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Wang B, Wei PW, Wan S, Yao Y, Song CR, Song PP, Xu GB, Hu ZQ, Zeng Z, Wang C, Liu HM. Ginkgo biloba exocarp extracts inhibit S. aureus and MRSA by disrupting biofilms and affecting gene expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 271:113895. [PMID: 33524512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginkgo biloba L. fruit, also known as Bai Guo, Ya Jiao Zi (in pinyin Chinese), and ginkgo nut (in English), has been used for many years as an important material in Chinese traditional medicine to treat coughs and asthma and as a disinfectant, as described in the Compendium of Materia Medica (Ben Cao Gang Mu, pinyin in Chinese), an old herbal book. Ginkgo nuts are used to treat phlegm-associated asthma, astringent gasp, frequent urination, gonorrhoea and turgidity; consumed raw to reduce phlegm and treat hangovers; and used as a disinfectant and insecticide. A similar record was also found in Sheng Nong's herbal classic (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, pinyin in Chinese). Recent research has shown that Ginkgo biloba L. exocarp extract (GBEE) can unblock blood vessels and improve brain function and exhibits antitumour and antibacterial activities. AIM OF STUDY To investigate the inhibitory effect of Ginkgo biloba L. exocarp extract (GBEE) on methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) biofilms and assess its associated molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antibacterial effects of GBEE on S. aureus and MRSA were determined using the broth microdilution method. The growth curves of bacteria treated with or without GBEE were generated by measuring the CFU (colony forming unit) of cultures at different time points. The effects of GBEE on bacterial biofilm formation and mature biofilm disruption were determined by crystal violet staining. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to measure the effects of GBEE on the gene expression profiles of MRSA biofilm-related factors at 6, 8, 12, 16 and 24 h. RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of GBEE on S. aureus and MRSA was 4 μg/mL, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 8 μg/ml. Moreover, GBEE (4-12 μg/mL) inhibited S. aureus and MRSA biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, GBEE also destroyed mature biofilms of S. aureus and MRSA at 12 μg/ml. The expression of the MRSA biofilm-associated factor icaA and sarA were downregulated after 6 h of treatment with GBEE, while sigB was downregulated after 12 h. MeanwhileMeanwhile, icaR was upregulated at 12 h. In addition, GBEE also downregulated the virulence gene hld and inhibited the synthesis of staphyloxanthin. CONCLUSIONS GBEE has excellent antibacterial effects against S. aureus and MRSA and inhibits their biofilm-forming ability by altering related gene expression.
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Gregory J, Vengalasetti YV, Bredesen DE, Rao RV. Neuroprotective Herbs for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040543. [PMID: 33917843 PMCID: PMC8068256 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background—Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial, progressive, neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by memory loss, personality changes, and a decline in cognitive function. While the exact cause of AD is still unclear, recent studies point to lifestyle, diet, environmental, and genetic factors as contributors to disease progression. The pharmaceutical approaches developed to date do not alter disease progression. More than two hundred promising drug candidates have failed clinical trials in the past decade, suggesting that the disease and its causes may be highly complex. Medicinal plants and herbal remedies are now gaining more interest as complementary and alternative interventions and are a valuable source for developing drug candidates for AD. Indeed, several scientific studies have described the use of various medicinal plants and their principal phytochemicals for the treatment of AD. This article reviews a subset of herbs for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cognitive-enhancing effects. Methods—This article systematically reviews recent studies that have investigated the role of neuroprotective herbs and their bioactive compounds for dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease and pre-Alzheimer’s disease. PubMed Central, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases of articles were collected, and abstracts were reviewed for relevance to the subject matter. Conclusions—Medicinal plants have great potential as part of an overall program in the prevention and treatment of cognitive decline associated with AD. It is hoped that these medicinal plants can be used in drug discovery programs for identifying safe and efficacious small molecules for AD.
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Zou M, Zhang W, Dong Q, Tang C, Cao F, Su E. Submerged fermentation of Ginkgo biloba seed powder using Eurotium cristatum for the development of ginkgo seeds fermented products. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1782-1791. [PMID: 32892346 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginkgo biloba seeds are well known for the significant curative effects on relieving cough and asthma. However, the development of products from ginkgo seeds still falls behind at present, resulting in a great waste of ginkgo seeds' resource. In this work, submerged fermentation of ginkgo seed powder using Eurotium cristatum was studied to investigate its feasibility as a new processing method. RESULTS To promote the growth of E. cristatum, the optimum fermentation medium was 80.0 g L-1 of ginkgo seed powder with addition of 5.0 g L-1 calcium chloride (CaCl2 ), 4.0 g L-1 magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 ), 1.25 g L-1 zinc sulfate (ZnSO4 ) and 0.65 g L-1 iron(II) sulfate (FeSO4 ). The optimum fermentation conditions were pH 5.8 ± 0.1, inoculum size 5.1 × 106 CFU mL-1 , liquid medium volume 100 mL in 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask and fermentation 4 days. Through fermentation, the production of lovastatin in fermentation broth could reach up to 32.97 ± 0.17 μg mL-1 and the total antioxidant capacity was improved by more than two-fold. In addition, 40.15% of the ginkgotoxin in ginkgo seed powder was degraded while the entire degradation of ginkgolic acids was obtained. Moreover, fermented ginkgo seed powder suspension presented pleasant fragrances, and the activities of amylase and protease were enhanced to 11.30 ± 0.10 U mL-1 and 23.01 ± 0.20 U mL-1 , respectively. CONCLUSIONS Submerged fermentation using E. cristatum could significantly enhance the functional value and safety of ginkgo seed powder, and had great potential to become a novel processing method for the development of ginkgo seeds fermented products. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Tangni EK, Van Hove F, Huybrechts B, Masquelier J, Vandermeiren K, Van Hoeck E. Citrinin Determination in Food and Food Supplements by LC-MS/MS: Development and Use of Reference Materials in an International Collaborative Study. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040245. [PMID: 33808320 PMCID: PMC8067119 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of incurred reference materials containing citrinin (CIT) and their successful application in a method validation study (MVS) in order to harmonize CIT determination in food and food supplements are demonstrated. CIT-contaminated materials made of red yeast rice (RYR), wheat flour, and Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBL), as well as food supplements made of red yeast rice (FS-RYR) and Ginkgo biloba leaves (FS-GBL), were manufactured in-house via fungal cultivation on collected raw materials. The homogeneity and stability from randomly selected containers were verified according to the ISO 13528. CIT was found to be homogenously distributed and stable in all contaminated materials, with no significant degradation during the timescale of the MVS when storage was performed up to +4 °C. Next, an MVS was organized with eighteen international laboratories using the provided standard operating procedure and 12 test materials, including three RYRs (blank, <50 µg/kg, <2000 µg/kg), two wheat flours (blank, <50 µg/kg), two GBL powders (blank, <50 µg/kg), three FS-RYRs (blank, <50 µg/kg, <2000 µg/kg), and two FS-GBLs (blank, <50 µg/kg). The results of seven CIT-incurred materials showed acceptable within-laboratory precision (RSDr) varying from 6.4% to 14.6% and between-laboratory precision (RSDR) varying from 10.2% to 37.3%. Evidenced by HorRat values < 2.0, the results of the collaborative trial demonstrated that the applied analytical method could be standardized. Furthermore, the appropriateness of producing CIT reference materials is an important step towards food and feed quality control systems and the organization of proficiency tests.
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Zhang W, Zou M, Wu R, Jiang H, Cao F, Su E. Efficient removal of ginkgotoxin from Ginkgo biloba seed powder by combining endogenous enzymatic hydrolysis with resin adsorption. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:1589-1597. [PMID: 32869870 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginkgotoxin including 4'-O-methylpyridoxine (MPN) and MPN-5'-glucoside (MPNG) is responsible for Ginkgo seed food poisoning. The purpose of the work reported was to prepare detoxified Ginkgo seed powder and at the same time to retain the nutritional and functional components of Ginkgo seed powder to the maximum extent. RESULTS Resin adsorption technology was firstly employed to remove ginkgotoxin from water extract of Ginkgo seed powder. Under optimal conditions, the adsorption efficiency of the optimal resin for MPN could reach 100%, and that for MPNG could only reach 85.4 ± 0.93%. Resin adsorption alone could not effectively remove MPN and MPNG simultaneously. Endogenous enzymatic hydrolysis was next attempted to transform MPNG to MPN. MPNG could be completely hydrolyzed to MPN by endogenous enzyme(s) at 40 °C and pH 5.0 in 180 min. Ginkgotoxin only in the form of MPN in the enzymatic hydrolysate was then adsorbed with resin and the conditions were statistically optimized. The adsorption efficiency of MPN reached 98.89 ± 0.99% under the optimized conditions. CONCLUSIONS Removal of ginkgotoxin by combining endogenous enzymatic hydrolysis with resin adsorption could preserve the main nutritional and functional components of Ginkgo seed powder to the most extent, and did not change its main characteristics. The ginkgotoxin removal method developed in this work is a relatively simple and efficient approach. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Lou JS, Zhao LP, Huang ZH, Chen XY, Xu JT, Tai WCS, Tsim KWK, Chen YT, Xie T. Ginkgetin derived from Ginkgo biloba leaves enhances the therapeutic effect of cisplatin via ferroptosis-mediated disruption of the Nrf2/HO-1 axis in EGFR wild-type non-small-cell lung cancer. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 80:153370. [PMID: 33113504 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin (DDP) is the first-in-class drug for advanced and non-targetable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A recent study indicated that DDP could slightly induce non-apoptotic cell death ferroptosis, and the cytotoxicity was promoted by ferroptosis inducer. The agents enhancing the ferroptosis may therefore increase the anticancer effect of DDP. Several lines of evidence supporting the use of phytochemicals in NSCLC therapy. Ginkgetin, a bioflavonoid derived from Ginkgo biloba leaves, showed anticancer effects on NSCLC by triggering autophagy. Ferroptosis can be triggered by autophagy, which regulates redox homeostasis. Thus, we aimed to elucidate the possible role of ferroptosis involved in the synergistic effect of ginkgetin and DDP in cancer therapy. METHODS The promotion of DDP-induced anticancer effects by ginkgetin was examined via a cytotoxicity assay and western blot. Ferroptosis triggered by ginkgetin in DDP-treated NSCLC was observed via a lipid peroxidation assay, a labile iron pool assay, western blot, and qPCR. With ferroptosis blocking, the contribution of ferroptosis to ginkgetin + DDP-induced cytotoxicity, the Nrf2/HO-1 axis, and apoptosis were determined via a luciferase assay, immunostaining, chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP), and flow cytometry. The role of ferroptosis in ginkgetin + DDP-treated NSCLC cells was illustrated by the application of ferroptosis inhibitors, which was further demonstrated in a xenograft nude mouse model. RESULTS Ginkgetin synergized with DDP to increase cytotoxicity in NSCLC cells, which was concomitant with increased labile iron pool and lipid peroxidation. Both these processes were key characteristics of ferroptosis. The induction of ferroptosis mediated by ginkgetin was further confirmed by the decreased expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4, and a decreased GSH/GSSG ratio. Simultaneously, ginkgetin disrupted redox hemostasis in DDP-treated cells, as demonstrated by the enhanced ROS formation and inactivation of the Nrf2/HO-1 axis. Ginkgetin also enhanced DDP-induced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss and apoptosis in cultured NSCLC cells. Furthermore, blocking ferroptosis reversed the ginkgetin-induced inactivation of Nrf2/HO-1 as well as the elevation of ROS formation, MMP loss, and apoptosis in DDP-treated NSCLC cells. CONCLUSION This study is the first to report that ginkgetin derived from Ginkgo biloba leaves promotes DDP-induced anticancer effects, which can be due to the induction of ferroptosis.
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Demoret RM, Baker MA, Ohtawa M, Chen S, Lam CC, Khom S, Roberto M, Forli S, Houk KN, Shenvi RA. Synthetic, Mechanistic, and Biological Interrogation of Ginkgo biloba Chemical Space En Route to (-)-Bilobalide. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18599-18618. [PMID: 32991152 PMCID: PMC7727090 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we interrogate the structurally dense (1.64 mcbits/Å3) GABAA receptor antagonist bilobalide, intermediates en route to its synthesis, and related mechanistic questions. 13C isotope labeling identifies an unexpected bromine migration en route to an α-selective, catalytic asymmetric Reformatsky reaction, ruling out an asymmetric allylation pathway. Experiment and computation converge on the driving forces behind two surprising observations. First, an oxetane acetal persists in concentrated mineral acid (1.5 M DCl in THF-d8/D2O); its longevity is correlated to destabilizing steric clash between substituents upon ring-opening. Second, a regioselective oxidation of des-hydroxybilobalide is found to rely on lactone acidification through lone-pair delocalization, which leads to extremely rapid intermolecular enolate equilibration. We also establish equivalent effects of (-)-bilobalide and the nonconvulsive sesquiterpene (-)-jiadifenolide on action potential-independent inhibitory currents at GABAergic synapses, using (+)-bilobalide as a negative control. The high information density of bilobalide distinguishes it from other scaffolds and may characterize natural product (NP) space more generally. Therefore, we also include a Python script to quickly (ca. 132 000 molecules/min) calculate information content (Böttcher scores), which may prove helpful to identify important features of NP space.
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Wu Y, Wang T, Xin Y, Wang G, Xu LA. Overexpression of GbF3'5'H1 Provides a Potential to Improve the Content of Epicatechin and Gallocatechin. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204836. [PMID: 33092253 PMCID: PMC7594021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba L. (ginkgo) have important medicinal uses due to their antioxidant, antitumor, and blood circulation-promoting effects. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying flavonoid biosynthesis in ginkgo remain elusive. Flavonoid 3′, 5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H) is an important enzyme in flavonoid synthesis. We detected a novel differentially expressed GbF3′5′H1 gene homologous to the F3′5′H enzyme involved in the flavonoid synthesis pathway through transcriptome sequencing. In this study, we characterized this gene, performed an expression analysis, and heterologously overexpressed GbF3′5′H1 in Populus. Our results showed that GbF3′5′H1 is abundant in the leaf and highly expressed during April. We also found four metabolites closely related to flavonoid biosynthesis. Importantly, the contents of 4′,5-dihydroxy-7-glucosyloxyflavanone, epicatechin, and gallocatechin were significantly higher in transgenic plants than in nontransgenic plants. Our findings revealed that the GbF3′5′H1 gene functions in the biosynthesis of flavonoid-related metabolites, suggesting that GbF3′5′H1 represents a prime candidate for future studies (e.g., gene-editing) aiming to optimize ginkgo flavonoid production, especially that of flavan-3-ols.
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Fan Q, Zhou J, Wang Y, Xi T, Ma H, Wang Z, Xiao W, Liu Q. Chip-based serum proteomics approach to reveal the potential protein markers in the sub-acute stroke patients receiving the treatment of Ginkgo Diterpene Lactone Meglumine Injection. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 260:112964. [PMID: 32413576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginkgo biloba L. is a kind of traditional Chinese medicinal material with a long history. Its main active ingredients, ginkgolides, can be used for the treatment of stroke and other cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Ginkgo Diterpene Lactone Meglumine Injection (GDLI), a modernized TCM, has attracted much attention because of its neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. AIM OF THE STUDY To uncover the effects of GDLI on ischemic stroke patients, as well as the underlying biomarkers involved in sub-acute stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a state-of-the-art targeted proteomics chip to investigate the association between numerous serum proteins (1101 proteins) and the sub-acute phase post-ischemic stroke. Then, the relative proteins of anti-apoptosis, anticoagulant, and neuroprotection of GDLI were verified in animal models. RESULTS Compared with the serum from healthy volunteers, we identified 15 up-regulated proteins and 26 down-regulated proteins (FC ≥ 1.5) involved in inflammatory response, immune response, and nervous system development in the sub-acute ischemic stroke. The pro-inflammatory proteins, such as IL17, MSP-R, G-CSF-R, TLR3, MIP-3β, TNFRSF19, and TNFRSF12, were significantly increased in serum, illustrating that the chronic inflammatory state was evident in the sub-acute stage of ischemic stroke. However, the common pro-inflammatory proteins, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10, known to be up-regulated in acute stroke, had close or lightly lower levels than healthy humans (FC ≥ 1.5, P > 0.05). And some cytokines (IL3, CCL13, TNFRSF3, IL10 R beta, HLA-A, IL-1 F8/FIL1 eta, TNFRSF8, CCL18) were also markedly down-regulated in the sub-acute phase of stroke. These proteins are highly associated with the onset of stroke-induced immunosuppression and post-stroke infection. Moreover, we noticed that Ginkgo Diterpene Lactone Meglumine Injection (GDLI) treatment for 14 days was helpful to the recovery of patients in the subacute period. After the treatment of GDLI, it was observed that several inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-17 and IL-28A), chemokine (i.e. CCL14), and Coagulation Factor III were reduced. Meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 R alpha, GREMLIN, and Activin C) and neurotrophic factors (Neurturin and IGFBP2) were found to be up-regulated in stroke patients through self-control observation. Finally, we identified the IGFBP2 as a novel marker in the animal models. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the potential markers in sub-acute stroke patients were highly different from known protein markers in the acute phase of ischemic stroke. The serum protein IGFBP2 could be novel biomarkers for the treatment of GDLI in sub-acute stroke patients. Our present findings provide an innovative insight into the novel treatment of GDLI in ischemic stroke therapy.
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Cruz MB, Place BJ, Wood LJ, Urbas A, Wasik A, de Carvalho Rocha WF. A nontargeted approach to determine the authenticity of Ginkgo biloba L. plant materials and dried leaf extracts by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and chemometrics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6969-6982. [PMID: 32757063 PMCID: PMC7953348 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02830-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The lack of stringent regulations regarding raw materials for herbal supplements used for medicinal purposes has been a constant challenge in the industry. Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extracts attract consumers because of the supposed positive effect on mental performance and memory. Supplements are produced using dried leaf materials and standardized leaf extracts such as EGb 761. Adulteration of Ginkgo biloba L. plants and extracts are becoming more and more common practice due to economically driven motivation from increasing demand in the market and the high cost of raw materials and production. Reinforcement in quality control (QC) to avoid adulterations is necessary to ensure the efficacy of the supplements. In this study, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was used with principal component analysis (PCA) as an unsupervised exploratory method to analyze, identify, and evaluate the adulterated Ginkgo biloba L. plant materials and dried leaf extracts using the PCA scores and loadings obtained and compound identification.
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Arab-Nozari M, Ahangar N, Mohammadi E, Lorigooini Z, Shokrzadeh M, Amiri FT, Shaki F. Ginkgo biloba attenuated hepatotoxicity induced by combined exposure to cadmium and fluoride via modulating the redox imbalance, Bax/Bcl-2 and NF-kB signaling pathways in male rats. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6961-6972. [PMID: 32920758 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of Ginkgo Biloba (G.B) hydro-ethanolic extract against hepatotoxicity induced by combined exposure to cadmium (Cd) and fluoride (F) in Wistar rats. Animals were exposed to F (30 mg/L) + Cd (40 mg/L), F + Cd plus G.B (50,100 and 200 mg/kg), G.B (200 mg/kg), F + Cd plus Vit C(1000 mg/L) in drinking water for 42 days. Significant raise in liver enzymes and histopathological changes were observed in F + Cd treated rats. F + Cd exposure enhanced protein and glutathione oxidation, lipid peroxidation and decreased superoxide dismutase activity. F and Cd combination also caused mitochondrial dysfunction, swelling and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse in liver isolated mitochondria. Up-regulation of inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β and NF-kB) and pro-apoptotic Bax as well as down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 were detected after co-exposure to F and Cd. Interestingly, G.B alleviated F + Cd induced liver oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and prevented inflammation and apoptosis. Furthermore, decrease in serum liver enzymes and improvement of histopathologic lesions were observed in G.B treated rats. This study explored the potential beneficial role of G.B on F + Cd combined hepatotoxic effects via considering its possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, mitochondrial protection and anti-apoptotic effects.
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Zhang Q, Yuan C, Liu J, Li P, Dong Z. Effects of Floium ginkgo extract and tertram ethypyrazine sodium chloride injection on expression of inflammatory cytokines and cerebral infarction. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2020; 66:36-40. [PMID: 33040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was carried out to observe and analyze the effect of floium ginkgo extract and tertram ethypyrazine sodium chloride injection in patients with cerebral infarction. A total of 200 patients diagnosed with cerebral infarction were enrolled in the study. They were randomly divided into a research group and control group, each containing 100 patients. The control group was given routine treatment measures while the research group was given floium ginkgo extract and tertram ethypyrazine sodium chloride injection on the basis of routine treatment. The therapeutic effects of the two groups were observed and compared. After implementing different treatment schemes, the levels of MMP-9, SOD, CBV and CBF in the research group were significantly higher than those in the control group, p<0.05. The research group was lower in hs-CRP, MDA, MTT, TTP and TNF-α as compared with the control group, p<0.05. In terms of the quality of life of the two groups after six months of treatment, the scores of various indicators in the research group were all significantly superior, p<0.05. Conclusion: The treatment of cerebral infarction patients with floium ginkgo extract and tertram ethypyrazine sodium chloride injection can significantly improve the therapeutic effect, which is a relatively ideal treatment.
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Lu Y, Zhang X, Yang Y, Qi Y, Hao W, Wang L, Liu Q, Ling Y, Zhang C. Relationship between structure and physicochemical properties of ginkgo starches from seven cultivars. Food Chem 2020; 314:125082. [PMID: 31982853 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structures and physicochemical properties of ginkgo starches from seven cultivars were investigated and their relationships analyzed. The ginkgo starches had oval or irregular shapes, size distributions with a unimodal peak, and an A-type crystal pattern. The fine structures, crystalline structures, and physicochemical properties varied significantly among these ginkgo starches. Pearson correlation analysis and a PCA loading plot indicated that amylopectin A-chains and amylose had negative effects on the IR ratio, Imax, and D, while amylopectin B-chains had a clear positive effect on the relative crystallinity. Furthermore, the amylopectin short B1-chains and long B-chains contributed amorphous and single-helix structures, respectively. The thermal properties of the ginkgo starches were mainly influenced by the amylopectin B-chains and Imax, while the pasting properties were mainly influenced by amylopectin B-chains and helical structures. These results indicated that the starch fine structures and crystalline structures had significant effects on the physicochemical properties.
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Ban C, Park JB, Cho S, Kim HR, Kim YJ, Bae H, Kim C, Kang H, Jang D, Shin YS, Kim DO, Kim H, Kweon DH. Characterization of Ginkgo biloba Leaf Flavonoids as Neuroexocytosis Regulators. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081829. [PMID: 32316426 PMCID: PMC7221681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo biloba leaf (GBL) is known as a potential source of bioactive flavonoids, such as quercetin, arresting the neuronal soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-zippering. Here, the GBL flavonoids were isolated in two different manners and then examined for their bioactivity, physicochemical stability, and biocompatibility. The majority of flavonoids in the non-hydrolyzed and acidolyzed isolates, termed non-hydrolyzed isolate (NI) and acidolyzed isolate (AI) hereafter, were rich in flavonol glycosides and aglycones, respectively. Glycosidic/aglyconic quercetin and kaempferol were abundant in both NI and AI, whereas a little of apigenin, luteolin, and isorhamnetin were found in AI. NI was more thermostable in all pH ranges than quercetin, kaempferol, and AI. NI and AI both inhibited neurotransmitter release from differentiated neuronal PC-12 cells. NI and AI showed 1/2–1/3 lower EC50/CC50 values than quercetin and kaempferol. The NI and AI exhibited no toxicity assessed by the tests on chorioallantoic membranes of hen’s eggs, removing toxicological concerns of irritation potential. Moreover, GBL isolates, particularly AI, showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in the use below the CC50 levels. Taken together, these results suggest that GBL isolates that are rich in antioxidant flavonoids are effective anti-neuroexocytotic agents with high stability and low toxicity.
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Li X, Huang L, Liu G, Fan W, Li B, Liu R, Wang Z, Fan Q, Xiao W, Li Y, Fang W. Ginkgo diterpene lactones inhibit cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced inflammatory response in astrocytes via TLR4/NF-κB pathway in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 249:112365. [PMID: 31678414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) is a traditional Chinese medicine known to treating stroke and other cardio-cerebrovascular diseases for thousands of years in China. Ginkgo diterpene lactones (GDL) attracted much attention because of their neuroprotective properties. AIM OF THE STUDY To uncover the effects of GDL, which consist of ginkgolide A (GA), ginkgolide B (GB), and ginkgolide K (GK), on ischemic stroke, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) models mimicking the process of ischemia/reperfusion in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Anticoagulant effects of GDL were investigated on platelet activating factor (PAF), arachidonic acid (AA) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation both in vivo and in vitro. We also evaluated the effects of GDL on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in primary cultured rats' astrocytes. Infarct size, neurological deficit score, and brain edema were measured at 72 h after MCAO. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to analyze neurons necrosis and astrocytes activation. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real time PCR. The levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were assessed by real time PCR or Western blot. RESULTS Compared with MCAO/R rats, GDL significantly reduced infarct size and brain edema, improved neurological deficit score. Meanwhile, GDL suppressed platelet aggregation, astrocytes activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines releasing, TLR4 mRNA expression and transfer of NF-κB from cytoplasm to nucleus. Furthermore, GDL alleviated OGD/R injury and LPS-induced inflammatory response in primary astrocytes, characterized by promoting cell viability, decreasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and inhibiting IL-1β and TNF-α releasing. CONCLUSIONS In summary, GDL attenuate cerebral ischemic injury, inhibit platelet aggregation and astrocytes activation. The anti-inflammatory activity might be associated with the downregulation of TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway. Our present findings provide an innovative insight into the novel treatment of GDL in ischemic stroke therapy.
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Hosoda S, Kawazoe Y, Shiba T, Numazawa S, Manabe A. Anti-Obesity Effect of Ginkgo Vinegar, a Fermented Product of Ginkgo Seed Coat, in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet and 3T3-L1 Preadipocyte Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010230. [PMID: 31963184 PMCID: PMC7019924 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgo seed coat is rarely used and is typically discarded, due to its offensive odor and its toxicity. Ginkgo vinegar is a fermented product of ginkgo seed coat, and fermentation removes the bad smell and most of the toxicity. Thus, ginkgo vinegar contains very low concentrations of toxic components. The present study examined the anti-obesity effect of ginkgo vinegar in mice fed a high-fat diet and its inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Ginkgo vinegar suppressed high-fat diet-induced body weight gain and reduced the size of fat cells in mice. Ginkgo vinegar suppressed the expression of C/EBPδ and PPARγ, key proteins in adipogenesis, and inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells that were induced to become adipocytes. These results suggested that ginkgo vinegar inhibited adipocyte differentiation. On the other hand, a corresponding concentration of acetic acid had significantly less effect on lipid accumulation and virtually no effect on adipogenic gene expression. These results suggested that, similar to Ginkgo biloba extract, ginkgo vinegar might prevent and improve adiposity. Therefore, ginkgo seed coat could be a useful material for medicinal ingredients.
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Rabiei Z, Solati K, Amini-Khoei H. Phytotherapy in treatment of Parkinson's disease: a review. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:355-362. [PMID: 31141426 PMCID: PMC6542178 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1618344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Context: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder due to gradual loss of dopaminergic nerves in the substantia nigra (SN) in the midbrain. PD leads to certain motor disorders including resting tremor, muscle stiffness and slow movement. Medicinal plants have shown positive pharmacological effects in treating different models of PD. Objective: Tendency to use natural products, especially plants, for the treatment of PD has been growing. This article reviews the basic aspects of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds that could be used to treat PD. Methods: Reliable articles indexed in databases ISI, SID, PubMed, PubMed Central, Scopus and Web of Science were used. A total of 12 plant-derived active ingredients and 18 herbal extracts were included. Different compounds have so far been isolated from plants that affect PD especially by targeting pathways associated with the pathogenesis of the disease. Results: Although some herbal extracts such as Hibiscus asper Hook. f. (Malvaceae), Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae), Carthamus tinctorius L (Asteraceae) and certain active ingredients, such as berberine and curcumin, have shown positive effects in animal models of PD, potential active ingredients and mechanisms of action should be investigated in additional studies. Discussion and conclusions: Despite the wide variety of plants in the world, a limited number of them have been studied for anti-Parkinsonian activity, and therefore, there are numerous perspectives in this field for future studies on plants and their bioactive compounds.
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Ren Y, Li H, Liu X. Effects of Ginkgo leaf tablets on the pharmacokinetics of atovastatin in rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2019; 57:403-406. [PMID: 31188698 PMCID: PMC6566491 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1622569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Context: Ginkgo leaf tablets (GLT), an effective traditional Chinese multi-herbal formula, are often combined with atorvastatin calcium (AC) for treating coronary heart disease in clinic. Objective: This study investigated the effects of GLT on the pharmacokinetics of AC and the potential mechanism. Materials and methods: The pharmacokinetics of AC (oral administered at a dose of 1 mg/kg) with or without pre-treatment of GLT (oral administered at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day for 10 days) were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The effects of GLT on the metabolic stability of AC were also investigated using rat liver microsome incubation systems. Results: The results indicated that the Cmax increased from 36.84 ± 4.21 to 48.68 ± 6.35 ng/mL, and the AUC(0-t) increased from 135.82 ± 21.05 to 77.28 ± 12.92 ng h/mL, and t1/2 also increased from 2.62 ± 0.31 to 3.32 ± 0.57 h when GLT and AC were co-administered. The metabolic stability of AC was also increased (48.2 ± 6.7 vs. 36.7 ± 5.3 min) with the pre-treatment of GLT. Discussion: This study indicated that the main components in GLT could accelerate the metabolism of AC in rat liver microsomes and change the pharmacokinetic behaviours of AC. So these results showed that the herb-drug interaction between GLT and AC might occur, and the clinical efficacy could increase when they were co-administered. Therefore, the clinical dose of AC should be decreased when GLT and AC are co-administered.
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Zhang H, Shi Q, Nan W, Wang Y, Wang S, Yang F, Li G. Ginkgolide B and bilobalide promote the growth and increase β-catenin expression in hair follicle dermal papilla cells of American minks. Biofactors 2019; 45:950-958. [PMID: 31520488 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The regeneration of proliferation potential of dermal papilla (DP) cells contributes to the treatment of hair loss disorders. Ginkgolide B (GKB) and bilobalide (BB) are two functional components isolated from Ginkgo biloba that can promote hair growth. In the current study, the effect of GKB or BB on DP cell viability and the related signaling was assessed. Hair follicles were isolated from minks, and the growth of hair follicles was measured under the administration of GKB or BB. DP cells isolated from minks were also subjected to GKB or BB. The administration of GKB or BB induced the growth of hair follicles. The viability of DP cells was also increased by GKB or BB as illustrated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium and flow cytometry detection. Moreover, the secretion of VEGF was enhanced by GKB or BB. At molecular level, the activities of Akt, ERK1/2, and β-catenin were induced by GKB, whereas BB only increased the activities of Akt and β-catenin. In conclusion, although the two components influenced the β-catenin signaling activity in distinct mechanisms, they both increased the viability of DP cells and promoted the cycle of hair follicles.
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Martínez-Solís I, Acero N, Bosch-Morell F, Castillo E, González-Rosende ME, Muñoz-Mingarro D, Ortega T, Sanahuja MA, Villagrasa V. Neuroprotective Potential of Ginkgo biloba in Retinal Diseases. PLANTA MEDICA 2019; 85:1292-1303. [PMID: 31266069 DOI: 10.1055/a-0947-5712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Like other tissues of the central nervous system, the retina is susceptible to damage by oxidative processes that result in several neurodegenerative disease such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, ischaemic retinal disease, retinal disease produced by light oxidation, and detached retina, among other diseases. The use of antioxidant substances is a solution to some health problems caused by oxidative stress, because they regulate redox homeostasis and reduce oxidative stress. This is important for neurodegeneration linked to oxidation processes. In line with this, Ginkgo biloba is a medicinal plant with excellent antioxidant properties whose effects have been demonstrated in several degenerative processes, including retinal diseases associated with neurodegeneration. This review describes the current literature on the role of ginkgo in retinal diseases associated with neurodegeneration. The information leads to the conclusion that G. biloba extracts might be a good option to improve certain neurodegenerative retinal diseases, but more research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of G. biloba in these retinal degenerative processes.
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Baker MA, Demoret RM, Ohtawa M, Shenvi RA. Concise asymmetric synthesis of (-)-bilobalide. Nature 2019; 575:643-646. [PMID: 31618759 PMCID: PMC7017908 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Ginkgo biloba metabolite bilobalide is widely ingested by humans but its effect on the mammalian central nervous system is not fully understood1-4. Antagonism of γ-aminobutyric acid A receptors (GABAARs) by bilobalide has been linked to the rescue of cognitive deficits in mouse models of Down syndrome5. A lack of convulsant activity coupled with neuroprotective effects have led some to postulate an alternative, unidentified target4; however, steric congestion and the instability of bilobalide1,2,6 have prevented pull-down of biological targets other than the GABAΑRs. A concise and flexible synthesis of bilobalide would facilitate the development of probes for the identification of potential new targets, analogues with differential selectivity between insect and human GABAΑRs, and stabilized analogues with an enhanced serum half-life7. Here we exploit the unusual reactivity of bilobalide to enable a late-stage deep oxidation that symmetrizes the molecular core and enables oxidation states to be embedded in the starting materials. The same overall strategy may be applicable to G. biloba congeners, including the ginkgolides-some of which are glycine-receptor-selective antagonists8. A chemical synthesis of bilobalide should facilitate the investigation of its biological effects and its therapeutic potential.
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Shukla S, Lee JS, Bajpai VK, Khan I, Huh YS, Han YK, Kim M. Toxicological evaluation of lotus, ginkgo, and garlic tailored fermented Korean soybean paste (Doenjang) for biogenic amines, aflatoxins, and microbial hazards. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110729. [PMID: 31381944 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop a consortium of nutritive fermented food products, supplemented with phytochemicals, with reduced toxicological contents. We developed new flavored Doenjang products (protein rich) fermented with lotus, ginkgo, and garlic plant extract-based Meju (termed as EMD) as the starter culture and by using traditional Meju (termed as TMD), where these plant extracts were added later during the fermentation process. Fermented Doenjang samples were analyzed for reduced levels of biogenic amines (BAs), aflatoxins, and microbial hazards, (including Bacillus cereus) as well as for their nutritive contents and antioxidant potential, after varying periods of fermentation (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months). All Doenjang samples prepared using plant extracts and their mixtures (1% and 10%) showed desired reduction in B. cereus counts, BAs, aflatoxins, and other foodborne pathogens as well as showed potent antioxidant abilities, including phenolic/flavonoid contents. Based on the higher efficiency in reducing various toxicants, Ginkgo biloba leaf extract added TMD samples were selected for the development of Doenjang products as an innovative approach, with great potential to improve the quality and safety of soybean fermented products in the Korean market, offering enhanced health benefits and reduced risks of toxicity.
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Xu F, Hou BL, Wang Y, Meng FZ, Zhuang CN, Pan QZ, Ren SP. Combination of PDTC and GBE Could Better Alleviate the Damage to HaCaT Cells Caused by UVB. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2019; 32:779-782. [PMID: 31843047 DOI: 10.3967/bes2019.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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Wang W, Wang M, Ruan Y, Tan J, Wang H, Yang T, Li J, Zhou Q. Ginkgolic Acids Impair Mitochondrial Function by Decreasing Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Promoting FUNDC1-Dependent Mitophagy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10097-10106. [PMID: 31418272 PMCID: PMC7192365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgolic acids (GAs) are found in the leaves, nuts, and testa of Ginkgo biloba and have been reported to exhibit antitumor, antibacterial, and pro-apoptotic activities. However, their role in mitochondrial function is still unclear. Our previous study showed that genes related to the mitochondria present significant changes in GA-treated mouse bone marrow stromal cells. We hypothesize that GAs may regulate mitochondrial function. Here, we found that GA treatment induced mitochondrial fragmentation, reduced mtDNA copy numbers and mitochondrial protein levels, and impaired mitochondrial adenosine 5'-triphosphate production and oxygen consumption. The GA-induced mitochondrial mass loss may be due to decreased mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, abolishing autophagy by Atg7 knockout or the administration of an autophagy inhibitor can restore the GA-induced decrease in mitochondrial mass. Furthermore, FUNDC1 knockdown restored the GA-induced changes in mitochondrial mass reduction and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. Together, our studies demonstrated that GAs impaired mitochondrial function by decreasing mitochondrial biogenesis and promoting FUNDC1-dependent mitophagy.
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Crighton E, Weisenseel J, Bunce M, Musgrave IF, Trengove R, Maker G. Exploring the Application of the DSA-TOF, a Direct, High-resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Technique for the Screening of Potential Adulterated and Contaminated Herbal Medicines. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1713-1719. [PMID: 31209791 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Global consumption of complementary and alternative medicines, including herbal medicines, has increased substantially, and recent reports of adulteration demonstrate the need for high throughput and extensive pharmacovigilance to ensure product safety and quality. Three different standard reference materials and five previously analyzed herbal medicines have been used as a proof of concept for the application of adulteration/contamination screening using a Direct Sample Analysis (DSA) ion source with TOF MS on the Perkin Elmer AxION 2 TOF. This technique offers the advantages of minimum sample preparation, rapid analysis, and mass accuracies of 5 ppm. The DSA TOF analysis correlates well with the previous analysis on the initial sample set (which found undeclared herbal ingredients), with the added advantage of detecting previously untargeted compounds, including species-specific flavonoids and alkaloids. The rapid analysis using the DSA-TOF facilitates screening for hundreds of compounds in minutes with minimal sample preparation, generating a comprehensive profile for each sample. Graphical Abstract.
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