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Lee IT, Liang KW, Wang JS, Lee WJ, Chen YDI, Lin SY, Lee WL, Sheu WHH. Value of Chromosome 9p21 Polymorphism for Prediction of Cardiovascular Mortality in Han Chinese Without Coronary Lesions: An Observational Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1538. [PMID: 26426617 PMCID: PMC4616868 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants at chromosome 9p21 are associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the longitudinal effects of 9p21 variants on cardiovascular mortality remain controversial and may depend on whether the patient has CAD. We tested the hypothesis that the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4977574 is associated longitudinally with cardiovascular death in patients without detectable coronary lesions. We enrolled patients who underwent coronary angiography for angina pectoris but had normal angiographic findings. Laboratory analyses and rs4977574 TaqMan genotyping were performed using fasting blood samples collected during hospitalization. Cardiovascular and all-cause mortality rates were acquired from a national database. Among the 679 enrolled subjects with neither myocardial infarction nor an angiographic coronary lesion, 28 (19.0%) of the 147 homozygous GG carriers suffered a cardiovascular death, compared with 63 (11.8%) of the 532 subjects with the AG or AA genotype during the median 12.3 years (interquartile range 8.6-12.7 years) of follow-up. In a recessive model, cardiovascular mortality was significantly higher in subjects with the GG genotype than in those with the other genotypes (hazard ratio, 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.08 to 2.64; P = 0.021). In this follow-up study, rs4977574, a tag SNP at chromosome 9p21, was shown to be associated with cardiovascular mortality in Taiwanese patients with angina pectoris but no coronary lesions.
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Tonni G, Lituania M, Chitayat D, Bonasoni MP, Keating S, Thompson M, Shannon P. Complete trisomy 9 with unusual phenotypic associations: Dandy-Walker malformation, cleft lip and cleft palate, cardiovascular abnormalities. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 53:592-7. [PMID: 25510707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trisomy 9 is a rare chromosomal abnormality usually associated with first-trimester miscarriage; few fetuses survive until the second trimester. We report two new cases of complete trisomy 9 that both present unusual phenotypic associations, and we analyze the genetic pathway involved in this chromosomal abnormality. CASE REPORT The first fetus investigated showed Dandy-Walker malformation, cleft lip, and cleft palate) at the second trimester scan. Cardiovascular abnormalities were characterized by a right-sided, U-shaped aortic arch associated with a ventricular septal defect (VSD). Symmetrical intrauterine growth restriction and multicystic dysplastic kidney disease were associated findings. The second fetus showed a dysmorphic face, bilateral cleft lip, hypoplastic corpus callosum, and a Dandy-Walker malformation. Postmortem examination revealed cardiovascular abnormalities such as persistent left superior vena cava draining into the coronary sinus, membranous ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonary valve with two cusps and three sinuses, and the origin of the left subclavian artery distal to the junction of ductus arteriosus and aortic arch. CONCLUSION Complete trisomy 9 may result in a wide spectrum of congenital abnormalities, and the presented case series contributes further details on the phenotype of this rare aneuploidy.
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Abstract
Structure-prone DNA repeats are common components of genomic DNA in all kingdoms of life. In humans, these repeats are linked to genomic instabilities that result in various hereditary disorders, including many cancers. It has long been known that DNA repeats are not only highly polymorphic in length but can also cause chromosomal fragility and stimulate gross chromosomal rearrangements, i.e., deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations and more complex shuffles. More recently, it has become clear that inherently unstable DNA repeats dramatically elevate mutation rates in surrounding DNA segments and that these mutations can occur up to ten kilobases away from the repetitive tract, a phenomenon we call repeat-induced mutagenesis (RIM). This review describes experimental data that led to the discovery and characterization of RIM and discusses the molecular mechanisms that could account for this phenomenon.
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Orr N, Dudbridge F, Dryden N, Maguire S, Novo D, Perrakis E, Johnson N, Ghoussaini M, Hopper JL, Southey MC, Apicella C, Stone J, Schmidt MK, Broeks A, Van't Veer LJ, Hogervorst FB, Fasching PA, Haeberle L, Ekici AB, Beckmann MW, Gibson L, Aitken Z, Warren H, Sawyer E, Tomlinson I, Kerin MJ, Miller N, Burwinkel B, Marme F, Schneeweiss A, Sohn C, Guénel P, Truong T, Cordina-Duverger E, Sanchez M, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG, Nielsen SF, Flyger H, Benitez J, Zamora MP, Arias Perez JI, Menéndez P, Anton-Culver H, Neuhausen SL, Brenner H, Dieffenbach AK, Arndt V, Stegmaier C, Hamann U, Brauch H, Justenhoven C, Brüning T, Ko YD, Nevanlinna H, Aittomäki K, Blomqvist C, Khan S, Bogdanova N, Dörk T, Lindblom A, Margolin S, Mannermaa A, Kataja V, Kosma VM, Hartikainen JM, Chenevix-Trench G, Beesley J, Lambrechts D, Moisse M, Floris G, Beuselinck B, Chang-Claude J, Rudolph A, Seibold P, Flesch-Janys D, Radice P, Peterlongo P, Peissel B, Pensotti V, Couch FJ, Olson JE, Slettedahl S, Vachon C, Giles GG, Milne RL, McLean C, Haiman CA, Henderson BE, Schumacher F, Le Marchand L, Simard J, Goldberg MS, Labrèche F, Dumont M, Kristensen V, Alnæs GG, Nord S, Borresen-Dale AL, Zheng W, Deming-Halverson S, Shrubsole M, Long J, Winqvist R, Pylkäs K, Jukkola-Vuorinen A, Grip M, Andrulis IL, Knight JA, Glendon G, Tchatchou S, Devilee P, Tollenaar RAEM, Seynaeve CM, Van Asperen CJ, Garcia-Closas M, Figueroa J, Chanock SJ, Lissowska J, Czene K, Darabi H, Eriksson M, Klevebring D, Hooning MJ, Hollestelle A, van Deurzen CHM, Kriege M, Hall P, Li J, Liu J, Humphreys K, Cox A, Cross SS, Reed MWR, Pharoah PDP, Dunning AM, Shah M, Perkins BJ, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Jaworska-Bieniek K, Durda K, Ashworth A, Swerdlow A, Jones M, Schoemaker MJ, Meindl A, Schmutzler RK, Olswold C, Slager S, Toland AE, Yannoukakos D, Muir K, Lophatananon A, Stewart-Brown S, Siriwanarangsan P, Matsuo K, Ito H, Iwata H, Ishiguro J, Wu AH, Tseng CC, Van Den Berg D, Stram DO, Teo SH, Yip CH, Kang P, Ikram MK, Shu XO, Lu W, Gao YT, Cai H, Kang D, Choi JY, Park SK, Noh DY, Hartman M, Miao H, Lim WY, Lee SC, Sangrajrang S, Gaborieau V, Brennan P, Mckay J, Wu PE, Hou MF, Yu JC, Shen CY, Blot W, Cai Q, Signorello LB, Luccarini C, Bayes C, Ahmed S, Maranian M, Healey CS, González-Neira A, Pita G, Alonso MR, Álvarez N, Herrero D, Tessier DC, Vincent D, Bacot F, Hunter DJ, Lindstrom S, Dennis J, Michailidou K, Bolla MK, Easton DF, dos Santos Silva I, Fletcher O, Peto J. Fine-mapping identifies two additional breast cancer susceptibility loci at 9q31.2. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:2966-84. [PMID: 25652398 PMCID: PMC4406292 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified a novel susceptibility variant, rs865686, for estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer at 9q31.2. Here, we report a fine-mapping analysis of the 9q31.2 susceptibility locus using 43 160 cases and 42 600 controls of European ancestry ascertained from 52 studies and a further 5795 cases and 6624 controls of Asian ancestry from nine studies. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs676256 was most strongly associated with risk in Europeans (odds ratios [OR] = 0.90 [0.88-0.92]; P-value = 1.58 × 10(-25)). This SNP is one of a cluster of highly correlated variants, including rs865686, that spans ∼14.5 kb. We identified two additional independent association signals demarcated by SNPs rs10816625 (OR = 1.12 [1.08-1.17]; P-value = 7.89 × 10(-09)) and rs13294895 (OR = 1.09 [1.06-1.12]; P-value = 2.97 × 10(-11)). SNP rs10816625, but not rs13294895, was also associated with risk of breast cancer in Asian individuals (OR = 1.12 [1.06-1.18]; P-value = 2.77 × 10(-05)). Functional genomic annotation using data derived from breast cancer cell-line models indicates that these SNPs localise to putative enhancer elements that bind known drivers of hormone-dependent breast cancer, including ER-α, FOXA1 and GATA-3. In vitro analyses indicate that rs10816625 and rs13294895 have allele-specific effects on enhancer activity and suggest chromatin interactions with the KLF4 gene locus. These results demonstrate the power of dense genotyping in large studies to identify independent susceptibility variants. Analysis of associations using subjects with different ancestry, combined with bioinformatic and genomic characterisation, can provide strong evidence for the likely causative alleles and their functional basis.
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Pua HH, Krishnamurthi S, Farrell J, Margeta M, Ursell PC, Powers M, Slavotinek AM, Jeng LJB. Novel interstitial 2.6 Mb deletion on 9q21 associated with multiple congenital anomalies. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 164A:237-42. [PMID: 24501764 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is now commonly used to identify copy number changes in individuals with developmental delay, intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, and/or multiple congenital anomalies. We report on an infant with multiple congenital anomalies and a novel 2.6 Mb interstitial deletion within 9q21.32q21.33 detected by aCGH. Her clinical presentation included dysmorphic craniofacial features, cleft palate, atrial septal defect, bicornuate uterus, bilateral hip dislocation, hypotonia, and recurrent pneumonia. Parental aCGH studies were negative for copy loss in this region. To our knowledge, no similar deletions have been reported in available databases or published literature. This deletion encompasses 12 genes, and prediction algorithms as well as experimental data suggest that a subset is likely to be haploinsufficient. Included are a neurotrophin receptor (NKG2D), a gene implicated in cilia function (KIF27), an adaptor protein important for ubiquitin-dependent protein quality control (UBQLN1), a gene important for transcription and signaling (HNRNPK), and a gene involved in maintaining genomic stability (RMI1). Identifying additional patients with similar copy losses and further study of these genes will contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of multiple congenital anomalies.
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Hannou SA, Wouters K, Paumelle R, Staels B. Functional genomics of the CDKN2A/B locus in cardiovascular and metabolic disease: what have we learned from GWASs? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:176-84. [PMID: 25744911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) provide an unprecedented opportunity to examine, on a large scale, the association of common genetic variants with complex diseases like type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), thus allowing the identification of new potential disease loci. Using this approach, numerous studies have associated SNPs on chromosome 9p21.3 situated near the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A/B (CDKN2A/B) locus with the risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) and T2D. However, identifying the function of the nearby gene products (CDKN2A/B and ANRIL) in the pathophysiology of these conditions requires functional genomic studies. We review the current knowledge, from studies using human and mouse models, describing the function of CDKN2A/B gene products, which may mechanistically link the 9p21.3 risk locus with CVD and diabetes.
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Pereda CM, Lesueur F, Pertesi M, Robinot N, Lence-Anta JJ, Turcios S, Velasco M, Chappe M, Infante I, Bustillo M, García A, Clero E, Xhaard C, Ren Y, Maillard S, Damiola F, Rubino C, Salazar S, Rodriguez R, Ortiz RM, de Vathaire F. Common variants at the 9q22.33, 14q13.3 and ATM loci, and risk of differentiated thyroid cancer in the Cuban population. BMC Genet 2015; 16:22. [PMID: 25879635 PMCID: PMC4354996 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in Cuba is low and the contribution of host genetic factors to DTC in this population has not been investigated so far. Our goal was to assess the role of known risk polymorphisms in DTC cases living in Havana. We genotyped five polymorphisms located at the DTC susceptibility loci on chromosome 14q13.3 near NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1), on chromosome 9q22.33 near Forkhead factor E1 (FOXE1) and within the DNA repair gene Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) in 203 cases and 212 age- and sex- matched controls. Potential interactions between these polymorphisms and other DTC risk factors such as body surface area, body mass index, size, ethnicity, and, for women, the parity were also examined. RESULTS Significant association with DTC risk was found for rs944289 near NKX2-1 (OR per A allele = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2-2.1), and three polymorphisms near or within FOXE1, namely rs965513 (OR per A allele = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2-2.3), rs1867277 in the promoter region of the gene (OR per A allele = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-1.9) and the poly-alanine tract expansion polymorphism rs71369530 (OR per Long Allele = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.3-2.5), only the 2 latter remaining significant when correcting for multiple tests. Overall, no association between DTC and the coding SNP D1853N (rs1801516) in ATM (OR per A Allele = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.7-1.7) was seen. Nevertheless women who had 2 or more pregnancies had a 3.5-fold increase in risk of DTC if they carried the A allele (OR 3.5, 95% CI: 3.2-9.8) as compared to 0.8 (OR 0.8, 95% CI: 0.4-1.6) in those who had fewer than 2. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed in the Cuban population the role of the loci previously associated with DTC susceptibility in European and Japanese populations through genome-wide association studies. Our results on ATM and the number of pregnancies raise interesting questions on the mechanisms by which oestrogens, or other hormones, alter the DNA damage response and DNA repair through the regulation of key effector proteins such as ATM. Due to the small size of our study and to multiple tests, all these results warrant further investigation.
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Yu J, Wu G, Zeng C. [Update on the role of LncRNA ANRIL at human chromosome 9p21 on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis]. ZHONGHUA XIN XUE GUAN BING ZA ZHI 2015; 43:82-85. [PMID: 25876732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Yan YX, Wu LJ, Zhang J, Wang S, Wang W, Dong J, He Y. Let-7 related genetic variation and risk of metabolic syndrome in a Chinese population. Endocr J 2015; 62:887-96. [PMID: 26178671 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej15-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) related genetic variation may change miRNA binding affinity and mRNA expression levels of the target genes, thus leading to altered metabolic parameters. This study explored the influence of let-7 related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on individual susceptibility to metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a Chinese population. Seven SNPs located at the pri-let-7 gene region, pre-let-7 gene region or 3'-UTR of the KRAS gene were selected. The SNPs were genotyped in 503 MetS patients and 529 normal controls using the high-throughput Sequenom genotyping platform. Unconditional logistic regression analysis was utilized to estimate the association between these SNPs and the risk of MetS. There are three SNPs significantly associated with MetS. The A allele of rs17276588 was associated with an increased risk effect for MetS (Adjusted OR=1.75, 95%CI 1.37-2.25, P<0.001). Rs10993081 AG genotype was significantly associated with an increased risk of MetS compared with AA genotypes (Adjusted OR=1.42, 95%CI 1.11-1.83, P=0.006). Rs10877887 TC genotype was significantly associated with an increased risk of MetS compared with TT genotypes (Adjusted OR=1.52, 95% CI 1.16-1.99, P=0.002). Additionally, interactions between rs7045890 and rs712, rs17276588 and rs10877887 were significantly associated with risk of MetS. In conclusion, our study found that let-7 related genetic variation is associated with MetS and may contribute to the susceptibility of MetS. Larger, prospective studies are warranted to validate our findings.
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Wang D, Wang L, Zhou J, Pan J, Qian W, Fu J, Zhang G, Zhu Y, Liu C, Wang C, Jin Z, He Z, Wu J, Shi B. Reduced expression of PTPRD correlates with poor prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113754. [PMID: 25412184 PMCID: PMC4239117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PTPRD, encoding protein tyrosine phosphatases receptor type D, is located at chromosome 9p23–24.1, a loci frequently lost in many types of tumors. Recently, PTPRD has been proposed to function as a tumor suppressor gene. The current study aimed to investigate PTPRD expression and its prognostic significance in primary gastric adenocarcinoma. Methods and Results Quantitative real time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were used to examine PTPRD expression in paired gastric tumourous and paracancerous tissues. Compared with the matched normal gastric mucosa tissues, both the mRNA (P = 0.0138) and protein (P = 0.0093) expression of PTPRD in fresh surgical specimens were significantly reduced. Clinicopathological and prognostic roles of PTPRD in gastric adenocarcinoma were investigated using immunohistochemistry with 513 paraffin-embedded gastric adenocarcinoma tissue blocks. Statistical analysis revealed that reduced PTPRD expression was significantly associated with T stage (P = 0.004), TNM stage (P<0.001) and tumor size (P = 0.003). Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that low expression of PTPRD significantly correlated with poor survival of gastric cancer patients (P<0.001). Cox regression analysis confirmed PTPRD expression as independent predictor of the overall survival of gastric cancer patients. The MTT assay determined the effects of PTPRD on cell proliferation of MGC803 and GES1 cell lines. Restoring PTPRD expression in MGC803 cells significantly inhibited their growth rate. Silencing PTPRD expression by siRNA treatment in GES1 significantly enhanced cell proliferation compared with mock siRNA treatment. Methylation analysis of PTPRD promoter CpG island in 3 primary GC samples showed one case with partial methylation. Conclusions These results indicated that PTPRD is a candidate tumour suppressor in gastric cancer. Thus, PTPRD may play an important role in gastric tumorigenesis and serve as a valuable prognostic marker of gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Chakraborty R, Mukkamalla SKR, Singam K, Calderon N. Persistent suboptimal molecular response in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia and Klinefelter syndrome. Korean J Intern Med 2014; 29:827-9. [PMID: 25378984 PMCID: PMC4219975 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2014.29.6.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Incidental Findings
- Klinefelter Syndrome/complications
- Klinefelter Syndrome/diagnosis
- Klinefelter Syndrome/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/complications
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Male
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Remission Induction
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
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Pruksanusak N, Rujirabanjerd S, Kanjanapradit K, Kor-anantakul O, Suntharasaj T, Suwanrath C, Hanprasertpong T, Pranpanus S. Prenatal diagnosis of complete trisomy 9 with a novel sonographic finding of heart calcification. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2014; 33:1871-1873. [PMID: 25253836 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.33.10.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Beecham GW, Hamilton K, Naj AC, Martin ER, Huentelman M, Myers AJ, Corneveaux JJ, Hardy J, Vonsattel JP, Younkin SG, Bennett DA, De Jager PL, Larson EB, Crane PK, Kamboh MI, Kofler JK, Mash DC, Duque L, Gilbert JR, Gwirtsman H, Buxbaum JD, Kramer P, Dickson DW, Farrer LA, Frosch MP, Ghetti B, Haines JL, Hyman BT, Kukull WA, Mayeux RP, Pericak-Vance MA, Schneider JA, Trojanowski JQ, Reiman EM, Schellenberg GD, Montine TJ. Genome-wide association meta-analysis of neuropathologic features of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004606. [PMID: 25188341 PMCID: PMC4154667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias are a major public health challenge and present a therapeutic imperative for which we need additional insight into molecular pathogenesis. We performed a genome-wide association study and analysis of known genetic risk loci for AD dementia using neuropathologic data from 4,914 brain autopsies. Neuropathologic data were used to define clinico-pathologic AD dementia or controls, assess core neuropathologic features of AD (neuritic plaques, NPs; neurofibrillary tangles, NFTs), and evaluate commonly co-morbid neuropathologic changes: cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), Lewy body disease (LBD), hippocampal sclerosis of the elderly (HS), and vascular brain injury (VBI). Genome-wide significance was observed for clinico-pathologic AD dementia, NPs, NFTs, CAA, and LBD with a number of variants in and around the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE). GalNAc transferase 7 (GALNT7), ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family G (WHITE), Member 1 (ABCG1), and an intergenic region on chromosome 9 were associated with NP score; and Potassium Large Conductance Calcium-Activated Channel, Subfamily M, Beta Member 2 (KCNMB2) was strongly associated with HS. Twelve of the 21 non-APOE genetic risk loci for clinically-defined AD dementia were confirmed in our clinico-pathologic sample: CR1, BIN1, CLU, MS4A6A, PICALM, ABCA7, CD33, PTK2B, SORL1, MEF2C, ZCWPW1, and CASS4 with 9 of these 12 loci showing larger odds ratio in the clinico-pathologic sample. Correlation of effect sizes for risk of AD dementia with effect size for NFTs or NPs showed positive correlation, while those for risk of VBI showed a moderate negative correlation. The other co-morbid neuropathologic features showed only nominal association with the known AD loci. Our results discovered new genetic associations with specific neuropathologic features and aligned known genetic risk for AD dementia with specific neuropathologic changes in the largest brain autopsy study of AD and related dementias. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias are a major public health challenge and present a therapeutic imperative for which we need additional insight into molecular pathogenesis. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS), as well as an analysis of known genetic risk loci for AD dementia, using data from 4,914 brain autopsies. Genome-wide significance was observed for 7 genes and pathologic features of AD and related diseases. Twelve of the 22 genetic risk loci for clinically-defined AD dementia were confirmed in our pathologic sample. Correlation of effect sizes for risk of AD dementia with effect size for hallmark pathologic features of AD were strongly positive and linear. Our study discovered new genetic associations with specific pathologic features and aligned known genetic risk for AD dementia with specific pathologic changes in a large brain autopsy study of AD and related dementias.
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Li Y, Li X, Wang K, Ho M. [Kleefstra syndrome: one case report]. ZHONGHUA ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2014; 52:710-711. [PMID: 25476437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Fueller E, Schaefer D, Fischer U, Krell PFI, Stanulla M, Borkhardt A, Slany RK. Genomic inverse PCR for exploration of ligated breakpoints (GIPFEL), a new method to detect translocations in leukemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104419. [PMID: 25137060 PMCID: PMC4138100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a novel method “Genomic inverse PCR for exploration of ligated breakpoints” (GIPFEL) that allows the sensitive detection of recurrent chromosomal translocations. This technique utilizes limited amounts of DNA as starting material and relies on PCR based quantification of unique DNA sequences that are created by circular ligation of restricted genomic DNA from translocation bearing cells. Because the complete potential breakpoint region is interrogated, a prior knowledge of the individual, specific interchromosomal fusion site is not required. We validated GIPFEL for the five most common gene fusions associated with childhood leukemia (MLL-AF4, MLL-AF9, MLL-ENL, ETV6-RUNX1, and TCF3-PBX1). A workflow of restriction digest, purification, ligation, removal of linear fragments and precipitation enriching for circular DNA was developed. GIPFEL allowed detection of translocation specific signature sequences down to a 10−4 dilution which is close to the theoretical limit. In a blinded proof-of-principle study utilizing DNA from cell lines and 144 children with B-precursor-ALL associated translocations this method was 100% specific with no false positive results. Sensitivity was 83%, 65%, and 24% for t(4;11), t(9;11) and t(11;19) respectively. Translocation t(12;21) was correctly detected in 64% and t(1;19) in 39% of the cases. In contrast to other methods, the characteristics of GIPFEL make it particularly attractive for prospective studies.
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MESH Headings
- Child
- Chromosome Breakpoints
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics
- DNA, Circular/chemistry
- DNA, Circular/genetics
- Humans
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/diagnosis
- Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Translocation, Genetic
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66
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Liang PI, Chang ST, Lin MY, Hsieh YC, Chu PY, Chen CJ, Lin KJ, Jung YC, Hwang WS, Huang WT, Chang WC, Ye H, Chuang SS. Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma in Taiwan shows a frequent gain of ITK gene. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:6097-6107. [PMID: 25337257 PMCID: PMC4203228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is an aggressive peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) of follicular helper T-cell origin and is rare in Taiwan. There are overlapping features of AITL and peripheral T-cell lymphoma with a follicular growth pattern (PTCL-F). Around one fifth of PTCL-F exhibits t(5;9)(q33;q22)/ITK-SYK chromosomal translocation, which is essentially absent in AITL. We retrospectively investigated 35 cases of AITL from Taiwan with histopathology review, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for t(5;9)(q33;q22)/ITK-SYK and correlated the results with overall survival. Twenty-six cases of not otherwise specified PTCL (PTCL-NOS) were also examined by FISH for comparison. Most AITL patients were male (69%) and elderly (median age at 67 years) with frequent bone marrow involvement (53%), high Ann Arbor stages (77%), and elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (68%). Most cases (80%) showed a typical CD4+/CD8- phenotype and in 90% cases there were scattered EBV-positive B-cells (less than 10% cells). None of these cases showed t(5;9)(q33;q22)/ITK-SYK translocation by FISH. Gain of ITK and SYK gene was identified in 38% and 14% tumors, respectively, but both were not associated with overall survival. Performance status < 2 was associated with a better outcome but not the other clinicopathological factors. All PTCL-NOS cases were negative for ITK-SYK translocation with similar rates (38% and 12%, respectively) of gains at ITK and SYK loci as that of AITL. In this so far the largest series of AITL from Taiwan, we reported the clinicopathological features and FISH findings on ITK and SYK genes. We confirmed the absence of t(5;9)(q33;q22)/ITK-SYK translocation, which may serve as an additional differential diagnostic tool from PTCL-F when present. PTCL-NOS shared a similar pattern of ITK and SYK gains with AITL. More studies are warranted to elucidate the roles of SYK and ITK and other genes in the lymphomagenesis of AITL in Taiwan.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Asian People/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Female
- Gene Amplification/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy/enzymology
- Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy/ethnology
- Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy/genetics
- Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy/pathology
- Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy/virology
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/enzymology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/ethnology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Phenotype
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Retrospective Studies
- Syk Kinase
- Taiwan/epidemiology
- Time Factors
- Translocation, Genetic
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67
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Nag A, Venturini C, Small KS, Young TL, Viswanathan AC, Mackey DA, Hysi PG, Hammond C. A genome-wide association study of intra-ocular pressure suggests a novel association in the gene FAM125B in the TwinsUK cohort. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3343-8. [PMID: 24518671 PMCID: PMC4030784 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a major cause of blindness in the world. To date, common genetic variants associated with glaucoma only explain a small proportion of its heritability. We performed a genome-wide association study of intra-ocular pressure (IOP), an underlying endophenotype for glaucoma. The discovery phase of the study was carried out in the TwinsUK cohort (N = 2774) analyzing association between IOP and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) imputed to HapMap2. The results were validated in 12 independent replication cohorts of European ancestry (combined N = 22 789) that were a part of the International Glaucoma Genetics Consortium. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses of the significantly associated SNPs were performed using data from the Multiple Tissue Human Expression Resource (MuTHER) Study. In the TwinsUK cohort, IOP was significantly associated with a number of SNPs at 9q33.3 (P = 3.48 × 10(-8) for rs2286885, the most significantly associated SNP at this locus), within the genomic sequence of the FAM125B gene. Independent replication in a composite panel of 12 cohorts revealed consistent direction of effect and significant association (P = 0.003, for fixed-effect meta-analysis). Suggestive evidence for an eQTL effect of rs2286885 was observed for one of the probes targeting the coding region of the FAM125B gene. This gene codes for a component of a membrane complex involved in vesicular trafficking process, a function similar to that of the Caveolin genes (CAV1 and CAV2) which have previously been associated with primary open-angle glaucoma. This study suggests a novel association between SNPs in FAM125B and IOP in the TwinsUK cohort, though further studies to elucidate the functional role of this gene in glaucoma are necessary.
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68
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Kim HN, Cho YK, Cho JH, Yang EM, Song ES, Choi YY. Transient complete atrioventricular block in a preterm neonate with congenital myotonic dystrophy: case report. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:879-83. [PMID: 24932094 PMCID: PMC4055826 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.6.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital myotonic dystrophy (CMD) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder with cardiac rhythm abnormalities that may occur as a child grows. No report has described complete atrioventricular (AV) block detected in a neonate with CMD. We report a floppy infant of 31(+4) weeks gestation with complete AV block at birth, who was diagnosed with CMD by Southern analysis. She recovered from complete AV block 32 hr after temporary transcutaneous pacing was applied. To the best our knowledge, this is the first recorded case of a complete AV block accompanied by CMD during the neonatal period. When a newborn has a complete AV block, the physician should consider the possibility of the CMD and conduct a careful physical examination.
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69
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Sandahl JD, Coenen EA, Forestier E, Harbott J, Johansson B, Kerndrup G, Adachi S, Auvrignon A, Beverloo HB, Cayuela JM, Chilton L, Fornerod M, de Haas V, Harrison CJ, Inaba H, Kaspers GJL, Liang DC, Locatelli F, Masetti R, Perot C, Raimondi SC, Reinhardt K, Tomizawa D, von Neuhoff N, Zecca M, Zwaan CM, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Hasle H. t(6;9)(p22;q34)/DEK-NUP214-rearranged pediatric myeloid leukemia: an international study of 62 patients. Haematologica 2014; 99:865-72. [PMID: 24441146 PMCID: PMC4008104 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.098517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia with t(6;9)(p22;q34) is listed as a distinct entity in the 2008 World Health Organization classification, but little is known about the clinical implications of t(6;9)-positive myeloid leukemia in children. This international multicenter study presents the clinical and genetic characteristics of 62 pediatric patients with t(6;9)/DEK-NUP214-rearranged myeloid leukemia; 54 diagnosed as having acute myeloid leukemia, representing <1% of all childhood acute myeloid leukemia, and eight as having myelodysplastic syndrome. The t(6;9)/DEK-NUP214 was associated with relatively late onset (median age 10.4 years), male predominance (sex ratio 1.7), French-American-British M2 classification (54%), myelodysplasia (100%), and FLT3-ITD (42%). Outcome was substantially better than previously reported with a 5-year event-free survival of 32%, 5-year overall survival of 53%, and a 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse of 57%. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in first complete remission improved the 5-year event-free survival compared with chemotherapy alone (68% versus 18%; P<0.01) but not the overall survival (68% versus 54%; P=0.48). The presence of FLT3-ITD had a non-significant negative effect on 5-year overall survival compared with non-mutated cases (22% versus 62%; P=0.13). Gene expression profiling showed a unique signature characterized by significantly higher expression of EYA3, SESN1, PRDM2/RIZ, and HIST2H4 genes. In conclusion, t(6;9)/DEK-NUP214 represents a unique subtype of acute myeloid leukemia with a high risk of relapse, high frequency of FLT3-ITD, and a specific gene expression signature.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Leukemia, Myeloid/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/mortality
- Leukemia, Myeloid/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Male
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/diagnosis
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/mortality
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/therapy
- Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins
- Recurrence
- Translocation, Genetic
- Treatment Outcome
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70
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Tsiambas E, Rallis E, Papadas TA, Salemis N, Christodoulou I, Metaxas GE, Athanasiou AE, Karameris A. Amelanotic melanoma: a case with chr 9 monosomy. JOURNAL OF B.U.ON. : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BALKAN UNION OF ONCOLOGY 2014; 19:582-583. [PMID: 24965431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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71
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Ni X, Zhang J. Association between 9p21 genomic markers and ischemic stroke risk: evidence based on 21 studies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90255. [PMID: 24625579 PMCID: PMC3953076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate a genetic contribution to ischemic stroke risk, but specific genetic variants remain unknown. Recently independent studies reported an association between coronary heart disease and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located at chromosome 9p21 (rs10757278 and proxy SNPs). Given that stroke is a common complication after myocardial infarction, several validation studies have been conducted among various ethnic populations to investigate if the same loci was associated with ischemic stroke (IS), but the results have been inconsistent. To investigate this inconsistency and derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis of 34,128 cases and 153,428 controls from 21 studies was performed. Potential sources of heterogeneity including ethnicity, sample size, control source and ischemic stroke subtypes were also assessed. Overall, the summary odds ratio of IS was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.07–1.15, P<10−5) for rs10757278. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significantly increased risks were found in East Asians (3188 cases and 4503 controls; OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.07–1.21, P<10−5) and Caucasians (30505 cases and 145153controls; OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04–1.12, P<10−5) for the polymorphism; while no significant associations were found among African Americans (435 cases and 3772 controls; OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.63–1.51, P = 0.90) in all genetic models. In the subgroup analyses by IS subtypes, significant association was detected only in large vessel stroke group, while no significant associations among small vessel or cardioembolic stroke. When stratified by sample size, and control source, significantly increased risks were found for the polymorphism in all genetic models. This meta-analysis provides accurate and comprehensive estimates of the association of genetic variant at chromosome 9p21 and IS, but these associations vary in different ethnic populations.
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72
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Diakos C, Xiao Y, Zheng S, Kager L, Dworzak M, Wiemels JL. Direct and indirect targets of the E2A-PBX1 leukemia-specific fusion protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87602. [PMID: 24503810 PMCID: PMC3913655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
E2A-PBX1 is expressed as a result of the t(1;19) chromosomal translocation in nearly 5% of cases of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The E2A-PBX1 chimeric transcription factor contains the N-terminal transactivation domain of E2A (TCF3) fused to the C-terminal DNA-binding homeodomain of PBX1. While there is no doubt of its oncogenic potential, the mechanisms of E2A-PBX1-mediated pre-B cell transformation and the nature of direct E2A-PBX1 target genes and pathways remain largely unknown. Herein we used chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (ChIP-chip) to identify direct targets of E2A-PBX1, and we used gene expression arrays of siRNA E2A-PBX1-silenced cells to evaluate changes in expression induced by the fusion protein. Combined ChIP-chip and expression data analysis gave rise to direct and functional targets of E2A-PBX1. Further we observe that the set of ChIP-chip identified E2A-PBX1 targets show a collective down-regulation trend in the E2A-PBX1 silenced samples compared to controls suggesting an activating role of this fusion transcription factor. Our data suggest that the expression of the E2A-PBX1 fusion gene interferes with key regulatory pathways and functions of hematopoietic biology. Among these are members of the WNT and apoptosis/cell cycle control pathways, and thus may comprise an essential driving force for the propagation and maintenance of the leukemic phenotype. These findings may also provide evidence of potentially attractive therapeutic targets.
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73
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Abstract
p16(INK4a), located on chromosome 9p21.3, is lost among a cluster of neighboring tumor suppressor genes. Although it is classically known for its capacity to inhibit cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity, p16(INK4a) is not just a one-trick pony. Long-term p16(INK4a) expression pushes cells to enter senescence, an irreversible cell-cycle arrest that precludes the growth of would-be cancer cells but also contributes to cellular aging. Importantly, loss of p16(INK4a) is one of the most frequent events in human tumors and allows precancerous lesions to bypass senescence. Therefore, precise regulation of p16(INK4a) is essential to tissue homeostasis, maintaining a coordinated balance between tumor suppression and aging. This review outlines the molecular pathways critical for proper p16(INK4a) regulation and emphasizes the indispensable functions of p16(INK4a) in cancer, aging, and human physiology that make this gene special.
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74
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Folsom AR, Pankow JS, Li X, Duprez DA, Jacobs DR, Klein R, Klein B, Tang W, Wong TY, Cotch MF, Taylor KD, Rich SS, Hall JL, Post WS, Rotter JI. No association of 9p21 with arterial elasticity and retinal microvascular findings. Atherosclerosis 2013; 230:301-3. [PMID: 24075760 PMCID: PMC3787319 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE How 9p21 variation affects risk of cardiovascular disease is unclear, so we assessed whether 9p21 variants are associated with arterial elasticity or retinal microvascular findings. METHODS In the prospective Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) we assessed 378 SNPs in the 9p21 locus. Within four ethnic groups, we used an additive genetic model to relate the 9p21 SNPs to five vascular phenotypes: small and large elasticity derived from radial diastolic pulse contour analysis; Young's elastic modulus from carotid artery ultrasound measurements; and the diameter of the central retinal arteries and veins. RESULTS In neither ethnic-specific nor pooled data was there any statistically significant association between any of the 9p21 SNPs and any of the five vascular phenotypes. CONCLUSION Our study does not support an association of 9p21 variation with arterial elasticity or retinal microvascular abnormalities.
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75
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Chidlow G, Wood JPM, Sharma S, Dimasi DP, Burdon KP, Casson RJ, Craig JE. Ocular expression and distribution of products of the POAG-associated chromosome 9p21 gene region. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75067. [PMID: 24069379 PMCID: PMC3777912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been shown that there are highly significant associations for common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the CDKN2B-AS1 gene region at the 9p21 locus with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), a leading cause of irreversible blindness. This gene region houses the CDKN2B/p15INK4B,CDKN2A/p16INK4A and p14ARF (rat equivalent, p19ARF) tumour suppressor genes and is adjacent to the S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene. In order to understand the ocular function of these genes and, therefore, how they may be involved in the pathogenesis of POAG, we studied the distribution patterns of each of their products within human and rat ocular tissues. MTAP mRNA was detected in the rat retina and optic nerve and its protein product was localised to the corneal epithelium, trabecular meshwork and retinal glial cells in both human and rat eyes. There was a very low level of p16INK4A mRNA present within the rat retina and slightly more in the optic nerve, although no protein product could be detected in either rat or human eyes with any of the antibodies tested. P19ARF mRNA was likewise only present at very low levels in rat retina and slightly higher levels in the optic nerve. However, no unambiguous evidence was found to indicate expression of specific P19ARF/p14ARF proteins in either rat or human eyes, respectively. In contrast, p15INK4B mRNA was detected in much higher amounts in both retina and optic nerve compared with the other genes under analysis. Moreover, p15INK4B protein was clearly localised to the retinal inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers and the corneal epithelium and trabecular meshwork in rat and human eyes. The presented data provide the basis for future studies that can explore the roles that these gene products may play in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and other models of optic nerve damage.
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