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Lee D, Ko H, Kim YJ, Kim SN, Choi KC, Yamabe N, Kim KH, Kang KS, Kim HY, Shibamoto T. Inhibition of A2780 Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cell Proliferation by a Rubus Component, Sanguiin H-6. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:801-805. [PMID: 26725849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a red raspberry component, sanguiin H-6 (SH-6), on the induction of apoptosis and the related signaling pathways in A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells were investigated. SH-6 caused an antiproliferative effect and a severe morphological change resembling that of apoptotic cell death but no effect on the cancer cell cycle arrest. In addition, SH-6 induced an early apoptotic effect and activation of caspases as well as the cleavage of PARP, which is a hallmark of apoptosis. The early apoptotic percentages of A2780 cells exposed to 20 and 40 μM SH-6 were 35.39 and 41.76, respectively. Also, SH-6 caused the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), especially p38, and the increase of truncated p15/BID. These results in the present study suggest that the apoptosis of A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells by SH-6 is mediated by the MAPK p38 and a caspase-8-dependent BID cleavage pathway.
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Jung Y, Cao Y, Paudel S, Kim KH, Yoon G, Cheon SH, Lee JY, Kim SN, Kim YK. A Novel Partial PPARα/γ Dual Agonist SN159 Improves Insulin Sensitivity. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Park JY, Shin MS, Kim SN, Kim HY, Kim KH, Shin KS, Kang KS. Polysaccharides from Korean Citrus hallabong peels inhibit angiogenesis and breast cancer cell migration. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 85:522-9. [PMID: 26778161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the peel of the hallabong (Citrus sphaerocarpa) fruit is rich in polysaccharides, which are valuable dietary ingredients for human health, it is normally wasted. The present study aimed to utilize the peel waste and identify properties it may have against breast cancer metastasis. Hallabong peel extract containing crude polysaccharides was fractionated by gel permeation chromatography to produce four different polysaccharide fractions (HBE-I, -II, -III, and -IV). The HBE polysaccharides significantly blocked tube formation of human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), at a concentration of 12.5 or 25 μg/mL. Tube formation appeared to be more sensitive to HBE-II than to other HBE polysaccharides. HBE-II also inhibited breast cancer cell migration, through downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cells. Therefore, inhibition of tube formation and MMP-9-mediated migration observed in HUVEC and MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively, are likely to be important therapeutic targets in triple-negative breast cancer metastasis.
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Kim E, Howes OD, Park JW, Kim SN, Shin SA, Kim BH, Turkheimer FE, Lee YS, Kwon JS. Altered serotonin transporter binding potential in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder under escitalopram treatment: [11C]DASB PET study. Psychol Med 2016; 46:357-366. [PMID: 26423910 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715001865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic, relapsing mental illness. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors block serotonin transporters (SERTs) and are the mainstay of treatment for OCD. SERT abnormalities are reported in drug-free patients with OCD, but it is not known what happens to SERT levels during treatment. This is important as alterations in SERT levels in patients under treatment could underlie poor response, or relapse during or after treatment. The aim of the present study was first to validate a novel approach to measuring SERT levels in people taking treatment and then to investigate SERT binding potential (BP) using [11C]DASB PET in patients with OCD currently treated with escitalopram in comparison with healthy controls. METHOD Twelve patients and age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. The patients and healthy controls underwent serial PET scans after administration of escitalopram and blood samples for drug concentrations were collected simultaneously with the scans. Drug-free BPs were obtained by using an inhibitory E max model we developed previously. RESULTS The inhibitory E max model was able to accurately predict drug-free SERT BP in people taking drug treatment. The drug-free BP in patients with OCD currently treated with escitalopram was significantly different from those in healthy volunteers [Cohen's d = 0.03 (caudate), 1.16 (putamen), 1.46 (thalamus), -5.67 (dorsal raphe nucleus)]. CONCLUSIONS This result extends previous findings showing SERT abnormalities in drug-free patients with OCD by indicating that altered SERT availability is seen in OCD despite treatment. This could account for poor response and the high risk of relapse in OCD.
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Park SM, Lee CH, Park CH, Kim W, Ahn CJ, Lim GW, Park WB, Kim SN, Kim IC. Reoperation of Recurrent Gastric Cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2015; 33:478-82. [PMID: 26680826 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2001.33.6.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of reoperation in recurrent gastric cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of 86 patients who underwent reoperation for recurrent gastric cancer. We reviewed the time interval between first operation and reoperation, as well as the recurrence pattern, type of reoperation, and survival following reoperation. RESULTS the average time to reoperation following curative resection was 27.8+/-25.9 months (median 18.4 months). Fifty-three cases (61.6%) of reoperation were performed within 2 years follwoing the first operation. The most common reason for reoperation was intestinal obstruction followed by gastric remnant recurrence and intra-abdominal mass. Complete resection was possible in 14 cases (16.3%) and a palliative procedure such as partial resection or bypass procedures was performed in 54 cases. In 18 cases (20.9%), simple lapalotomy was done without any aid. The most common site of recurrence was the peritoneum followed by the gastric remnant, distant lymph node and hematogenous liver metastasis. Operative mortality was 10.5%. Excluding the 9 cases of operative mortality, the mean survival time after reoperation was 15.4+/-2.5 months (mean 8.6 months). Survival following complete resection was much longer than palliative procedure and exploration only (37.9+/-8.7 vs 10.9+/-1.5 vs 4.7+/-0.8 months, p=0.000). CONCLUSION The complete resection of recurrent gastric cancer can prolong survival. Early detection of localized recurrence is important in order to increase the chance of complete resection.
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Son KL, Choi JS, Lee J, Park SM, Lim JA, Lee JY, Kim SN, Oh S, Kim DJ, Kwon JS. Neurophysiological features of Internet gaming disorder and alcohol use disorder: a resting-state EEG study. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e628. [PMID: 26327686 PMCID: PMC5068800 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite that Internet gaming disorder (IGD) shares clinical, neuropsychological and personality characteristics with alcohol use disorder (AUD), little is known about the resting-state quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) patterns associated with IGD and AUD. Therefore, this study compared the QEEG patterns in patients with IGD with those in patients with AUD to identify unique neurophysiological characteristics that can be used as biomarkers of IGD. A total of 76 subjects (34 with IGD, 17 with AUD and 25 healthy controls) participated in this study. Resting-state, eyes-closed QEEGs were recorded, and the absolute and relative power of brains were analyzed. The generalized estimating equation showed that the IGD group had lower absolute beta power than AUD (estimate = 5.319, P < 0.01) and the healthy control group (estimate = 2.612, P = 0.01). The AUD group showed higher absolute delta power than IGD (estimate = 7.516, P < 0.01) and the healthy control group (estimate = 7.179, P < 0.01). We found no significant correlations between the severity of IGD and QEEG activities in patients with IGD. The current findings suggest that lower absolute beta power can be used as a potential trait marker of IGD. Higher absolute power in the delta band may be a susceptibility marker for AUD. This study clarifies the unique characteristics of IGD as a behavioral addiction, which is distinct from AUD, by providing neurophysiological evidence.
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Han MS, Han IH, Lee D, An JM, Kim SN, Shin MS, Yamabe N, Hwang GS, Yoo HH, Choi SJ, Kang KS, Jang HJ. Beneficial effects of fermented black ginseng and its ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in LLC-PK1 cells. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:135-40. [PMID: 27158234 PMCID: PMC4845053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nephrotoxicity is a common side effect of medications. Panax ginseng is one of the best-known herbal medicines, and its individual constituents enhance renal function. Identification of its efficacy and mechanisms of action against drug-induced nephrotoxicity, as well as the specific constituents mediating this effect, have recently emerged as an interesting research area focusing on the kidney protective efficacy of P. ginseng. Methods The present study investigated the kidney protective effect of fermented black ginseng (FBG) and its active component ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 against cisplatin (chemotherapy drug)-induced damage in pig kidney (LLC-PK1) cells. It focused on assessing the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases as important mechanistic elements in kidney protection. Results The reduced cell viability induced by cisplatin was significantly recovered with FBG extract and ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 dose-dependently. The cisplatin-induced elevated protein levels of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p53, and cleaved caspase-3 were decreased after cotreatment with FBG extract or ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3. The elevated percentage of apoptotic LLC-PK1 cells induced by cisplatin treatment was significantly abrogated by cotreatment with FBG and the ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3. Conclusion FBG and its major ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3, ameliorated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in LLC-PK1 cells by blocking the JNK–p53–caspase-3 signaling cascade.
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Kim JY, Kim SS, Jang HJ, Oh MY, Lee DH, Eom DW, Kang KS, Kim SN, Kwan HC, Ham JY, Kim WJ, Jang DS, Han DJ. 5,7-dihydroxy-3,4,6-trimethoxyflavone attenuates ischemic damage and apoptosis in mouse islets. Transplant Proc 2015; 47:1073-8. [PMID: 26036523 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transplantation of isolated pancreatic islets is a promising treatment for diabetes. 5,7-dihydroxy-3,4,6-trimethoxyflavone (Eupatilin), a pharmacologically active flavone derived from the Artemisia plant species, has been reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study examines the hypothesis that preoperative eupatilin treatment can attenuate ischemic damage and apoptosis before islet transplantation. METHODS Islets isolated from Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 2 groups, and cultured in medium supplemented with or without eupatilin. In vitro islet viability and function were assessed. After treatment with a cytokine cocktail consisting of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (INF)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-1β, islet cell viability, function, and apoptotic status were determined. The glutathione (GSH) and nitrous oxide (NO) levels were also measured. Proteins related to apoptosis were analyzed using Western blotting. RESULTS There was no difference in cell viability between the 2 groups. Islets cultured in the medium supplemented with eupatilin showed 1.4-fold higher glucose-induced insulin secretion than the islets cultured in the medium without eupatilin. After treatment with a cytokine cocktail, glucose-induced insulin release and the total insulin content of the islets were significantly improved in eupatilin-pretreated islets compared with islets not treated with eupatilin. Apoptosis was significantly decreased, and GSH levels were elevated in the eupatilin-pretreated group. Cytokine-only treated islets produced significantly higher levels of NO, iNOS, and caspase-3 than islets pretreated with eupatilin before cytokine treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that preoperative eupatilin administration enhances islet function before transplantation and attenuates the cytokine-induced damage associated with NO production and apoptosis.
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Lee W, Ham J, Kwon HC, Yoon G, Bae GU, Kim YK, Kim SN. Amorphastilbol exerts beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice consuming a high-fat-diet. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:527-33. [PMID: 26035293 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the anti-diabetic effects of amorphastilbol (APH) from Amorpha fruticosa (AF) were evaluated in high-fat-diet (HFD) mice. HFD-induced blood glucose and insulin levels are significantly reduced in AF extract or APH treatment groups. HFD-induced weight gain was reduced by AF treatment, which is accompanied by reduction of fat mass and adipocyte size and number in white adipose tissues. Furthermore, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels are decreased in AF- or APH-treated mice. In addition, AF and APH are able to improve insulin sensitivity through inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, a negative regulator of the insulin-signaling pathway. Taken together, the data suggest that AF has beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and its pharmacological effects are driven, in part, by its active component, APH. Therefore, AF and APH can be used as potential therapeutic agents against type 2 diabetes and associated metabolic disorders, including obesity, by enhancing glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Yamabe N, Kang KS, Lee W, Kim SN, Zhu BT. Estriol blunts postprandial blood glucose rise in male rats through regulating intestinal glucose transporters. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E370-9. [PMID: 25516546 PMCID: PMC4346740 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00209.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite increased total food intake in healthy, late-stage pregnant women, their peak postprandial blood sugar levels are normally much lower than the levels seen in healthy nonpregnant women. In this study, we sought to determine whether estriol (E3), an endogenous estrogen predominantly produced during human pregnancy, contributes to the regulation of the postprandial blood glucose level in healthy normal rats. In vivo studies using rats showed that E3 blunted the speed and magnitude of the blood glucose rise following oral glucose administration, but it did not appear to affect the total amount of glucose absorbed. E3 also did not affect insulin secretion, but it significantly reduced the rate of intestinal glucose transport compared with vehicle-treated animals. Consistent with this finding, expression of the sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 and 2 was significantly downregulated by E3 treatment in the brush-border membrane and basolateral membrane, respectively, of enterocytes. Most of the observed in vivo effects were noticeably stronger with E3 than with 17β-estradiol. Using differentiated human Caco-2 enterocyte monolayer culture as an in vitro model, we confirmed that E3 at physiologically relevant concentrations could directly inhibit glucose uptake via suppression of glucose transporter 2 expression, whereas 17β-estradiol did not have a similar effect. Collectively, these data showed that E3 can blunt the postprandial glycemic surge in rats through modulating the level of intestinal glucose transporters.
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Song KI, Park JY, Lee S, Lee D, Jang HJ, Kim SN, Ko H, Kim HY, Lee JW, Hwang GS, Kang KS, Yamabe N. Protective effect of tetrahydrocurcumin against cisplatin-induced renal damage: in vitro and in vivo studies. PLANTA MEDICA 2015; 81:286-291. [PMID: 25719941 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1545696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of anticancer drugs can prompt patients to end their treatment despite the efficacy. Cisplatin is a platinum-based molecule widely used to treat various forms of cancer, but frequent and long-term use of cisplatin is limited due to severe nephrotoxicity. In the present study, we investigated the protective effect and mechanism of tetrahydrocurcumin on cisplatin-induced kidney damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation to evaluate its possible use in renal damage. Cisplatin-induced LLC-PK1 renal cell damage was significantly reduced by tetrahydrocurcumin treatment. Additionally, the protective effect of tetrahydrocurcumin on cisplatin-induced oxidative renal damage was investigated in rats. Tetrahydrocurcumin was orally administered every day at a dose of 80 mg/kg body weight for ten days, and a single dose of cisplatin was administered intraperitoneally (7.5 mg/kg body weight) in 0.9 % saline on day four. The creatinine clearance levels, which were markers of renal dysfunction, in cisplatin-treated rats were recovered nearly back to normal levels after administration of tetrahydrocurcumin. Moreover, tetrahydrocurcumin exhibited protective effects against cisplatin-induced oxidative renal damage in rats by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 and caspase-3 activation. These results collectively provide therapeutic evidence that tetrahydrocurcumin ameliorates renal damage by regulating inflammation and apoptosis.
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Jeon Y, Jung Y, Youm JK, Kang KS, Kim YK, Kim SN. Abietic acid inhibits UVB-induced MMP-1 expression in human dermal fibroblast cells through PPARα/γdual activation. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:140-5. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Han KY, Hwang JW, Bae GU, Kim SN, Kim YK. Akt regulation of Aven contributes to the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3866-71. [PMID: 25573060 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, it was demonstrated that the protein level of the apoptosis inhibitor Aven is regulated by the Akt signaling pathway, evidenced by the observation that Aven levels were significantly increased in MCF7 constitutively active (CA)‑Akt cells and significantly inhibited following treatment with LY294002. This increase in Aven appears not to be mediated by transcriptional regulation and protein stabilization. However, the level of Aven was inversely correlated with the level of cathepsin D, which is a protease responsible for generating the C‑terminal of Aven, ΔN‑Aven, indicating that the level of Aven appears to be regulated by cathepsin D activity. It has previously been reported that ΔN‑Aven is the active form of Aven, which functions as an anti‑apoptotic molecule. Notably, low levels of ΔN‑Aven were detected in MCF7 CA‑Akt cells, which were more sensitive to anticancer drugs. Taken together, the current results suggest that the expression of Aven is regulated by the Akt signaling pathway through cathepsin D activity, which contributes to the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents.
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Cho SH, Lim JY, Kim SN, Hong S, Chung HW, So Y, Kim WY, Lee SJ. The prognostic significance of pretreatment [18F]FDG-PET/CT imaging in patients with uterine cervical cancer: preliminary results. EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL 2015; 36:30-35. [PMID: 25872331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION To evaluate the prognostic significance of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in patients diagnosed with cervical cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with cervical cancer in FIGO Stages IB1 to IVB were imaged with PET/CT prior to treatment during one of the staging work-ups. The patients were observed for a median of 31.4 months (range, six to 89 months) after the initial treatment. The standardized uptake value (SUV) max of the primary cervical tumor mass was compared with the prognostic factors. RESULTs: A total of 81 patients who were primarily treated with radical hysterectomy (RH, n = 45) or concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT, n = 36) were analyzed. Multivariate analysis indicated that larger tumor size (> 4 cm, OR 8.694, 95% CI, 1.638-46.146), deep stromal invasion (≥ 1 cm, OR 7.249, 95% CI, 1.141-46.039) by the primary tumor, and pathologically confirmed pelvic lymph node involvement (positive, OR 14.586, 95% CI, 2.072-102.674) were significantly associated with recurrence after treatment. However, pretreatment SUVmax was not a significant independent predictor of disease recurrence (OR 1.058, 95% CI, 0.255-4.398). CONCLUSION [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake by the primary tumor showed a significant association with several risk factors that have been identified as treatment predictors. However, a high pretreatment SUVmax was not predictive of recurrence in uter- ine cervical cancer patients.
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Lee W, Yoon G, Hwang YR, Kim YK, Kim SN. Anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects of Rheum undulatum in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice through protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition. BMB Rep 2014; 45:141-6. [PMID: 22449699 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is important in the regulation of metabolic diseases and has emerged as a promising signaling target. Previously, we reported the PTP1B inhibitory activity of Rheum undulatum (RU). In the present study, we investigated the metabolic regulatory effects of RU in a high-fat diet (HFD) model. RU treatment significantly blocked body weight gain, which was accompanied by a reduction of feed efficiency. In addition, it led to a reduction of liver weight mediated by overexpression of PPARα and CPT1 in the liver, and an increase in the expression of adiponectin, aP2, and UCP3 in adipose tissue responsible for the reduction of total and LDL-cholesterol levels. Chrysophanol and physcion from RU significantly inhibited PTP1B activity and strongly enhanced insulin sensitivity. Altogether, our findings strongly suggest that 2 compounds are novel PTP1B inhibitors and might be considered as anti-obesity agents that are effective for suppressing body weight gain and improving lipid homeostasis.
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Kim KH, Beemelmanns C, Murillo C, Guillén A, Umaña L, Tamayo-Castillo G, Kim SN, Clardy J, Cao S. Naphthalenones and Isocoumarins from a Costa Rican Fungus Xylariaceae sp. CR1546C. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3184/174751914x14175406270662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new naphthalenone, ( R)-4,6,8-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-1(2 H)-naphthalenone and a new isocoumarin, 6,8-dihydroxy-(3 R)-(2-oxopropyl)-3,4-dihydroisocoumarin, together with eight related known compounds were isolated from the endolichenic fungal species, CR1546C from Costa Rican lichen Sticta fuliginosa (Lobariaceae). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR techniques and chemical methods. All of the isolated compounds exhibited moderate antifungal activity against the yeast Candida albicans.
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Kim KH, Kim HK, Kim SN, Choi SU. A New Cytotoxic Cadinane Sesquiterpene from Berberis koreana. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.11.3346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cho M, Park GM, Kim SN, Amna T, Lee S, Shin WS. Glioblastoma-specific anticancer activity of pheophorbide a from the edible red seaweed Grateloupia elliptica. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 24:346-53. [PMID: 24296458 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1308.08090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The chlorophyll-related compound pheophorbide a (Pa) was successively purified from an edible red seaweed, Grateloupia elliptica, using silica, octadecyl silica column chromatography and reversed phase-high-performance liquid chromatography, as well as the cell cycle inhibitory and apoptotic effects of Pa being investigated in U87MG glioblastoma cells. The Pa exhibited strong anticancer effects in the absence of direct photo-irradiation against various cancer cell lines, including U87MG, SK-OV-3, and HeLa cells. Among the cancer cells, the strongest anticancer activity of Pa exhibited on U87MG cells with IC50 values of 2.8 μg/ml. In addition, Pa specifically had cytostatic activity on glioblastoma cells rather than human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Analysis of the cell cycle distribution showed that Pa induced G0/G1 arrest of U87 MG cells. In addition, arrested cells induced late apoptosis and DNA degradation under dark condition. These results suggest that Pa isolated from G. elliptica is a potential glioblastoma-specific anticancer agent without side effects on normal cells.
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Wang Z, Liu Z, Lee W, Kim SN, Yoon G, Cheon SH. Design, synthesis and docking study of 5-(substituted benzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives as inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3337-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Jeon Y, Jung Y, Kim MC, Kwon HC, Kang KS, Kim YK, Kim SN. Sargahydroquinoic acid inhibits TNFα-induced AP-1 and NF-κB signaling in HaCaT cells through PPARα activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1553-9. [PMID: 25019995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors and expressed in various cell types in the skin, including keratinocytes, fibroblasts and infiltrating immune cells. Thus, their ligands are targets for the treatment of various skin disorders, such as photo-aging and chronological aging of skin. Intensive studies have revealed that PPARα/γ functions in photo-aging and age-related inflammation by regulating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) via activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). However, the detailed mechanism of PPARα/γ's role in skin aging has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we confirmed that sargahydroquinoic acid (SHQA) as a PPARα/γ ligand significantly decreased Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFα)-induced MMP-2/-9 expression by downregulating TNFα-induced transcription factors, subsequently reducing IκBα degradation and blocking NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation in HaCaT human epidermal keratinocyte cells. Treatment of cells with SHQA and GW6471 (PPARα antagonist) not bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (PPARγ antagonists), reversed the effect on TNFα-induced inflammatory signaling pathway activation. Taken together, our data suggest that SHQA inhibit TNFα-induced MMP-2/-9 expression and age-related inflammation by suppressing AP-1 and NF-κB pathway via PPARα.
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Jang HJ, Han IH, Kim YJ, Yamabe N, Lee D, Hwang GS, Oh M, Choi KC, Kim SN, Ham J, Eom DW, Kang KS. Anticarcinogenic effects of products of heat-processed ginsenoside Re, a major constituent of ginseng berry, on human gastric cancer cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2830-2836. [PMID: 24666263 DOI: 10.1021/jf5000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Re is a triol type triterpene glycoside and is abundantly present in ginseng berry. In the present study, we verified that ginsenoside Re can be transformed into less-polar ginsenosides, namely, Rg2, Rg6, and F4, by heat-processing. The products of heat-processed ginsenoside Re inhibited phosphorylation of CDK2 at Thr160 by upregulation of p21 level, resulting in S phase arrest. The products of heat-processed ginsenoside Re also activated caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, followed by cleavage of PARP, a substrate of caspase-3, in a dose-dependent manner. Concurrently, alteration of mitochondrial factors such as Bcl-2 and Bax was also observed. Moreover, pretreatment with Z-VAD-fmk abrogated caspase-8, -9, and -3 activations by the products of heat-processed ginsenoside Re. We further confirmed that the anticancer effects of the products of heat-processed ginsenoside Re in AGS cells are mainly mediated via generation of less-polar ginsenosides Rg6 and F4.
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Kang KS, Lee W, Jung Y, Lee JH, Lee S, Eom DW, Jeon Y, Yoo HH, Jin MJ, Song KI, Kim WJ, Ham J, Kim HJ, Kim SN. Protective effect of esculin on streptozotocin-induced diabetic renal damage in mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2069-2076. [PMID: 24484395 DOI: 10.1021/jf403840c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the presence and mechanism of esculin-mediated renoprotection to assess its therapeutic potential. Esculin was orally administered at 20 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks to streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, and its effects were compared with those of the vehicle in normal and diabetic mice. After oral administration of esculin to mice, the concentrations of esculin and esculetin in blood were 159.5 ± 29.8 and 9.7 ± 4.9 ng/mL at 30 min, respectively. Food and water intake were significantly increased in the diabetic mice compared to normal mice but attenuated in mice receiving esculin. The elevated blood glucose level and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase expression were significantly reduced in esculin-treated diabetic mice, supporting the antidiabetic effect of esculin. Esculin also increased the uptake of glucose and induced the insulin-evoked phosphorylation of insulin receptor, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase 3β in C2C12 myotubes, indicating a potential for improvement of insulin sensitivity. In addition, esculin lessened the elevated blood creatinine levels in diabetic mice and ameliorated diabetes-induced renal dysfunction by reducing caspase-3 activation in the kidney. Data support the beneficial effect of esculin against diabetes and oxidative stress-related inflammatory processes in the kidney.
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Shin YK, Ye MB, Kim SW, Lee SC, Kim IW, Kim SN, Yang HO, Kim SK. 3′-Deoxyadenosine inhibits pre-adipocyte differentiation and biosynthesis of triacylglycerol in 3T3-L1 cells. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Lee W, Park SH, Lee S, Chung BC, Song MO, Song K, Ham J, Kim SN, Kang KS. Corrigendum to ‘‘Increase in antioxidant effect of ginsenoside Re-alanine mixture by Maillard reaction” [Food Chemistry 135 (2012) 2430–2435]. Food Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yamabe N, Song KI, Lee W, Han IH, Lee JH, Ham J, Kim SN, Park JH, Kang KS. Chemical and Free Radical-scavenging Activity Changes of Ginsenoside Re by Maillard Reaction and Its Possible Use as a Renoprotective Agent. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:256-62. [PMID: 23717126 PMCID: PMC3659592 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.2.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species play critical role in kidney damage. Free radical-scavenging activities of Panax ginseng are known to be increased by heat-processing. The structural change of ginsenoside and the generation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) are closely related to the increased free radical-scavenging activities. In the present study, we have demonstrated the Maillard reaction model experiment using ginsenoside Re and glycine mixture to identify the renoprotective effect of MRPs from ginseng or ginsenosides. Ginsenoside Re was transformed into less-polar ginsenosides, namely Rg2, Rg6 and F4 by heat-processing. The free radical-scavenging activity of ginsenoside Re-glycine mixture was increased in a temperature-dependant manner by heatprocessing. The improved free radical-scavenging activity by heat-processing was mediated by the generation of antioxidant MRPs which led to the protection of LLC-PK1 renal epithelial cells from oxidative stress. Although the free radical scavenging activities of less-polar ginsenosides were weak, they could protect LLC-PK1 cells from oxidative stress. Therefore, MRPs and less-polar ginsenosides contributed to the combined renoprotective effects against oxidative renal damage.
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