Characterization of rotavirus causing acute diarrhoea in children in Kathmandu, Nepal, showing the dominance of serotype G12

Diarrhoeal diseases are a major problem in developing countries. Though precise data on childhood mortality associated with diarrhoeal diseases in Nepal are not available, it has been estimated that approximately 25 % of child deaths are associated with diarrhoeal disease, particularly acute diarrhoea. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of rotavirus causing acute diarrhoea in children less than 5 years of age. A total of 525 children with acute diarrhoea in a children's hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal, were enrolled between April and September 2011. The incidence of acute diarrhoea due to rotavirus was 25.9 % (136/525) as determined by ELISA. The percentage of rotavirus-infected males was higher (64.5 %) than females (35.5 %). The frequency of rotavirus cases was higher in children less than 2 years of age, among which the majority of cases (80.2 %) were in children between 6 and 24 months old (P<0.01). Genotypic characterization by RT-PCR revealed that the serotype G12 represented 55.9 % of cases in this study associated with P-types of either P[6], P[4] or P[8]. Further to this, a total of eight G/P combinations were identified, G12P[6] being the most common strain type of rotavirus in Nepal, with a prevalence rate of 46.4 %. The aim of this study was to find out the major genotypes of rotavirus causing acute diarrhoea in children.

Bacterial etiology of acute diarrhea in children under five years of age

BACKGROUND

Diarrheal diseases are major problem of developing countries. Though precise data on childhood mortality associated with diarrheal diseases in Nepal is not available, it has been estimated that approximately 25% of child death are associated with diarrheal disease, particularly acute diarrhea. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of bacterial pathogens causing acute diarrhea in children under 5 years of age.

METHODS

A total of 525 children with acute diarrhea in a children's hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal were enrolled between April 2011 to September 2011. Feacal specimens for culture were inoculated to the several media. The organisms were identified by different biochemical tests and serotyping. Their antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed by Kirby-Bauer's disc diffusion method as recommended by CLSI.

RESULTS

Out of total 525 enrolled cases bacterial infection was found to be 46 (8.8%). Bacterial infection was found to be of highest, 36 (78.3%) in the age group between 6-24 months. Among the total enrolled cases the prevalence of Shigella species was 24 (4.6%) followed by Escherichia coli 12 (2.3%) and Salmonella species 10 (1.9%). Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline showed efficacy in 9 (90.0%) isolates of Salmonella species, Gentamycin showed efficacy in 22 (91.7%) isolates of Shigella species and Chloramphenicol showed 100% efficacy against Escherichia coli whereas 7 (70.0%) isolates of Salmonella species were resistant to ampicillin in vitro. MDR was highest 7 (70.0%) in Salmonella species.

CONCLUSIONS

The bacterial pathogens were found to be a significant cause of acute diarrhea. The most common causative organism for acute diarrhea were Shigella spp. Awareness of improving hygiene and infectious diseases may reduce the burden of infection.

Transplantation in Low Resource Countries

Thalassemia major (TM) is the most common deadly genetic disorder, a major cause of chronic non-infectious morbidity and financial burden in many low and middle-income regions. In these settings few children reach adulthood because proper long-term supportive care is seldom available. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is the only available curative modality and it can be very successful and cost-effective for young children with low-risk features and a compatible related donor. However, in countries where TM is most prevalent, there is a dire shortage of BMT centers. The Cure2Children Foundation has supported a feasibility study evaluating safety, efficacy and costs of developing a new BMT center in an underserved lower-middle-income country with relatively untrained professionals within a structured collaboration and knowledge-transfer program. A total of 24 consecutive patients who underwent BMT in Pakistan between September 2008 and August 2010 are included in this prospective analysis, 17 from an established bone marrow transplant center, the National Institute for Blood Diseases in Karachi, Pakistan and the initial 7 BMTs from a start up unit in a government civil hospital, the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Children’s Hospital in Islamabad. Patients were matched for age, nutritional status, growth, disease, disease status and post-BMT follow-up time. All patients had a matched-related sibling donor, were younger than 10 years of age at the time of transplantation, received the same conditioning regimen. All needy families could rely on a support program throughout the 8-month post-transplant period. The Cure2Children Foundation provided professional and financial support as well as a structured web-based data management and cooperation platform. At a median follow up of 19.6 months (range 8.7 to 31.5) actuarial thalassemia-free survival is 85.6% and 85.7% and overall survival 94.1% and 85.7% in the established and start-up center respectively with no statistically significant differences. Other outcome indices like infectious complications, engraftment parameters, transplant-related complications, and post-BMT performance scores also did not differ. The median cost of matched-related transplants in the start-up center, including pre-BMT evaluation, was 11,513 USD (range 7518 to 21,176). Within structured cooperation strategies bone marrow transplantation for thalassemia major can be performed safely, effectively, and affordably even in start-up centers in lower-middleincome countries, like Pakistan, were most thalassemia patients live. This observation may have important implications to increase access to cure for thalassemia worldwide.

Efficacy and safety of Iranian made Deferasirox (Osveral®) in Iranian major thalassemic patients with transfusional iron overload: A one year prospective multicentric open-label non-comparative study

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

to determine the efficacy, adverse effects and safety of a new Iranian generic product of deferasirox (Osveral®) in Iranian transfusion dependent major thalassemic (TD-MT) patients.

METHODS

In 9 main thalassemia treatment centers, all of TD-MT patients (aged ≥2 yrs) with serum ferritin (SF) levels≥1000 ng/ml, or >100 ml/kg of RBC transfusion,who could not tolerate parental iron chelating were recruited regardless of their previous iron chelation therapy. Periodical clinical and laboratory evaluations were conducted for adverse effects (AEs). Primary efficacy end point was Mean of Relative Change of Serum Ferritin (MRC-SF) from the baseline level during one year. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), t test, chi-square or Fisher exact test were used for statistic analysis appropriately (P values <0.05 were considered as statistical significant).

RESULTS

In 407 cases the male/female ratio was 0.98. Mean age was 11.5±7.4 (2-58) years. The mean of initiating dose of Osveral® and mean usage dose during the study was 23.5±4.9 mg/kg and 24.9±4.9 mg/kg respectively. MRC-SF was -11.44% ±38.92 and it showed significant decline in SF (P value<0.001) one hundred and forty eight patients out of 407 patients experienced at least one. AE, the most common of them were transient increase in serum creatinin (97;24.1%) and>5 time increase in transaminases (24;5.89%).The causes of discontinuation of treatment were non-satisfactory treatment ( 24; 5.8%), poor or non-compliance of patients (21;5.1%), and adverse effects (13; 3.1%)

CONCLUSION

A detailed comparison with similar studies on deferasirox (Exjade®) shows a promising efficacy and safety for its Iranian generic product (Osveral ®).

Low prevalence of significant carotid artery disease on ultrasound in patients proceeding to coronary artery bypass surgery

BACKGROUND

Cardiothoracic surgery is associated with an increased risk of perioperative stroke. Preoperative carotid ultrasonography can identify significant stenosis, but there is debate about the value of screening. The aims of this study were to (i) determine the prevalence of significant carotid artery disease in screened patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery and (ii) correlate their ultrasonographic findings with perioperative strokes.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of 166 patients (118 men, 48 women) who underwent a preoperative carotid ultrasound and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) from 2004 to 2007. Perioperative strokes were recorded and compared with ultrasonographic and clinical data. A separate cohort of 1423 patients (1064 men, 359 women) who underwent CABG over the same period was also evaluated.

RESULTS

Only 11 screened patients (6.6%) had significant (>70%) carotid artery disease and two of these underwent simultaneous carotid endarterectomy. There were five perioperative strokes in screened patients, four of which occurred in individuals with <50% disease. Compared with the non-screened cohort, ultrasound screened patients were older and more likely to have a prior stroke or transient ischaemic attack, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, peripheral vascular disease and/or renal impairment than non-screened patients. There was no significant difference in perioperative strokes compared with non-screened patients (3% vs 1.2% respectively, P= NS).

CONCLUSION

There is a low prevalence of significant carotid artery disease in ultrasound screened patients. The risk of perioperative strokes in screened patients is low and not significantly different from non-screened patients.

Chordoma presenting as pseudoprolactinoma

Chordomas are relatively rare neoplasms that appear to originate from benign remnants of primitive notochord. They account for about 0.15% of all intracranial neoplasm and are the most common of extradural neoplasms that involve the clivus. Although they present mostly with signs and symptoms of other intracranial lesions they rarely present with high prolactin levels mimicking prolactinomas. We report a case of chordoma presenting as a pseudoprolactinoma. We discuss the presentation, radiological features and treatment of this rare presentation.

Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Nahavand: a population-based study

In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated H. pylori seroprevalence and the relevant factors in 1518 people aged > or = 6 years from the general population of Nahavand, western Islamic Republic of Iran. Questionnaires covering sociodemographic variables were completed by interview. Blood samples were taken from each individual. Sera were tested for anti-H. pylori IgG using commercial enzyme immunoassay. Overall, seroprevalence of H. pylori was high, 71.0% (95% CI: 69.0%-73.0%). There was a gradual increase with age. Based on multivariate adjustment, only female sex and age could be considered risk factors.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E in Nahavand, Islamic Republic of Iran: a population-based study

A 2-month community-based survey in February/March of 2003 was carried out to study the seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in Nahavand, Islamic Republic of Iran. From each of 6 urban regions of Nahavand, 304 inhabitants > or = 6 years were recruited through systematic random sampling (total 1824). Participants were tested for anti-HEV IgG using ELISA. The overall seroprevalence of HEV was 9.3% (95% CI: 8.2%-10.9%). Based on multivariate adjustment, only sex (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.13-2.28) and age (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01-1.04) emerged as significant risk factors. This intermediate prevalence urges further investigations on HEV infection in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Vagus nerve stimulation: indications and limitations

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an established treatment for selected patients with medically refractory seizures. Recent studies suggest that VNS could be potentially useful in the treatment of resistant depressive disorder. Although a surgical procedure is required in order to implant the VNS device, the possibility of a long-term benefit largely free of severe side effects could give VNS a privileged place in the management of resistant depression. In addition, VNS appears to affect pain perception in depressed adults; a possible role of VNS in the treatment of severe refractory headache, intractable chronic migraine and cluster headache has also been suggested. VNS is currently investigated in clinical studies, as a potential treatment for essential tremor, cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease, anxiety disorders, and bulimia. Finally, other studies explore the potential use of VNS in the treatment of resistant obesity, addictions, sleep disorders, narcolepsy, coma and memory and learning deficits.

Neurostimulation for refractory angina pectoris

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been shown to be particularly useful, safe and effective treatment in the management of patients with refractory angina pectoris and those unsuitable for percutaneous or surgical revascularisation. Clinical and experimental research has shown that it decreases myocardial ischemia without masking the clinical symptoms of its imminent development. In addition to providing pain relief, neurostimulation has also been shown to improve microcirculatory blood flow and increase the myocardial threshold for ischaemia. The anti-ischaemic effects of SCS have been evaluated by: (a) exercise testing, (b) ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG), and (c) invasive measurements of lactate from coronary sinus blood samples. Patients have reported not only significantly fewer angina attacks but also decreased consumption of glyceryl trinitrate and improved quality of life. A number of mechanisms have been proposed including placebo effects, primary anti-nociceptive effects, involvement of endogenous opiates, anti sympathetic nervous system effects, increases in coronary blood flow, and redistribution of myocardial blood flow.

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B in Nahavand, Islamic Republic of Iran

We determined the seroprevalence of hepatitis B in Nahavand in a sample of 1824 subjects > 5 years in 2002. Face-to-face interviews were conducted and blood samples taken. The association between risk factor and hepatitis B was assessed using logistic regression. The prevalence of HBsAg positive cases was 2.3%, and HBcAb and HBsAb were isolated in 7.8% and 11.6% of the participants respectively; 11.9% were positive for both HBcAb and HBsAb. History of surgery and imprisonment were the major risk factors for infection with odds ratios of 2.14 (95% CI: 1.22-3.05) and 3.57 (95% CI: 1.68-5.4) respectively.

Successful pregnancy after localized resection of perforated uterus in choriocarcinoma and a literature review

Choriocarcinoma is an aggressive neoplasm arising in the body of the uterus. Rapid growth and myometrial invasion may be followed by uterine perforation. In this study, we present the cases of two young patients (18 and 19 years of age) with acute abdominal pain and shock, while they were under chemotherapy due to persistent trophoblastic disease. During emergent exploratory laparotomy, localized resection of uterus was performed. They had their first successful term pregnancy 5 and 4 years after surgery, respectively. Uterine perforation following choriocarcinoma is a rare event. Hysterectomy is recommended in emergency conditions, but localized resection of uterus should be considered in women who are desirous of future fertility.

Successful pregnancy after localized resection of perforated uterus in choriocarcinoma and a literature review

Choriocarcinoma is an aggressive neoplasm arising in the body of the uterus. Rapid growth and myometrial invasion may be followed by uterine perforation. In this study, we present the cases of two young patients (18 and 19 years of age) with acute abdominal pain and shock, while they were under chemotherapy due to persistent trophoblastic disease. During emergent exploratory laparotomy, localized resection of uterus was performed. They had their first successful term pregnancy 5 and 4 years after surgery, respectively. Uterine perforation following choriocarcinoma is a rare event. Hysterectomy is recommended in emergency conditions, but localized resection of uterus should be considered in women who are desirous of future fertility.

Operation for delayed symptomatic brain oedema after treatment of an arteriovenous malformation by embolization and radiosurgery

A patient with a Spetzler-Martin-grade-III AVM, initially embolized and then stereotactically irradiated, who - with a latency of several months - showed progressive neurological deterioration, is reported. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed enormous ipsilateral brain oedema, which did not respond to dexamethasone. Upon further neurological deterioration the former AVM nidus plus an adjacent rim of brain tissue were removed and the patient recovered considerably. It is concluded that embolization in conjunction with irradiation may impair the blood-brain-barrier with resulting long-term oedema in the surrounding brain, and that surgical treatment should be considered in selected cases.

Lycopene and prostate cancer

Despite being one of the most common malignancies, the prevenatble measures for prostate cancer remain poorly defined. Dietary intake of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene have been shown in cell culture, animal, epidemiologic and case–control studies to be inversely associated with the risk of prostate cancer. Its unique structural and biologic properties enable lycopene to prevent free-radical damage to cells caused by reactive oxygen species, thus acting as a potent antioxidant. Although some studies have provided contradictory results, these should not be considered incongruous to the many larger studies which have shown reliable results in favor of prostate cancer. Further research involving large randomized case–control trials would confirm the potential anticancer effect of this molecule, which might provide new dimensions not only to the prevention but also the treatment of prostate cancer.

Comparison of clinical outcome with oral and inhaled bronchodilators in the management of wheezy children aged 1-59 months in the community: a randomised trial in Pakistan

BACKGROUND

Wheeze is a significant problem in children. There is a gradual trend of switching from oral to inhaled bronchodilator therapy. No randomised trials have been carried out in the community to compare the clinical outcome of two modes of therapy. If outcome with oral and inhaled bronchodilators is the same in young wheezers in developing countries, it will be easier to manage them.

METHODS

In a randomised multicentre trial, wheezy children aged 1-59 months with fast breathing and/or lower chest indrawing received oral or inhaled salbutamol at home after responding to up to three cycles of inhaled bronchodilators. They were re-assessed on days 3 and 5 for clinical outcome.

RESULTS

From May 2001 to August 2002, 780 children were enrolled; 390 each were randomised to oral and inhaled salbutamol. On day 5, 324 (83.1%) children in the oral and 328 (84.1%) in the inhaled group were completely well. There were no differences in clinical outcome of both modes of therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The clinical outcome of children aged 1-59 months with wheeze is similar when treated with oral or inhaled salbutamol. Acute respiratory infection control programmes in developing countries should continue to use oral bronchodilators for the management of wheeze to save both time and money.

Assessment and management of children aged 1-59 months presenting with wheeze, fast breathing, and/or lower chest indrawing; results of a multicentre descriptive study in Pakistan

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Using current WHO guidelines, children with wheezing are being over prescribed antibiotics and bronchodilators are underutilised. To improve the WHO case management guidelines, more data is needed about the clinical outcome in children with wheezing/pneumonia overlap.

METHODOLOGY

In a multicentre prospective study, children aged 1-59 months with auscultatory/audible wheeze and fast breathing and/or lower chest indrawing were screened. Response to up to three cycles of inhaled salbutamol was recorded. The responders were enrolled and sent home on inhaled bronchodilators, and followed up on days 3 and 5.

RESULTS

A total of 1622 children with wheeze were screened from May 2001 to April 2002, of which 1004 (61.8%) had WHO defined non-severe and 618 (38.2%) severe pneumonia. Wheeze was audible in only 595 (36.7%) of children. Of 1004 non-severe pneumonia children, 621 (61.8%) responded to up to three cycles of bronchodilator. Of 618 severe pneumonia children, only 166 (26.8%) responded. Among responders, 93 (14.9%) in the non-severe and 63 (37.9%) children in the severe pneumonia group showed subsequent deterioration on follow ups. No family history of wheeze, temperature >100 degrees F, and lower chest indrawing were identified as predictors of subsequent deterioration.

CONCLUSIONS

Two third of children with wheeze are not identified by current WHO ARI (acute respiratory infections) guidelines. Antibiotics are over prescribed and bronchodilators under utilised in children with wheeze. Children with wheeze constitute a special ARI group requiring a separate management algorithm. In countries where wheeze is common it would be worthwhile to train health workers in use of the stethoscope to identify wheeze.

Gallstone disease in a rural Bangladeshi community

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of gallstone disease (GSD) in Bangladesh is not known. We evaluated the prevalence of GSD and its relation with certain factors in a rural community in Bangladesh.

METHODS

A total of 1332 persons aged 15 years and above from two villages were invited to participate in the study; 1,058 (80%) subjects responded after three invitations. Each subject answered a questionnaire, including demographic features, and underwent an upper abdominal ultrasound examination.

RESULTS

GSD (current cholelithiasis and history of cholecystectomy) was detected in 5.4% of subjects. The prevalence was higher in women (7.7%) than in men (3.3%; p=0.002) The prevalence rates increased from 0.9% to 10% (p=0.0124) from those aged <30 years to those >50 years. A larger proportion of obese subjects (25/52; 48.1%) had GSD than non-obese subjects (32/1006; 3.2%). Prevalence in low, middle and high socio-economic classes was 1.5%, 5.7% and 13.4%, respectively (p=0.000). A majority (71.9%) of subjects with GSD were asymptomatic.

CONCLUSION

Approximately 5% of the Bangladeshi rural community evaluated have GSD. Higher age, female gender, presence of obesity and higher socio-economic class were associated with higher prevalence of GSD.

Bedside tracer gas technique accurately predicts outcome in aspiration of spontaneous pneumothorax

BACKGROUND

There is no technique in general use that reliably predicts the outcome of manual aspiration of spontaneous pneumothorax. We have hypothesised that the absence of a pleural leak at the time of aspiration will identify a group of patients in whom immediate discharge is unlikely to be complicated by early lung re-collapse and have tested this hypothesis by using a simple bedside tracer gas technique.

METHODS

Eighty four episodes of primary spontaneous pneumothorax and 35 episodes of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax were studied prospectively. Patients breathed air containing a tracer (propellant gas from a pressurised metered dose inhaler) while the pneumothorax was aspirated percutaneously. Tracer gas in the aspirate was detected at the bedside using a portable flame ioniser and episodes were categorised as tracer gas positive (>1 part per million of tracer gas) or negative. The presence of tracer gas was taken to imply a persistent pleural leak. Failure of manual aspiration and the need for a further intervention was based on chest radiographic appearances showing either failure of the lung to re-expand or re-collapse following initial re-expansion.

RESULTS

A negative tracer gas test alone implied that manual aspiration would be successful in the treatment of 93% of episodes of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (p<0.001) and in 86% of episodes of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (p=0.01). A positive test implied that manual aspiration would either fail to re-expand the lung or that early re-collapse would occur despite initial re-expansion in 66% of episodes of primary spontaneous pneumothorax and 71% of episodes of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Lung re-inflation on the chest radiograph taken immediately after aspiration was a poor predictor of successful aspiration, with lung re-collapse occurring in 34% of episodes by the following day such that a further intervention was required.

CONCLUSIONS

National guidelines currently recommend immediate discharge of patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax based primarily on the outcome of the post-aspiration chest radiograph which we have shown to be a poor predictor of early lung re-collapse. Using a simple bedside test in combination with the post-aspiration chest radiograph, we can predict with high accuracy the success of aspiration in achieving sustained lung re-inflation, thereby identifying patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax who can be safely and immediately discharged home and those who should be observed overnight because of a significant risk of re-collapse, with an estimated re-admission rate of 1%.