Effect of enteral feeding on hepatic steatosis induced by total parenteral nutrition

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that deprivation of enteral feeding contributes to the development of total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-induced hepatic dysfunction and that alterations of gut hormones are involved in its pathogenesis. Twenty-one adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: group 1 received chow feeding ad libitum (288 kcal/kg per day); group 2 received dextrose-based TPN (320 +/- 5 kcal/kg per day); and group 3 received TPN (315 +/- 15 kcal/kg per day) plus chow feeding ad libitum (74 +/- 1 kcal/kg per day). After 7 days, portal blood was assayed for insulin, glucagon, gastrin, peptide YY, secretin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide; systemic blood for determination of liver function tests and serum lipid analysis. Liver biopsies were taken for histology and staining for fat, and the remainder of the livers were removed for tissue lipid analysis. TPN induced striking hepatic steatosis with prominent histologic changes and accumulation of lipids, mainly triglycerides and cholesterol ester, in the liver. Addition of enteral feeding to TPN-treated animals significantly reduced the histologic changes as well as lipid accumulation in the liver. Portal plasma levels of gastrin and peptide YY were reduced in animals maintained on TPN alone, with no change in secretin or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide levels. Enteral supplementation increased peptide YY levels in group 3, but not to normal, while gastrin secretion remained decreased. The serum triglyceride levels were decreased in both TPN groups; no differences were detected in the serum cholesterol levels or liver function tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anxiogenic effect of disulfiram evaluated in an animal model

The present experiment was designed to determine whether disulfiram produced an interoceptive discriminative stimulus (IDS) in rats similar to that exhibited by the anxiogenic drug pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). Rats were trained to discriminate PTZ (20 mg/kg IP) from saline, according to an FR10 schedule of food reinforcement. After training criteria had been met, discrimination testing revealed that disulfiram (100 mg/kg, IP) produced a PTZ-like IDS that fully substituted for PTZ 4 hours after injection, decaying to baseline values by the third day. The metabolite of disulfiram, diethyl dithiocarbamate (100 mg/kg, IP), followed much the same temporal pattern, but only showed partial substitution for PTZ. When ethanol (1 g/kg, gavage) or the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline (50 mg/kg, IP) were administered in combination with disulfiram, no significant change of the PTZ-like stimulus was observed. Pargyline (100 mg/kg, IP) or acetaldehyde (200 mg/kg, IP), given alone, did not significantly substitute for PTZ. These data show that disulfiram produces an IDS in rats similar to that produced by other anxiogenic drugs. These data also suggest that the mechanism by which disulfiram produces its anxiogenic effect may not be entirely based upon the disulfiram metabolite diethyl dithiocarbamate, elevated acetaldehyde levels or stimulation of the catecholaminergic system.