Lipo-PEG nano-ocular formulation successfully encapsulates hydrophilic fluconazole and traverses corneal and non-corneal path to reach posterior eye segment

The present study describes a special lipid-polyethylene glycol matrix solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs; 138 nm; -2.07 mV) for ocular delivery. Success of this matrix to encapsulate (entrapment efficiency - 62.09%) a hydrophilic drug, fluconazole (FCZ-SLNs), with no burst release (67% release in 24 h) usually observed with most water-soluble drugs, is described presently. The system showed 164.64% higher flux than the marketed drops (Zocon^®) through porcine cornea. Encapsulation within SLNs and slow release did not compromise efficacy of FCZ-SLNs. Latter showed in vitro and in vivo antifungal effects, including antibiofilm effects comparable to free FCZ solution. Developed system was safe and stable (even to sterilisation by autoclaving); and showed optimal viscosity, refractive index and osmotic pressure. These SLNs could reach up to retina following application as drops. The mechanism of transport via corneal and non-corneal transcellular pathways is described by fluorescent and TEM images of mice eye cross sections. Particles streamed through the vitreous, crossed inner limiting membrane and reached the outer retinal layers.

Development and evaluation of puerarin-loaded controlled release nanostructured lipid carries by central composite design

The present work was aimed at developing optimized puerarin-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (PA-NLC) on base of phospholipid complex. The puerarin phospholipid complex (PA-PC) was prepared by a solvent evaporation method and the formulation was confirmed according to the encapsulation efficiency (EE%). The hepatoprotective effect of PA-NLC on BRL 3A cell stimulated by ethanol was carried out using MTT assay, and cell imaging was done using an inverted phase contrast tissue culture microscope. The NLCs were produced by nanoemulsion method using glyceryl monostearate (GMS), olive oil, and Poloxamer 188 as the solid, liquid lipids, and surfactant. A single factor analysis determined the optimal ratio of solid lipid to liquid lipid. A three-factor, five-level central composite design (CCD) was used to predict response variables and construct 3D-response contour plots. The independent variables, which were the concentrations of PA-PC, total lipid, and surfactant affected particle size, surface charge of the nanoparticles, and the EE. An optimized NLC composition consisted of 31.25% PA-PC, 46.87% GMS, 9.38% olive oil, and 18.75% Poloxamer 188. The NLC had an average particle size of 159 ± 1.1 nm, zeta potential of -28.3 mV, EE% of 92.16%, and drug loading (DL%) of 5.75%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies showed that the formation of NLC was accompanied by changes in crystallinity and intermolecular interaction. The PA-NLC system showed an enhanced therapeutic effect on alcohol-induced cell injury of BRL-3A.

Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Aceclofenac Hydrogel Present an Effective Therapeutic Approach for Inflammatory Diseases

Aceclofenac (ACE), a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, is the derivative of the diclofenac group that has been in use for the symptomatic treatment of systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Partial solubility, high lipophilic nature, and stability challenge its use in developing topical formulations. Hence, we developed and characterized nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)-based ACE (ACE-NLC) hydrogel for an efficient transdermal delivery. NLC microemulsion was prepared using different lipids by various methods and was characterized with respect to particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, and drug encapsulation efficiency. The optimized NLC formulation was incorporated into Carbopol^® 940 gel, and this arrangement was characterized and compared with the existing marketed gel (Mkt-gel) formulation to assess in vitro drug release, rheology, texture profile, in vivo skin retention and permeation, and stability. Furthermore, prepared and characterized ACE-loaded NLC formulation was evaluated for skin integrity and fitted in a dermatokinetic model. The results of this study confirmed the spherical shape; smooth morphology and nanometric size attested by Zetasizer and scanning and transmission electron microcopy; and stability of the ACE-NLC formulation. The ACE-NLC-gel formulation showed good rheological and texture characteristics, and better skin distribution in the epidermis and dermis. Moreover, ACE-NLC permeated deeper in the skin layers and kept the skin integrity intact. Overall, NLC-based gel formulation of ACE might be a promising nanoscale lipid carrier for topical application when compared with the conventional Mkt-gel formulation.

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers- A Versatile Carrier for Oral Delivery of Lipophilic Drugs

BACKGROUND

Around 40% of newly discovered chemical entities in pharmaceutical industries have poor water solubility and hence they suffer from low oral bioavailability owing to undesirable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. So, it is the challenge for the formulation scientists to develop the oral formulation that can mitigate the pitfalls associated with such lipophilic drugs.

METHODS

Lipid nanoparticles hold a promising tool to decrease the pitfalls of lipophilic drugs as lipid components can effectively increase the absorption of drugs, which leads to improvement in oral bioavailability. They are also considered as safe because they are made up of physiological lipids, which are biocompatible and biodegradable in nature. Amongst the lipid nanoparticles, Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) are the second-generation lipid nanoparticles and were developed to conquer the limitations of solid lipid nanoparticles. They increase the solubility, permeability, reduce metabolism, P-glycoprotein efflux, and thereby increase the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.

CONCLUSION

This review highlights the various aspects of NLCs, such as structural components, types, in vivo fate, pharmacokinetic, toxicity, recent applications, and patent reviews of NLCs in drug delivery.

[Effect of ginsenoside Rg_3 nanostructured lipid carrier modified by pullulan on promoting absorption and its anti-tumor evaluation in vitro]

Ginsenoside Rg_3 is widely used in clinical practice as an anti-tumor adjuvant drug, but its application is limited due to its poor oral absorption. In this study, we intended to construct a ginsenoside Rg_3 nanostructured lipid carrier modified by the pullulan(PUL-Rg_3-NLC) to improve the adhesion properties of ginsenoside Rg_3, promote the drug uptake and improve the anti-tumor efficacy. PUL-Rg_3-NLC was characterized by morphology, particle size and Zeta potential. In vivo adhesion characteristics were evaluated by oral gavage tests, and the results were verified from multiple perspectives in combination with in vitro uptake behavior and in vitro pharmacodynamics. The results showed that PUL-Rg_3-NLC, with a particle size of(102±1.89) nm, was characterized by gastric adhesion and could be retained in gastric tissues for a long time, and its uptake by BGC-823 cells was promoted mainly through the pathway mediated by the caveolin-mediated endocytosis. In vitro MTT, cell apoptosis, wound-healing assay and invasion assay all showed some anti-tumor effects. Therefore, PUL-Rg_3-NLC can significantly promote the adhesion of Rg_3 in the stomach, promote the uptake of drugs by gastric cancer cells, and improve the anti-tumor effect. This study can provide some reference for the adjuvant treatment of gastric cancer.

Quality by Design Approach for Preparation of Zolmitriptan/Chitosan Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Particles - Formulation and Pharmacodynamic Assessment

Purpose

Zolmitriptan (ZT) is a selective serotonin agonist that is used for the treatment of migraine. It belongs to BCS class III with high solubility and low permeability. Besides, the drug is subjected to pre-systemic metabolism. Accordingly, new Zolmitriptan/chitosan nanostructured lipid carriers (ZT/CT NLCs) coated with Tween 80 (stealthy layer) have been developed to overcome such demerits.

Methods

The NLCs were developed by combining ultrasonication and double emulsion (w/o/w) techniques. The lipids were Gelucire and Labrasol. Herein, the quality by design (2³ full factorial design) was scrupulously followed, where critical process parameters and critical quality attributes were predefined. The optimized formulation (F8) was fully characterized with respect to entrapment efficiency (%EE), percentage yield (% yield), particle size, size distribution (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), morphological appearance (TEM). In vitro release, stability study and pharmacodynamic evaluations were also assessed. The optimized freeze dried formula was dispensed in in situ gelling hard gelatin capsule encompassing pectin and guar gum for further in vitro and pharmacodynamic evaluations.

Results

The optimized spherical nanoparticles experienced high percentage EE and yield (78.14% and 60.19%, respectively), low particle size and PDI (343.87 nm and 0.209, respectively), as well as high negative ZP (−25.5 mV). It showed good physical stability at refrigerated conditions. The NLCs dispensed in in situ gelling hard gelatin capsule comprising pectin and guar gum experienced sustained release for 30 h and significantly maintained the pharmacological effect in mice up to 8 h (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

ZT, a BCS class III drug that suffers from poor permeability and pre-systemic metabolism, was successfully maneuvered as nanostructured lipid carrier particles (NLCs). The incorporation of the NLCs in in situ gelling hard gelatin capsules fulfilled a dual function in increasing permeability, as well as sustaining the pharmacodynamic effect. This result would open new vistas in improving the efficacy of other class III drugs.

Nanostructured lipid carrier-based smart gel: a delivery platform for intra-articular therapeutics

The promising potential of nano-structured lipid carrier (NLC) polymeric gel of CUR as an effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis by intra-articular route of administration was investigated. NLC composed of cetylpalmitate, Labrafac PG & Captex 200, Tween 80 and Labrasol. The hot homogenization method employed by melt ultrasonication was used. The formulated NLC dispersions were characterized and were suitably dispersed into the matrix of pluronic F-127(PLF-127) and pluronic F-68 (PLF-68). A two-factor three-level full factorial design was employed to deduce the optimal concentrations of PLF-127 and PLF-68. The optimized formulations were sterilized by gamma radiation. The formulated NLC smart gels were characterized and evaluated for various parameters. The efficacy evaluation by antigen-induced monoarthritis model and biocompatibility testing by histopathological studies was performed. Formulated NLCs exhibited an average particle size of 165.12 nm, entrapment efficiency of 72.15%, and zeta potential of -21.67 mV. The optimized CUR-NLC smart gel was demonstrated to have a sol-gel transformation at 33.21 °C and 94.32% drug release at 84 h. NLC's which were sterile and easily syringeable, continued to remain within the colloidal range. CUR-NLC smart gels were found to be biocompatible and showed a significant reduction in rat knee joint inflammation compared to free drug.

An EGF- and Curcumin-Co-Encapsulated Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Accelerates Chronic-Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are capable of encapsulating hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. The present study developed an NLC containing epidermal growth factor (EGF) and curcumin (EGF–Cur-NLC). EGF–Cur-NLC was prepared by a modified water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double-emulsion method. The EGF–Cur-NLC particles showed an average diameter of 331.8 nm and a high encapsulation efficiency (81.1% and 99.4% for EGF and curcumin, respectively). In vitro cell studies were performed using two cell types, NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes. The results showed no loss of bioactivity of EGF in the NLC formulation. In addition, EGF–Cur-NLC improved in vitro cell migration, which mimics the wound healing process. Finally, EGF–Cur-NLC was evaluated in a chronic wound model in diabetic rats. We found that EGF–Cur-NLC accelerated wound closure and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Overall, these results reveal the potential of the NLC formulation containing EGF and curcumin to promote healing of chronic wounds.

Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Thymoquinone-loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier After Oral and Intravenous Administration into Rats

Background

Thymoquinone (TQ), an active compound isolated from Nigella sativa, has been proven to exhibit various biological properties such as antioxidant. Although oral delivery of TQ is valuable, it is limited by poor oral bioavailability and low solubility. Recently, TQ-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (TQ-NLC) was formulated with the aim of overcoming the limitations. TQ-NLC was successfully synthesized by the high-pressure homogenization method with remarkable physiochemical properties whereby the particle size is less than 100 nm, improved encapsulation efficiency and is stable up to 24 months of storage. Nevertheless, the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of TQ-NLC have not been studied. This study determined the bioavailability of oral and intravenous administration of thymoquinone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (TQ-NLC) in rats and its distribution to organs.

Materials and Methods

TQ-NLC was radiolabeled with technetium-99m before the administration to the rats. The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics parameters were then evaluated at various time points. The rats were imaged at time intervals and the percentage of the injected dose/gram (%ID/g) in blood and each organ was analyzed.

Results

Oral administration of TQ-NLC exhibited greater relative bioavailability compared to intravenous administration. It is postulated that the movement of TQ-NLC through the intestinal lymphatic system bypasses the first metabolism and therefore enhances the relative bioavailability. However, oral administration has a slower absorption rate compared to intravenous administration where the AUC_0-∞ was 4.539 times lower than the latter.

Conclusion

TQ-NLC had better absorption when administered intravenously compared to oral administration. However, oral administration showed greater bioavailability compared to the intravenous route. This study provides the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution profile of TQ-NLC in vivo which is useful to assist researchers in clinical use.

Optimized Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Integrated into In Situ Nasal Gel for Enhancing Brain Delivery of Flibanserin

Background and Aim

Flibanserin (FLB) is a multifunctional serotonergic agent used for treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women via oral administration. FLB has a reported limited oral bioavailability of 33% that could be attributed to the drug’s first-pass metabolism. In addition, FLB has a pH-dependent solubility that could be a challenging factor for drug dissolution in the body neutral fluid, and consequently, absorption via mucosal barriers. Thus, this work aims at investigating the potential of utilizing nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks and to enhance nose-to-brain drug delivery.

Methods

Box-Behnken design was applied to explore the impact of solid lipid % (SL%, X₁), liquid lipid % (LL%, X₂), and sonication time (ST, X₃) on particle size. The optimized NLC formulation was characterized and incorporated into gellan gum in situ gel. The prepared gel was subjected to in vitro drug release, in vivo pharmacokinetic performance, and histopathological assessment in rats.

Results

Statistical analysis revealed a significant negative effect for both SL% and ST on NLCs size. In contrast, a significant positive effect was observed for the LL%. The optimized formulation showed spherical shape with vesicular size of 114.63 nm. The optimized FLB-NLC in situ gel exhibited adequate stability and enhanced in vitro release compared to raw FLB control gel. The plasma and brain concentrations of the drug after nasal administration in rats increased by more than 3–6-fold, respectively, compared to raw FLB in situ gel. In addition, the histopathological studies revealed the absence of any pathological signs.

Conclusion

The aforementioned results highlight the safety of FLB-NLC in situ nasal gel and its potential to improve the drug bioavailability and brain delivery.

Development and Characterization of a Clobetasol Propionate Nanostructured Lipid Carrier-Based Gel for the Treatment of Plaque Psoriasis

BACKGROUND

Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease of the skin with lapsing episodes of hyperkeratosis, irritation, and inflammation. Numerous traditional and novel drug delivery systems have been used for better penetration through psoriatic barrier cells and also for retention in the skin. As there is no effective remedy for better penetration, and retention is there because of the absence of an ideal carrier for effective and safe delivery of antipsoriatic drugs.

OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this project is to develop a Squalene integrated NLC based carbopol 940 gel to create a local drug depot in the skin for improved efficacy against psoriasis.

METHODS

Homogenization method is used for the formulation of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier, which was characterized on the basis of size, entrapment efficiency, polydispersity index (PDI), viscosity, spreadability, DSC, zeta potential, % in vitro release, in vitro skin permeation and retention studies, physical storage stability studies. In vivo studies can use other alternative models for induction of psoriasis by severe redness, swelling macroscopically, and microvascular dilation edema lasting for 10 days. Furthermore, histopathology study was done to asses changes in the skin.

CONCLUSION

The optimized formulation of nanostructured lipid carrier-based gel has shown significant and sustained release of clobetasol propionate. Furthermore, this formulation has also shown retention in skin because of squalene as it is a sebum derived lipid, which shows an affinity towards the sebaceous gland.

Nose-to-brain delivery of sumatriptan-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: preparation, optimization, characterization and pharmacokinetic evaluation

OBJECTIVES

Migraine is a neurological disorder with unilateral pulsatile headache which can affect the functions of sufferers. Migraineurs experience some undesirable symptoms such as pain, nausea, vomiting and in some cases auras which make the oral delivery non-selective. The lipid nanoparticles are considered as good carriers for nose-to-brain drug delivery. The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate a sumatriptan-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC).

METHODS

A drug-loaded NLC was optimized using D-optimal design of experiment and then the characterization of the formulated NLC including particle size, zeta potential, electron microscopy, thermal analysis, drug loading efficiency and release kinetics were carried out. Pharmacokinetic evaluations were also performed during an in-vivo study on Sprague-Dawley rats and neuropharmacokinetic parameters such as drug targeting efficiency (DTE) and direct transport percentage (DTP) were calculated.

KEY FINDINGS

The optimization of experiments led to nanoparticles with 101 nm mean diameter and polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.27. The drug entrapment efficiency (EE) for optimized nanoparticle was found to be 91.00%. DTE and DTP of intranasal-administered NLC were calculated 258.02% and 61.23%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Neuropharmacokinetic evaluation of intranasal NLC dispersion represents a suitable brain delivery system. The DTP of NLC formulation suggests the desirable entrance of sumatriptan into the brain.

Resveratrol: Isolation, and Its Nanostructured Lipid Carriers, Inhibits Cell Proliferation, Induces Cell Apoptosis in Certain Human Cell Lines Carcinoma and Exerts Protective Effect Against Paraquat-Induced Hepatotoxicity

Resveratrol (RES) (trans-3, 5,-4'-trihydroxystilebene) is a multi-biofunctional compound found in a variety of plants such as grapes and mulberries. Studies of nanoencapsulated resveratrol have indicated that this compound can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and free radicals. The aim of this study was to isolate resveratrol from Vitis vinifera, develop and evaluate resveratrol nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and/or resveratrol encapsulated chitosan-coated nanostructured lipid carriers (CSNLCs) using low-viscous chitosan for anticancer therapy. In addition, our study was carried out to examine the prophylactic potential of RES, NLC, and CSNLC on paraquat-induced injury in rat hepatocytes. In this study we isolated resveratrol and encapsulated NLCs in phosphate-buffered saline solution using a phase inversion method. In addition, CSNLCs were prepared by ionic gelation method of NLCs using chitosan. NLCs and CSNLCs were then characterized for their particle size, zeta potential, morphology, and entrapment efficiency. Furthermore, NLCs and CSNLCs were evaluated for their cytotoxic effect on Hep-G2, human HCT-116 (colorectal cancer cell line), lymphoblastic leukemia (1301), and human MCF-7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7) cells as well as their effect on caspase-3 and death receptor (DR-4). In addition, incubation of hepatocytes with paraquat resulted in increased formation of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) with a parallel increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage at 1 h after incubation. Time-dependent depletion of cellular glutathione (GSH) was observed starting 2 h after incubation with paraquat. The mean particle size of NLC and CSNLC were 67.0 and 98.41 nm, zeta potential were (-) 24.8 and (+) 31.6 mV, entrapment efficiency were 74.15% and 85.46%, respectively, with the observed shapes of nanoparticle being spherical. The treatment of Hep-G2, human HCT-116, lymphoblastic leukemia (1301), and human MCF-7 cells with NLC led to high inhibition in the cell proliferation as concluded by the low IC₅₀ values 27.7, 17.43, 35.39, and 47.66 μg/mL, respectively, whereas CSNLC had high cytotoxic effect on Hep-G2, human HCT-116, lymphoblastic leukemia (1301), and human MCF-7 cells with low IC₅₀ values 13.29, 10.56, 16.79 and 22.60 μg/mL, respectively. Both NLC and CSNLC possess apoptotic properties through activation of the caspase-3 and death receptor (DR-4). In addition, incubation of hepatocytes with RES, NLC, and CSNLC markedly protected against paraquat-induced formation of TBARS, increase in LDH leakage, and prevented GSH depletion. The most effective doses for ethyl acetate, ethanolic, and aqueous extracts were 7.5, 10, and 12.5 μg, respectively. The results presented here may suggest that nanoencapsulated resveratrol isolated from the stems of V. vinifera to obtain NLC and CSNLC possess anticancer and apoptotic effects on cell proliferation, and therefore, can be used as new approach of pharmaceutical drugs. In addition, the results clearly suggest that the RES, NLC, and CSNLC exerted protective effect against cytotoxicity induced by paraquat. On the contrary, the effect decreased in order of CSNLC, NLC, and RES.

Improvement of Pain Relief of Fentanyl Citrate Drug Encapsulated in Nanostructured Lipid Carrier: Drug Formulation, Parameter Optimization, in vitro and in vivo Studies

Introduction

In this study, the encapsulation of fentanyl citrate as an opioid drug with hydrophobic nature in the nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) is performed.

Methods

For encapsulation of fentanyl citrate drug, hot homogenization method is used. The pharmacokinetics of encapsulated fentanyl citrate for pain relief of rats are investigated. The influence of important variables such as the ratio of liquid lipid to the total amount of lipids, surfactant type and concentration on the particle size is investigated using response surface method.

Results

Results show that the optimal NLC size is about 90 nm with PDI value around 0.2 and zeta potential of -25±4.01 mV. Characterization analysis of optimal nanostructure shows successful encapsulation of the drug in nanostructure with a spherical morphology of the NLC structure. Results of drug release from commercial fentanyl citrate ampoule and NLC form indicate a control drug release from the NLC within 72 hours in comparison to the commercial ampoule. In vivo studies show that fentanyl citrate-loaded NLC not only has the potential to relieve pain in doses equal to commercial drug but also it can reduce the dose of the drug about 50%.

Conclusion

In conclusion, NLC form of fentanyl citrate can increase the efficacy of the drug by appropriate drug distribution in the body and can reduce the risks of overdose.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Lipid Nanocarriers for Enhanced Sun Protection Factor of Octyl p-methoxycinnamate

Sunlight is important to health, but higher exposure to radiation causes early aging of the skin and skin damage that can lead to skin cancers. This study aimed at producing a stable octyl p-methoxycinnamate (OMC)-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) sunscreen, which can help in the photoprotective effect. NLC was produced by emulsification-sonication method and these systems were composed of myristyl myristate (MM), caprylic capric triglyceride (CCT), Tween® 80 (TW), and soybean phosphatidylcholine (SP) and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential (ZP) measurement, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and in vitro release studies. Pre-formulation studies were performed changing TW concentrations and no differences were found at concentrations of 1.0 and 2.0%. Two selected formulations were designed and showed an average size of 91.5-131.7, polydispersity index > 0.2, and a negative value of ZP. AFM presented a sphere-like morphology and SEM showed ability to form a thin film. DSC exhibited that the incorporation of OMC promoted reduction of enthalpy due to formation of a more amorphous structure. Drug release shows up to 55.74% and 30.57%, and this difference could be related to the presence of SP in this formulation that promoted a more amorphous structure; the release mechanism study indicated Fickian diffusion and relaxation. Sun protection factor (SPF) evaluation was performed using NLC and presented values around 40, considerably higher than those observed in the literature. The developed formulations provide a beneficial alternative to conventional sunscreen formulations.

Development of folic acid-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for topical delivery: preparation, characterisation and ex vivo investigation

The present work is designed to achieve efficient localised skin delivery of folic acid (FA)-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to infer efficient treatment of skin photoageing conditions induced via excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. FA NLCs were prepared by high-speed homogenisation followed by ultrasonication. The obtained NLCs revealed high encapsulation efficiencies (89.42-99.26%) with nanometric particle sizes (27.06-85.36 nm) of monodisperse distribution (PDI = 0.137-0.442), zeta potential values >|27| mV, pseudoplastic rheological behaviour, good spreadability (2.25-3.30 cm) and promoted occlusive properties throughout 48 h. Optimised NLC formulations appeared as sphere-shaped particles using transmission electron microscopy, showed improved photostability of FA and prolonged in vitro release profile best fitted to Higuchi diffusion model. Ex vivo permeation and deposition of FA, employing Wistar rat skins, depicted enhanced permeability and existence of FA in skin layers after 6 h. Based on the obtained results, FA-loaded NLC formulations demonstrate a promising modality for anti-photoageing therapy.

β-Sitosterol Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier: Physical and Oxidative Stability, In Vitro Simulated Digestion and Hypocholesterolemic Activity

The objective of the present study was to explore the potential of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for improving the oral delivery of β-sitosterol, a poorly water-soluble bioactive component with hypocholesterolemic activity. Two β-sitosterol formulations with different solid lipid compositions were prepared by melt emulsification, followed by the sonication technique, and the effect of storage conditions and simulated digestion on the physical, chemical and oxidative stability, bioaccessibility and release were extensively studied. Both NLC preparations remained relatively stable during the four weeks of storage at different conditions (4, 25 and 40 °C), with more superior stability at lower temperatures. The in vitro digestion experiment indicated a high physical stability after exposure to the simulated mouth and stomach stages and an improved overall β-sitosterol bioaccessibility at the end of the digestion. The NLCs presented an increased solubility and gradual release which could be justified by the remarkable affinity of β-sitosterol to the complex lipid mixture. An in vivo study demonstrated an improved reduction in the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol plasma levels in mice compared with the drug suspension. These investigations evidenced the potential of the developed NLC formulations for the enhancement of solubility and in vivo performance of β-sitosterol.

Formulation, Preparation and Evaluation of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Containing Naringin and Coix Seed Oil for Anti-Tumor Application Based on "Unification of Medicines and Excipients"

Background

“Unification of medicines and excipients” is the special principle which means fatty oil with pharmacodynamic activity derived from traditional Chinese medicine are taken as liquid lipids in perparation for dual-drug delivery,  which improve the treatment effect and reduce unnecessary excipients.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to prepare a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) with naringin (NG) containing coix seed oil (CSO) as liquid lipid based on the theory (NCNLC) in order to achieve synergistic antitumor activity against hepatocellular carcinoma.

Methods

We developed NCNLCs using ultrasonic melt-emulsification method. The antitumor effect in vivo/in vitro and drug release ability were compared to NLC prepared with conventional liquid lipids: neodecanoate triglycerides (NDNLC) and oleic acid (NONLC).

Results

Transmission electron microscopy showed that NCNLCs had a well-defined spherical shape, small size, and narrow polydispersity index. Importantly, the release of drugs from NDNLCs and NONLCs was slower than NCNLCs. In the cell study, the result showed a significantly greater antiproliferative effect towards HepG2 cells, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of NCNLCs was 3.24-fold, 1.70-fold and 1.52-fold lower to that of free drug, NDNLCs and NONLCs, respectively. Moreover, NCNLCs significantly induced HepG2 cells apoptosis by being 2.12-fold and 9.28-fold higher to that of NDNLCs and NONLCs, respectively. In the study of antitumor efficacy in vivo, the synergistic effect of NCNLCs formulation showed markedly enhanced antitumor efficacy in a xenograft model of liver cancer.

Conclusion

The advantages of “unification of medicines and excipients” in formulation characters, drug release and synergistic antitumor effect provide a new idea for the application of the fatty oil of traditional Chinese medicine in the nano-drug delivery for cancer therapy.

Mussel-Inspired Polydopamine Coating Enhances the Intracutaneous Drug Delivery from Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Dependently on a Follicular Pathway

Inspired by the structure and function of the mussel adhesive protein, a facile strategy involving oxidative polymerization of dopamine was proposed for surface modification of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to promote drug delivery in the skin. The formation of a polydopamine (PDA) layer rounding the surface of NLCs was confirmed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies. Using terbinafine (TBF) as a model drug, the in vitro permeation study revealed that the PDA coating significantly enhanced the delivery of TBF from NLCs to the deep skin layers, where the follicular pathway played an essential role as suggested by the hair follicle blocking and differential tape stripping experiments, as well as the laser scanning confocal microscopy study by using Nile red as the fluorescent probe. The cellular investigation indicated that the PDA coating led to a higher cellular uptake of nanoparticles in human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) without causing additional cytotoxicity. Using endocytic inhibitors, it was found that the lipid raft/caveolae-mediated endocytosis was strongly involved in the internalization of both the PDA modified and unmodified NLCs. Our results suggested that surface modification of NLCs with PDA coating improved the intracutaneous drug delivery mainly via the follicular pathway, which provided an avenue for the development of potential drug delivery carriers for dermal use.

The effect of gelatin and thymol-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier on physicochemical, rheological, and sensory properties of sesame paste/date syrup blends as a snack bar

The development of a novel snack bar based on sesame paste (SP) and date syrup (DS) was investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluation the effects of SP/DS ratio and encapsulated thymol (thymol-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier [TNLC]) on physicochemical, textural, rheological, and sensorial properties of snack bars. The effect of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), thymol, and TNLC showed that the addition of 100 ppm TNLC could improve the oxidative stability of SP/DS mixtures even better than BHT, while a higher concentration of TNLC had a negative effect. The unpleasant taste and odor of thymol could be overcome by its encapsulation in nanostructured lipid carriers. The textural properties of the formulations with different SP/DS ratios (1:2, 1:1, 2:1) and an overall concentration of 7 g of gelatin/kg of mixtures were evaluated. The texture profile analysis showed that the sample with an SP/DS ratio of 1:1 had higher hardness, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, and gumminess in comparison with the other ratios. From the sensory evaluation data, the bar prepared with an SP/DS ratio of 1:1 had the most acceptable texture. According to the results, the SP/DS ratio of 1:1 with gelatin and 100 ppm TNLC can be used in developing SP/DS blends as a highly acceptable functional food.

Silicone elastomer gel impregnated with 20(S)-protopanaxadiol-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for ordered diabetic ulcer recovery

Inefficient diabetic ulcer healing and scar formation remain a challenge worldwide, owing to a series of disordered and dynamic biological events that occur during the process of healing. A functional wound dressing that is capable of promoting ordered diabetic wound recovery is eagerly anticipated. In this study, we designed a silicone elastomer with embedded 20(S)-protopanaxadiol-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (PPD-NS) to achieve ordered recovery in scarless diabetic ulcer healing. The nanostructured lipid carriers were prepared through an emulsion evaporation-solidification method and then incorporated into a network of silicone elastomer to form a unique nanostructured lipid carrier-enriched gel formulation. Interestingly, the PPD-NS showed excellent in vitro anti-inflammatory and proangiogenic activity. Moreover, in diabetic mice with full-thickness skin excision wound, treatment with PPD-NS significantly promoted in vivo scarless wound healing through suppressing inflammatory infiltration in the inflammatory phase, promoting angiogenesis during the proliferation phase, and regulating collagen deposition in the remodeling phase. Hence, this study demonstrates that the developed PPD-NS could facilitate ordered diabetic wound recovery via multifunctional improvement during different wound-healing phases. This novel approach could be promising for scarless diabetic wound healing.

Application of Statistical Tooling Techniques for Designing of Carvedilol Nanolipid Transferosomes and its Dermatopharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies

BACKGROUND

The hypothesis is to augment the bioavailability and therapeutic potential of low bioavailable Carvedilol (25-35%) through Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) loaded Transdermal patch (Nanolipid Transferosomes).

METHODS

Box-Behnken design was designed to formulate NLC through a hot homogenization technique. About 17 formulations (C1-C17) were formulated by varying the critical material attribute and critical process parameter. Optimization was done based on its critical quality attributes like particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. Selected NLC (C16) has been fabricated into a transdermal patch through solvent evaporation technique and estimated for thickness, weight variation, moisture content, folding endurance, drug content, in vitro drug release, ex vivo skin permeation studies 48 hrs, in vitro drug release kinetic studies and skin irritation studies. In vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic study parameters were compared between carvedilol loaded NLC transdermal patch and a conventional formulation (Coreg CR).

RESULTS

NLC (C16) was selected as the best formulation based on desirable, less particle size (201.1 ± 2.02 nm), more zeta potential (-37.2 ± 1.84mV) and maximum entrapment efficiency (87.54 ± 1.84%). Experimental investigations of in vivo dermatopharmacokinetic data shown statistically significant changes (p<0.05) in the parameter (increased AUC0-α, MRT with decreased Cmax, Tmax) when administered through the transdermal patch and on compared to the conventional dosage form. It was observed that there was a significant change with p<0.05 among the pharmacokinetic factors of conventional Carvedilol formulation, Carvedilol NLC and Carvedilol NLC loaded Transdermal patch with a maximum time of peak plasma concentration (Tmax) of 4 hrs, 8 hrs and 8 hrs; maximum peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 0.258 μg/ml, 0.208 μg/ml and 0.108 μg/ml. Area Under Curve (AUC0-α) was established to be 125.127 μg/ml/h, 132.576 μg/ml.h and 841.032 μg/ml.h. Mean Residence Time (MRT0- α) of the drug was established to be 17 hrs, 19 hrs and 82 hrs, respectively. This data reveals the impact of NLC on the enhancement of bioavailability through a transdermal patch. In vivo pharmacodynamic studies confirm that NLC loaded transdermal patch (Nanolipid Transferosomes) shows a significant control in blood pressure for 48 hrs when compared to the conventional dosage form.

CONCLUSION

This research data concludes that NLC loaded transdermal patch (Nanolipid Transferosomes) was a suitable candidate to enhance the bioavailability of low bioavailable drug-like Carvedilol. Lay Summary: It was inferred from the literature that NLC filled transdermal patches were a novel strategy to increase the solubility and permeability of Carvedilol, which has less bioavailability. It reveals that there was no reproducible preparation for the NLC. It also reveals that the option of formulation and process parameters for the formation of NLC is not clearly justified. On account of this, an uniquely validated and optimized formulation technique was developed for NLC with low soluble and poorly bioavailable carvedilol, tested in Albino wistar rats for enhancement of bioavailability, the same study has been performed and proved.

Design and Optimization of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Containing Dexamethasone for Ophthalmic Use

The aim of this study was to perform a preformulation study of dexamethasone (DXM)-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for ocular use. Lipid screening was applied to find the most suitable solid and liquid lipids and surfactant for the NLC formulation. The visual observation was proved with XRD measurements for the establishment of the soluble state of DXM. Thermoanalytical measurements indicated that the most relevant depression of the crystallinity index could be ensured when using a 7:3 solid lipid:oil ratio. In order to optimize the NLC composition, a 2³ full factorial experimental design was used. It was established that each independent factor (lipid, DXM, and surfactant concentration) had a significant effect on the particle size while in the case of entrapment efficiency, the DXM and surfactant concentrations were significant. Lower surfactant and lipid concentrations could be beneficial because the stability and the entrapment efficacy of NLCs were more favorable. The toxicity tests on human cornea cells indicated good ophthalmic tolerability of NLCs. The in vitro drug release study predicted a higher concentration of the solute DXM on the eye surface while the Raman mapping penetration study on the porcine cornea showed a high concentration of nanocarriers in the hydrophylic stroma layer.

Relative Toxicity and Residual Activity of Nanocapsules and Commercial Formulations of Pirimicarb and Pymetrozine Against Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is one of the most common pest species that has the potential to transmit more than 100 plant viruses. Controlling this pest is difficult because it has become resistant to a wide range of insecticides. Nanoformulation has the capacity to reduce the pesticide load in agriculture and thus reduce the risks on human health and the environment. In this study, nanocapsules of pirimicarb and pymetrozine were prepared using nanostructured lipid carriers. The size, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency of nanocapsules were investigated using dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, and UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Zeta potential studies revealed stability of the nanocapsules of both insecticides. The encapsulation efficiencies were 85 and 81% for pirimicarb and pymetrozine, respectively. The nanocapsules were spherical with sizes of 35.38 and 35.12 nm for pirimicarb and pymetrozine, respectively. The LC50 values for the wettable powder (WP) and nanocapsule of pirimicarb after 48 h were 216.2 and 73.2 mg ai/l; for pymetrozine after 96 h, the values were 40.6 and 14.8 mg ai/l, respectively. Durations of residual activity for WP and nanocapsule formulations of pirimicarb were 7 and 15 d, respectively. The residual activity periods for WP and nanocapsule formulations of pymetrozine were 9 and 17 d, respectively. The results revealed that nanoencapsulation can improve performance allowing for reduced doses and increased duration of insecticidal activity for both of the insecticides tested.

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers of Pioglitazone Loaded Collagen/Chitosan Composite Scaffold for Diabetic Wound Healing

Diabetic wound is a major problem that often needs amputation of the concerned organ in patients suffering from diabetes. In diabetes, the prolonged phase of inflammation obstructs the further phases of healing which, in turn, lead to improper healing of the wounds in diabetes. Pioglitazone (Pio) hydrochloride is an antidiabetic drug with reported anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to develop a Pio-nanostructured lipid carrier (Pio-NLC)-loaded collagen/chitosan (COL-CS) scaffold and evaluate its healing ability in diabetic wounds. The results of characterization of composite scaffolds reveal that cross-linked scaffolds possess optimum porosity, low matrix degradation, and sustained drug release compared with noncross-linked scaffolds. The in vitro studies reveal that the Pio-NLC-COL-CS scaffold was biocompatible and enhanced cell growth compared with control and NLC-COL-CS. Using the streptozotocin-induced diabetic wound model, significantly (p < 0.001) higher rates of wound contraction in Pio-NLC-COL-CS scaffold-treated group were observed in comparison with that in control and NLC-COL-CS-treated group. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results indicate a significant (p < 0.001) decrease of matrix metalloproteinases-9 levels in the Pio-NLC-COL-CS-treated group compared with those in control group. Use of nanostructured lipid carrier (Pio-NLC-COL-CS) scaffold can prove to be a promising strategy for local treatment for diabetic wounds.