[Occupational acute mixed gas poisoning due to improper disposal of hazardous waste]

Objective: To investigate an occupational hazardous gas poisoning incident caused by gas leakage in the process of hazardous waste treatment. Methods: An investigation was conducted on a case of occupational acute hazardous gas poisoning caused by waste treatment gas leakage in Shandong province in December 2017. Meanwhile, the clinical data of 5 cases of poisoning patients were analyzed, and the accident related poison test report and other relevant data were analyzed. Results: The incident was caused by the toxic waste did not do labeling work, the workers' protection measures were not in place, the illegal operation and the blind rescue, resulting in a total of 5 people died on the spot, 12 people were hospitalized with poisoning. Among them, 5 patients admitted to our hospital showed varying degrees of damage to the nervous system and respiratory system. After active treatment, they all got better and were discharged. Conclusion: The poisoning is mainly caused by hydrogen sulfide dichloromethane hydrogen cyanide gas leakage serious production liability accident, clinical main performance for the nervous system circulatory system respiratory system and other system damage.

Plant-soil feedbacks of forest understorey plants transplanted in nonlocal soils along a latitudinal gradient

Climate change is driving movements of many plants beyond, as well as within, their current distributional ranges. Even migrant plants moving within their current range may experience different plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) because of divergent nonlocal biotic soil conditions. Yet, our understanding to what extent soil biotic conditions can affect the performance of within-range migrant plants is still very limited. We assessed the emergence and growth of migrant forest herbs (Milium effusum and Stachys sylvatica) using soils and seeds collected along a 1,700 km latitudinal gradient across Europe. Soil biota were manipulated through four soil treatments, i.e. unsterilized control soil (PSF_US ), sterilized soil (PSF_S ), sterilized soil inoculated with unsterilized home soil (PSF_S+HI ) and sterilized soil inoculated with unsterilized foreign soil (PSF_S+FI , expected to occur when both plants and soil biota track climate change). Compared to PSF_S , PSF_US had negative effects on the growth but not emergence of both species, while PSF_S+FI only affected S. sylvatica across all seed provenances. When considering seed origin, seedling emergence and growth responses to nonlocal soils depended on soil biotic conditions. Specifically, the home-away distance effect on seedling emergence differed between the four treatments, and significant responses to chemistry either disappeared (M. effusum) or changed (S. sylvatica) from PSF_US to PSF_S . Soil biota emerge as an important driver of the estimated plant migration success. Our results of the effects of soil microorganisms on plant establishment provide relevant information for predictions of the distribution and dynamics of plant species in a changing climate.

[An incident of toadstool poisoning]

Objective: To investigate a poisonous mushroom poisoning incident and analyze its clinical data. Methods: Investigate a poisonous mushroom poisoning incident in a place in Shandong in July 2018, at the same time, the clinical data of 2 cases of mushroom poisoning were analyzed and summarized. Results: The incident was caused by a poisoning incident caused by residents eating poisonous mushrooms. The poisonous mushroom in this incident was identified as a scaled white goose cream. Two patients with poisoning developed gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, and liver damage occurred later. After active rescue and treatment, one patient was discharged from hospital, and the other patient developed acute pulmonary embolism during the treatment. He was discharged after interventional thrombolysis and follow-up treatment. Conclusion: After investigation, the incident was caused by the ingestion of poisonous mushrooms mainly based on the scalloped white goose cream. After active treatment, they were cured and discharged.

Expression of Mucin 1 in salivary gland tumors and its correlation with clinicopathological factors

This study aimed to detect the expression of Mucin 1 (MUC1) in acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) of salivary gland and to explore the relationship between MUC1 and clinicopathological factors of AciCC of salivary gland. Patients with salivary gland tumors who were treated at our hospital were enrolled in this study. The pathological sections collected from all subjects were classified by histological examinations. In addition, 40 cases of primary salivary gland AciCC tissues were selected and classified into experimental group, whereas 40 cases of normal salivary gland (NSG) tissues were selected and classified into control group. MUC1 positive cells in both experimental and control groups were detected by immunohistochemistry assays, while all clinical data were analyzed statistically. The results showed that MUC1 was only expressed in the ductal epithelium of NSG and distributed at the apical side of the cell membrane. In primary salivary gland AciCC tissues, scattered expressions of MUC1 were found both on the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm of tumor cells, and sometimes even in the cell nuclei, thus completely eliminating the polarized distribution of MUC1 expressions. The percentage of MUC1 positive cells in experimental group was significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the expression of MUC1 in salivary gland AciCC was correlated with gender, age, histological type, lesion location, cervical lymph node metastasis, local recurrence, and distant metastasis. In conclusion, MUC1 is related to the occurrence and development of salivary gland AciCC. Therefore, MUC1 may be used as a novel tumor marker in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland AciCC.

The Long-Term Impact of Functional Disability on Hospitalization Spending in Singapore

Singapore is one of the fastest-aging populations due to increased life expectancy and lowered fertility. Lifestyle changes increase the burden of chronic diseases and disability. These have important implications for social protection systems. The goal of this paper is to model future functional disability and healthcare expenditures based on current trends. To project the health, disability and hospitalization spending of future elders, we adapted the Future Elderly Model (FEM) to Singapore. The FEM is a dynamic Markov microsimulation model developed in the US. Our main source of population data was the Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS) consisting of 63,000 respondents followed up over three waves from 1993 to 2010. The FEM model enables us to investigate the effects of disability compounded over the lifecycle and hospitalization spending, while adjusting for competing risk of multi-comorbidities. Results indicate that by 2050, 1 in 6 elders in Singapore will have at least one ADL disability and 1 in 3 elders will have at least one IADL disability, an increase from 1 in 12 elders and 1 in 5 elders respectively in 2014. The highest prevalence of functional disability will be in those aged 85 years and above. Lifetime hospitalization spending of elders aged 55 and above is US$24,400 (30.2%) higher among people with functional disability compared to those without disability. Policies that successfully tackle diabetes and promote healthy living may reduce or delay the onset of disability, leading to potential saving. In addition, further technological improvements may reduce the financial burden of disability.

Abstract P2-06-02: Development of a first-in-class small molecule inhibitor (EC359) targeting oncogenic LIF/LIFR signaling for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer

Background: Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and its receptor LIFR are over-expressed in multiple solid tumors and play a key role in tumor growth, progression, and resistance to standard anti-cancer treatments. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks targeted therapies and represents a disproportional share of breast cancer (BCa) mortality. TNBC exhibits autocrine stimulation of the LIF/LIFR axis and overexpression of LIF is associated with poorer relapse-free survival in BCa patients. LIF signaling also promotes maintenance of stem cells. Therefore, targeting the LIF/LIFR axis may have therapeutic utility in TNBC.

Methods: We rationally designed a small organic molecule (EC359) that emulates the LIF/LIFR binding site and functions as a LIFR inhibitor from a library of compounds. In silico docking studies were used to identify the putative interaction of the EC359 and LIF/LIFR complex. Direct binding of EC359 to LIFR was confirmed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and microscale thermophoresis technique (MST) assays. In vitro activity was tested using Cell-Titer Glo, MTT, invasion, and apoptosis assays. Mechanistic studies were conducted using Western blot, reporter gene assays, and RNA-seq analysis. Xenograft, patient-derived xenograft (PDX), and patient-derived explant (PDEX) models were used for preclinical evaluation and toxicity.

Results: Molecular docking studies showed that EC359 interacts at the LIF/LIFR binding interface. SPR and MST studies confirmed direct interaction of EC359 to LIFR. EC359 reduced the growth of TNBC cells with high potency (IC50 50-100nM) and promoted apoptosis. Further, EC359 treatment reduced invasion and stemness of TNBC cells. EC359 activity is dependent on the expression levels of LIFR and showed little or no activity on TNBC cells that have low levels of LIFR or ER+ve BCa cells. Further, EC359 significantly reduced the viability of cisplatin and taxane-resistant TNBC cells and enhanced the efficacy of HDAC inhibitors. Mechanistic and biochemical studies showed that EC359 interacts with LIFR and effectively blocking LIF/LIFR interactions. EC359 also blocked LIFR interactions with other LIFR ligands such as oncostatin M, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and cardiotrophin-1. EC359 treatment attenuated the activation of LIF/LIFR driven pathways including STAT3, mTOR, AKT, and MAPK. RNA-seq analysis identified regulation of apoptosis as one of the important pathway modulated by EC359. In TNBC xenograft and PDX assays, EC359 significantly reduced tumor progression. Further, using human primary BCa PDEX cultures, we demonstrated that EC359 has the potential to substantially reduce the proliferation of human BCa. Pharmacologically, EC359 exhibited high oral bioavailability and long half-life with a wide therapeutic window.

Conclusions: EC359 is a novel targeted therapeutic agent that inhibits LIF/LIFR oncogenic signaling in TNBC via a unique mechanism of action. EC359 has the distinct pharmacologic advantages of oral bioavailability, in vivo stability, and is associated with minimal systemic side effects. (DOD BCRP grant #BC170312)

Citation Format: Viswanadhapalli S, Luo Y, Sareddy GR, Santhamma B, Zhou M, Li M, Pratap UP, Altwegg KA, Li X, Srinivasan U, Ma S, Chang A, Riveros AC, Zhang KY, Dileep KV, Pan X, Murali R, Bajda M, Raj G, Brenner A, Manthati V, Rao M, Tekmal RR, Nair HB, Nickisch KJ, Vadlamudi RK. Development of a first-in-class small molecule inhibitor (EC359) targeting oncogenic LIF/LIFR signaling for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-06-02.

Abstract P5-04-23: Enhancing the activity of a novel estrogen receptor coregulator binding modulator (ERX-11) against ER-positive therapy resistant breast cancer

Background:We had previously reported a novel small molecule, ERX-11, that directly interacts with ER and blocks the interaction between a subset of coregulators with both native and mutant forms of ER. ERX-11 effectively blocks ER oncogenic signaling and has potent anti-proliferative activity against therapy-sensitive and therapy-resistant human breast cancer cells. To enhance the clinical translation of ERX-11, we sought to pursue both lead optimization and evaluate combinations of ERX-11 with other approved agents in breast cancer.

Methods: We designed, synthesized and tested 500 derivatives of ERX-11 in multiple models of ER+ breast cancer. We also tested combinations of ERX-11 with multiple agents, including other ER targeting agents, chemotherapies and CDK4/6 inhibitors. We tested the effect of combination therapy using breast cancer cells with acquired resistance (Tamoxifen, Letrozole, Ribociclib resistant) and engineered models that express ER mutations. In vitro activity was tested using Cell titer glo, MTT, and apoptosis assays. Mechanistic studies were conducted using Western blot, reporter gene assays and RNA-seq analysis. Xenograft, patient derived xenograft (PDX), patient derived explant (PDE) and xenograft derived explant (XDE) models were used for preclinical evaluation and toxicity.

Result: Evaluation of 500 analogs of ERX-11 identified a number of leads with differential activity against ER+ and ER- breast cancer cells, identified several analogs including ERX-144, 208, 296, 315 with nanomolar potency against ER+ and therapy-resistant ER+ breast cancers. Validation of the mechanism of action of these analogs is ongoing. The combination of ERX-11 and palbociclib significantly blocked ER-mediated and ER-coregulators mediated oncogenic signaling and showed potent anti-proliferative activity against both endocrine therapy-sensitive and resistant breast cancer cells. In addition, ERX-11 inhibited ribociclib-resistant ER+ cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner. Mechanistic studies using IP-Mass spectrometry demonstrated that ERX-11 and palbociclib blocks the interaction between larger subset of coregulators with ER in therapy resistant breast cancer models. ERX-11 and palbociclib both exhibited potent anti-proliferative activity against therapy-sensitive and therapy-resistant ER+ve breast cancer cells, in xenograft models and in PDEs. Importantly, combination therapy of ERX-11 and palbociclib synergistically reduced the growth of tamoxifen and letrozole resistant xenograft tumors compared to either drug alone. Mass spec based DIA analyses and RNA-seq studies revealed that combinational treatment uniquely activated p53, unfolded response mediated apoptotic pathways, altered DNA damage response and suppressed E2F and Myc target genes. Biochemical studies confirmed combination therapy significantly altered E2F1, ER and DNA damage response pathways.

Conclusion: We have successfully pursued two avenues to improving ERX-11 for clinical translation. We have developed ERX-11 analogs with higher potency against ER+ breast cancer. We have shown that combinational treatment with ERX-11 and palbociclib may overcome endocrine therapy resistance and CDK4/6 inhibitor (ribociclib) resistance.

Citation Format: Viswanadhapalli S, Ma S, Lee T-K, Sareddy GR, Liu X, Ekoue D, Alluri A, Luo Y, Kassees K, Arteaga C, Alluri P, Weintraub SE, Tekmal RR, Ahn J-M, Raj GV, Vadlamudi RK. Enhancing the activity of a novel estrogen receptor coregulator binding modulator (ERX-11) against ER-positive therapy resistant breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-04-23.

Abstract P4-07-01: A small molecule inhibitor (ERX-41) induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in triple negative breast cancer

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer and represents a disproportional share of the breast cancer mortality, primarily due to a lack of targeted therapies. There is a major unmet need for rationally designed novel therapies that can extend survival of patients with TNBC. TNBCs are characterized by a high basal level of endoplasmic reticulum stress, due to high protein turnover and need for proliferation. Recent studies revealed the role of several members of the Nuclear Receptor (NR) superfamily as molecular drivers in TNBC, including the androgen receptor (AR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the orphan NR tailless (TLX).

Methods: Recently, using peptidomimetics, we have developed small molecules that specifically target and block interactions of multiple coregulators with oncogenic NRs. We performed a screen of our 500+ compound peptidomimetic library derived from our ERX-11 oligobenzamide (that was rationally designed to target ERα) for anti-proliferative activity in TNBC cell lines. Identified leads were then validated in multiple TNBC cell lines. In vitro activity was tested using Cell titer glo, MTT, matrigel invasion, and apoptosis assays. Mechanistic studies were conducted using Western blot, reporter gene assays, CRISPR/Cas9 KO and RNA-seq analysis. Xenograft, patient derived xenograft (PDX), patient derived explant (PDE) and xenograft derived explant (XDE) TNBC models were used for preclinical evaluation and toxicity.

Results: We have identified a first-in-class drug (ERX-41) that has potent activity (IC50 = 50-250nM) against all six molecular subtypes of TNBC. Systematic evaluation using CRISPR/Cas9 KO screen and overexpression screen comprising 48 NRs identified TLX as a preferred target of ERX-41. Analyses of primary breast tumors revealed TLX was highly expressed in TNBC. Further, TLX was amplified in nearly 50% of TNBC xenografts (cbioportal.org). Modelling, mechanistic and biochemical studies showed that ERX-41 interact with TLX and selectively blocks its interactions with coregulators. Gene expression analyses revealed both significant reduction of TLX-activated genes (CCND1, WNT7A) and significant activation of TLX-repressed genes (p21) upon treatment with ERX-41 in TNBC models. Gene ontogeny pathway analyses of RNA-seq data in TNBC cells showed that ERX-41 treatment positively correlated with apoptosis. Our ultrastructural studies indicated that ERX-41 enhances endoplasmic reticulum stress in TNBC inducing autophagic flux and subsequent apoptosis. ERX-41 has significant potency against multiple TNBC xenografts and PDXs in vivo, PDEs and XDEs ex vivo, indicating its potential for clinical translation. Pharmacologically, ERX-41 exhibited high oral bioavailability and associated with minimal toxicity upon oral gavage for up to 120 days in animal studies.

Conclusions: We believe that the ability of ERX-41 to block NR signaling and target a critical molecular vulnerability in TNBC and its ability to enhance endoplasmic reticulum stress in TNBC, will revolutionize the therapeutic landscape of TNBC. ERX-41 is oral bioavailable, potent against multiple TNBC molecular subtypes, and is associated with minimal systemic side effects. (supported by NIH grant RO1 CA223828-01)

Citation Format: Liu X, Viswanadhapalli S, Ma S, Lee T-K, Sareddy GR, Ekoue DN, Blatt EM, Zhou M, Li M, Tekmal RR, Ahn J-m, Vadlamudi RK, Raj GV. A small molecule inhibitor (ERX-41) induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-07-01.

An efficient biosensor for monitoring Alzheimer's disease risk factors: modulation and disaggregation of the Aβ aggregation process

An efficient biosensor to monitor Alzheimer's disease risk factors and inhibit Alzheimer's disease by disaggregating Aβ aggregation.

Healthcare underutilization in middle-aged and elderly adults in China

OBJECTIVES

This article investigates the prevalence of, illness conditions associated with, and reasons for healthcare underutilization among middle-aged and elderly adults in China. It also identifies participants' characteristics associated with healthcare underutilization.

STUDY DESIGN

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Beijing and Henan in August 2016.

METHODS

The survey was questionnaire-based. It focused on middle-aged and elderly persons aged 45 years and older. A total of 1778 people were surveyed.

RESULTS

In the end, 243 participants (30.11%) and 312 participants (32.13%) displayed signs of healthcare underutilization in Beijing and Henan, respectively. The disease conditions and reasons for underutilization were different in these two areas. Age group, marital status, education level, occupation, and chronic disease were found to be associated with healthcare underutilization in Beijing, whereas gender, age group, marital status, education level, and chronic disease were associated with healthcare underutilization in Henan.

CONCLUSIONS

Illness conditions, reasons for underutilization, and risk factors associated with healthcare underutilization were different in developed areas compared with developing areas of China. Further reforms and interventions are needed to consider these problems.

Transcriptional control of K5, K6, K14, and K17 keratin genes by AP-1 and NF-kappaB family members

The expression of keratins K5 and K14 is restricted to the basal layers of the healthy epidermis, whereas the expression of K6 and K17 is induced in response to proliferative and inflammatory signals, respectively. The control of keratin expression occurs primarily at the transcriptional level. We studied the effects of transcription factors of the AP-1 and NF-kappaB families on the expression of those four keratin genes. We chose AP-1 and NF-kappaB proteins because they are activated by many extracellular signals, including those in hyperproliferative and inflammatory processes. DNA constructs expressing the transcription factors were, in various combinations, cotransfected with constructs containing keratin gene promoters and the CAT reporter gene into HeLa cells or keratinocytes. We found that the K5 and K14 promoters, which are coexpressed in vivo, are regulated in parallel by the cotransfected genes. Both were activated by the c-Fos and c-Jun components of AP-1, but not by Fra1. On the other hand, the NF-kappaB proteins, especially p65, suppressed these two promoters. The K17 promoter was specifically activated by c-Jun, whereas the other transcription factors tested had no significant effect. In contrast, the K6 promoter was very strongly activated by all AP-1 proteins, especially by the c-Fos + c-Jun and Fra1 + c-Jun combinations. It was also strongly activated by the p65 NF-kappaB protein. AP-1 and NF-kappaB acted synergistically in activating the K6 promoter, although the AP-1 and the NF-kappaB responsive sites could be separated physically. These results suggest that the interplay of AP-1 and NF-kappaB proteins regulates epidermal gene expression and that the activation of these transcription factors by extracellular signaling molecules brings about the differential expression of keratin genes in epidermal differentiation, cutaneous diseases, and wound healing.

Standardizing compression testing for measuring the stiffness of human bone

Objectives

The ability to determine human bone stiffness is of clinical relevance in many fields, including bone quality assessment and orthopaedic prosthesis design. Stiffness can be measured using compression testing, an experimental technique commonly used to test bone specimens in vitro. This systematic review aims to determine how best to perform compression testing of human bone.

Methods

A keyword search of all English language articles up until December 2017 of compression testing of bone was undertaken in Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus databases. Studies using bulk tissue, animal tissue, whole bone, or testing techniques other than compression testing were excluded.

Results

A total of 4712 abstracts were retrieved, with 177 papers included in the analysis; 20 studies directly analyzed the compression testing technique to improve the accuracy of testing. Several influencing factors should be considered when testing bone samples in compression. These include the method of data analysis, specimen storage, specimen preparation, testing configuration, and loading protocol.

Conclusion

Compression testing is a widely used technique for measuring the stiffness of bone but there is a great deal of inter-study variation in experimental techniques across the literature. Based on best evidence from the literature, suggestions for bone compression testing are made in this review, although further studies are needed to establish standardized bone testing techniques in order to increase the comparability and reliability of bone stiffness studies.

Cite this article: S. Zhao, M. Arnold, S. Ma, R. L. Abel, J. P. Cobb, U. Hansen, O. Boughton. Standardizing compression testing for measuring the stiffness of human bone. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:524–538. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.78.BJR-2018-0025.R1.

[A complex chromosome translocation with male infertility of karyotype analysis and literature review]

One case of family chromosomal karyotype with complex chromosomal translocation and male infertility was reported. This case is a male, 30 years old, Han nationality, who did not receive contraception for 3 years after marriage. The phenotype and intelligence of the patients were normal, and there were no abnormalities in the external genitalia. No abnormalities were found in the prostate and spermatic vein. There was no history of parotitis or testicular trauma, no history of smoking, drinking history, denial of harmful substances and history of radioactive contact. There were no similar patients in the family, and the secondary sex was normal. The routine semen examination suggested that the active sperm was seldom seen. There were no obvious abnormalities in the serum endocrine examination of the patient. Cytogenetic examination: the patient's karyotype 46XY, t (10; 18; 21) (q22; p11.2; q11.2). There was no deletion in locus sY84, sY86, sY127, sY134, sY143, sY254 and sY255. His wife's examination showed no obvious abnormality, and her karyotype was normal. The parents of the patients were not close relatives. Their father's chromosome karyotype analysis was 46, XY, and Y chromosome microdeletion was normal. The chromosome karyotype of the parent was 46XX, t (10; 18; 21), and the parents of the patient also had a daughter, whose phenotype and intellectual development were normal, chromosome karyotype 46XX, t (10; 18; 21). In this case, the patient's balance translocation should be inherited by the mother. Because of the normal phenotype of the patient, there was no loss of genetic material, but the abnormal chromosomes might be passed to the offspring, and the proportion of the unbalanced gametes was very high. Through systematic review and review of the cases, it was concluded that the balanced translocation carriers only changed the relative position of the translocation segments on the chromosomes, retained the total number of the original genes, only changed the relative position of the genes on the chromosomes, and had no serious effect on the role of the gene and the development of the individual. The phenotype was normal. The patients were given symptomatic treatment to improve semen quality. It is recommended that pre-implantation genetic screening/diagnosis(PGS/PGD) be performed if necessary. It is to guide married men and women to choose the appropriate childbearing age, avoid unhealthy environmental contacts, and strengthen genetic screening before and after pregnancy, so as to achieve the goal of eugenics.

Quantification accuracy for dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) CT imaging: phantom and quality assurance framework

PURPOSE

Standardization and protocol optimization is essential for quantification of Dynamic Contrast Enhanced CT as an imaging biomarker. Currently, no commercially available quality assurance (QA) phantoms can provide for testing a complete set of imaging parameters pertaining to routine quality control for contrast-enhanced (CE) CT, as well as spatiotemporal accuracy. The purpose of this work was, therefore: (a) developing a solid calibration phantom for routine CE CT quality assurance; (b) investigating the sensitivity of CECT to organ motion, and (c) characterizing a volumetric CT scanner for CECT.

METHODS

CECT calibration phantom consisting of an acrylic uniform cylinder containing multiple capsules of varying diameters and orientations was designed and built. The capsules contain different solid density materials mimicking iodine contrast enhancement. Sensitivity and accuracy of CECT measurements on all capsules was performed using a 320-slice CT scanner for a range of scan parameters both with and without phantom motion along the transaxial axis of the scanner.

RESULTS

Routine commissioning tests such as uniformity, spatial resolution and image noise were successfully determined using the CECT phantom. Partial volume effect and motion blurring both contribute to a general decrease in contrast enhancement and this was further dependent on capsule orientation (least pronounced for the transaxial orientation). Scanning with a rotation time of less than 0.5 s, the effect of blurring is less than 3% for all orientations and phantom speeds.

CONCLUSION

A new robust contrast calibration phantom was developed and used to evaluate the performance of a 320-slice volumetric CT scanner for DCE-CT.

Review article: Asia-Pacific consensus recommendations on endoscopic tissue acquisition for biliary strictures

BACKGROUND

Pre-operative tissue diagnosis for suspected malignant biliary strictures remains challenging.

AIM

To develop evidence-based consensus statements on endoscopic tissue acquisition for biliary strictures.

METHODS

The initial draft of statements was prepared following a systematic literature review. A committee of 20 experts from Asia-Pacific region then reviewed, discussed, and modified the statements. Two rounds of independent voting were conducted to reach a final version. Consensus was considered to be achieved when 80% or more of voting members voted "agree completely" or "agree with some reservation."

RESULTS

Eleven statements achieved consensus. The choice of tissue sampling modalities for biliary strictures depends on the clinical setting, the location of lesion, and availability of expertise. Detailed radiological and endoscopic evaluation is useful to guide the selection of appropriate tissue acquisition technique. Standard intraductal biliary brushing and/or forceps biopsy is the first option when endoscopic biliary drainage is required with an overall (range) sensitivity and specificity of 45% (26%-72%) and 99% (98%-100%), and 48% (15%-100%) and 99% (97%-100%), respectively, in diagnosing malignant biliary strictures. Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridisation using 4 fluorescent-labelled probes targeting chromosomes 3, 7, 17 and 9p21 locus may be added to improve the diagnostic yield. Cholangioscopy-guided biopsy and EUS-guided tissue acquisition can be considered after prior negative conventional tissue sampling with an overall (range) sensitivity and specificity of 60% (38%-88%) and 98% (83%-100%), and 80% (46%-100%) and 97% (92%-100%), respectively, in diagnosing malignant biliary strictures.

CONCLUSION

These consensus statements provide evidence-based recommendations for endoscopic tissue acquisition of biliary strictures.

Abstract 4479: Protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT6 regulates cancer stemness through CRAF methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma

Arginine methylation is a post-translational modification that plays pivotal roles in signal transduction and gene transcription during cell fate determination. We found protein methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) to be frequently down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and its expression to negatively correlate with aggressive cancer features in HCC patients. Silencing of PRMT6 promoted the tumor-initiating, metastasis and therapy resistance potential of HCC cells. Consistently, loss of PRMT6 expression aggravated liver tumorigenesis in a DEN+CCL4 HCC induced PRMT6-/- mouse model. Integrated transcriptome and protein-protein interaction studies revealed an enrichment of genes implicated in RAS signaling and that PRMT6 interacted with CRAF, and likely other RAF family members, and their methylation at conserved arginine 100, negatively regulating its activity, and as a consequence resulting in enhanced MEK/ERK signaling. Our work uncovered a critical repressive function for PRMT6 in maintenance of HCC cells by regulating the MEK/ERK pathway via arginine methylation of RAF, providing a new avenue of molecular mechanism by which ERK mediated stemness in HCC cells are developed.

Citation Format: LH Chan, L Zhou, Kai Yu Ng, TL Wong, TK Lee, YP Ching, YF Yuan, D Xie, S Richard, MS Huen, XY Guan, S Ma. Protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT6 regulates cancer stemness through CRAF methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4479.

[Management programs on diabetes among Chinese adults in the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases]

Objective: To understand the current situation on management of diabetes mellitus patients aged 35 and above in the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, in China. Methods: Local residents, aged 18 years and above were randomly selected by a complex, multistage, probability sampling method. Face-to-face questionnaire survey was carried out between November and December 2016. Rates regarding prevalence, treatment and management of diabetes were calculated, and influencing factors of diabetes were analyzed by using the non-conditional logistic regression model. Results: A total of 3 213 residents aged ≥35 years were included in this study, of which 11.48% (369/3 213) reported that they had ever been informed by a doctor or other health worker that their blood sugar level was high or being diabetic. The rate of self-reported treatment among the diabetic patients was 83.20% (307/369). Rates on overall management and standardized management were 69.92% (258/369) and 53.66% (198/369), respectively. Higher rates were seen in residents aged 55 to 64 years, 76.32% for overall management and 59.65% for standardized management. Through multiple logistic regression analysis, we found that standardized management for diabetes was much higher in the Demonstration Areas located in the eastern areas (OR=2.942, 95%CI: 1.547-5.594), or patients with characteristics including high implementation score (OR=3.499, 95%CI: 1.865-6.563), already signed family doctors (OR=5.661, 95%CI: 3.237-9.899), or without hypertension (OR=1.717, 95%CI: 1.010- 2.920). Residents who were living in the first and second batch areas of implementation or responding to the NCDs with positive attitude were more likely to accept standardized management. Conclusion: Prevention and management programs on diabetes had met the requirements set for the Demonstration Areas which had promoted the specific implementation and further development of standardized management on diabetes.

[Study on the overall implementation status of the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases]

Objective: To understand the current overall status of implementation on the National Demonstration Areas of Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases. Methods: According to the scheme design of the questionnaires, all the National Demonstration Areas were involved in this study. For each National Demonstration Areas, eight departments were selected to complete a total of 12 questionnaires. Results: Scores related to the implementation of the National Demonstration Areas accounted for 71.8% of the total 170 points. Based on the scores gathered from this study, the 23-items-index-system that represented the status of project implementation was classified into seven categories. Categories with higher percentile scores would include: monitoring (88.0%), safeguard measures (75.0%), health education and health promotion (75.0%). Categories with lower percentile scores would include: the national health lifestyle actions (67.7%), community diagnosis (66.7%), discovery and intervention of high-risk groups (64.7%), and patient management (60.9%). There were significant differences noticed among the eastern, central and western areas on items as safeguard measures, health education/promotion, discovery and intervention of high-risk groups. In all, the implementation programs in the eastern Demonstration Areas seemed better than in the central or western regions. As for the 23 items, five of the highest scores appeared on policy support, mortality surveillance, tumor registration, reporting system on cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events, and on tobacco control, respectively. However, the lowest five scores fell on healthy diet, patient self-management program, oral hygiene, setting up the demonstration units and promotion on basic public health services, respectively. The overall scores in the eastern region was higher than that in the central or the western regions. The scores in the central and western regions showed basically the same. Conclusions: The overall status of implementation on the National Demonstration Areas was satisfactory. Future attention should be focusing on patient management as well as discovery and intervention of high-risk groups, which also presented the lowest scores, in this survey.

A functional Variant (Rs35592567) in TP63 at 3q28 is Associated with Gastric Cancer Risk via Modifying its Regulation by MicroRNA-140

Background/Aims: TP63 was believed to play an important role in the development of many malignancies, while the polymorphisms located at the miRNA binding sites within the 3’UTR of TP63 mRNA may interfere with its expression. In this study, we aimed to study the role of TP63 regulation in the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer (GC). Methods: Computational and luciferase analysis were used to search and confirm the target of miR-140. Real-time PCR, western-blot, MTT assay, and flow cytometry cell cycle analysis were utilized to explore the molecular pathway of miR-140 involved in the progression of GC. Results: TP63 was identified as a direct target gene of miR-140. In HT-29 cells over-expressing miR-140, the luciferase activity was decreased when the cells were transfected with wild-type TP63 3’UTR, but remained unchanged when the cells were transfected with mutant 1 and mutant 2 TP63 3’UTR. In addition, the level of TP63 in HT-29 cells transfected with miR-140 mimic was evidently down-regulated, whereas the level of TP63 in HT-29 cells transfected with miR-140 inhibitor was significantly up-regulated. Furthermore, based on the results from MTT assay and flow cytometry cell cycle analysis, HT-29 cells transfected with miR-140 mimics were associated with significantly higher viability compared to the cells transfected with the control plasmid, suggesting that an increased expression of miR-140 protected HT-29 cells against apoptosis. Finally, when miR-140 expression was high, the number of cells at the G1 phase was notably increased, accompanied by a remarkably diminished number of cells at the S phase. Conclusions: The rs35592567 polymorphism in TP63 affected the expression of TP63 by interfering with its interaction with miR-140, and could serve as an explanation for the increased risk of GC.

[Application of autoregressive integrated moving average model in predicting the reported notifiable communicable diseases in China]

Objective: To develop the models for predicting the reported legally notifiable diseases in China. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was applied to forecast the trend of diseases. Methods: Cases used for building the model were from of the records of Notifiable Infectious Diseases in China from May 2009 to July 2016 with R software and the model's predictive ability was tested by the data from August 2016 to January 2017. Results: A strong seasonal nature was seen in the reported cases of notifiable communicable diseases, with the lowest point in February and highest peak in June. ARIMA (4, 1, 0) (1, 1, 1)(12) model was established by the team to forecast the notifiable communicable diseases. Data showed that the biggest and lowest relative errors appeared as 9.78% and 2.21%, respectively, with the mean of the relative error as 5.39%. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the ARIMA (4, 1, 0) (1, 1, 1)(12) model seemed to have had the sound prediction of notifiable communicable diseases in China.

Discussion of “The Evolution of Boosting Algorithms” and “Extending Statistical Boosting”

This article is part of a For-Discussion-Section of Methods of Information in Medicine about the papers “The Evolution of Boosting Algorithms – From Machine Learning to Statistical Modelling” [1] and “Extending Statistical Boosting – An Overview of Recent Methodological Developments” [2], written by Andreas Mayr and co-authors. It is introduced by an editorial. This article contains the combined commentaries invited to independently comment on the Mayr et al. papers. In sub-sequent issues the discussion can continue through letters to the editor.

Clinical features and outcomes in secondary adult hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

BACKGROUND

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by an infrequent but immune-mediated life-threatening disease, with confusing clinical manifestations, rapidly deteriorating health, high morbidity and mortality and challenging diagnosis.

AIM

The purpose of this study was to improve the recognition and understanding of HLH.

DESIGN

Retrospective observational cross-sectional study.

METHODS

Data were collected for all cases of adult patients diagnosed with HLH in a large cohort managed at a single medical center from January 2011 to December 2015.

RESULTS

The median age was 52 years (range 18-90 years) and 123 (60.0%) were male. Over 95% patients manifested fever, hyperferritinemia and elevated lactate dehydrogenase. Underlying triggers of HLH were as follows: 119 (58.0%) malignancies, 83 (40.5%) infections, 14 (6.8%) unknown triggers and 14 (6.8%) autoimmune disorders. The median overall survival was 55 days. And elderly patients (age ≥60 years) had a markedly worse survival compared with young patients (age <60 years) (median overall survival 24 days vs. 159 days, respectively; P <0.001). In a multivariable analysis, platelet <40 × 109/l (HR = 2.534; 95% CI 1.152-5.573; P = 0.021), PT prolonged >3 s (HR = 1.909; 95% CI 1.127-3.234; P = 0.016) and malignancy (HR = 1.614; 95% CI 1.008-2.582; P = 0.046) were correlated with poor survival.

CONCLUSION

HLH adult patients had very complex clinical manifestations as well as underlying diseases. Patients with PLT <40 ×109/l, PT prolonged >3 s and malignancy had inferior survival. It is of great importance to improve our understanding of this syndrome.

Aberrant Thalamocortical Connectivity in Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

The purpose of this study was to investigate the functional connectivity (FC) of thalamic subdivisions in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were acquired from 22 JME and 25 healthy controls. We first divided the thalamus into eight subdivisions by performing independent component analysis on tracking fibers and clustering thalamus-related FC maps. We then analyzed abnormal FC in each subdivision in JME compared with healthy controls, and we investigated their associations with clinical features. Eight thalamic sub-regions identified in the current study showed unbalanced thalamic FC in JME: decreased FC with the superior frontal gyrus and enhanced FC with the supplementary motor area in the posterior thalamus increased thalamic FC with the salience network (SN) and reduced FC with the default mode network (DMN). Abnormalities in thalamo-prefrontocortical networks might be related to the propagation of generalized spikes with frontocentral predominance in JME, and the network connectivity differences with the SN and DMN might be implicated in emotional and cognitive defects in JME. JME was also associated with enhanced FC among thalamic sub-regions and with the basal ganglia and cerebellum, suggesting the regulatory role of subcortical nuclei and the cerebellum on the thalamo-cortical circuit. Additionally, increased FC with the pallidum was positive related with the duration of disease. The present study provides emerging evidence of FC to understand that specific thalamic subdivisions contribute to the abnormalities of thalamic-cortical networks in JME. Moreover, the posterior thalamus could play a crucial role in generalized epileptic activity in JME.

Effects of different soil remediation methods on inhibition of lead absorption and growth and quality of Dianthus superbus L

Heavy metal pollution in soil poses a serious threat to the growth of plants used in traditional Chinese medicine. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of various soil remediation methods on the performance of Herba Dianthi (Dianthus superbus L.) grown on Pb-contaminated soil. The results show that inoculation of Herba Dianthi with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) led to a significant reduction in Pb uptake (P< 0.05), and increased root development and root-to-shoot ratio compared to untreated control plants, along with the highest content of active components. When planting with Trifolium repens, the reduction effect of Pb absorption was insignificant. Herba Dianthi showed improved growth and active ingredients, and the lowest Pb content, with AMF inoculation. The addition of EDTA decreased the growth of Herba Dianthi, but promoted the absorption of Pb. The inhibition of tumor cells was highest in E2. In conclusion, inoculation with AMF can ensure that plant lead content meets testing standards, helping to improve the quality of medicinal herbs.

Dusky works upstream of Four-jointed and Forked in wing morphogenesis in Tribolium castaneum

Dusky (dy) is required for cytoskeletal reorganization during wing morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster, but which genes participate together with dy for wing morphogenesis has remained unclear. In Tribolium castaneum, dy is highly expressed at the late embryonic stage. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated high expression levels of dy in the epidermis, head and fat body of late-stage larvae. RNA interference (RNAi) targeting dy significantly decreased adult wing size and caused improper folding of the elytra. Meanwhile, dy knockdown reduced the transcription of four-jointed (fj) and forked (f). Our results show that fj RNAi reduces adult wing size and that silencing f results in abnormal wing folding in T. castaneum. Interestingly, knocking down fj and f simultaneously phenocopies dy RNAi, suggesting that dy probably acts upstream of fj and f to regulate wing morphogenesis in T. castaneum.

[Current status of folic acid supplementation in women at child-bearing age in suburban area of Beijing]

Objective: To access the current status of folic acid supplementation in women at childbearing age in suburban area of Beijing, 2016. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 722 women aged 17-41 years from six hospitals in suburban areas of Beijing were selected through cluster sampling. A questionnaire survey was conducted. Results: The rates of folic acid intake and regular folic acid intake among women under survey were 63.9% (456/714) and 83.3% (380/456). In women who remembered the duration of folic acid supplementation, the overall rate of preconceptional folic acid supplementation was 35.5% (159/450), in whom 27.3% (123/450) began to take folic acid 0-3 months before pregnancy; 8.0% (36/450) began to take folic acid 3 months before pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that household registering type, preparation for pregnancy or pregnancy, parity, smoking and alcohol use were the influencing factors for folic acid supplementation. Conclusions: The rate of folic acid supplementation remained low in childbearing aged women in suburban area of Beijing. It is necessary to further strengthen the health education about the importance of folic acid supplementation to improve the intake rate and the regular intake rate of folic acid in pregnant women and to promote maternal infant health and reduce the related complications.

Microindentation - a tool for measuring cortical bone stiffness? A systematic review

Objectives

Microindentation has the potential to measure the stiffness of an individual patient’s bone. Bone stiffness plays a crucial role in the press-fit stability of orthopaedic implants. Arming surgeons with accurate bone stiffness information may reduce surgical complications including periprosthetic fractures. The question addressed with this systematic review is whether microindentation can accurately measure cortical bone stiffness.

Methods

A systematic review of all English language articles using a keyword search was undertaken using Medline, Embase, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases. Studies that only used nanoindentation, cancellous bone or animal tissue were excluded.

Results

A total of 1094 abstracts were retrieved and 32 papers were included in the analysis, 20 of which used reference point indentation, and 12 of which used traditional depth-sensing indentation. There are several factors that must be considered when using microindentation, such as tip size, depth and method of analysis. Only two studies validated microindentation against traditional mechanical testing techniques. Both studies used reference point indentation (RPI), with one showing that RPI parameters correlate well with mechanical testing, but the other suggested that they do not.

Conclusion

Microindentation has been used in various studies to assess bone stiffness, but only two studies with conflicting results compared microindentation with traditional mechanical testing techniques. Further research, including more studies comparing microindentation with other mechanical testing methods, is needed before microindentation can be used reliably to calculate cortical bone stiffness.

Cite this article: M. Arnold, S. Zhao, S. Ma, F. Giuliani, U. Hansen, J. P. Cobb, R. L. Abel, O. Boughton. Microindentation – a tool for measuring cortical bone stiffness? A systematic review. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:542–549. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.69.BJR-2016-0317.R2.

High-dose dexamethasone or all-trans-retinoic acid restores the balance of macrophages towards M2 in immune thrombocytopenia

Essentials M1/M2 imbalance is involved in many autoimmune diseases, and could be restored. The expressions and functions of M1 and M2 were investigated in an in vitro culture system. A preferred M1 polarization is involved in the pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). High-dose dexamethasone or all-trans-retinoic acid restores M1/M2 balance in ITP patients.

SUMMARY

Background Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder. Deficiency of immune tolerance in antigen-presenting cells and cross-communication between antigen-presenting cells and T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of ITP. Macrophages can polarize into proinflammatory M1 or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes in response to different environmental stimuli, and have diverse immunologic functions. Objectives To investigate the M1/M2 imbalance in ITP and whether high-dose dexamethasone (HD-DXM) or all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) could restore this imbalance. Methods The numbers of M1 and M2 macrophages in the spleens of ITP patients and patients with traumatic spleen rupture were analyzed by immunofluorescence. Monocyte-derived macrophages were cultured and induced with cytokines and drugs. The expression of M1 and M2 markers and functions of M1 and M2 macrophages before and after modulation by HD-DXM or ATRA were evaluated with flow cytometry and ELISA. Results There was preferred M1 polarization in ITP spleens as compared with healthy controls. Monocyte-derived macrophages from ITP patients had increased expression of M1 markers and impaired immunosuppressive functions. Either HD-DXM or ATRA corrected this imbalance by decreasing the expression of M1 markers and increasing the expression of M2 markers. Moreover, HD-DXM-modulated or ATRA-modulated macrophages suppressed both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation and expanded CD4+ CD49+ LAG3+ type 1 T-regulatory cells. HD-DXM or ATRA modulated macrophages to shift the T-cell cytokine profile towards Th2. Treating patients with HD-DXM or ATRA revealed that macrophages induced from responders showed a predominant M2-like phenotype and immunosuppressive function. Conclusions Aberrant macrophage polarization is involved in the pathogenesis of ITP. Either HD-DXM or ATRA is able to correct this imbalance.