nanjing University School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210 002, China
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Zhao Y, Van Hasselt CA, Woo K, Wong Y, Leung P. [The effect of desloratadine on the TXB2 and leukotrienes levels in the nasal lavage fluid of allergic rhinitis animal model]. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi 2005; 19:365-7. [PMID: 16075993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the thromboxane (TX)B2 and cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTs) levels in the nasal lavage fluid of allergic rhinitis model and to observe the effect of desloratadine on the mediators. METHOD In the positive control group, 8-12 week old male or female guinea pigs were intranasal sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin solution. The antihistamine treatment group was treated with desloratadine and the negative control group was sham-sensitized and sham-challenged. The nasal lavage fluid of each group was collected 5 hours after challenge and the levels of TXB2 and LTs in the nasal lavage fluid were measured. RESULT In the positive control group, the TXB2 and LTs levels were the highest of the three groups and the desloratadine treated group had lower level (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). The negative control showed the lowest level. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that in this model of allergic rhinitis, the levels of TXB2 and LTs in nasal lavage fluid increased dominantly after allergen challenge and desloratadine could inhibit the release of TXB2 and LTs, which implied that the therapeutic mechanism of desloratadine might contribute to the inhibitory effect on TXB2 and LTs production or release in allergic rhinitis subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hongkong, Shatin, N.T, Hongkong SAR, China.
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Carraro S, Corradi M, Zanconato S, Alinovi R, Pasquale MF, Zacchello F, Baraldi E. Exhaled breath condensate cysteinyl leukotrienes are increased in children with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:764-70. [PMID: 15805996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is recognized that airway inflammation has a central role in the pathogenesis of asthma, but how it relates to exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is not completely understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between EIB and baseline concentrations of cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys-LTs) and other inflammatory markers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). METHODS EBC was collected, and the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FE NO ) was measured in a group of 19 asthmatic children, after which they performed a treadmill exercise test. Fourteen healthy children were enrolled as control subjects. RESULTS The asthmatic children were divided into the EIB group (decrease in FEV 1 , > or =12%) and the non-EIB group. The EBC was analyzed for the presence of Cys-LTs, leukotriene B 4 , and ammonia. Asthmatic patients with EIB (mean FEV 1 decrease, 23% +/- 3%) had higher Cys-LT concentrations than either asthmatic patients without EIB or control subjects (42.2 pg/mL [median] vs 11.7 pg/mL and 5.8 pg/mL; P < .05 and P < .001, respectively). Ammonia concentrations were lower in both the EIB and non-EIB groups than in control subjects (253.2 microM and 334.6 microM vs 798.4 microM; P < .01 and P < .05, respectively). No difference in EBC leukotriene B 4 levels was found among the 3 groups. Both asthmatic groups had higher FE NO levels than control subjects ( P < .001). EBC Cys-LT ( P < .01; r = 0.7) and FE NO ( P < .05; r = 0.5) values both correlated significantly with the postexercise FEV 1 decrease. CONCLUSION this study shows that EBC Cys-LT values are higher in asthmatic children with EIB and correlate with the decrease in FEV 1 after exercise. These findings suggest that the pathways of both Cys-LT and nitric oxide are involved in the pathogenesis of EIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carraro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padua, Italy
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García-Avilés C, Sanz ML, Gamboa PM, Urrutia I, Antépara I, Jauregui I, De Weck AL. Antigen specific quantification of sulfidoleukotrienes in patients allergic to Betalactam antibiotics. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2005; 15:37-45. [PMID: 15864881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After in vitro allergen-specific stimulation, basophils become activated and release sulfidoleukotrienes LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4. This can be detected by means of the CAST assay. We assessed the positivity criteria and the reliability of antigen-specific sulfidoleukotriene production (CAST) in the in vitro diagnosis of betalactam (BL) allergic patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied a sample of 67 patients (age 48.94 +/- 15.76 years) who had presented with anaphylaxis or urticaria-angioedema within the first 60 minutes after administration of Amoxicillin (54/67), Penicillin G (7/67), Cefuroxime (5/67) or Cefazoline (1/67). All of them had a positive skin test to at least one of the antigenic determinants of Penicillin. As control group 30 adults with negative skin tests who tolerated BL were included. All of them underwent skin tests, oral provocation tests, specific IgE (CAP-FEIA, Pharmacia) and CAST. RESULTS Positivity criteria were established by means of ROC curves: a sLT release induced by Betalactams of at least 100 pg/ml and greater than or equal to 3 times the basal value. The overall sensitivity of CAST is 47.7% and specificity 83.3%. Sensitivity of specific IgE is 37.8% and specificity 83.3%. CONCLUSIONS We have established validated positivity criteria for the CAST technique in patients allergic to Betalactams. This technique is a useful in vitro diagnostic method in patients with IgE-mediated allergy to Betalactam antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C García-Avilés
- Departamento de Alergología e Inmunología Clínica, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Williams MV, Lee SH, Blair IA. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of bifunctional electrophiles and DNA adducts from vitamin C mediated decomposition of 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2005; 19:849-858. [PMID: 15723435 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species convert the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid into 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-(Z,Z,ZE)-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HPETE). Cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases can also convert arachidonic acid into 15-HPETE. Vitamin C mediated decomposition of 15(S)-HPETE to protein- and DNA-reactive bifunctional electrophiles was examined by normal-phase liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS). The individual bifunctional electrophiles, trans-4,5-epoxy-2(E)-decenal (t-EDE), cis-4,5-epoxy-2(E)-decenal (c-EDE), 4-oxo-2(E)-nonenal (ONE), and 4-hydroxy-2(E)-nonenal (HNE), exhibited protonated molecules at m/z 169, 169, 155, and 157, respectively. The MH+ ion at m/z 173 for 4-hydroperoxy-2(E)-nonenal (HPNE) was very weak with an ion corresponding to the loss of OH at m/z 156 as the major ion in the APCI mass spectrum. The bifunctional electrophiles were all separated under normal-phase LC conditions. All five bifunctional electrophiles were formed when 15-HPETE was treated with vitamin C. The LC/MS-based methodology showed that t-EDE was the major bifunctional electrophile formed during vitamin C mediated 15(S)-HPETE decomposition. Stable isotope dilution LC/MS studies revealed that this did not result in the formation of increased levels of unsubstituted etheno-dGuo adducts in calf thymus DNA when compared with 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9,10-(Z,E)-octadecadienoic acid [13(S)-HPODE], a lipid hydroperoxide derived from linoleic acid. However, the formation of heptanone-etheno-dGuo adducts in calf thymus DNA was reduced when compared with the 13(S)-HPODE. This was attributed to the reduced formation of ONE from 15-HPETE when compared with its formation from 13-HPODE. In contrast to reactions with dGuo or DNA conducted using 13(S)-HPODE, no carboxy-containing adducts were observed with 15(S)-HPETE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle V Williams
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 854 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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Abstract
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are implicated in conditions of both the upper and lower airways. In the former they are deranged in nasal polyposis, intrinsic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis while in the latter they are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. The aim of the present study was to measure mucosal eicosanoid levels in the three types of rhinitis and compare with controls. In addition, the effect of topical steroids on eicosanoid levels in rhinitis was examined. The levels of prostaglandins E(2) (PGE(2)) and D(2) (PGD(2)) and of leukotrienes E(4) (LTE(4)) and B(4) (LTB(4)) were measured in nasal biopsies from the inferior turbinates of patients suffering from perennial rhinitis and a control group. Rhinitis patients were classified into three categories: perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR), non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia (NARES) and noneosinophilic non-allergic rhinitis (NENAR) on the basis of symptoms, secretion eosinophilia, nasal resistance and allergy testing. Patients with rhinitis were randomized into two groups. One received fluticasone propionate nasal spray (FPANS) and the other a placebo (PNS) over a period of six weeks prior to the biopsies. One hundred and one patients with PAR, NARES or NENAR were recruited sequentially and the control group consisted of 21 patients with no evidence of rhinitis but with nasal obstruction due to septal deviation. Untreated rhinitics had significantly lower levels of PGE(2), PGD(2) and LTE(4) than non-rhinitic controls. Six-weeks' treatment with FPANS significantly increased the levels of those eicosanoids in patients with PAR and NARES but they were still significantly below normal. Levels of LTB(4) in all three rhinitis groups were not significantly different from controls and treatment with topical steroids had no effect. Their findings are contrary to current thinking that increased levels of eicosanoids, in particular cysteinyl-leukotrienes, play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic, non-infective upper airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riad Shahab
- Head and Neck Oncology Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
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Offer S, Yedgar S, Schwob O, Krimsky M, Bibi H, Eliraz A, Madar Z, Shoseyov D. Negative feedback between secretory and cytosolic phospholipase A2 and their opposing roles in ovalbumin-induced bronchoconstriction in rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 288:L523-9. [PMID: 15557087 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00199.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) hydrolyzes cell membrane phospholipids (PL) to produce arachidonic acid and lyso-PL. The PLA2 enzymes include the secretory (sPLA2) and cytosolic (cPLA2) isoforms, which are assumed to act synergistically in production of eicosanoids that are involved in inflammatory processes. However, growing evidence raises the possibility that in airways and asthma-related inflammatory cells (eosinophils, basophils), the production of the bronchoconstrictor cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLT) is linked exclusively to sPLA2, whereas the bronchodilator prostaglandin PGE2 is produced by cPLA2. It has been further reported that the capacity of airway epithelial cells to produce CysLT is inversely proportional to PGE2 production. This seems to suggest that sPLA2 and cPLA2 play opposing roles in asthma pathophysiology and the possibility of a negative feedback between the two isoenzymes. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of a cell-impermeable extracellular sPLA2 inhibitor on bronchoconstriction and PLA2 expression in rats with ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma. It was found that OVA-induced bronchoconstriction was associated with elevation of lung sPLA2 expression and CysLT production, concomitantly with suppression of cPLA2 expression and PGE2 production. These were reversed by treatment with the sPLA2 inhibitor, resulting in amelioration of bronchoconstriction and reduced CysLT production and sPLA2 expression, concomitantly with enhanced PGE2 production and cPLA2 expression. This study demonstrates, for the first time in vivo, a negative feedback between sPLA2 and cPLA2 and assigns opposing roles for these enzymes in asthma pathophysiology: sPLA2 activation induces production of the bronchoconstrictor CysLT and suppresses cPLA2 expression and the subsequent production of the bronchodilator PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Offer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University, Rehovat, Jerusalem
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Laitinen K, Arvola T, Moilanen E, Lampi AM, Ruuska T, Isolauri E. Characterization of breast milk received by infants with gross blood in stools. Neonatology 2004; 87:66-72. [PMID: 15542928 DOI: 10.1159/000081955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2003] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to ascertain factors that might be protective of the appearance of gross blood in the stools of breast-fed infants. METHODS Logistic regression models were formed to search for variables possibly explaining the condition. In addition to the analyzed breast milk factors, mother's allergic disease was introduced into the models to control for its possible confounding effect. The breast milk samples, collected from mothers of infants with gross blood in stools (n = 23) and from mothers of healthy age-matched infants (n = 71), were analyzed for concentrations of transforming growth factor-beta2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, prostaglandin (PG)E2, cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys-LTs) and fatty acid composition. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Increase in the concentrations of PGE2 and Cys-LTs in the breast milk together with mother's allergic disease reduced the likelihood of gross blood in stools in the breast-fed infant. The results suggest that no single factor, but a combination of immunomodulatory factors may protect the child from gross blood in the stools of breast-fed infants. Allergic disease was not a risk factor as mother's allergic disease appeared to counterbalance the gross blood in stools. Due to the preliminary nature of the study, the results need to be verified in a larger setting. The challenge for the future lies in identifying of such active compounds for dietary modification to enforce particularly the properties of the breast milk which are immunoprotective for the infant and to reduce the likelihood of intestinal disorders in at risk infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Laitinen
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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Mondino C, Ciabattoni G, Koch P, Pistelli R, Trové A, Barnes PJ, Montuschi P. Effects of inhaled corticosteroids on exhaled leukotrienes and prostanoids in asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 114:761-7. [PMID: 15480313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid mediators play an important pathophysiologic role in atopic asthmatic children, but their role in the airways of atopic nonasthmatic children is unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought (1) to measure leukotriene (LT) E 4 , LTB 4 , 8-isoprostane, prostaglandin E 2 , and thromboxane B 2 concentrations in exhaled breath condensate in atopic asthmatic and atopic nonasthmatic children; (2) to measure exhaled nitric oxide (NO) as an independent marker of airway inflammation; and (3) to study the effect of inhaled corticosteroids on exhaled eicosanoids. METHODS Twenty healthy children, 20 atopic nonasthmatic children, 30 steroid-naive atopic asthmatic children, and 25 atopic asthmatic children receiving inhaled corticosteroids were included in a cross-sectional study. An open-label study with inhaled fluticasone (100 microg twice a day for 4 weeks) was undertaken in 14 steroid-naive atopic asthmatic children. RESULTS Compared with control subjects, exhaled LTE 4 ( P <.001), LTB 4 ( P <.001), and 8-isoprostane ( P <.001) levels were increased in both steroid-naive and steroid-treated atopic asthmatic children but not in atopic nonasthmatic children (LTE 4 , P=.14; LTB 4 , P=.23; and 8-isoprostane, P=.52). Exhaled NO levels were increased in steroid-naive atopic asthmatic children ( P <.001) and, to a lesser extent, in atopic nonasthmatic children ( P <.01). Inhaled fluticasone reduced exhaled NO (53%, P <.0001) and, to a lesser extent, LTE 4 (18%, P <.01) levels but not LTB 4 , prostaglandin E 2 , or 8-isoprostane levels in steroid-naive asthmatic children. Conclusions Exhaled LTE 4 , LTB 4 , and 8-isoprostane levels are increased in atopic asthmatic children but not in atopic nonasthmatic children. In contrast to exhaled NO, these markers seem to be relatively resistant to inhaled corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mondino
- Department of Immunodermatology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI, IRCCS, Rome
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Ishii S, Nagase T, Shindou H, Takizawa H, Ouchi Y, Shimizu T. Platelet-activating factor receptor develops airway hyperresponsiveness independently of airway inflammation in a murine asthma model. J Immunol 2004; 172:7095-102. [PMID: 15153532 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.7095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipid mediators play an important role in modulating inflammatory responses. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent proinflammatory phospholipid with eosinophil chemotactic activity in vitro and in vivo. We show in this study that mice deficient in PAF receptor exhibited significantly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness to muscarinic cholinergic stimulation in an asthma model. However, PAF receptor-deficient mice developed an eosinophilic inflammatory response at a comparable level to that of wild-type mice. These results indicate an important role for PAF receptor, downstream of the eosinophilic inflammatory cascade, in regulating airway responsiveness after sensitization and aeroallergen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ishii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Cáp P, Chládek J, Pehal F, Malý M, Petrů V, Barnes PJ, Montuschi P. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of exhaled leukotrienes in asthmatic patients. Thorax 2004; 59:465-70. [PMID: 15170025 PMCID: PMC1747035 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2003.011866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukotriene-like immunoreactivity has been detected in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), but definitive evidence for the presence of leukotrienes (LTs) in this biological fluid is not available. A study was undertaken to determine whether LTC(4), LTD(4), LTE(4), and LTB(4) are measurable in EBC by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and to quantify exhaled LTs in adults and children with asthma and in control subjects. METHODS Twenty eight adults and 33 children with mild to moderate persistent asthma treated with inhaled corticosteroids and age matched healthy controls (50 adults and 50 children) were studied. LTB(4), LTC(4), LTD(4), and LTE(4) in EBC were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS LTD(4), LTE(4), and LTB(4) were detectable in all samples. Concentrations of LTC(4) in EBC were either close to or below the detection limit of 1 pg/ml. Median exhaled LTD(4), LTE(4), and LTB(4) concentrations in asthmatic adults were increased 4.1-fold (p<0.001), 1.8-fold (p<0.01), and 2.6-fold (p<0.001), respectively, compared with values in healthy adults. Median exhaled LTD(4), LTE(4), and LTB(4) concentrations in asthmatic children were increased 2.8-fold (p<0.001), 1.3-fold (p<0.001), and 1.6-fold (p<0.001), respectively, compared with those in healthy children. In patients with asthma there was a correlation between exhaled LTD(4) and LTE(4) in both adults (r = 0.87, p<0.0001) and children (r = 0.78, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry can be used to accurately quantify exhaled LTs which are increased in asthmatic adults and children compared with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cáp
- Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Hospital Na Homolce, Prague, Czech Republic
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Bodini A, Peroni D, Vicentini L, Loiacono A, Baraldi E, Ghiro L, Corradi M, Alinovi R, Boner AL, Piacentini GL. Exhaled breath condensate eicosanoids and sputum eosinophils in asthmatic children: a pilot study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004; 15:26-31. [PMID: 14998379 DOI: 10.1046/j.0905-6157.2003.00097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs), LTB4 and 8-isoprostane are increased in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) from asthmatic patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the measurement of cys-LTs, LTB4 and 8-isoprostane in EBC can reflect the level of airway inflammation assessed by induced sputum in asthmatic children sensitized to house dust mite (HDM) during natural avoidance of HDM allergens. Twelve children were evaluated at the time of admission (T0) and after 3 months of stay (T1) at the Istituto Pio XII (Misurina, Italian Dolomites 1756 m). Sputum eosinophil percentage and measurement of cys-LTs, LTB4 and 8-isoprostanes in the breath condensate at T0 and T1 were evaluated. Eosinophil percentage in induced sputum was 8.5 +/- 1.1% at T0 and 3.5 +/- 0.4% at T1 (p = 0.011). Neutrophil percentage in sputum was 1.1 +/- 0.5% at T0 and 1.5 +/- 1.0% at T1 (ns). Cys-LTs mean level was 14.24 +/- 4.53 pg/ml at T0 and 4.65 +/- 0.68 pg/ml at T1 (p = 0.0125). LTB4 level was 2.36 +/- 0.19 pg/ml at T0 and 2.41 +/- 0.23 pg/ml at T1 (ns). 8-Isoprostane level reduced from 17.47 +/- 3.18 pg/ml at T0 to 7.36 +/- 3.26 pg/ml at T1 (p = 0.003). This study show that exhaled cys-LTs and 8-isoprostane, as well as eosinophil percentage in induced sputum, are reduced after allergen avoidance in asthmatic children suggesting a potential application of EBC for the non-invasive evaluation of airway inflammation in asthma in allergic asthmatic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bodini
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
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Norris CR, Decile KC, Berghaus LJ, Berghaus RD, Walby WF, Schelegle ES, Hyde DM, Gershwin LJ. Concentrations of cysteinyl leukotrienes in urine and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of cats with experimentally induced asthma. Am J Vet Res 2004; 64:1449-53. [PMID: 14620784 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in cysteinyl leukotriene (LT) concentrations in urine and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in cats with experimentally induced asthma. ANIMALS 19 cats with experimentally induced asthma and 5 control cats. PROCEDURE Cats were sensitized to Bermuda grass or house dust mite allergen, and phenotypic features of asthma were confirmed with intradermal skin testing, evaluation of BALF eosinophil percentages, and pulmonary function testing. A competitive ELISA kit for LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 was used for quantitative analysis of LTs. Urinary creatinine concentrations and BALF total protein (TP) concentrations were measured, and urinary LT-to-creatinine ratios and BALF LT-to-TP ratios were calculated. RESULTS Mean urinary LT-to-creatinine ratios did not differ significantly between control cats and allergen-sensitized cats before or after sensitization and challenge exposure with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or allergen, respectively. In BALF the mean LT-to-TP ratio of control cats did not differ significantly before or after sensitization and challenge exposure with saline. Asthmatic cats had BALF LT-to-TP ratios that were significantly lower than control cats at all time points, whereas ratios for asthmatic cats did not differ significantly among the various time points. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although LTs were readily detectable in urine, no significant increases in urinary LT concentrations were detected after challenge in allergen-sensitized cats. Spot testing of urinary LT concentrations appears to have no clinical benefit for use in monitoring the inflammatory asthmatic state in cats. The possibility that cysteinyl LTs bind effectively to their target receptors in BALF and, thus, decrease free LT concentrations deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol R Norris
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8734, USA
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Sandrini A, Ferreira IM, Gutierrez C, Jardim JR, Zamel N, Chapman KR. Effect of Montelukast on Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Nonvolatile Markers of Inflammation in Mild Asthma. Chest 2003; 124:1334-40. [PMID: 14555563 DOI: 10.1378/chest.124.4.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Leukotriene receptor antagonists appear to exert anti-inflammatory activity in asthma. We undertook the present study to evaluate the effect of montelukast on levels of exhaled nitric oxide (ENO) and two inflammatory markers, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs), in the exhaled breath condensate of subjects with mild asthma. PATIENTS Twenty stable subjects with mild asthma (15 women and 5 men; mean [+/- SD] age, 34.8 +/- 12.6 years) were included in the study. INTERVENTION A 1-week run-in period was followed by 2 weeks of treatment (with montelukast or placebo) that was administered in randomized, double-blind, crossover fashion. One week of washout followed each treatment arm. RESULTS Montelukast significantly reduced the levels of ENO from baseline (median, 52.5 parts per billion [ppb]; 25th to 75th percentile, 37.8 to 101.8 ppb) during the entire treatment period (ie, day 1 to day 14), with the effect measurable as early as day 1 (median, 45.9 ppb; 25th to 75th percentile, 29.3 to 92.5 ppb) and with the maximal effect being observed on day 7 (median, 35.7 ppb; 25th to 75th percentile, 27.6 to 66.6 ppb). The levels of ENO did not change significantly with placebo therapy. Montelukast improved symptom score and reduced peak expiratory flow (PEF) variability. Changes in PEF variability correlated positively with changes in ENO (r = 0.46; p = 0.04). No significant changes in FEV(1) or concentration of H(2)O(2) in the exhaled breath condensate were observed. Levels of cys-LTs were undetectable in the exhaled breath condensate. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that montelukast reduces the levels of ENO in patients with mild asthma, a finding that is compatible with an anti-inflammatory effect of montelukast, and that ENO appears to be more sensitive in detecting this effect than FEV(1) and H(2)O(2) levels in the exhaled breath condensate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sandrini
- Asthma & Airway Centre of the Toronto Western Hospital, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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