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Essayagh S, Xuereb JM, Terrisse AD, Tellier-Cirioni L, Pipy B, Sié P. Microparticles from apoptotic monocytes induce transient platelet recruitment and tissue factor expression by cultured human vascular endothelial cells via a redox-sensitive mechanism. Thromb Haemost 2007; 98:831-837. [PMID: 17938808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Circulating microparticles derived from different types of blood cells have been reported to impair endothelial function and to induce pro-inflammatory and prothrombotic endothelial phenotypes. Although the number of monocyte-derived microparticles (M-MPs) is elevated in the blood of patients with various inflammatory conditions, their interaction with endothelial cells has been poorly investigated so far. In this study, we produced microparticles in vitro from apoptotic human monocytes and examined the effects of their interaction with cultured human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). We found that low concentrations of M-MPs induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly anion superoxide, by the endothelial cells. At sub-toxic concentrations, M-MPs induced a rapid expression of von Willebrand factor at the cell surface, which mediated the transient attachment of non-activated platelets to the endothelium in flow conditions. In parallel, M-MPs up-regulated the expression of functional tissue factor by the endothelial cells. ROS controlled these two major changes and the process involved the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase. We conclude that M-MPs may contribute to thrombotic events by producing redox signalling in endothelial cells.
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Ghazaryan AV, Khatchadourian AS, Karagyozyan MK, Kachatryan AR, Sekoyan ES, Bdoyan HK, Melkumyan HV, Karageuzyan KG. Peculiarities of the anticoagulant properties for the newly synthesized preparations of coumarin-related compounds. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2007; 7:170-3. [PMID: 17896957 DOI: 10.2174/187152907781745233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A) OBJECTIVES: Investigations of the four synthetic coumarin-related compounds: N' - allylthiouridine-3-carbamoil coumarin (GSH-16), N'- morpholylthiouridine-3-carbamoil coumarin (GSH-17), N'-O-fluor-benzyl-N'-3-carbamoil piperaside coumarin (GSH-10) and 6-nitroallylamide-3-carboxy coumarin (GSH-84), were done for study of their role in the processes of hemocoagulation. B) DESIGN AND METHODS: Investigations were carried out on 120 white rats (180-200g), which were injected intravenously by 0.5 ml and 1.0 ml of 1 % solution of GSH-17 and decapitated after 10 and 30 min after the injection by use of light chloroform narcosis. Separation of the liver was done by simultaneous washing with cold physiological solution. C) RESULTS: It was shown that the hemostabilization action of GSH-17 is highly dose- and time - dependent, with by the pronounced decrease of rat liver thromboplastic activity after 10 and especially 30 min following intravenous injection. D) CONCLUSION: One of the possible mechanisms for haemostatic effect of the studied preparations, particularly GSH-17, probably can be accepted their effect on metabolism of arachidonic acid by lipoxygenase and cycloxygenase mechanisms [9, 10]. The results of this investigations have not only the academic interest, but they have also a significant importance for definite branches of practical medicine as a very effective blood stabilizing factors.
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Kamai Y, Chiang LY, Lopes Bezerra LM, Doedt T, Lossinsky AS, Sheppard DC, Filler SG. Interactions of Aspergillus fumigatus with vascular endothelial cells. Med Mycol 2007; 44 Suppl 1:S115-7. [PMID: 17050430 DOI: 10.1080/13693780600897989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis is characterized by two different types of angioinvasion. During pulmonary aspergillosis, hyphae are initially outside of the pulmonary vasculature and they invade the endothelial cell lining of the blood vessels by passing from the abluminal to the luminal surface. Some of these hyphal fragments can break off and circulate in the bloodstream. In severely immunocompromised hosts, these blood-borne hyphal fragments adhere to the luminal surface of the endothelial cells and they penetrate the endothelial cell lining of the vasculature by passing from the luminal to the abluminal surface. We have set up in vitro models of luminal and abluminal endothelial cell invasion by Aspergillus fumigatus. Luminal invasion by hyphae results in both endothelial cell damage and stimulation of tissue factor expression. Abluminal invasion causes less endothelial cell damage than luminal invasion, but greater induction of endothelial cells genes encoding cytokines, leukocyte adhesion molecules and tissue factor. These differences in the endothelial cell response to luminal versus abluminal infection may indicate significant differences in the pathogenesis of hematogenously disseminated versus locally invasive versus aspergillosis.
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Wang J, Mahmud SA, Bitterman PB, Huo Y, Slungaard A. Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress TF-kappaB-dependent agonist-driven tissue factor expression in endothelial cells and monocytes. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:28408-28418. [PMID: 17675290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703586200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), such as trichostatin A (TSA), can regulate gene expression by promoting acetylation of histones and transcription factors. Human tissue factor (TF) expression is partly governed by a unique, NF-kappaB-related "TF-kappaB" promoter binding site. We find that TSA and four other HDACi (apicidin, MS-275, sodium butyrate, and valproic acid) all inhibit by approximately 90% TF activity and protein level induction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated by the physiologic agonists tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-1beta, lipopolysaccharide, and HOSCN without affecting expression of the NF-kappaB-regulated adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and E-selectin. TSA and butyrate also blunt TF induction approximately 50% in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in vivo in thioglycolate-elicited murine peritoneal macrophages. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, TSA attenuates by approximately 70% TNF-alpha stimulation of TF mRNA transcription without affecting that of ICAM-1. By electrophoretic mobility shift assay analyses, TNF-alpha and lipopolysaccharide induce strong p65/p50 and p65/c-Rel heterodimer binding to both NF-kappaB and TF-kappaB probes. TSA nearly abolishes TF-kappaB binding without affecting NF-kappaB binding. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and a promoter-luciferase reporter system confirm that TSA inhibits TF-kappaB but not NF-kappaB activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and small interfering RNA inhibitor studies demonstrate that HDAC3 plays a significant role in TNF-alpha-mediated TF induction. Thus, HDACi transcriptionally inhibit agonist-induced TF expression in endothelial cells and monocytes by a TF-kappaB- and HDAC3-dependent mechanism. We conclude that histone deacetylases, particularly HDAC3, play a hitherto unsuspected role in regulating TF expression and raise the possibility that HDACi might be a novel therapy for thrombotic disorders.
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55
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Goldin-Lang P, Pels K, Tran QV, Szotowski B, Wittchen F, Antoniak S, Willich T, Witt H, Hummel M, Lenze D, Poller W, Schultheiss HP, Rauch U. Effect of ionizing radiation on cellular procoagulability and co-ordinated gene alterations. Haematologica 2007; 92:1091-8. [PMID: 17640852 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.10702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Ionizing radiation (IR) is associated with thrombotic vascular occlusion predicting a poor clinical outcome. Our study examined whether IR induced tissue factor (TF) expression and procoagulability. We further investigated coordinated gene alterations associated with TF upregulation in the myelomonocytic leukemia THP-1 cells. DESIGN AND METHODS TF expression was determined by quantitative Reverse Transcriptase (TaqMan) PCR, TF ELISA and TF activity by a two stage chromogenic assay in the time course of days 1, 3, 7, 10, and 17 post IR. To detect IR-induced alterations in gene expression, Affymetrix HG U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays were used. RESULTS IR induced a significant increase in TF/GAPDH mRNA ratios and cellular TF protein on days 3 and 7 post IR (20 Gy [p>or=0.01] and 40 Gy [p <or=0.01 vs. control]), suggesting a late and persistent induction of TF. An increase in cellular TF activity was already found 1 day post IR (20 Gy and 40 Gy [p>or=0.001] vs. control respectively), suggesting IR immediately alters the cellular thrombogenicity. TF upregulation post IR was confirmed in PBMNCs. Gene expression profiling showed IR increased the expression of inflammatory and apoptosis-related pathways known to be involved in the regulation of TF expression. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS TF upregulation together with inflammation and apoptosis may increase the thrombogenicity of tissues. The demonstrated upregulation of TF might play a pivotal role in radiation associated thrombosis.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/radiation effects
- Blood Coagulation Factors/biosynthesis
- Blood Coagulation Factors/genetics
- Blood Coagulation Factors/radiation effects
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor/radiation effects
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Factor Xa/biosynthesis
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/radiation effects
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/blood
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/complications
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute/pathology
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Particle Accelerators
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Radiation, Ionizing
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sulfones/pharmacology
- Thrombophilia/etiology
- Thromboplastin/biosynthesis
- Thromboplastin/genetics
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56
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Takamiya O, Ishikawa S, Ohnuma O, Suehisa H, Iijima K, Kayamori Y, Bando S, Higashi K. Japanese collaborative study to assess inter-laboratory variation in factor VII activity assays. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:1686-92. [PMID: 17488350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical phenotype manifest by patients with factor VII (FVII) deficiency correlates poorly with that predicted by laboratory tests. Despite its importance, there are no data on the variability of inter-laboratory determinations of low to very low plasma FVII activity (FVII:C). METHODS We distributed three FVII-deficient plasma samples, prepared by immunoaffinity chromatography, to 58 laboratories in Japan. All samples were assayed using standardized reference plasma as a calibrator. Recombinant thromboplastin was also supplied as a common reagent. RESULTS In the case of sample A, which had a very low FVII:C, the use of standardized reference plasma and thromboplastin, lowered the variability of inter-laboratory measurements, when compared with the variability observed when samples were assayed using the respective laboratory's routine method. CONCLUSIONS The data obtained indicated that results for samples with a very low FVII:C were greatly influenced by the number of plasma dilutions used in constructing a standard activity curve, and also by the type of calibrator and thromboplastin. Such variability was not seen for samples with moderate FVII:C. We conclude that it is necessary to develop a more sensitive and accurate FVII:C measurement system for the diagnosis and treatment of FVII deficiency.
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Napoleone E, DI Santo A, Amore C, Baccante G, di Febbo C, Porreca E, de Gaetano G, Donati MB, Lorenzet R. Leptin induces tissue factor expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: a possible link between obesity and cardiovascular risk? J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:1462-8. [PMID: 17425664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Leptin, the hormone synthesized and released primarily by adipose tissue and found increased in obese individuals, has been implicated in the regulation of inflammation and arterial and venous thrombosis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of tissue factor (TF), the pivotal agonist of the clotting cascade, as a link between obesity and cardiovascular disease. METHODS AND RESULTS In 15 obese patients, plasma levels of leptin and TF as well as TF expression in resting and endotoxin-stimulated mononuclear leukocytes (MN) were increased when compared with healthy donors. In a selected sample of obese patients, loss of body weight led to decreased circulating leptin levels, accompanied by a reduction in plasma TF as well as in TF expression, both in resting and endotoxin-stimulated MN. In subsequent in vitro experiments, leptin was incubated with MN from healthy subjects. Leptin induced TF activity and antigen in a dose-dependent fashion, as assessed by clotting assay and ELISA, respectively. Increased migration of c-Rel/p65 into the nucleus, as determined by EMSA, and development of TF mRNA in monocytes, as assessed by RT-PCR, were observed. Experiments with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, indicated the involvement of p38 and ERK1/2 pathways. CONCLUSIONS The presence of TF-expressing MN in blood from obese subjects and the in vitro induction of TF by pharmacologic concentrations of leptin in MN from healthy subjects suggest that TF expression by leptin-stimulated monocytes may contribute to the cardiovascular risk associated with obesity.
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58
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Panes O, Matus V, Sáez CG, Quiroga T, Pereira J, Mezzano D. Human platelets synthesize and express functional tissue factor. Blood 2007; 109:5242-50. [PMID: 17347408 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-030619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe source and significance of bloodborne tissue factor (TF) are controversial. TF mRNA, protein, and TF-dependent procoagulant activity (PCA) have been detected in human platelets, but direct evidence of TF synthesis is missing. Nonstimulated monocyte-free platelets from most patients expressed TF mRNA, which was enhanced or induced in all of them after platelet activation. Immunoprecipitation assays revealed TF protein (mainly of a molecular weight [Mr] of approximately 47 kDa, with other bands of approximately 35 and approximately 60 kDa) in nonstimulated platelet membranes, which also increased after activation. This enhancement was concomitant with TF translocation to the plasma membrane, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence–confocal microscopy and biotinylation of membrane proteins. Platelet PCA, assessed by factor Xa (FXa) generation, was induced after activation and was inhibited by 48% and 76% with anti-TF and anti-FVIIa, respectively, but not by intrinsic pathway inhibitors. Platelets incorporated [35S]-methionine into TF proteins with Mr of approximately 47 kDa, approximately 35 kDa, and approximately 60 kDa, more intensely after activation. Puromycin but not actinomycin D or DRB (5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole) inhibited TF neosynthesis. Thus, human platelets not only assemble the clotting reactions on their membrane, but also supply their own TF for thrombin generation in a timely and spatially circumscribed process. These observations simplify, unify, and provide a more coherent formulation of the current cell-based model of hemostasis.
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Ma QL, Sun M, Yang TL, Li YJ, Tang CE, Peng ZY, He SL, Chen FP. [Effects of Tongxinluo on cell viability and tissue factor in AngII induced vascular endothelial cells]. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2007; 32:485-9. [PMID: 17611330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of Tongxinluo on cell viability and tissue factor (TF) in AngII induced vascular endothelial cells and to investigate its mechanism. METHODS AngII(10(-6)mol/L) was added to human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) culture media alone or with various concentration of Tongxinluo drug containing plasma (5%,10%, and 20%) added 30 minutes before AngII. Cell viability was evaluated after 24-hour incubation with AngII in a dose manner. TF, AngII type 1 receptor (AT(1)) mRNA, NO synthase (NOS) and NO were observed after 24-hour incubation with AngII. In addition, NOS inhibitor nomega-nitro-larginine (L-NAME) was added 30 minutes before Tongxinluo and AngII. Cell viability, TF, AT(1)mRNA, the level of NOS and NO were evaluated after 24-hour incubation with Tongxinluo and AngII. RESULTS Tongxinluo significantly improved AngII induced endothelial cell viability and the effect was the most obvious at 10%. Tongxinluo (10%) decreased the TF and AT(1) mRNA while increased the NOS and NO levels. L-NAME obviously inhibited the effects of Tongxinluo on cell viability, TF, AT(1) mRNA, and NOS and NO levels. CONCLUSION Up-regulating NOS-NO signaling may be the mechanism of Tongxinluo on cell viability and TF in AngII induced vacular endothelial cells.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Humans
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Thromboplastin/biosynthesis
- Thromboplastin/genetics
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Nemmar A, Hoet PHM, Vandervoort P, Dinsdale D, Nemery B, Hoylaerts MF. Enhanced peripheral thrombogenicity after lung inflammation is mediated by platelet-leukocyte activation: role of P-selectin. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:1217-26. [PMID: 17403095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled ultrafine particles trigger peripheral thrombotic complications. METHODS We have analyzed the systemic prothrombotic risk following lung inflammation induced by pulmonary carbon nanotubes (CNTs). RESULTS Intratracheal instillation in Swiss mice of 200 and 400 microg of multiwall ground CNTs triggered substantial lung neutrophil, but not macrophage influx, 24 h later. The detection of circulating platelet-leukocyte conjugates exclusively 6 h after CNT instillation pointed to early but transient activation of circulating platelets. At 24 h, elevated plasma procoagulant microvesicular tissue factor activity was found in CNT-exposed but not in saline-exposed mice. However, at 24 h, both the tail and jugular vein bleeding times were prolonged in CNT-exposed but not in saline-exposed mice, arguing against strong CNT-induced platelet activation at this point. Nevertheless, at 24 h, enhanced peripheral thrombogenicity was detected in CNT-exposed but not in saline-exposed mice, via quantitative photochemically induced carotid artery thrombosis measurements. P-selectin neutralization abrogated platelet-leukocyte conjugate formation and microvesicular tissue factor generation, and abolished the CNT-induced thrombogenicity amplification. In contrast, the weak vascular injury-triggered thrombus formation in saline-treated mice was not affected by P-selectin neutralization at 24 h. CONCLUSIONS The mild CNT-induced lung inflammation translates via rapid but mild and transient activation of platelets into P-selectin-mediated systemic inflammation. Leukocyte activation leads to tissue factor release, in turn eliciting inflammation-induced procoagulant activity and an associated prothrombotic risk.
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Boden G, Vaidyula V, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Rao AK. Differential effects of somatostatin on circulating tissue factor procoagulant activity and protein. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E1333-9. [PMID: 17213471 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00483.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The tissue factor (TF) pathway is the primary mechanism for initiation of blood coagulation. Circulating blood contains TF, which originates mainly from monocytes and is thrombogenic. The presence of somatostatin (SMS) receptors on monocytes suggests the possibility that SMS may regulate TF synthesis and/or release. Circulating TF procoagulant activity (TF-PCA), factor VIIa activity (FVIIa; clotting assays), TF antigen (TF-Ag; ELISA), prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2), thrombin-antithrombin complexes (ELISAs), CD40 ligand expression on platelets, and monocyte-platelet aggregates (flow cytometry) were determined in blood from normal volunteers undergoing 24 h of basal glucose/basal insulin (BG/BI) clamps and high-glucose/high-insulin (HG/HI) clamps with and without SMS. Infusions of SMS under basal conditions (BG/BI) raised TF-PCA 1.8-fold (P < 0.03), TF-Ag 2.3-fold (P < 0.001), and TF expression on monocytes by 36% (P < 0.001) and decreased plasma levels of FVIIa by 30% (P < 0.001). Infusion of SMS reduced the 8.6-fold HG/HI-induced increase in TF-Ag by 26% and the 8.6-fold increase in TF-PCA by 100%. SMS also prevented the 60% increase in TF expression on monocytes, the 2.2-fold increase in F1.2, the 40% increase in CD40L expression on platelets, and the 17% increase in monocyte-platelet aggregates seen during HG/HI. We conclude that SMS completely prevented HG/HI-induced TF activation in normal volunteers and may be of use to reduce the procoagulant state and acute vascular events in hyperinsulinemic insulin-resistant patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Mizuochi Y, Okajima K, Harada N, Molor-Erdene P, Uchiba M, Komura H, Tsuda T, Katsuya H. Carvedilol, a nonselective beta-blocker, suppresses the production of tumor necrosis factor and tissue factor by inhibiting early growth response factor-1 expression in human monocytes in vitro. Transl Res 2007; 149:223-30. [PMID: 17383596 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and tissue factor (TF) produced by monocytes and macrophages have been shown to be among the aggravating factors for chronic heart failure (CHF), because they induce cardiac dysfunction and thrombotic complications, respectively. Carvedilol, a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with alpha(1)- adrenoceptor blockade action, has been demonstrated to improve the outcome of patients with severe CHF, suggesting that carvedilol might inhibit the production of TNF and TF. In this study, this possibility is examined using isolated human monocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. Carvedilol (10 muM) significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of TNF and TF by monocytes, whereas prazosin (a selective alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist), bisoprolol (a selective beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist), ICI-118,551 (a selective beta(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist), and arotinolol (a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with alpha(1)-adrenoceptor blockade action) did not. Carvedilol inhibited both expression of early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1) and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, but it did not inhibit activation of either nuclear factor-kappaB or activator protein-1 in monocytes stimulated with LPS. These results suggest that carvedilol inhibits LPS-induced production of TNF and TF by inhibiting activation of the ERK1/2-Egr-1 pathway independent of its adrenoceptor inhibitory activities in monocytes.
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63
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Zhang XH, Hu Y, Hong M, Xia LH, Guo T, Shen GX, Wei WN, Song SJ. [Effects of arsenic trioxide or retinoic acid on mRNA and protein expression of tissue factor and thrombomodulin and procoagulant activity in NB4 cells]. ZHONGGUO SHI YAN XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI 2007; 15:391-5. [PMID: 17493354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) or all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the mRNA and protein expression of tissue factor (TF) and thrombomodulin (TM) and procoagulant activity (PCA) in NB4 cells. The NB4 cells were cultured in vitro and treated with As(2)O(3) or ATRA, expression of TF and TM antigen, and PCA change of treated NB4 cells were detected with ELISA, TF and TM mRNA transcription on the NB4 cells was assayed with reversed transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results showed that 1 micromol/L As(2)O(3) and 1 micromol/L ATRA both gradually downregulated the expression of TF antigen and mRNA on NB4 cells, a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, in time-dependent manner, as compared with control. The levels of TF antigen expression in AS(2)O(3) group were 13.3 +/- 1.8, 8.6 +/- 1.9, 10.8 +/- 1.5, 2.0 +/- 0.6 and 2.6 +/- 0.9 ng/10(7) respectively; while the levels of TF antigen expression in ATRA group were 12.4 +/- 1.1, 11.3 +/- 1.8, 5.7 +/- 1.7, 2.8 +/- 0.8 and 2.0 +/- 0.6 ng/10(7) at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours respectively (P<0.05). The procoagulant activity (PCA) of NB4 cells was decreased, blood coagulation times were 123.5 +/- 10.5, 156.3 +/- 11.6, 179.3 +/- 15.3, 248.9 +/- 20.1, 312.0 +/- 29.8 seconds in As(2)O(3) groups, respectively; 76.4 +/- 5.6, 146.8 +/- 10.9, 198.2 +/- 15.6, 265.8 +/- 20.6 and 363.8 +/- 31.9 seconds in ATRA groups respectively at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours (P<0.05). ATRA upregulated TM antigen expression on NB4 cells. It is concluded that the As(2)O(3) and ATRA decrease mRNA transcription of TF, downregulate expression of TF and reduce procoagulant activity in NB4 cells. The TM transcription and expression upregulated by ATRA may alleviate dysfunction of coagulation in APL.
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Hahn CL, Best AM, Tew JG. Rapid tissue factor induction by oral streptococci and monocyte-IL-1beta. J Dent Res 2007; 86:255-9. [PMID: 17314258 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of pro-inflammatory cytokines to promote coagulation prompted the hypothesis that pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by oral streptococci might play a role in the pathogenesis of viridans endocarditis. We used supernatant fluids from peripheral blood mononuclear monocyte (PBMC) cultures, stimulated for just 4-6 hrs with representative streptococcal isolates, to study cytokines that promoted endothelial tissue factor (TF) activity. Neutralizing antibodies demonstrated that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was a major early endothelial TF inducer, and that recombinant IL-1beta was comparable with the supernatant fluid in activity. IL-1beta-rich supernatant fluids from oral streptococci-stimulated or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated PBMC cultures up-regulated the expression of endothelial ICAM-1 and E-selectin. These molecules could help trap TF-producing monocytes or dendritic cells bearing streptococci at the site. Thus, the rapid IL-1beta-inducing capacity of oral streptococci could facilitate the early deposition of bacteria in fibrin clots and promote endocarditis.
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Babiker AA, Ekdahl KN, Nilsson B, Ronquist G. Prothrombotic Effects of Prostasomes Isolated from Prostatic Cancer Cell Lines and Seminal Plasma. Semin Thromb Hemost 2007; 33:80-6. [PMID: 17253194 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-958466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thromboembolism is well recognized as a major complication of cancer. Many tumor cells overexpress tissue factor (TF), which activates blood coagulation in cancer patients. Inflammatory cells expressing TF are also contributors to this activation. In prostate cancer, we believe that prostasomes may also be involved in the initiation of blood coagulation. Prostasomes are submicron secretory granules derived from the prostate gland. They are surrounded by membrane and their extracellular appearance and membrane architecture are complex. Seminal prostasomes are believed to be necessary for successful fertilization and act as protectors of the spermatozoa in the lower and upper female genital tract. Cells from prostate cancer and its metastases are able to produce and export prostasomes to the extracellular environment. These prostasomes may differ quantitatively rather than qualitatively from their normal counterparts with regard to protein composition and function. A majority of human prostate cancers have been found to overexpress TF, and we have demonstrated by various methods that prostasomes derived from prostate cancer cells express considerably higher levels of TF compared with prostasomes of nonmalignant cell origin. The mechanism related to thromboembolic disease generated by prostasomes in prostatic cancer patients may be the early release of prostasomes from prostate cancer cells into the blood circulation, where they will evoke their blood-clotting effects.
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Li JQ, Zhao SP, Li QZ, Cai YC, Wu LR, Fang Y, Li P. Atorvastatin reduces tissue factor expression in adipose tissue of atherosclerotic rabbits. Int J Cardiol 2007; 115:229-34. [PMID: 16820231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently demonstrated that tissue factor (TF) expression increases in adipose tissues/adipocytes of cholesterol-fed rabbit, which is associated with a hypercoagulable state that contributes to thrombosis. In this study, we evaluated the ability of atorvastatin to modulate TF expression in cholesterol-fed rabbit and the regulatory mechanism. METHODS Male rabbits were randomly fed with normal diet and high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks, following 4 weeks, those fed high-cholesterol diet were randomly assigned to atorvastatin or starch. At the end of 12 weeks, subcutaneous adipose was collected, and culture adipocyte. TF mRNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). TF concentrations were determined with ELISA. The in vitro effect of atorvastatin and mevalonate (MVA) on TF production in adipocytes was observed. RESULTS Atorvastatin reduced serum TC and LDL-C levels (P<0.05), and decreased plasma TF concentration and expression in adipose tissues/adipocytes from cholesterol-fed rabbits. In vitro, atorvastatin dose-dependently suppressed TF expression and protein secretion in adipocytes. MVA reversed the inhibitory effect of atorvastatin on TF expression in concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Results provide further support for the antithrombotic effect of atorvastatin. It also indicated that mevalonate pathway may play an important role in TF expression in adipocyte.
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Mälarstig A, Siegbahn A. The intersubject variability of tissue factor mRNA production in human monocytes—relation with the toll-like receptor 4. Thromb Res 2007; 120:407-13. [PMID: 17157899 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue factor (TF) is known as the primary initiator of blood coagulation. Previous studies have suggested a considerable variation in the monocytic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated TF antigen levels and procoagulant activities between different individuals. Our aim with the present study was to investigate the replicability of LPS induced TF mRNA production in a series of standardised experiments with the purpose to identify putative factors influencing the TF high and low response. RESULTS A constant and reproducible production of LPS induced TF mRNA was identified in five high responders and three low responders (out of 42 individuals) and followed-up in three subsequent experiments performed over 2 years. The LPS induced TF mRNA production correlated with the corresponding expressions of interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alfa and interleukin-1 beta, indicating a common pathway with the TF high and low response. A strong and significant correlation between the LPS induced TF and toll-like receptor 4 mRNA expressions was subsequently identified and replicated. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a high and low responder phenomenon of LPS induced TF mRNA in human monocytes. The production of toll-like receptor 4 mRNA was significantly enhanced in TF high responders.
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Lwaleed BA, Vayro S, Racusen LC, Cooper AJ. Tissue factor expression by a human kidney proximal tubular cell line in vitro: a model relevant to urinary tissue factor secretion in disease? J Clin Pathol 2006; 60:762-7. [PMID: 17158639 PMCID: PMC1995797 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2006.039636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study baseline and stimulated tissue factor (TF) production from a normal, albeit immortalised, human kidney proximal tubular cell line (HKC-5), in order to establish a model for investigating the role of inflammatory mediators in the increased urinary TF (uTF) seen in inflammatory and neoplastic disease. METHODS TF procoagulant activity, expression and secretion in HKC-5 cells were investigated using TF activity and antigen assays, fluorescence confocal microscopy and immunocytochemistry. TF expression in the HKC-5 cells was also studied using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and its synthesis was suppressed using antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), directed against human TF mRNA. Cells were stimulated, after serum deprivation, with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an agonist known to enhance TF expression in monocytes. They were also subject to serum starvation. RESULTS Analysis by RT-PCR showed TF production by stimulated and actively metabolising HKC-5 cells. Antisense ODN treatment resulted in approximately 50% suppression of TF synthesis compared to a mismatch ODN. The amount of TF produced by the HKC-5 cells was time dependent and coincides with a decrease in the intracellular TF levels. LPS up-regulated TF production in HKC-5 cells. Reducing fetal calf serum concentrations in the culture medium decreased TF production and secretion. CONCLUSION Stimulated TF synthesis and secretion in vitro by HKC-5 cells is consistent with the hypothesis that uTF is produced by tubular cells influenced by mediators of disease states and provides a model for further mechanistic investigations.
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Dong CX, Hu Y, Wang HF, Sun CY, Wang YD, He WJ, Zhang XP. [PPARalpha agonist--fenofibrate inhibits LPS-induced tissue factor expression in THP-1 cells]. ZHONGGUO SHI YAN XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI 2006; 14:1227-30. [PMID: 17204199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the influence of PPARalpha agonist on the expression of TF (tissue factor) in THP-1 cells. THP-1 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of PPARalpha agonist (fenofibrate) for definite time. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TF mRNA and protein levels were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot respectively. The results showed that fenofibrate decreased tissue factor protein and mRNA expression in supernatants of LPS-stimulated human monocytes in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05 - 0.01, n = 5). It is concluded that fenofibrate inhibit TF expression induced by LPS in THP-1 cells, which may be involved in the anti-atherosclerotic effects of PPARalpha agonist.
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Malý MA, Tomasov P, Hájek P, Blasko P, Hrachovinová I, Salaj P, Veselka J. The role of tissue factor in thrombosis and hemostasis. Physiol Res 2006; 56:685-695. [PMID: 17087602 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.931054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tissue factor (TF) is one of the most important regulators of arterial thrombosis. Because arterial thrombosis is the pathophysiologic background of acute coronary syndrome, the possible impact of blocking the arterial thrombosis on its onset is a challenging problem. The investigations of TF brought a new concept of "cell-based coagulation model" which highlighted the question of blood-borne TF as a source of TF in circulating blood. In this review we summarize essential information on the pathophysiology, molecular structure, expression and distribution of TF and we propose a novel concept of blood-borne TF, suggesting the possibilities of inhibition of the coagulation cascade with newly synthetized drugs.
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Steffel J, Arnet C, Akhmedov A, Iseli SM, Lüscher TF, Tanner FC. Histamine differentially interacts with tumor necrosis factor-alpha and thrombin in endothelial tissue factor induction: the role of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:2452-60. [PMID: 16938121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histamine plays an important role in vascular disease. Tissue factor (TF) expression is induced in vascular inflammation and acute coronary syndromes. OBJECTIVES This study examined the effect of histamine on tumor necrosis factor-alpha- (TNF-alpha-) vs. thrombin-induced endothelial TF expression. METHODS AND RESULTS Histamine (10(-8)-10(-5) mol L-1), TNF-alpha (5 ng mL-1), and thrombin (1 U mL-1) induced TF expression in human endothelial cells. Although TF expression by TNF-alpha and thrombin was identical, histamine augmented TNF-alpha-induced expression 7.0-fold, but thrombin-induced expression only 2.6-fold. Similar responses occurred with TF activity. The H1-receptor antagonist mepyramine abrogated these effects. Differential augmentation by histamine was also observed at the mRNA level. Histamine-induced p38 activation preceded a weak second activation to both TNF-alpha and thrombin. Histamine-induced c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activation was followed by a strong second activation to TNF-alpha, and less to thrombin. Selective inhibition of this second JNK activation by SP600125 reduced TF induction to histamine plus TNF-alpha by 67%, but to histamine plus thrombin by only 32%. Histamine augmented TNF-alpha- and thrombin-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression to a similar extent. Consistent with this observation, VCAM-1 induction to TNF-alpha and thrombin was mediated by p38, but not by JNK. CONCLUSIONS Histamine differentially augments TNF-alpha- vs. thrombin-induced TF expression and activity, which is mediated by the H1-receptor, occurs at the mRNA level, and is related to differential JNK activation.
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Li C, Colman LM, Collier MEW, Dyer CE, Greenman J, Ettelaie C. Tumour-expressed tissue factor inhibits cellular cytotoxicity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:1301-8. [PMID: 16453151 PMCID: PMC11030702 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The association between tissue factor (TF) expression and increased rate of tumour metastasis is well established. In this study, we have examined the hypothesis that the expression of TF by disseminated tumour cells confers protection against immune recognition and cytotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A hybrid EGFP-TF protein was expressed in HT29 colon carcinoma and K562 lymphoblast cell lines. To assess the cytotoxic activity against tumour cells over-expressing TF, a novel method was used, based on the direct measurement of fluorescently labelled HT29 or K562 target cells. RESULTS Upon challenge with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), tumour cells expressing TF partially evaded cellular cytotoxicity (Delta=15-40% reduction in cytotoxicity). Moreover, the influence of TF was not primarily dependent on its procoagulant function, although the inclusion of 20% (v/v) plasma did lower the rate of cytotoxicity against untransfected cells. However, expression of a truncated form of TF, devoid of the cytoplasmic domain, did not mediate any degree of inhibition of cytotoxicity, suggesting that the protective function of TF is principally due to this domain. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TF can promote immune evasion in tumour cells expressing this protein leading to increased survival and therefore metastatic rate in such cells.
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Nadir Y, Brenner B, Zetser A, Ilan N, Shafat I, Zcharia E, Goldshmidt O, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase induces tissue factor expression in vascular endothelial and cancer cells. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:2443-51. [PMID: 16970801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over-expression of tissue factor (TF) and activation of the coagulation system are common in cancer patients. Heparanase is an endo-beta-D-glucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate chains on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix, activity that closely correlates with cell invasion, angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. The study was undertaken to investigate the involvement of heparanase in TF expression. METHODS Tumor-derived cell lines were transfected with heparanase cDNA and TF expression was examined. The effect of exogenous addition of active and inactive heparanase on TF expression and activity was studied in tumor cell lines and primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells. TF expression was also explored in heparanase over-expressing transgenic (Tg) mice. Blast cells were collected from acute leukemia patients and TF and heparanase expression levels were analyzed. RESULTS Over-expression of heparanase in tumor-derived cell lines resulted in a 2-fold increase in TF expression levels, and a similar trend was observed in heparanase Tg mice in vivo. Likewise, exogenous addition of heparanase to endothelial or tumor-derived cells resulted in enhanced TF expression and activity. Interestingly, TF expression was also induced in response to enzymatically inactive heparanase, suggesting that this effect was independent of heparanase enzymatic activity. The regulatory effect of heparanase on TF expression involved activation of the p38 signaling pathway. A positive correlation between TF expression levels and heparanase activity was found in blasts collected from 22 acute leukemia patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that in addition to its well-known function as an enzyme paving a way for invading cells, heparanase also participates in the regulation of TF gene expression and its related coagulation pathways.
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Cuadrado MJ, Buendía P, Velasco F, Aguirre MA, Barbarroja N, Torres LA, Khamashta M, López-Pedrera C. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in monocytes from patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:2461-9. [PMID: 16968331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the described mechanisms leading to thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is overexpression of tissue factor (TF) in the monocytes and endothelial cells of patients with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may stimulate monocyte TF expression through its receptor, the tyrosine kinase Flt-1. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to analyze the following in monocytes of 55 primary APS patients: VEGF and Flt-1 expression levels, their potential regulation by aPL, and the association of VEGF and Flt-1 expression with the increased TF expression found in APS patients. RESULTS Purified monocytes from APS patients showed higher levels of VEGF and Flt-1 than healthy donors, which further correlated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) anticardiolipin titers and TF expression rank. Moreover, monocyte VEGF and Flt-1 levels were significantly higher in patients with than in patients without previous thrombosis. In vitro, IgG from APS patients increased monocyte VEGF and Flt-1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. VEGF and Flt-1 expression was significantly inhibited by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580; this suggests the involvement of this kinase in the aPL-induced VEGF and Flt-1 upregulation. CONCLUSIONS Our data show, for the first time in vivo, that monocytes from primary APS patients have an increased expression of VEGF and Flt-1. Furthermore, in vitro results indicated that this cytokine is produced by monocytes when treated with aPL, and that the p38 MAPK signaling pathway plays an important role. Thus, VEGF might act as a regulatory factor in aPL-mediated monocyte activation and TF expression, thereby contributing to the proinflammatory-prothrombotic phenotype of APS patients.
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Cho JY, Yoo ES, Cha BC, Park HJ, Rhee MH, Han YN. The inhibitory effect of triterpenoid glycosides originating from Sanguisorba officinalis on tissue factor activity and the production of TNF-alpha. PLANTA MEDICA 2006; 72:1279-84. [PMID: 17022001 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-947257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We examined the inhibitory effects of novel triterpene glycoside compounds [ziyu-glycoside II (ZY-II) and its methyl ester (ZYM-201)], which originated from the roots of sanguisorba officinalis L. (Rosaceae), on tissue factor (TF) activity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production. In in vitro TF activity tests, ZY-II but not ZYM-201 strongly blocked lung TF activity with an IC50 value of 0.46 microM. By contrast, only ZYM-201 dose-dependently inhibited in vivo TF activity with an ED50 value of 1.7 mg/kg, when orally administered. Furthermore, ZYM-201 diminished both in vitro and in vivo TNF-alpha production with IC50 or ED50 values of 69.4 microM and 87.4 mg/kg, respectively. Therefore, these results suggest either that ZYM-201 may be developed as a potent inhibitor of both TF- and TNF-alpha-mediated diseases such as atherosclerosis and septic shock, or it may be a lead compound to be derivatized for further improvement of its curative efficacy.
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