Up-regulation and co-expression of fibroblast growth factor receptors in human gastric cancer

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), a key regulatory factor of cell growth and differentiation, is involved in embryonic development, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. To date, four different FGF receptors (FGFRs) have been cloned and characterized. We examined the expression of four FGFRs in human gastric cancer tissues and cell lines using Northern analysis, ribonuclease protection assay, and immunohistochemistry. The mRNAs of FGFR-1 (10/14), FGFR-2 (9/14), and FGFR-4 (9/14) were up-regulated in cancer compared with normal tissues. FGFR-3 mRNAs were barely detectable in both normal and cancer tissues. These FGFR mRNAs were co-expressed in various combinations of two or three in the same tissue. Immunohistochemistry confirmed specific staining of multiple FGFRs, except FGFR-3, in the cancer specimens. To investigate the functional significance of FGFR co-expression we examined the invasive property of SNU-16 cells, which exhibited gene amplification of FGFR-2, -3, and -4 as well as over-expression of keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR), a splice variant of FGFR-2, and FGFR-4 mRNA. KGF plus acidic FGF (aFGF), KGF, and aFGF treatment enhanced the invasive potential of SNU-16 cells over the control by 100%, 107%, and 47%, respectively, indicating that neither additive nor synergistic effect was induced by stimulation with aFGF plus KGF. These results suggest that co-expression of FGFRs in various combinations may cause subtle changes in the progression of gastric cancer.

Soluble dietary fibre improves insulin sensitivity by increasing muscle GLUT-4 content in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

1. The effects of soluble dietary fibre (psyllium) on peripheral insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle GLUT-4 protein expression were studied in 12 male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) fed a high-caloric diet from 5 to 9 weeks of age. 2. In the psyllium-supplemented group, fasting plasma glucose was significantly reduced and glucose levels following an oral glucose tolerance test were significantly lower than in the cellulose-supplemented group at 30 (P < 0.05) and 60 min (P < 0.01). However, there was no difference in insulin secretion. 3. In the psyllium-supplemented group, skeletal muscle GLUT-4 content was significantly increased in the plasma membrane (P < 0.001), but not in the intracellular membrane. 4. No significant difference was found in phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3)-kinase activity between cellulose and psyllium diet not only in the basal state but also when stimulated by insulin. 5. These results demonstrate that psyllium increases blood glucose disposal by increasing skeletal muscle plasma membrane GLUT-4 content without PI3-kinase activation.

Purification and immunoreactivity of three components from the 30/32-kilodalton antigen 85 complex in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The three proteins of the antigen 85 complex (85A, 85B, and 85C), which are major secretory products of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, were purified to homogeneity in large amounts by a combination of chromatography on hydroxylapatite, DEAE-Sepharose, and DEAE-Sephacel and gel filtration from M. tuberculosis culture filtrate. Then we examined the immunological reactivity of the three proteins in tuberculosis patients and healthy controls. Antibody responses to the 85B and 85A proteins in patients were significantly greater than responses to the 85C protein. In contrast, all three antigens induced significant lymphoproliferation and gamma interferon production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy tuberculin reactors.

Curcumin inhibits Th1 cytokine profile in CD4+ T cells by suppressing interleukin-12 production in macrophages

1 Interleukin-12 (IL-12) plays a central role in the immune system by driving the immune response towards T helper 1 (Th1) type responses which are characterized by high IFN-gamma and low IL-4 production. In this study we investigated the effects of curcumin, a natural product of plants obtained from Curcuma longa (turmeric), on IL-12 production by mouse splenic macrophages and the subsequent ability of these cells to regulate cytokine production by CD4+ T cells. 2 Pretreatment with curcumin significantly inhibited IL-12 production by macrophages stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or head-killed Listeria monocytogenes (HKL). 3 Curcumin-pretreated macrophages reduced their ability to induce IFN-gamma and increased the ability to induce IL-4 in Ag-primed CD4+ T cells. Addition of recombinant IL-12 to cultures of curcumin-pretreated macrophages and CD4+ T cells restored IFN-gamma production in CD4+ T cells. 4 The in vivo administration of curcumin resulted in the inhibition of IL-12 production by macrophages stimulated in vitro with either LPS or HKL, leading to the inhibition of Th1 cytokine profile (decreased IFN-gamma and increased IL-4 production) in CD4+ T cells. 5 These findings suggest that curcumin may inhibit Th1 cytokine profile in CD4+ T cells by suppressing IL-12 production in macrophages, and points to a possible therapeutic use of curcumin in the Th1-mediated immune diseases.

Training in swimming reduces blood pressure and increases muscle glucose transport activity as well as GLUT4 contents in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

Exercise improves muscle insulin sensitivity and GLUT4 contents. We investigated the beneficial effects of swimming training on insulin sensitivity and genetic hypertension using stroke-prone hypertensive rats (SHRSP). We studied the relationship between genetic hypertension and insulin resistance in SHRSP and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) as a control. The systolic blood pressure of SHRSP was significantly reduced by 4-week swimming training (208.4 +/- 6.8 mmHg vs. 187.2 +/- 4.1 mmHg, p < 0.05). The swimming training also resulted in an approximately 20% increase in the insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity (p < 0.05) of soleus muscle strips and an approximately 3-fold increase in the plasma membrane GLUT4 protein expression (p < 0.01) in SHRSP. However, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity and GLUT4 contents were not significantly different between WKY and SHRSP. There was no difference in insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of SHRSP as compared with WKY. Our results indicated swimming training exercise improved not only hypertension but also muscle insulin sensitivity and GLUT4 protein expression in SHRSP.

A proximal element within the human alpha 2(I) collagen (COL1A2) promoter, distinct from the tumor necrosis factor-alpha response element, mediates transcriptional repression by interferon-gamma

Previous studies have shown that interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) inhibits type I collagen gene expression through both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms (Kahäri et al., 1990). In the present study, using transient cell transfections of human dermal fibroblast cultures with a series of 5' deletion promoter/CAT reporter gene constructs, we have identified the IFN-gamma-response element of the human alpha 2(I) collagen gene (COL1A2) promoter. Specifically, we have identified a segment of the proximal promoter region, located between nucleotides -161 and -125 relative to the transcription start site, as critical for down-regulation of COL1A2 promoter activity by IFN-gamma. This IFN-gamma response element (IgRE) is clearly distinct from the previously described tumor necrosis factor-alpha response element (TaRE) located between nucleotides -265 and -241 of the COL1A2 promoter, a difference which is likely to explain the additive inhibitory effect of these two cytokines. The inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma was dose-dependent and rapidly induced, requiring less than 5 min exposure of fibroblast cultures. Gel mobility shift assays indicated that a highly specific nuclear protein complex bound to this 37-base pair region of promoter. Competition experiments with oligonucleotides spanning discrete segments of this promoter region mapped the binding element within a distinctive pyrimidine-rich sequence. Point mutations within the latter revealed that this element plays a crucial role not only in the IFN-gamma response, but also in the basal activity of the proximal promoter. Substitution mutations within the IgRE of the -161/CAT construct attenuated the promoter response to IFN-gamma, as measured in transient cell transfections, and eliminated specific DNA/protein complex formation, as measured by gel mobility shift assay. UV-crosslinking experiments indicated that two DNA/protein complexes were formed with the IgRE, with molecular weights around 55 kDa and 30 kDa, corresponding to proteins of approximately 30 kDa and approximately 6 kDa, respectively. Our results further clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of type I collagen gene expression by IFN-gamma.

Cat-scratch disease encephalopathy

We report five cases of cat-scratch disease encephalopathy (CSDE), with a brief review of the literature in English, in which only 96 patients of CSDE have been described up to the present. The Gram-negative bacilli demonstrated by Warthin-Starry or Dieterle silver stains are regarded as the causative agent of CSDE. Administration of antibiotics is recommended. The onset of CSDE is usually acute and the prognosis favorable.

[The study of biological monitoring index for human exposed to BaP]

This paper studied the relationships among urinary BaP, Plasma BaP and SCE in rats and also analysed humans date. The results of animal experiments showed urinary BaP concentration were significantly correlated with BaP in plasma (r = 0.814, P < 0.01) and with the difference of the SCE frequency before and after BaP administration (r = 0.934, P < 0.01). The analytical results of humans data showed similar linear relationship between urinary BaP concentration and the level of exposure to BaP (r = 0.987, P < 0.0005), and also showed a positive correlation between the concentration of urinary BaP and the SCE frequency (r = 0.733, P < 0.05). We suggest the use of urinary BaP analysis as a biological monitoring index for exposure to BaP.