3D maps localize caudate nucleus atrophy in 400 Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy elderly subjects

MRI research examining structural brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) generally focuses on medial temporal and cortical structures, but amyloid and tau deposits also accumulate in the caudate. Here we mapped the 3D profile of caudate atrophy using a surface mapping approach in subjects with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to identify potential clinical and pathological correlates. 3D surface models of the caudate were automatically extracted from 400 baseline MRI scans (100 AD, 200 MCI, 100 healthy elderly). Compared to controls, caudate volumes were lower in MCI (2.64% left, 4.43% right) and AD (4.74% left, 8.47% right). Caudate atrophy was associated with age, sum-of-boxes and global Clinical Dementia Ratings, Delayed Logical Memory scores, MMSE decline 1 year later, and body mass index. Reduced right (but not left) volume was associated with MCI-to-AD conversion and CSF tau levels. Normal caudate asymmetry (with the right 3.9% larger than left) was lost in AD, suggesting preferential right caudate atrophy. Automated caudate maps may complement other MRI-derived measures of disease burden in AD.

Suppression of lung adenocarcinoma through menin and polycomb gene-mediated repression of growth factor pleiotrophin

Menin upregulates transcription of cell-cycle inhibitors to suppress endocrine tumors, but it is poorly understood how menin suppresses non-endocrine tumors such as lung cancer. Here, we show that menin inhibits proliferation of human lung cancer cells and growth of lung cancer in mice. The menin-mediated tumor suppression requires repression of growth factor pleiotrophin (PTN), which binds to its cell surface receptor, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) that is activated in certain lung adenocarcinomas. Menin represses PTN transcription and PTN-induced proliferation of human lung cancer cells, and menin expression is substantially reduced in primary human lung adenocarcinomas. Notably, menin binds the PTN locus and enhances Polycomb gene Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2)-mediated histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27m3), a negative mark for gene transcription but does not affect histone H3K4 methylation that is usually upregulated by menin in endocrine cells. Together, our findings indicate that menin suppresses lung cancer partly through increasing Polycomb gene-mediated H3K27 methylation and repressing PTN transcription, unraveling a novel, epigenetically regulated PTN-ALK signaling pathway in suppressing lung cancer.

Phylogeographical analysis of an estuarine fish, Salanx ariakensis (Osmeridae: Salanginae) in the north-western Pacific

This study extended the geographic coverage of a previous study to explore population genetic structure and demographic history in the Ariake icefish Salanx ariakensis from three populations of continental coastlines and one island population in the north-western Pacific based on a partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. The S. ariakensis showed high genetic diversity and strong genetic structure. Phylogenetic analysis showed a shallow gene tree with no clear phylogeographical structure. Contiguous range expansion and restricted gene flow were inferred to be main population events by nested-clade analysis. Significant genetic differentiations between populations could be attributable to negligible gene flow by coalescent analysis. High nucleotide diversity of each population was due to geographic mixing of heterogenous haplotypes during lowering sea levels of the Pleistocene. These findings indicate that cycles of geographic isolation and secondary contact happened in the Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles shaping genetic structure and population demography of S. ariakensis.

Menin interacts with IQGAP1 to enhance intercellular adhesion of beta-cells

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a dominantly inherited tumor syndrome that results from the mutation of the MEN1 gene that encodes protein menin. Stable overexpression of MEN1 has been shown to partially suppress the RAS-mediated morphological changes of NH3 fibroblast cells. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which menin decreases the oncogenic effects on cell morphology and other phenotypes. Here we showed that ectopic expression of menin in pretumor beta cells increases islet cell adhesion and reduces cell migration. Our further studies revealed that menin interacts with the scaffold protein, IQGAP1, reduces GTP-Rac1 interaction with IQGAP1 but increases E-cadherin/ß-catenin interaction with IQGAP1. Consistent with an essential role for menin in regulating ß cell adhesion in vivo, accumulations of β-catenin and E-cadherin are reduced at cell junctions in the islets from Men1-excised mice. Together, these results define a novel menin-IQGAP1 pathway that controls cell migration and cell-cell adhesion in endocrine cells.

Hepatitis E virus infection among domestic animals in eastern China

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen of which several species of animal were reported as reservoirs. Antibodies to HEV and HEV RNA have been detected in some Chinese population and swine groups but few other domestic animals. In this study, to investigate the HEV prevalence, we tested sera from 788 pigs, 100 cows, 50 goats, 49 horses, 101 pet dogs, 105 chickens, 47 duck and 45 pigeons in eastern China for anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG). We also tested 50% of the swine sera, all of sera from the other domestic animals and 13 Shanghai human sera which were positive for anti-HEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) for HEV RNA using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Our results indicated that 82.5% (222/269) of the sows, 53.9% (104/193) of the 4- to 6-month-old swine, 63.4% (168/265) of the 1- to 3-month-old swine, 55.7% (34/61) of the slaughterhouse swine, 24% (12/50) of the goats, 16.3% (8/49) of the horses, 17.8% (21/101) of the pet dogs, 6% (6/100) of the cows, 12.8% (6/47) of the ducks, 4.4% (2/45) of the pigeons and 1.9% (2/105) of the chickens exhibited positive for anti-HEV IgG. Inhibition assay confirmed the infection with HEV or HEV-like viruses in these domestic animals except pigeons and chickens. From the sera, we isolated 18 swine HEV strains, one horse HEV strain and two human HEV strains. Sequence analysis showed that the horse HEV isolate and one swine isolate belonged to genotype 3. The other isolates belonged to genotype 4. The two human isolates were phylogenetically closely related to eight of the swine isolates. In short, the presence of anti-HEV antibody had been confirmed in several species of domestic animals in eastern China and HEV RNA has been identified in swine, human and horse. This suggested that the authorities should pay more attention to the prevalence of HEV in eastern China.

Menin regulates endocrine diseases by controlling histone modification and gene transcription

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), a human familial tumor syndrome, results from mutations in the Men1 gene. Although much progress has been made in demonstrating the definitive role for menin in suppressing tumorigenesis in endocrine organs, the molecular pathways responsible for menin action in normal tissues and tumors remain poorly defined. Here, we review the recent progress on the molecular functions of menin in controlling cell proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. The majority of these functions are largely executed by menin-mediated influencing of histone modifications and chromatin structure. These findings lead to a new model of understanding menin's tumor-suppressing function, providing insights into understanding of how menin regulates cell proliferation and the development of endocrine tumors. The new knowledge could also be translated into new strategies to improve therapeutic interventions against MEN1 and other endocrine diseases including diabetes.

Effect of an Immunosuppressor (Dexamethasone) on Eperythrozoon Infection

The aim was to study the relationship between the infection rate of Eperythrozoon suis and the status of the immune system. Four pigs with chronic eperythrozoonosis were divided into experimental and control groups. Immunosuppression of the experimental group was accomplished by injecting with high-dose glucocorticoid (dexamethasone) on 3 consecutive days. Microscopic examination of blood smears was performed to observe the change of infection rate after administration. The blood samples of each group were collected on day 7 after administration for half-nested PCR assay. The microscopic results showed that the infection rate of the experimental group rose distinctly by 40 h late and remained at 90% in the days following administration. No changes were observed in the control group. PCR results showed a single expected 250 bp fragment in each group, which validated the positive microscopic results. This study demonstrated the significant effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on Eperythrozoon infection.

Tumor suppressor menin: the essential role of nuclear localization signal domains in coordinating gene expression

Menin is encoded by the tumor suppressor gene MEN1 that is mutated in patients with an inherited tumor syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Although menin is a nuclear protein and directly binds to DNA through its nuclear localization signals (NLSs), the precise role for each of the NLSs in nuclear translocation and gene expression remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that point mutations in three individual NLSs, NLS1, NLS2, and a novel accessory NLS, NLSa, do not block nuclear translocation, but compromise the ability of menin to repress expression of the endogenous insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) gene. This repression is not released by an inhibitor of histone deacetylases. Although subtle mutations in menin NLSs do not affect menin association with chromatin, they abolish menin binding to the IGFBP-2 promoter in vivo. Furthermore, each of the NLSs is also crucial for menin-mediated induction of caspase 8 expression. Together, these results suggest that menin may act as a scaffold protein in coordinating activation and repression of gene transcription and that its NLSs play a more important role in controlling gene transcription than merely targeting menin into the nucleus.

China's floating population and the potential for HIV transmission: a social-behavioural perspective

Historical, geo-economic and behavioural perspectives are used in an exploratory analysis of China's migrant or 'floating' population as a factor in the spread of HIV on the mainland. Participants in the interview format survey (N = 506) included in-transit individuals in Beijing, and peddlers, restaurant workers, and employment seekers in Shanghai. When viewed in light of various social dynamics, the convenience survey data suggest that elements within this migrant population, as well as their rurally located partners and spouses, may be at increased risk of acquiring the virus. Given the sheer size and broad movement of this population, it is contended that it may well be a 'tipping point' factor in AIDS prevention and control in China.

Cell cycle controlling the silencing and functioning of mammalian activators

Naïve CD4(+) helper T (T(H)) cells respond to stimulation by terminally differentiating into two mature classes, T(H)1 cells, which express interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and T(H)2 cells, which express interleukin 4 (IL-4). The transcriptional activators T-bet and Gata-3 mediate commitment to the T(H)1 and T(H)2 fates, respectively, including chromatin remodeling of signature genes. The cytokine IL-12 fosters growth of committed T(H)1 cells, while IL-4 fosters growth of committed T(H)2 cells. IL-12 and IL-4 also play critical roles in commitment by promoting transcriptional silencing of Gata-3 and T-bet, respectively. We now show that both T-bet and Gata-3 are induced in a cell cycle-independent manner in bipotent progenitor cells. In contrast, both lineage-restricted gene induction by the activator proteins and heritable silencing of the transcription of each activator, the hallmarks of terminal differentiation, are cell cycle dependent. We found that cells that cannot cycle remain uncommitted and bipotent in response to the most polarizing signals for maturation. These results provide mechanistic insight into a mammalian model of terminal differentiation by illustrating that cell cycle-coupled epigenetic effects, as originally described in yeast, may represent an evolutionarily conserved strategy for organizing signaling and cell fate.

[Development and applications of a computer aided complete denture design system]

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to develop a practical CAD/CAM system with knowledge databases for complete denture.

METHODS

A three-dimensional coordinate measuring machine (3DCMM) was used to collect three-dimensional information of edentulous models and bite plates and the mathematics model of complete denture was established using B-Spline method. This system was established by seting eight functional models: the measuring model, the converting data model, the constructing curve-surface model, the producing base and the editing model, the arranging artificial and the editing model, the outputting income model, the imitating dynamic model and the managing model.

RESULTS

(1) The soft and hard system of a computer aided complete denture design (CACDD) was established, including 3DCMM, 8 functional models and databases. (2) A CACDD system and the three-dimensional demonstration were completed.

CONCLUSION

This system lay down the foundation for setting up the computer aided complete denture design/manufacturing system.

Confirmation of susceptibility gene loci on chromosome 1 in northern China Han families with type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE

To confirm previous effort to identify type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in a Northern Chinese population by conducting a new genome scan with both an increased number of type 2 diabetes families and a new set of microsatellite markers within the previously localized regions.

METHODS

A genome scan method was applied. After multiplexed PCR, electrophoreses, genescan and genotyping analysis, we obtained size information for all loci, and then a further study was done by both parametric and non-parametric linkage analysis to investigate the P values and Z values of these loci.

RESULTS

We surveyed 34 microsatellite markers which distributed within 5 regions along chromosome 1, and a total of 12,000 genotypes were screened. Evidence of linkage with diabetes was identified for 8 of the 34 loci. All P values of the 8 loci were lower than 0.05, and the highest Z value was 2.17. A very interesting finding is that all 5 markers at the p- terminal 1p36.3-1p36.23 region, spanning a long range of 16.9 cM, were identified to have a low P value of less than 0.05, which suggests that this region may contain multiple susceptibility genes. Regions 4 and 5 also confirmed the previous findings, and we narrowed these two regions to a 2.7 cM and 2.5 cM regions, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

We further confirmed the results gained in the previous genome-wide scan using an increased number of NIDDM families and a new set of microsatellite markers lying within the initially localized regions. The fact that all 5 loci at the p- terminal region displayed a low P value of less than 0.05 suggests that more than 1 susceptibility gene may reside in this region.

[Analysis of the reason that patients with chronic sinusitis having a negative CT manifestation]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the reason why the CT manifestation of the patients with chronic nasosinusitis is negative.

METHOD

To analyze the clinical and CT manifestation of the patients with chronic sinusitis having a negative CT manifestation.

RESULT

Pathological changes were found in all 8 patients during the course of endoscopic sinus surgery, such as pus storing in the sinus cavity, mucous swelling polypoidly, small polyps formation and so on.

CONCLUSION

The reasons that the patients with chronic sinusitis having a negative CT manifestation are, 1. CT scan can only give a static one-off image, 2. partial volume effect, 3. maybe result from the location of CT scan and the resolving power of tomograph, 4. maybe attribute to the pathological classify of chronic sinusitis.

Neurogenin promotes neurogenesis and inhibits glial differentiation by independent mechanisms

The mechanisms by which neural stem cells give rise to neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes are beginning to be elucidated. However, it is not known how the specification of one cell lineage results in the suppression of alternative fates. We find that in addition to inducing neurogenesis, the bHLH transcription factor neurogenin (Ngn1) inhibits the differentiation of neural stem cells into astrocytes. While Ngn1 promotes neurogenesis by functioning as a transcriptional activator, Ngn1 inhibits astrocyte differentiation by sequestering the CBP-Smad1 transcription complex away from astrocyte differentiation genes, and by inhibiting the activation of STAT transcription factors that are necessary for gliogenesis. Thus, two distinct mechanisms are involved in the activation and suppression of gene expression during cell-fate specification by neurogenin.

Critical role of Smads and AP-1 complex in transforming growth factor-beta -dependent apoptosis

Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) induces not only cell growth inhibition but also apoptosis in hepatocytes, myeloid cells, and epithelial cells. Although Smad proteins are identified as key signal transducers in TGF-beta1-dependent growth inhibition, their roles in the induction of apoptosis are unclear. We show here that both Smad proteins and AP-1 complex are involved in TGF-beta1 signaling for apoptosis. Overexpression of a dominant-negative Smad3 mutant or Smad7, both of which impair Smad-mediated signal transduction, inhibits TGF-beta1-dependent apoptosis. Only the JunD. FosB form of the AP-1 complex is markedly activated during TGF-beta1-dependent apoptosis. FosB substantially enhances Smad3. Smad4-dependent transcription, and dominant-negative FosB blocks TGF-beta1-dependent apoptosis but not growth inhibition. Expression of JunD.FosB enhances induction of apoptosis by TGF-beta1. Moreover, JunD.FosB binds to the 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate-responsive gene promoter element and recruits Smad3.Smad4 to form a multicomponent complex. These results suggest that Smad proteins and AP-1 complex synergize to mediate TGF-beta1-dependent apoptosis.

Ultraviolet blood irradiation and oxygenation affects free radicals and antioxidase after rabbit spinal cord injury

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of ultraviolet blood irradiation and oxygenation (UBIO) on free radicals and antioxidase after spinal cord injury in rabbits.

METHODS

Totally, 186 rabbits were used and divided randomly into four experimental groups: control (n = 6), blood transfusion (n = 24), injured (n = 96) and treatment (n = 60) groups. The relative intensity of free radical (FR) signals, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, as well as the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) were compared among the four groups at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours and 6 days after injury.

RESULTS

The relative intensity of FR signals in spinal cord tissue in the injured group increased at 48 hours and showed a striking difference compared with the control group; in the treatment group, it decreased and showed a striking difference compared with the injured group. MDA content in blood in the injured group increased and showed a striking difference at 6, 24 and 48 hours and showed a significant difference at 72 hours and 6 days after injury compared with the control group. In the treatment group, MDA content in blood decreased and showed a significant difference at 48 hours compared with the injured group. MDA content in spinal cord tissue increased in the injured group and showed a striking difference compared with the control group; in the treatment group, it decreased and showed a striking difference compared with the injured group at the corresponding times. The activity of SOD in blood and spinal cord tissue decreased in the injured group and showed a striking difference compared with the control group; in the treatment group, it increased and showed a striking difference compared with the injured group at the corresponding times. The changes in activity of GSH-PX in blood and spinal cord tissue were similar to that in SOD. No significant difference was observed between the blood transfusion and control groups.

CONCLUSION

UBIO can ease free radical damages and elevate the activity of antioxidases after spinal cord injury in rabbits.

Synergism between transcription factors TFE3 and Smad3 in transforming growth factor-beta-induced transcription of the Smad7 gene

Activation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptors triggers phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3. After binding to Smad4, the complex enters the nucleus and interacts with other transcription factors to activate gene transcription. Unlike other Smads, Smad7 inhibits phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, and its transcription is induced by TGF-beta, suggesting a negative feedback loop. Here, we show that TFE3 and Smad3 synergistically mediate TGF-beta-induced transcription from the Smad7 promoter by binding to an E-box and two adjacent Smad binding elements (SBEs), respectively. A precise 3-base pair spacer between one SBE and the E-box is essential. Previously, we showed that a similar arrangement between a SBE and an E-box of an element is essential for TGF-beta-dependent transcription of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene (PAI-1) and that TGF-beta-induced phosphorylation of Smad3 triggers its association with TFE3. Thus, TFE3-Smad3 response elements may represent a common target for TGF-beta-induced gene expression.

Act1, an NF-kappa B-activating protein

Use of an NF-kappaB-dependent selectable marker facilitated the isolation of a cell line containing a cDNA encoding Act1, an NF-kappaB activator. Act1 associates with and activates IkappaB kinase (IKK), leading to the liberation of NF-kappaB from its complex with IkappaB. Many signaling pathways that liberate NF-kappaB also activate activating transcription factor (ATF) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) through Jun kinase (JNK). Act1 also activates JNK, suggesting that it might be part of a multifunctional complex involved in the activation of both NF-kappaB and JNK. Act1 fails to activate NF-kappaB in an IL-1-unresponsive mutant cell line in which all known signaling components are present, suggesting that it interacts with an unknown component in IL-1 signaling.

[The study of a computer aided artificial teeth arrangement of complete denture]

OBJECTIVE

To develop a system of computer aided complete denture design (CACDD).

METHODS

After 3 dimensional measurement, data process and making model of a edentulous model, artificial teeth and the maxillomandibular bite plate, on the position of centric relation, the artificial teeth were arranged according to the principle and demand of the complete denture's teeth arrangement. The relation of teeth and occlusion were adjusted by Affine and Projection transformation.

RESULTS

(1) The maxillomandibular visual base on the position of centric relation were made, its mathematics model is B-Spline curve surface of the double third power. (2) The artificial teeth arrangement and 3 dimensional show of the complete denture were achieved.

CONCLUSION

This system can provide a feasible tool for a computer aided complete denture design and teaching.

Specificity in transforming growth factor beta-induced transcription of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene: interactions of promoter DNA, transcription factor muE3, and Smad proteins

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) regulates a broad range of biological processes, including cell growth, development, differentiation, and immunity. TGF-beta signals through its cell surface receptor serine kinases that phosphorylate Smad2 or Smad3 proteins. Because Smad3 and its partner Smad4 bind to only 4-bp Smad binding elements (SBEs) in DNA, a central question is how specificity of TGF-beta-induced transcription is achieved. We show that Smad3 selectively binds to two of the three SBEs in PE2.1, a TGF-beta-inducible fragment of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter, to mediate TGF-beta-induced transcription; moreover, a precise 3-bp spacer between one SBE and the E-box, a binding site for transcription factor muE3 (TFE3), is essential for TGF-beta-induced transcription. Whereas an isolated Smad3 MH1 domain binds to TFE3, TGF-beta receptor-mediated phosphorylation of full-length Smad3 enhances its binding to TFE3. Together, these studies elucidate an important mechanism for specificity in TGF-beta-induced transcription of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene.

Cloning and expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase cDNA in Escherichia coli

The phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) cDNA was amplified from Petroselinum crispum RNA by using the RT-PCR technique. The amplified 2.2 kb DNA fragment was sequenced and inserted into expression vector pET23b. The resulting plasmid pET23bPAL was then transformed into E. coli JM109DE3. The expressed PAL protein in JM109DE3 (pET23bPAL) accounted for more than 15% of total proteins in the engineering E. coli cells. The activity and specificity of the expressed PAL was identified and tested by using HPLC technique. The results indicated that the PAL activity was good enough for application to enzymatic therapy of phenylketonurea (PKU).

A 69 bp fragment in the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase promoter of Arabidopsis thaliana activates minimal CaMV 35S promoter in a tissue-specific manner

The Arabidopsis thaliana gene that encodes pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (At-P5R), the last enzyme in proline biosynthesis in A. thaliana, is developmentally regulated and is highly expressed in cells that divide rapidly or undergo changes in osmotic potential. A 69 bp region (P69; -120 to -51) has previously been identified in a 5' deletion analysis of the At-P5R promoter to be necessary for the basal expression. Here, the essential role of P69 for tissue-specific expression of At-P5R is demonstrated by loss- and gain-of-function experiments.

Hyperosmolar saline induces airway resistance changes and neuropeptide release: a comparison with the effect of capsaicin, potassium and histamine

BACKGROUND

Healthy subjects do not show any bronchoconstricting response to inhalation of hypertonic saline, in contrast to subjects with symptoms of asthma. There is evidence indicating that these airway reactions may be related to stimulation of sensory nerves.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We investigated the effects of hyperosmolar solutions on the changes in airway resistance as well as on release of neuropeptides from an isolated and perfused guinea pig lung model.

RESULTS

We observed that hyperosmolar saline (HS), capsaicin, potassium and histamine induced different patterns of response in airway resistance and neuropeptide release. HS 3.6% induced a biphasic response in airway resistance. Initially a minor relaxation, 4 +/- 1 cmH2O mL-1 min (P < 0.05), followed by a contraction, 22 +/- 3 cmH2O mL-1 min (P < 0.01). This was associated with release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) 7.7 +/- 1.9 fmol mL-1 g (P < 0.01), but not of neurokinin A (NKA), a known bronchoconstrictor. Mannitol, at the same osmolarity as HS 3.6%, did not elicit a change in airway resistance, CRGP or NKA release. Capsaicin at 10-6 mol L-1 and potassium at 70 mmol L-1 induced a profound increase in airway tone (50 +/- 9 and 42 +/- 8 cmH2O mL-1 min respectively; P < 0.01) and elevation of both CGRP (6.4 +/- 1.9 and 3.9 +/- 1.1 fmol mL-1 g respectively; P < 0.05) and NKA (3.3 +/- 1.0 and 1.0 +/- 0.2 fmol mL-1 respectively; P < 0.05). Histamine increased the airway resistance by 42 +/- 8 cmH2O mL-1 min (P < 0.01) but had no effect on either CGRP or NKA release.

CONCLUSIONS

In healthy guinea pigs, hyperosmolar saline 3.6% initially caused relaxation of the airways followed by contraction and induced release of CGRP-LI. This was not seen with mannitol at the same osmolarity as for the hyperosmolar saline.

Modeling the time variability of black hole candidates

We present model light curves for accreting black hole candidates (BHC) based on a recently developed model of these sources. According to this model, the observed light curves and aperiodic variability of BHC are due to a series of soft photon injections at random (Poisson) intervals and the stochastic nature of the Comptonization process in converting these soft photons to the observed high energy radiation. The additional assumption of our model is that the Comptonization process takes place in an extended but non-uniform hot plasma corona surrounding the compact object. We compute the corresponding power spectral densities (PSD), autocorrelation functions, time skewness of the light curves, and time lags between the light curves of the sources at different photon energies and compare our results to observation. Our model reproduces the observed light curves well, in that it provides good fits to their overall morphology (as manifest by the autocorrelation and time skewness) and also to their PSDs and time lags, by producing most of the variability power at time scales approximately > a few seconds, while at the same time allowing for shots of a few msec in duration, in accordance with observation. We suggest that refinement of this type of model along with spectral and phase lag information can be used to probe the structure of this class of high energy sources.

Synergistic cooperation of TFE3 and smad proteins in TGF-beta-induced transcription of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene

Members of the TGF-beta superfamily influence a broad range of biological activities including stimulation of wound healing and inhibition of cell growth. TGF-beta signals through type I and II receptor serine/ threonine kinases and induces transcription of many genes including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). To identify proteins that participate in TGF-beta-induced gene expression, we developed a novel retrovirus-mediated expression cloning strategy; and using this approach, we established that transcription factor microE3 (TFE3) is involved in TGF-beta-induced activation of the PAI-1 promoter. We showed that TFE3 binds to an E-box sequence in PE2, a 56-bp promoter fragment of the PAI-1 promoter, and that mutation of this sequence abolishes both TFE3 binding as well as TGF-beta-dependent activation. TFE3 and Smad3 synergistically activate the PE2 promoter and phosphorylated Smad3 and Smad4 bind to a sequence adjacent to the TFE3-binding site in this promoter. Binding of both TFE3 and the Smad proteins to their cognate sequences is indispensable for TGF-beta-inducible activation of the PE2 promoter. Hence, TFE3 is an important transcription factor in at least one TGF-beta-activated signal transduction pathway.

[Regulation on ACTH, beta-EP and immune function by moxibustion on different acupoints]

The experimental results displayed that the cellular immune functions of tumor-bearing mice in control group were significantly lower than that the normal control group. The cellular immune functions of those groups accepting moxibustion treatment were maintained at a relatively higher level. Among them the Guanyuan group seemed to be best in immune regulation. The data further demonstrated that an instant elevation of serum ACTH and beta-EP could be caused by moxibustion. But the bariations of serum ACTH and beta-EP are not paralleled. A remarkable increase of serum beta-EP was seen in Guanyuan group but not of serum ACTH. The experimental results hinted that the regulation of beta-EP and ACTH was related to the immune regulation induced by moxibustion.

Clinical therapeutic effect of drug-separated moxibustion on chronic diarrhea and its immunologic mechanisms

In the present paper it was reported that 24 cases of ulcerative colitis and 23 cases of chronic colitis were treated by drug-separated moxibustion and the total effective rates were 95.83% and 95.65% respectively, which were markedly superior to that of western medicine group. Observation in 15 cases of ulcerative colitis showed that drug-separated moxibustion could inhibit humoral immunity and elevate cellular immune function. The therapy possibly regulated the abnormal ratio of T-lymphocyte subgroups and corrected the abnormal state of autoimmunity of patients, so that pathological changes of intestinal mucosa were corrected effectively.

[Three-dimensional finite element stress analysis of magnetical retaining and bar retaining in overdenture implants]

The purpose of this study was to determine which type of denture retaining implants can produce better biomechanical effect on the bone tissue. Two mechanical models of magnetically retained complete overdenture supported by osseo-integrated implant and bar-retained complete over denture supported by osseo-integrated implant were made. The peak stress in mandibular peri-implant bone tissue of the models were studied under the same loading conditions vertically and horizontally by three-dimensional FEM stress analysis. The results were as follows: (1) Both types of dentures retention can produce significant stress effect on the peri-implant and other regions of the jaw bone and (2) Magnetical retention is more beneficial to maintenance both of peri-implant bone tissue and long-term success of denture supported by osseo-integrated implant than bar retention does.

[Distribution of 70kDa heat shock protein in rabbit brains after heat stress and heat stroke]

OBJECTIVE

Evaluation of the relationship between the induction of 70kDa heat shock protein in rabbit brains and heat stress.

METHODS

HSP70 was detected using monoclonal antibody by ABC method in rabbit hypothalamus, hippocampus and cerberal cortex.

RESULTS

Intense HSP70 staining was displayed in rabbit brains of the heat stroke group (rectal temperature 43 degrees C to death). Positive cells were distributed mainly in the CA1, CA2 regions of the hippocampus; granular cell layer I and pyramidal layer (II) of the cerebral cortex; and the periventricular area of hypothalamus. HSP70-psoitive substances were localized in the cytoplasm and neuronal processes, a few neurons exhibited dark staining nucle. Hosever, the rabbit brains of the general heat stress group (rectal temperature 42.0 degrees C, 30 minutes) had much weaker staining.

CONCLUSION

Hyperthermia causes neuronal expression of HSP70, particularly under strong heat stress, and may be sustained till death.

Recurrent G-to-A substitution in a single codon of SREBP cleavage-activating protein causes sterol resistance in three mutant Chinese hamster ovary cell lines

Oxygenated sterols such as 25-hydroxycholesterol kill Chinese hamster ovary cells because they inhibit the proteolytic processing of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs), a pair of membrane-bound transcription factors that activate genes controlling cholesterol synthesis and uptake from lipoproteins. The unprocessed SREBPs remain membrane-bound, they cannot activate the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, and the cells die of cholesterol deprivation. Several sterol-resistant hamster cell lines have been isolated previously by chemical mutagenesis and selection for resistance to killing by 25-hydroxycholesterol. We recently identified the defect in one such cell line (25-RA cells) as a point mutation in a newly discovered membrane protein of 1276 amino acids, designated SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP). The mutation in the 25-RA cells resulted from a G-to-A transition in codon 443 of the SCAP gene, changing aspartic acid to asparagine. Wild-type SCAP, when overexpressed by transfection, stimulates the proteolytic processing of both SREBPs. The D443N substitution is an activating mutation that increases the activity of SCAP and renders it resistant to inhibition by 25-hydroxycholesterol. We here report the identical G-to-A transition in two additional lines of Chinese hamster ovary cells that were mutagenized and isolated by a similar protocol. The three mutations occurred independently as indicated by haplotype analysis of the mutant genes using two intragenic sequence polymorphisms. All three cell lines were mutagenized with alkylating agents (nitrosoethylurea or ethylmethane sulfonate) that favor G-to-A transitions. Nevertheless, the finding of the same nucleotide substitution at the same location in all three cell lines indicates that SCAP may be unique in its ability to stimulate SREBP cleavage, and residue 443 is a crucial determinant of the protein's ability to be inhibited by 25-hydroxycholesterol.

Sterol resistance in CHO cells traced to point mutation in SREBP cleavage-activating protein

Through expression cloning we have isolated a cDNA-encoding SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), which regulates cholesterol metabolism by stimulating cleavage of transcription factors SREBP-1 and -2, thereby releasing them from membranes. The cDNA was isolated from Chinese hamster ovary cells with a dominant mutation that renders them resistant to sterol-mediated suppression of cholesterol synthesis and uptake. Sterol resistance was traced to a G-->A transition at codon 443 of SCAP, changing aspartic acid to asparagine. The D443N mutation enhances the cleavage-stimulating ability of SCAP and renders it resistant to inhibition by sterols. SCAP has multiple membrane-spanning regions, five of which resemble the sterol-sensing domain of HMG CoA reductase, an endoplasmic reticulum enzyme whose degradation is accelerated by sterols. SCAP appears to be a central regulator of cholesterol metabolism in animal cells.

Sterol-regulated release of SREBP-2 from cell membranes requires two sequential cleavages, one within a transmembrane segment

Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are transcription factors attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The NH2-segment, which activates transcription, is connected to membranes by a hairpin anchor formed by two transmembrane sequences and a short lumenal loop. Using H-Ras-SREBP-2 fusion proteins, we show that the NH2-segment is released from membranes by two sequential cleavages. The first, regulated by sterols, occurs in the lumenal loop. The second, not regulated by sterols, occurs within the first transmembrane domain. The liberated NH2-segment enters the nucleus and activates genes controlling cholesterol synthesis and uptake. Certain mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells are auxotrophic for cholesterol because they fail to carry out the second cleavage; the NH2-segment remains membrane-bound and transcription is not activated.

Regulated cleavage of sterol regulatory element binding proteins requires sequences on both sides of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane

Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP-1 and SREBP-2) are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelope by a hairpin domain consisting of two transmembrane regions connected by a short lumenal loop of approximately 30 hydrophilic amino acids. In sterol-depleted cells, a protease cleaves the protein in the region of the first transmembrane domain, releasing an NH2-terminal fragment of approximately 500 amino acids that activates transcription of genes encoding the low density lipoprotein receptor and enzymes of cholesterol synthesis. In sterol-overloaded cells, proteolysis does not occur, and transcription is repressed. Through mutational analysis in transfected cells, we identify two segments of SREBPs that are required for proteolysis, one on either side of the ER membrane. An arginine in the lumenal loop is essential. A tetrapeptide sequence (DRSR) on the cytosolic face adjacent to the first transmembrane domain is also required for maximal cleavage. Both of these elements are conserved in the human and hamster versions of SREBP-1 and SREBP-2. Sterol-mediated suppression of cleavage of SREBP-1 was found to be dependent on the extreme COOH-terminal region (residue 1034 to the COOH terminus), which exists in two forms as a result of alternative splicing. The form encoded by the "a" class exons (exons 18a and 19a) undergoes sterol-regulated cleavage. The form encoded by the "c" class exons (18c and 19c) is cleaved less efficiently and is not suppressed by sterols. These studies were made possible through use of a vector that achieves low level expression of epitope-tagged SREBPs under control of the relatively weak thymidine kinase promoter from herpes simplex virus. In contrast to SREBPs overproduced by high level expression vectors, the SREBPs produced at low levels were subject to the same regulated cleavage pattern as the endogenous SREBPs. These results indicate that sterol-regulated proteolysis of SREBPs is a complex process, requiring sequences on both sides of the ER membrane.

Hairpin orientation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 in cell membranes as determined by protease protection

Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP-1 and SREBP-2) are proteins of approximately 1150 amino acids each that are attached to membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In sterol-depleted cells, a protease releases an NH2-terminal fragment of approximately 500 amino acids that contains a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper motif. This fragment enters the nucleus and stimulates transcription of genes encoding the low density lipoprotein receptor and enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis. Prior evidence indicates that the SREBPs are attached to membranes by virtue of an 80-residue segment located approximately 80 amino acids to the COOH-terminal side of the leucine zipper. This segment contains two long hydrophobic sequences separated by a short hydrophilic sequence of approximately 30 amino acids. We have proposed a hairpin model in which the two hydrophobic sequences span the membrane, separated by the short hydrophilic sequence which projects into the lumen of the ER (the "lumenal loop"). The model predicts that the NH2- and COOH-terminal segments face the cytosol. To test this model, we constructed a cDNA encoding human SREBP-2 with epitope tags at the NH2 terminus and in the lumenal loop. The COOH-terminal region was visualized with a newly developed monoclonal antibody against this region. Sealed membrane vesicles were isolated from cells expressing the epitope-tagged version of SREBP-2. Trypsin treatment of these vesicles destroyed the NH2- and COOH-terminal segments and reduced the lumenal epitope to a size consistent with protection of the lumenal sequence plus the two membrane-spanning segments. The lumenal epitope tag contained two potential sites for N-linked glycosylation. The size of the trypsin-protected fragment was reduced by treatment with N-Glycanase and endoglycosidase H, indicating that this segment was located in the lumen of the ER where it was glycosylated. These data provide strong support for the hairpin model.

Oxidative metabolism in Rett syndrome: 2. Biochemical and molecular studies

In an attempt to identify a possible defect of mitochondrial metabolism in Rett syndrome we studied 9 girls with typical Rett syndrome using a clinical protocol designed to identify disorders of oxidative metabolism. One girl, (RO) had marked lactic acidemia. Biochemical studies on samples from these patients included leukocyte pyruvate carboxylase assay, serum biotinidase and skin fibroblast pyruvate production, pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthetase and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase assay. Muscle electron transport activities were studied on samples from 4 typical Rett patients including RO. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutational analysis for the np3243 MELAS mutation, the np8993 NARP mutation, the np8344 MERFF mutation and the 4977 kb common deletion found in Kearns-Sayre syndrome and aged tissues were tested for in 1 of the muscle samples and 2 blood samples from typical Rett patients. Western blotting of electron transport complex III was performed on mitochondrial samples obtained from autopsy brain tissue in 2 Rett patients and compared to pediatric control brain samples. No abnormalities were found in blood biotinidase or pyruvate carboxylase. Western blotting of 2 Rett brain mitochondrial samples for complex III appear normal. Pyruvate consumption in medium from 8 Rett fibroblast lines grown with and without dichloroacetate (DCA) showed a normal fall in pyruvate suggesting normal pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in these cells, however the fibroblasts from patient RO had a high pyruvate production in culture. Pyruvate dehydrogenase, 2-oxo-glutarate dehydrogenase and citrate synthetase activities in 8 Rett fibroblast lines were normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)