51
|
Boettler P, Claus P, Herbots L, McLaughlin M, D'hooge J, Bijnens B, Ho SY, Kececioglu D, Sutherland GR. New aspects of the ventricular septum and its function: an echocardiographic study. Heart 2005; 91:1343-8. [PMID: 15761045 PMCID: PMC1769152 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2004.043422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether the line dividing the septum into two layers is found consistently by conventional echocardiography and to evaluate functional differences in the right and left side of the septum in terms of wall thickening, strain rate, and strain imaging. DESIGN In a systematic study in 30 normal subjects, M mode and Doppler myocardial imaging data from the interventricular septum (IVS) were recorded. Velocity curves, regional strain rate, and strain profiles were obtained. Systolic deformation (wall thickening, radial and longitudinal strain rate, and strain) of both sides were assessed. Furthermore, three patients with one sided abnormalities were studied. RESULTS A bright echo consistently segmented the IVS into a left and right part. In this normal population radial deformation was different for the left and right side of the septum (mean (SD) wall thickening on the left, 49 (46)%, and on the right, 17 (38)%; strain rate on the left, 3.8 (0.6) 1/s, and on the right, 2.1 (1.9) 1/s; strain on the left, 41 (17)%, and on the right, 22 (14)%), whereas longitudinal deformation was found to be similar (strain rate on the left, -2.2 (0.7) 1/s, and on the right, -2.0 (0.6) 1/s; strain on the left, -28 (12)%, and on the right, -25 (12)%). The presented clinical examples show that abnormalities can be strictly limited to one layer. CONCLUSIONS Differential radial deformation and knowledge of fibre architecture showing an abrupt change in the middle of the septum, together with the clinical cases, suggest the septum to be a morphologically and functionally bilayered structure potentially supplied by different coronary arteries.
Collapse
|
52
|
Hunter AGW, Dupont B, McLaughlin M, Hinton L, Baker E, Adès L, Haan E, Schwartz CE. The Hunter-McAlpine syndrome results from duplication 5q35-qter. Clin Genet 2004; 67:53-60. [PMID: 15617549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In 1977 Hunter et al. J Med Genet 1977: 14 (6): 430-437, reported a family with six affected members, connected over three generations through unaffected individuals. Subsequently, several other patients purported to have the condition were reported. The condition became known as the Hunter-McAlpine syndrome, and there was debate as to whether or not it was identical to the Ruvalcaba syndrome or a type of tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome. In this article we confirm that the original family and a patient reported by Ades et al. Clin Dysmorphol 1993: 2 (2): 123-130 have cryptic translocations resulting in duplication of 5q35-qter. Similarities are noted between our patients and others in the literature with duplication of this chromosome segment.
Collapse
|
53
|
Edgar JM, McLaughlin M, Barrie JA, McCulloch MC, Garbern J, Griffiths IR. Age-related axonal and myelin changes in the rumpshaker mutation of the Plp gene. Acta Neuropathol 2004; 107:331-5. [PMID: 14745569 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-003-0808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Revised: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The PLP1/Plp gene encodes proteolipid protein (PLP) and DM20, the major central nervous system myelin proteins. Mutations in the PLP1/ Plp gene cause dysmyelinating disorders in man and animals. The rumpshaker mutation was first identified in mice and later linked to a family diagnosed with neurological deficits akin to spastic paraplegia. The dysmyelination in the young rumpshaker mouse is well characterised. Here we report evidence for an age-related increase in myelin due mainly to the myelination of small axons, many large axons remain dysmyelinated. Levels of PLP/DM20 and myelin basic protein are considerably greater in myelin fractions from older compared with younger mutants. Myelin in sheaths of larger axons remains poorly compacted and may account for levels of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase and myelin-associated glycoprotein being elevated over wild type in older mutant mice. A late-onset distal degeneration of the axons of the longest spinal tract, the fasciculus gracilis, is also noted. This is the first report of Wallerian-type degeneration in mice with spontaneous mutations of the Plp gene.
Collapse
|
54
|
Kottilil S, Shin K, Planta M, McLaughlin M, Hallahan CW, Ghany M, Chun TW, Sneller MC, Fauci AS. Expression of Chemokine and Inhibitory Receptors on Natural Killer Cells: Effect of Immune Activation and HIV Viremia. J Infect Dis 2004; 189:1193-8. [PMID: 15031787 DOI: 10.1086/382090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2003] [Accepted: 09/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the cell-surface expression of chemokine and natural killer (NK) cell inhibitory receptors (iNKRs) on NK cells from individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, chronic hepatitis C infection, and Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), an inflammatory, granulomatous vasculitis. The expression of CCR5 on NK cells was up-regulated in individuals with HIV viremia and in individuals with active WG, indicating that expression of this receptor is modulated by states of immune activation associated with viral infection and inflammatory or immune-mediated diseases. In contrast, iNKRs were shown to be up-regulated only on NK cells of individuals with HIV viremia, and they returned to a normal level when viremia was controlled with effective antiviral therapy. In individuals with HIV-1 viremia, there was a direct correlation between the level of expression of p58.1, p58.2, and CD94 receptors and plasma HIV viremia, suggesting that ongoing active HIV replication has an effect on the expression of such receptors on NK cells. These results suggest that immune activation leads to abnormal cell-surface expression of chemokine receptors on NK cells, whereas HIV-specific processes account for the up-regulation of iNKRs on NK cells; this may explain the NK cell-functional defects seen in HIV infection.
Collapse
|
55
|
Al-Saktawi K, McLaughlin M, Klugmann M, Schneider A, Barrie JA, McCulloch MC, Montague P, Kirkham D, Nave KA, Griffiths IR. Genetic background determines phenotypic severity of the Plp rumpshaker mutation. J Neurosci Res 2003; 72:12-24. [PMID: 12645075 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The rumpshaker mutation of the proteolipid protein (Plp) gene causes dysmyelination in man and mouse. We show that the phenotype in the mouse depends critically on the genetic background in which the mutation is expressed. On the C3H background there is normal longevity whereas changing to a C57BL/6 strain results in seizures and death at around postnatal day 30. The more severe phenotype is associated with less myelin and reduced levels of major myelin proteins. There are also more apoptotic cells, including oligodendrocytes, increased numbers of proliferating cells, increased numbers of NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitors and increased microglia compared to the milder phenotype. The number of mature oligodendrocytes is similar to wild-type in both strains of mutant, however, suggesting that increased oligodendrocyte death is matched by increased generation from progenitors. The dichotomy of phenotype probably reflects the influence of modifying loci. The localization of these putative modifying genes and their mode of action remain to be determined.
Collapse
|
56
|
Yool D, Montague P, McLaughlin M, McCulloch MC, Edgar JM, Nave KA, Davies RW, Griffiths IR, McCallion AS. Phenotypic analysis of mice deficient in the major myelin protein MOBP, and evidence for a novel Mobp isoform. Glia 2002; 39:256-67. [PMID: 12203392 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Myelin-associated oligodendrocytic basic protein (MOBP) is a recently identified major component of central nervous system (CNS) myelin. We previously reported a detailed characterization of the genomic region encompassing the Mobp gene, elucidating the complex series of transcript splicing responsible for the generation of its diverse family of protein isoforms. These basic, positively charged polypeptides display spatial and temporal expression patterns consistent with a potential role in the compaction and maintenance of the myelin sheath. MOBP isoforms have also been localized to the nucleus and the microtubular network of oligodendrocytes; transcript corresponding to one isoform is present during embryonic development. Recent reports have identified a role for this protein family in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, but a clear function for the wild-type protein has remained unclear. We report a detailed analysis of a targeted mutation of Mobp, which results in the deletion of the translational start site and most of the coding sequence of MOBP, and the deletion of the entire coding sequence corresponding to a novel, putative MOBP isoform. Our analyses clearly demonstrate that MOBP-deficient mice develop normally, generate intact compact CNS myelin, and demonstrate no obvious clinical phenotype. Furthermore, in contrast with another recent study, we find that Mobp null mice demonstrate no significant influence on the axonal diameter of myelinated axons. Although MOBP is not essential for myelination, it appears that its absence is not simply compensated for by increased expression of the "classic" myelin basic protein (MBP).
Collapse
|
57
|
McLaughlin M, Hunter DJB, Thomson CE, Yool D, Kirkham D, Freer AA, Griffiths IR. Evidence for possible interactions between PLP and DM20 within the myelin sheath. Glia 2002; 39:31-6. [PMID: 12112373 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PLP and its smaller DM20 isoform constitute the major proteins of CNS myelin. Previous studies indicated a role for the proteins in maintaining the intraperiod line of the myelin sheath and the integrity of axons and suggested that both isoforms were necessary to provide these functions. The present study shows that each isoform is capable individually of inserting into compact myelin. Employing chromatographic extraction procedures designed to maintain the natural conformation of the proteins we found that most PLP and DM20 remained associated. Using an antibody specific to the PLP isoform, we were able to co-immunoprecipitate DM20 from the major fraction of the extracted equine myelin and from mouse native whole myelin. We suggest that PLP and DM20 may form a hetero-oligomeric complex within the myelin sheath, probably in association with specific lipids and that this arrangement is essential for the normal structure of myelin and axons.
Collapse
|
58
|
Sodha M, McLaughlin M, Williams G, Dhillon S. Nurses' confidence and pharmacological knowledge: a study. Br J Community Nurs 2002; 7:309-15. [PMID: 12066065 DOI: 10.12968/bjcn.2002.7.6.10476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of nurse prescribing will assist the government to deliver its agenda of providing patients with faster access to advice and health services. This study evaluated the knowledge base, self-rated knowledge and confidence, for a prescribing role, in a group of community nurses in Essex. A questionnaire was distributed to 183 community nurses recruited using a random, stratified method, and 110 nurses returned completed forms. Nurse prescribers in the sample were more confident and rated their knowledge more highly when compared with non-prescribing nurses. However, prescribers' actual medication-related knowledge, relative to their high levels of confidence, was not confirmed with performance on case scenarios. In responses to the case scenarios, prescribers did not perform as well as non-prescribers on all five analysed scenarios. The overall assessment of the nurses' response to the OTC case scenarios showed a poor performance when compared with prescription cases. There is a need to improve community nurses' levels of confidence and their abilities in coping with medication-related issues at pre-registration and post-registration level.
Collapse
|
59
|
Georgopoulou N, McLaughlin M, McFarlane I, Breen KC. The role of post-translational modification in beta-amyloid precursor protein processing. BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM 2002:23-36. [PMID: 11447837 DOI: 10.1042/bss0670023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a pivotal role in the early stages of neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease. An alteration in the processing pattern of the protein results in an increase in the generation of the 40-42-amino-acid beta-amyloid (A beta) peptide, which coalesces to form insoluble, extracellular amyloid deposits. A greater understanding of the factors that influence APP processing may assist in the design of effective therapeutic agents to halt progression of Alzheimer's disease. APP is a sialoglycoprotein with two potential N-linked glycosylation sites, one of which may contain a complex oligosaccharide chain. An alteration in the glycosylation state of APP by the generation of oligomannosyl oligosaccharides results in a decrease in the secretion of the neuroprotective, soluble form of the protein and a parallel increase in the deposition of the cellular protein within the perinuclear region of the cell. Conversely, the attachment of additional terminal sialic acid residues on to the oligosaccharide chain results in an increase in secretion of soluble APP (sAPP alpha). One factor that has been widely reported to alter APP processing is the activation of protein kinase C (PKC). This process has been characterized using synaptosomal preparations, which suggests that the PKC action is occurring at the level of the plasma membrane. Furthermore, when cells are transfected with the sialyltransferase enzyme, there is a direct relationship between the sialylation potential of APP and the fold stimulation of sAPP alpha, after PKC activation. These results suggest that the post-translational modification of APP by glycosylation is a key event in determining the processing of the protein.
Collapse
|
60
|
Tyrrell J, Cosgrave M, McCarron M, McPherson J, Calvert J, Kelly A, McLaughlin M, Gill M, Lawlor BA. Dementia in people with Down's syndrome. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001; 16:1168-74. [PMID: 11748777 DOI: 10.1002/gps.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of dementia in an Irish sample of people with Down's syndrome (DS) and to examine associated clinical characteristics of dementia in this group. METHOD 285 people with DS (Age 35-74 years, mean age +/- SD 46.5 +/- 8.2 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. The diagnosis of dementia was made using modified DSMIV criteria. Cognitive tests used were the Down's syndrome Mental Status Examination (DSMSE), Test for Severe Impairment (TSI) and adaptive function was measured by the Daily Living Skills Questionnaire (DLSQ). RESULTS The overall prevalence of dementia was 13.3%. The presence of dementia was associated with epilepsy, myoclonus, and head injury. The demented DS group were significantly older (n = 38, mean age 54.7 years SD +/- 7.5) than the non-demented (n = 246, mean age 45.6, SD +/- 7.3). The TSI and DLSQ had a satisfactory spread of scores without 'floor' or 'ceiling' effects in people with moderate and severe learning disability. Median scores in demented versus the non-demented groups were significantly different for each measure of function. CONCLUSIONS Dementia had a prevalence of 13.3% and occurred at a mean age of 54.7 years. The combination of DLSQ score, age and presence of epilepsy were found to predict presence of dementia.
Collapse
|
61
|
Mosca L, Allen C, Fernandez-Repollet E, Kim C, Lee M, McAuley JW, McLaughlin M. Setting a local research agenda for women's health: The National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health. JOURNAL OF WOMEN'S HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE 2001; 10:927-35. [PMID: 11788104 DOI: 10.1089/152460901317193512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although women's health research expanded greatly in the past 10 years, significant gaps in knowledge remain. Prioritization and promotion of research will help assure continuing progress in closing such gaps and improving the health of women. Although a comprehensive agenda for the new millennium has been developed at the national level, the process for establishing a local research agenda is not well defined. The purpose of this study was to describe criteria for and barriers to establishing a local research agenda in women's health. A secondary aim was to describe mechanisms for identifying women's health researchers and for facilitating multidisciplinary research. Directors of Research at National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health (CoEs) (n = 18) were surveyed by mail for this information. The results indicate that the local research agenda should emphasize health issues that are prevalent in women, research that is likely to establish treatment, psychosocial/cultural factors, and quality of life issues. The process of setting a research agenda should include input from the communities served as well as from scientists. Critical evaluation of scientific strengths and weaknesses is an essential preliminary step in prioritizing research opportunities in order to implement and evaluate a research agenda in women's health.
Collapse
|
62
|
Kennedy AR, Kerr WJ, McLaughlin M, Pauson PL. Key tricyclic synthetic intermediates for the preparation of the sesquiterpenes alpha- and beta-cedrene. Acta Crystallogr C 2001; 57:1316-8. [PMID: 11706261 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270101013336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2001] [Accepted: 08/09/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A completely novel and direct route towards the synthesis of the natural sesquiterpenes alpha-cedrene and beta-cedrene delivered the compounds (3 beta,3a beta,7 beta)-(+/-)-6,6-ethylenedioxy-3,8,8-trimethyl-2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-3a,7-methanoazulen-2-one, C(16)H(22)O(3), and (3 beta,3a beta,7 beta,8a alpha)-(+/-)-6,6-ethylenedioxy-3,8,8-trimethyl-1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,8a-decahydro-3a,7-methanoazulen-2-one, C(16)H(24)O(3), at key stages of the preparative programme. Structural elucidation showed the latter compound to have added an H atom to the same face of the cyclopentenone ring as that occupied by the methyl substituent, and also allowed correct isomer identification for further reaction.
Collapse
|
63
|
Kerr WJ, McLaughlin M, Morrison AJ, Pauson PL. Formal total synthesis of (+/-)-alpha- and beta-cedrene by preparation of cedrone. Construction of the tricyclic carbon skeleton by the use of a highly efficient intramolecular Khand annulation. Org Lett 2001; 3:2945-8. [PMID: 11554814 DOI: 10.1021/ol016054a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cedrene carbon skeleton was rapidly assembled from a simple monocyclic precursor by the strategic use of a high yielding intramolecular Khand cyclization reaction. Further synthetic manipulations provided a concise formal total synthesis of alpha- and beta-cedrene. Reaction: see text.
Collapse
|
64
|
Milliken N, Freund K, Pregler J, Reed S, Carlson K, Derman R, Zerr A, Battistini M, Bowman S, Magnus JH, Sarto GE, Chambers JT, McLaughlin M. Academic models of clinical care for women: the National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health. JOURNAL OF WOMEN'S HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE 2001; 10:627-36. [PMID: 11571092 DOI: 10.1089/15246090152563506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Between 1996 and 1999, 18 academic health centers were awarded the designation of National Center of Excellence (CoE) in Women's Health by the Office on Women's Health within the Department of Health and Human Services and were provided with seed monies to develop model clinical services for women. Although the model has evolved in various forms, core characteristics that each nationally designated CoE has adopted include comprehensive, women-friendly, women-focused, women-relevant, integrated, multidisciplinary care. The permanent success of these comprehensive clinical programs resides in the ability to garner support of leaders of the academic health centers who understand both the importance of multidisciplinary programs to the clinical care they provide women and the education they offer to the future providers of women's healthcare.
Collapse
|
65
|
Sharif NA, Xu SX, Crider JY, McLaughlin M, Davis TL. Levobetaxolol (Betaxon) and other beta-adrenergic antagonists: preclinical pharmacology, IOP-lowering activity and sites of action in human eyes. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2001; 17:305-17. [PMID: 11572462 DOI: 10.1089/108076801753162726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological characteristics of levobetaxolol, a single active isomer of betaxolol, were determined and compared with activities of other beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Levobetaxolol (43-fold beta1-selective) exhibited a higher affinity at cloned human beta1 (Ki = 0.76 nM) than at beta2 (Ki = 32.6 nM) receptors, while dextrobetaxolol was much weaker at both receptors. Levobetaxolol potently antagonized functional activities at cloned human beta1 and beta2 receptors, and also at guinea pig atrial beta1, tracheal beta2 and rat colonic beta3 receptors (IC50s = 33.2 nM, 2970 nM and 709 nM, respectively). Thus, levobetaxolol was 89-times beta1-selective (vs beta2). Levobetaxolol (Ki = 16.4 nM) was more potent than dextrobetaxolol (Ki = 2.97 microM) at inhibiting isoproterenol-induced cAMP production in human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. Levobunolol and (l)-timolol had high affinities at beta1 and beta2 receptors but were considerably less beta1-selective than levobetaxolol. Levo-, dextro- and racemic-betaxolol exhibited little or no affinity, except at sigma sites and Ca2+-channels (IC50s > 1 microM), at 89 other receptor/ligand binding sites. Levobetaxolol exhibited a micromolar affinity for L-type Ca2+-channels. In conscious ocular hypertensive cynomolgus monkeys, levobetaxolol was more potent than dextrobetaxolol, reducing intraocular pressure by 25.9+/-3.2% at a dose of 150 microg/eye (n = 15-30). Quantitative [3H]-levobetaxolol autoradiography revealed high levels of binding to human ciliary processes, iris, choroid/retina, and ciliary muscles. In conclusion, levobetaxolol is a potent, high affinity and beta1-selective IOP-lowering beta-adrenoceptor antagonist.
Collapse
|
66
|
Hamby PH, McLaughlin M. HIPAA standards offer more accuracy and eventual cost savings. HEALTHCARE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT : JOURNAL OF THE HEALTHCARE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION 2001; 55:58-62. [PMID: 11300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
More than four years after passage of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), HHS has yet to issue final rules regarding implementation of many of the statute's provisions. Of immediate concern to the healthcare industry are the final rules regarding electronic transactions and privacy and the proposed rule regarding security. The electronic transactions final rule addresses seven transaction types covered by HIPAA. The final rule mandates the use of standard implementation guides developed by the American National Standards Institute and specifies which code sets are to be used with each type of transaction. Under the security proposed rule, covered entities would be required to develop a security plan addressing four specific areas. Under the privacy final rule, covered entities must meet specific requirements regarding patients rights, including obtaining consent or, in some instances, authorization to use and disclose patients' personal health information.
Collapse
|
67
|
|
68
|
Holmes BJ, Richards A, McLaughlin M, Cruz G, Copeman L, Bycroft S, Schuurman H, White DJ, Davies H, Cozzi E. Antibody responses in early graft rejection in pig-to-primate renal xenotransplantation. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:717-8. [PMID: 11267036 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)02221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
69
|
Yool DA, Klugmann M, McLaughlin M, Vouyiouklis DA, Dimou L, Barrie JA, McCulloch MC, Nave KA, Griffiths IR. Myelin proteolipid proteins promote the interaction of oligodendrocytes and axons. J Neurosci Res 2001; 63:151-64. [PMID: 11169625 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4547(20010115)63:2<151::aid-jnr1007>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although proteolipid protein (PLP) and its DM20 isoform are the major membrane proteins of CNS myelin, their absence causes surprisingly few developmental defects. In comparison, missense mutations of the X-linked Plp gene cause severe dysmyelination. Previous studies have established roles for PLP/DM20 in the formation of the intraperiod line and in maintaining axonal integrity. We now show that a normal number of oligodendrocytes are present in mice lacking PLP/DM20. However, in heterozygous females, which are natural chimeras for X-linked genes, oligodendrocytes lacking PLP/DM20 are in direct competition with wild-type oligodendrocytes that have a distinct advantage. PLP+ oligodendrocytes and PLP+ myelin sheaths make up the greater majority, and this feature is generalised in the CNS throughout life. Moreover, in the absence of PLP/DM20, a proportion of small-diameter axons fails to myelinate, remaining ensheathed but lacking a compact sheath, or show delayed myelination. These findings suggest that PLP/DM20 is also involved in the early stages of axon-oligodendrocyte interaction and wrapping of the axon.
Collapse
|
70
|
Chun TW, Justement JS, Moir S, Hallahan CW, Ehler LA, Liu S, McLaughlin M, Dybul M, Mican JM, Fauci AS. Suppression of HIV replication in the resting CD4+ T cell reservoir by autologous CD8+ T cells: implications for the development of therapeutic strategies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:253-8. [PMID: 11136258 PMCID: PMC14577 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.1.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell-mediated antiviral activity against HIV has been described consistently in infected individuals; however, the role of this activity in controlling replication of HIV in the latently infected, resting CD4+ T cell reservoir is unclear. By using an ex vivo system, we show that replication of HIV in this viral reservoir is effectively suppressed in coculture by autologous CD8+ T cells in long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) and in patients whose viremia was controlled by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), but not in therapy-naive patients who had substantial levels of plasma viremia. This antiviral activity was largely independent of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL). When the role of soluble CD8+ T cell-derived factors was examined, we found that CC-chemokines played a major role in inhibition of viral replication in the latent viral reservoir in some LTNPs and patients receiving HAART, but not in chronically infected patients who were not receiving antiretroviral therapy. Potent antiviral activity, independent of CC-chemokines, was found mainly in patients in whom HAART was initiated shortly after the acute phase of HIV infection. These results indicate that CD8(+) T cells provide potent suppressive activity against HIV replication in the latent viral reservoir via direct cellular contact in patients who are naturally LTNPs or in those who are treated with HAART. Furthermore, the profound antiviral activity exerted by non-CC-chemokine soluble factors in infected patients who began HAART early in HIV infection suggests that preservation of this HIV-suppressive mechanism by early initiation of therapy may play an important role in the containment of viral replication in infected patients following interruption of therapy.
Collapse
|
71
|
Sharif NA, Crider JY, Xu SX, McLaughlin M, Davis TL. Levobetaxolol (Betaxon): in vitro pharmacology, intraocular pressure lowering activity and autoradiographic localization of beta-adrenoceptors in human eyes. PROCEEDINGS OF THE WESTERN PHARMACOLOGY SOCIETY 2001; 44:65-8. [PMID: 11793997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
|
72
|
Fingert JH, Clark AF, Craig JE, Alward WL, Snibson GR, McLaughlin M, Tuttle L, Mackey DA, Sheffield VC, Stone EM. Evaluation of the myocilin (MYOC) glaucoma gene in monkey and human steroid-induced ocular hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001; 42:145-52. [PMID: 11133859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension (the steroid response) may result in optic nerve damage that very closely mimics the pathologic course of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). In addition, patients with glaucoma and their relatives are much more likely to exhibit the steroid response than unaffected individuals, suggesting a potential link between the steroid response and POAG. Recently, the expression of a gene (MYOC) in the trabecular meshwork was shown to be steroid-induced. MYOC variations thought to be disease-causing also were found in 3% to 5% of POAG cases. The purpose of this study was to determine whether some variations in MYOC might be involved in steroid-induced ocular hypertension. METHODS Seventy human steroid responders and 114 control subjects were screened for variations in the coding sequence and promoter of MYOC. Also, topical doses of dexamethasone (DEX) were administered to cynomolgus monkeys to determine their steroid responsiveness, and the MYOC orthologue was cloned from the cynomolgus monkey. RESULTS Overall, 109 instances of 20 different sequence variations were identified in the human myocilin gene. However, only four of these (each observed in a single individual) met the study criteria for a possible phenotype-altering variation. Three of these were present in steroid responders and one in a control patient, a distribution that was not statistically significant (P: = 0.3). In addition, the allele frequency of a closely flanking marker was compared between the steroid responders and the control subjects, and no evidence for linkage disequilibrium was observed. Reproducible and reversible ocular hypertension was induced in approximately 40% of the monkeys treated with DEX, similar to that seen in man. Ten monkeys were screened for MYOC mutations with single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Overall, 37 instances of 13 different sequence variations were observed. Four of these changes met the study criteria for a possible phenotype-altering variation, and these were equally distributed between responder and nonresponder monkeys. CONCLUSIONS This study identified no statistically significant evidence for a link between MYOC mutations and steroid-induced ocular hypertension.
Collapse
|
73
|
McLaughlin M. A quick take on clearinghouses. JOURNAL OF AHIMA 2001; 72:36. [PMID: 11211395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
|
74
|
Carnes M, VandenBosche G, Agatisa PK, Hirshfield A, Dan A, Shaver JL, Murasko D, McLaughlin M. Using women's health research to develop women leaders in academic health sciences: the National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health. JOURNAL OF WOMEN'S HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE 2001; 10:39-47. [PMID: 11224943 DOI: 10.1089/152460901750067106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
While the number of women entering U.S. medical schools has risen substantially in the past 25 years, the number of women in leadership positions in academic medicine is disproportionately small. The traditional pathway to academic leadership is through research. Women's health research is an ideal venue to fill the pipeline with talented women physicians and scientists who may become academic leaders in positions where they can promote positive change in women's health as well as mentor other women. The Office on Women's Health (OWH) in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has contracted with 18 academic medical centers to develop National Centers of Excellence in Women's Health. Emphasizing the integral link between women's health and women leaders, each of the Centers of Excellence must develop a leadership plan for women in academic medicine as part of the contract requirements. This paper describes the training programs in women's health research that have developed at five of the academic medical centers: the University of Wisconsin, Magee Women's Hospital, the University of Maryland, Medical College of Pennsylvania Hahnemann University, and the University of Illinois at Chicago. We discuss some of the challenges faced for both initiation and future viability of these programs as well as criteria by which these programs will be evaluated for success.
Collapse
|
75
|
Bouley R, Breton S, Sun T, McLaughlin M, Nsumu NN, Lin HY, Ausiello DA, Brown D. Nitric oxide and atrial natriuretic factor stimulate cGMP-dependent membrane insertion of aquaporin 2 in renal epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:1115-26. [PMID: 11067864 PMCID: PMC301414 DOI: 10.1172/jci9594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In collecting duct principal cells, aquaporin 2 (AQP2) is shuttled from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane upon vasopressin (VP) stimulation. VP activates adenylyl cyclase, increases intracellular cAMP, activating protein kinase A (PKA) to phosphorylate AQP2 on the COOH-terminal residue, serine 256. Using rat kidney slices and LLC-PK1 cells stably expressing AQP2 (LLC-AQP2 cells), we now show that AQP2 trafficking can be stimulated by cAMP-independent pathways. In these systems, the nitric oxide (NO) donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and NONOate and the NO synthase substrate L-arginine mimicked the effect of VP, stimulating relocation of AQP2 from cytoplasmic vesicles to the plasma membrane. Unlike VP, these other agents did not increase intracellular cAMP. However, SNP increased intracellular cGMP, and exogenous cGMP stimulated AQP2-membrane insertion. Atrial natriuretic factor, which signals via cGMP, also stimulated AQP2 translocation. The VP and SNP effects were blocked by the kinase inhibitor H89. SNP did not stimulate membrane insertion of AQP2 in LLC-PK1 cells expressing the phosphorylation-deficient mutant 256SerAla-AQP2, indicating that phosphorylation of Ser256 is required for signaling. Both PKA and cGMP-dependent protein kinase G phosphorylated AQP2 on this COOH-terminal residue in vitro. These results demonstrate a novel, cAMP-independent and cGMP-dependent pathway for AQP2 membrane insertion in renal epithelial cells.
Collapse
|