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Fan Y, Stronsky SM, Xu Y, Steffens JT, van Tongeren SA, Erwin A, Cooper CL, Moon JJ. Multilamellar Vaccine Particle Elicits Potent Immune Activation with Protein Antigens and Protects Mice against Ebola Virus Infection. ACS NANO 2019; 13:11087-11096. [PMID: 31497947 PMCID: PMC6834342 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases, such as Ebola virus disease (EVD), highlight the urgent need to develop effective countermeasures, including prophylactic vaccines. Subunit proteins derived from pathogens provide a safe source of antigens for vaccination, but they are often limited by their low immunogenicity. We have developed a multilamellar vaccine particle (MVP) system composed of lipid-hyaluronic acid multi-cross-linked hybrid nanoparticles for vaccination with protein antigens and demonstrate their efficacy against Ebola virus (EBOV) exposure. MVPs efficiently accumulated in dendritic cells and promote antigen processing. Mice immunized with MVPs elicited robust and long-lasting antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell immune responses as well as humoral immunity. A single-dose vaccination with MVPs delivering EBOV glycoprotein achieved an 80% protection rate against lethal EBOV infection. These results suggest that MVPs offer a promising platform for improving recombinant protein-based vaccine approaches.
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Nosrati M, Behbahani M, Mohabatkar H. Towards the first multi-epitope recombinant vaccine against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: A computer-aided vaccine design approach. J Biomed Inform 2019; 93:103160. [PMID: 30928513 PMCID: PMC7106074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is considered one of the major public health concerns with case fatality rates of up to 80%. Currently, there is no effective approved vaccine for CCHF. In this study, we used a computer-aided vaccine design approach to develop the first multi-epitope recombinant vaccine for CCHF. For this purpose, linear B-cell and T-cell binding epitopes from two structural glycoproteins of CCHF virus including Gc and Gn were predicted. The epitopes were further studied regarding their antigenicity, allergenicity, hydrophobicity, stability, toxicity and population coverage. A total number of seven epitopes including five T-cell and two B-cell epitopes were screened for the final vaccine construct. Final vaccine construct composed of 382 amino acid residues which were organized in four domains including linear B-cell, T-cell epitopes and cholera toxin B-subunit (CTxB) along with heat labile enterotoxin IIc B subunit (LT-IIc) as adjuvants. All the segments were joined using appropriate linkers. The physicochemical properties as well as the presence of IFN-γ inducing epitopes in the proposed vaccine, was also checked to determining the vaccine stability, solubility and its ability to induce cell-mediated immune responses. The 3D structure of proposed vaccine was subjected to the prediction of computational B-cell epitopes and molecular docking studies with MHC-I and II molecules. Furthermore, molecular dynamics stimulations were performed to study the vaccine-MHCs complexes stability during stimulation time. The results suggest that our proposed vaccine was stable, well soluble in water and potentially antigenic. Results also demonstrated that the vaccine can induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and could serve as a promising anti-CCHF vaccine candidate.
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Mbewana S, Meyers AE, Rybicki EP. Chimaeric Rift Valley Fever Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Candidate Production in Nicotiana benthamiana. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800238. [PMID: 30488669 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging mosquito-borne virus and hemorrhagic fever agent, which causes abortion storms in farmed small ruminants and potentially causes miscarriages in humans. Although live-attenuated vaccines are available for animals, they can only be used in endemic areas and there are currently no commercially available vaccines for humans. Here the authors describe the production of chimaeric RVFV virus-like particles transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. The glycoprotein (Gn) gene is modified by removing its ectodomain (Gne) and fusing it to the transmembrane domain and cytosolic tail-encoding region of avian influenza H5N1 hemagglutinin. This is expressed transiently in N. benthamiana with purified protein yields calculated to be ≈57 mg kg-1 fresh weight. Transmission electron microscopy shows putative chimaeric RVFV Gne-HA particles of 49-60 nm which are immunogenic, eliciting Gn-specific antibody responses in vaccinated mice without the use of adjuvant. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the synthesis of Gne-HA chimaeric RVFV VLPs and the first demonstration of a detectable yield of RVFV Gn in plants.
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Xia M, Huang P, Sun C, Han L, Vago FS, Li K, Zhong W, Jiang W, Klassen JS, Jiang X, Tan M. Bioengineered Norovirus S 60 Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional Vaccine Platform. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10665-10682. [PMID: 30234973 PMCID: PMC6261714 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Homotypic interactions of viral capsid proteins are common, driving viral capsid self-formation. By taking advantage of such interactions of the norovirus shell (S) domain that naturally builds the interior shells of norovirus capsids, we have developed a technology to produce 60-valent, icosahedral S60 nanoparticles through the E. coli system. This has been achieved by several modifications to the S domain, including an R69A mutation to destruct an exposed proteinase cleavage site and triple cysteine mutations (V57C/Q58C/S136C) to establish inter-S domain disulfide bonds for enhanced inter-S domain interactions. The polyvalent S60 nanoparticle with 60 exposed S domain C-termini offers an ideal platform for antigen presentation, leading to enhanced immunogenicity to the surface-displayed antigens for vaccine development. This was proven by constructing a chimeric S60 nanoparticle displaying 60 rotavirus (RV) VP8* proteins, the major RV-neutralizing antigen. These S60-VP8* particles are easily produced and elicited high IgG response in mice toward the displayed VP8* antigens. The mouse antisera after immunization with the S60-VP8* particles exhibited high blockades against RV VP8* binding to its glycan ligands and high neutralizing activities against RV infection in culture cells. The three-dimensional structures of the S60 and S60-VP8* particles were studied. Furthermore, the S60 nanoparticle can display other antigens, supporting the notion that the S60 nanoparticle is a multifunctional vaccine platform. Finally, the intermolecular disulfide bond approach may be used to stabilize other viral-like particles to display foreign antigens for vaccine development.
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Stewart-Jones GBE, Chuang GY, Xu K, Zhou T, Acharya P, Tsybovsky Y, Ou L, Zhang B, Fernandez-Rodriguez B, Gilardi V, Silacci-Fregni C, Beltramello M, Baxa U, Druz A, Kong WP, Thomas PV, Yang Y, Foulds KE, Todd JP, Wei H, Salazar AM, Scorpio DG, Carragher B, Potter CS, Corti D, Mascola JR, Lanzavecchia A, Kwong PD. Structure-based design of a quadrivalent fusion glycoprotein vaccine for human parainfluenza virus types 1-4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12265-12270. [PMID: 30420505 PMCID: PMC6275507 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811980115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parainfluenza virus types 1-4 (PIV1-4) are highly infectious human pathogens, of which PIV3 is most commonly responsible for severe respiratory illness in newborns, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. To obtain a vaccine effective against all four PIV types, we engineered mutations in each of the four PIV fusion (F) glycoproteins to stabilize their metastable prefusion states, as such stabilization had previously enabled the elicitation of high-titer neutralizing antibodies against the related respiratory syncytial virus. A cryoelectron microscopy structure of an engineered PIV3 F prefusion-stabilized trimer, bound to the prefusion-specific antibody PIA174, revealed atomic-level details for how introduced mutations improved stability as well as how a single PIA174 antibody recognized the trimeric apex of prefusion PIV3 F. Nine combinations of six newly identified disulfides and two cavity-filling mutations stabilized the prefusion PIV3 F immunogens and induced 200- to 500-fold higher neutralizing titers in mice than were elicited by PIV3 F in the postfusion conformation. For PIV1, PIV2, and PIV4, we also obtained stabilized prefusion Fs, for which prefusion versus postfusion titers were 2- to 20-fold higher. Elicited murine responses were PIV type-specific, with little cross-neutralization of other PIVs. In nonhuman primates (NHPs), quadrivalent immunization with prefusion-stabilized Fs from PIV1-4 consistently induced potent neutralizing responses against all four PIVs. For PIV3, the average elicited NHP titer from the quadrivalent immunization was more than fivefold higher than any titer observed in a cohort of over 100 human adults, highlighting the ability of a prefusion-stabilized immunogen to elicit especially potent neutralization.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Female
- Humans
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Mice
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/chemistry
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/immunology
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/chemistry
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human/immunology
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/chemistry
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/immunology
- Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human/chemistry
- Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
- Respirovirus Infections/immunology
- Respirovirus Infections/prevention & control
- Respirovirus Infections/virology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Li J, Helal ZH, Karch CP, Mishra N, Girshick T, Garmendia A, Burkhard P, Khan MI. A self-adjuvanted nanoparticle based vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203771. [PMID: 30216376 PMCID: PMC6138407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) affects poultry respiratory, renal and reproductive systems. Currently the efficacy of available live attenuated or killed vaccines against IBV has been challenged. We designed a novel IBV vaccine alternative using a highly innovative platform called Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticle (SAPN). In this vaccine, B cell epitopes derived from the second heptad repeat (HR2) region of IBV spike proteins were repetitively presented in its native trimeric conformation. In addition, flagellin was co-displayed in the SAPN to achieve a self-adjuvanted effect. Three groups of chickens were immunized at four weeks of age with the vaccine prototype, IBV-Flagellin-SAPN, a negative-control construct Flagellin-SAPN or a buffer control. The immunized chickens were challenged with 5x104.7 EID50 IBV M41 strain. High antibody responses were detected in chickens immunized with IBV-Flagellin-SAPN. In ex vivo proliferation tests, peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from IBV-Flagellin-SAPN immunized chickens had a significantly higher stimulation index than that of PBMCs from chickens receiving Flagellin-SAPN. Chickens immunized with IBV-Flagellin-SAPN had a significant reduction of tracheal virus shedding and lesser tracheal lesion scores than did negative control chickens. The data demonstrated that the IBV-Flagellin-SAPN holds promise as a vaccine for IBV.
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57
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Cibulski SP, Rivera-Patron M, Mourglia-Ettlin G, Casaravilla C, Yendo ACA, Fett-Neto AG, Chabalgoity JA, Moreno M, Roehe PM, Silveira F. Quillaja brasiliensis saponin-based nanoparticulate adjuvants are capable of triggering early immune responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13582. [PMID: 30206376 PMCID: PMC6134118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercially available saponins are extracted from Quillaja saponaria barks, being Quil A® the most widely used. Nanoparticulate immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs or ISCOMATRIX) formulated with these, are able to stimulate strong humoral and cellular immune responses. Recently, we formulated novel ISCOMs replacing QuilA® by QB-90 (IQB-90), a Quillaja brasiliensis leaf-extracted saponin fraction, and reported that IQB-90 improved antigen uptake, and induced systemic and mucosal antibody production, and T-cell responses. However, its mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study we provide a deeper insight into the immune stimulatory properties of QB-90 and ISCOMATRIX-like based on this fraction (IMXQB-90). We show herein that, when used as a viral vaccine adjuvant, QB-90 promotes an "immunocompetent environment". In addition, QB-90 and IMXQB-90 induce immune-cells recruitment at draining-lymph nodes and spleen. Subsequently, we prove that QB-90 or IMXQB-90 stimulated dendritic cells secret IL-1β by mechanisms involving Caspase-1/11 and MyD88 pathways, implying canonical inflammasome activation. Finally, both formulations induce a change in the expression of cytokines and chemokines coding genes, many of which are up-regulated. Findings reported here provide important insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the adjuvant activity of Q. brasiliensis leaf-saponins and its respective nanoparticles.
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Sevvana M, Long F, Miller AS, Klose T, Buda G, Sun L, Kuhn RJ, Rossmann MG. Refinement and Analysis of the Mature Zika Virus Cryo-EM Structure at 3.1 Å Resolution. Structure 2018; 26:1169-1177.e3. [PMID: 29958768 PMCID: PMC6125166 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Among the several arthropod-borne human flaviviral diseases, the recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused devastating birth defects and neurological disorders, challenging the world with another major public health concern. We report here the refined structure of the mature ZIKV at a resolution of 3.1 Å as determined by cryo-electron microscopic single-particle reconstruction. The improvement in the resolution, compared with previous enveloped virus structures, was the result of optimized virus preparation methods and data processing techniques. The glycoprotein interactions and surface properties of ZIKV were compared with other mosquito-borne flavivirus structures. The largest structural differences and sequence variations occur at the glycosylation loop associated with receptor binding. Probable drug binding pockets were identified on the viral surface. These results also provide a structural basis for the design of vaccines against ZIKV.
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Kudlacek ST, Premkumar L, Metz SW, Tripathy A, Bobkov AA, Payne AM, Graham S, Brackbill JA, Miley MJ, de Silva AM, Kuhlman B. Physiological temperatures reduce dimerization of dengue and Zika virus recombinant envelope proteins. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8922-8933. [PMID: 29678884 PMCID: PMC5995514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of dengue (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) is a major public health concern. The primary target of antibodies that neutralize DENV and ZIKV is the envelope (E) glycoprotein, and there is interest in using soluble recombinant E (sRecE) proteins as subunit vaccines. However, the most potent neutralizing antibodies against DENV and ZIKV recognize epitopes on the virion surface that span two or more E proteins. Therefore, to create effective DENV and ZIKV vaccines, presentation of these quaternary epitopes may be necessary. The sRecE proteins from DENV and ZIKV crystallize as native-like dimers, but studies in solution suggest that these dimers are marginally stable. To better understand the challenges associated with creating stable sRecE dimers, we characterized the thermostability of sRecE proteins from ZIKV and three DENV serotypes, DENV2-4. All four proteins irreversibly unfolded at moderate temperatures (46-53 °C). At 23 °C and low micromolar concentrations, DENV2 and ZIKV were primarily dimeric, and DENV3-4 were primarily monomeric, whereas at 37 °C, all four proteins were predominantly monomeric. We further show that the dissociation constant for DENV2 dimerization is very temperature-sensitive, ranging from <1 μm at 25 °C to 50 μm at 41 °C, due to a large exothermic enthalpy of binding of -79 kcal/mol. We also found that quaternary epitope antibody binding to DENV2-4 and ZIKV sRecE is reduced at 37 °C. Our observation of reduced sRecE dimerization at physiological temperature highlights the need for stabilizing the dimer as part of its development as a subunit vaccine.
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60
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Khan AM, Hu Y, Miotto O, Thevasagayam NM, Sukumaran R, Abd Raman HS, Brusic V, Tan TW, Thomas August J. Analysis of viral diversity for vaccine target discovery. BMC Med Genomics 2017; 10:78. [PMID: 29322922 PMCID: PMC5763473 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-017-0301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral vaccine target discovery requires understanding the diversity of both the virus and the human immune system. The readily available and rapidly growing pool of viral sequence data in the public domain enable the identification and characterization of immune targets relevant to adaptive immunity. A systematic bioinformatics approach is necessary to facilitate the analysis of such large datasets for selection of potential candidate vaccine targets. RESULTS This work describes a computational methodology to achieve this analysis, with data of dengue, West Nile, hepatitis A, HIV-1, and influenza A viruses as examples. Our methodology has been implemented as an analytical pipeline that brings significant advancement to the field of reverse vaccinology, enabling systematic screening of known sequence data in nature for identification of vaccine targets. This includes key steps (i) comprehensive and extensive collection of sequence data of viral proteomes (the virome), (ii) data cleaning, (iii) large-scale sequence alignments, (iv) peptide entropy analysis, (v) intra- and inter-species variation analysis of conserved sequences, including human homology analysis, and (vi) functional and immunological relevance analysis. CONCLUSION These steps are combined into the pipeline ensuring that a more refined process, as compared to a simple evolutionary conservation analysis, will facilitate a better selection of vaccine targets and their prioritization for subsequent experimental validation.
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61
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Zhao D, Sun B, Sun S, Fu B, Liu C, Liu D, Chu Y, Ma Y, Bai L, Wu Y, Zhou Y, Su W, Hou A, Cai L, Xu F, Kong W, Jiang C. Characterization of human enterovirus71 virus-like particles used for vaccine antigens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181182. [PMID: 28732070 PMCID: PMC5521781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative pathogen of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and has caused outbreaks with significant mortality among young children in the Asia-Pacific region in recent years. Towards developing a vaccine for this disease, we have expressed and purified EV71 virus-like particles (VLPs), which resemble the authentic virus in appearance, capsid structure and protein sequence, from insect cells (Sf9) using a multistep chromatography process. We demonstrated intracellular localization of the VLPs in host cells by in situ immunogold detection, electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Characteristics of these EV71 VLPs were studied using a variety of immunological and physicochemical techniques, which aimed to reveal that the purified EV71 VLPs have good morphology and structure consistent with natural EV71 empty capsids. Results of the amino acid analysis, SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and high-performance liquid chromatography confirmed the high purity of the EV71 VLPs. However the sedimentation coefficient of the VLPs showed that they were smaller than that of secreted EV71 VLPs purified by discontinuous cesium chloride density gradients, they were similar to the empty capsids of natural EV71 virions reported previously. Combined with the previous study that EV71 VLPs purified by a multistep chromatography process were able to elicit strong humoral immune responses in mice, our results further supported the conclusion that our EV71 VLPs had well-preserved molecular and structural characteristics. The EV71 VLPs produced from the baculovirus expression system and purified by a multistep chromatography process displayed key structural and immunological features, which would contribute to their efficacy as a HFMD vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Dynamic Light Scattering
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mass Spectrometry
- Microscopy, Atomic Force
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Sf9 Cells
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/chemistry
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/ultrastructure
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Ball JP, Springer MJ, Ni Y, Finger-Baker I, Martinez J, Hahn J, Suber JF, DiMarco AV, Talton JD, Cobb RR. Intranasal delivery of a bivalent norovirus vaccine formulated in an in situ gelling dry powder. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177310. [PMID: 28545100 PMCID: PMC5436670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The global health community is beginning to understand the burden of norovirus-associated disease, which has a significant impact in both developed and developing countries. Norovirus virus like particle (VLP)-based vaccines are currently under development and have been shown to elicit systemic and mucosal immune responses when delivered intranasally. In the present study, we describe the use of a dry powder formulation (GelVac™) with an in situ gelling polysaccharide (GelSite™) extracted from Aloe vera for nasal delivery of a bivalent vaccine formulation containing both GI and GII.4 norovirus VLPs. Dose-ranging studies were performed to identify the optimal antigen dosages based on systemic and mucosal immune responses in guinea pigs and determine any antigenic interference. A dose-dependent increase in systemic and mucosal immunogenicity against each of the VLPs were observed as well as a boosting effect for each VLP after the second dosing. A total antigen dose of ≥50 μg of each GI and GII.4 VLPs was determined to be the maximally immunogenic dose in guinea pigs. The immunogenicity results of this bivalent formulation, taken together with previous work on monovalent GelVac™ norovirus vaccine formulation, provides a basis for future development of this norovirus VLP vaccine.
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63
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Scott KA, Kotecha A, Seago J, Ren J, Fry EE, Stuart DI, Charleston B, Maree FF. SAT2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Structurally Modified for Increased Thermostability. J Virol 2017; 91:e02312-16. [PMID: 28298597 PMCID: PMC5411616 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02312-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), particularly strains of the O and SAT serotypes, is notoriously unstable. Consequently, vaccines derived from heat-labile SAT viruses have been linked to the induction of immunity with a poor duration and hence require more frequent vaccinations to ensure protection. In silico calculations predicted residue substitutions that would increase interactions at the interpentamer interface, supporting increased stability. We assessed the stability of the 18 recombinant mutant viruses in regard to their growth kinetics, antigenicity, plaque morphology, genetic stability, and temperature, ionic, and pH stability by using Thermofluor and inactivation assays in order to evaluate potential SAT2 vaccine candidates with improved stability. The most stable mutant for temperature and pH stability was the S2093Y single mutant, while other promising mutants were the E3198A, L2094V, and S2093H single mutants and the F2062Y-H2087M-H3143V triple mutant. Although the S2093Y mutant had the greatest stability, it exhibited smaller plaques, a reduced growth rate, a change in monoclonal antibody footprint, and poor genetic stability properties compared to those of the wild-type virus. However, these factors affecting production can be overcome. The addition of 1 M NaCl was found to further increase the stability of the SAT2 panel of viruses. The S2093Y and S2093H mutants were selected for future use in stabilizing SAT2 vaccines.IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious acute vesicular disease in cloven-hoofed livestock and wildlife. The control of the disease by vaccination is essential, especially at livestock-wildlife interfaces. The instability of some serotypes, such as SAT2, affects the quality of vaccines and therefore the duration of immunity. We have shown that we can improve the stability of SAT2 viruses by mutating residues at the capsid interface through predictive modeling. This is an important finding for the potential use of such mutants in improving the stability of SAT2 vaccines in countries where FMD is endemic, which rely heavily on the maintenance of the cold chain, with potential improvement to the duration of immune responses.
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64
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Chapman R, Jongwe TI, Douglass N, Chege G, Williamson AL. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination with DNA and MVA vaccines, expressing HIV-1 subtype C mosaic Gag virus-like particles, is highly immunogenic in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173352. [PMID: 28278263 PMCID: PMC5344398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In an effort to make affordable vaccines suitable for the regions most affected by HIV-1, we have constructed stable vaccines that express an HIV-1 subtype C mosaic Gag immunogen (BCG-GagM, MVA-GagM and DNA-GagM). Mosaic immunogens have been designed to address the tremendous diversity of this virus. Here we have shown that GagM buds from cells infected and transfected with MVA-GagM and DNA-GagM respectively and forms virus-like particles. Previously we showed that a BCG-GagM prime MVA-GagM boost generated strong cellular immune responses in mice. In this study immune responses to the DNA-GagM and MVA-GagM vaccines were evaluated in homologous and heterologous prime-boost vaccinations. The DNA homologous prime boost vaccination elicited predominantly CD8+ T cells while the homologous MVA vaccination induced predominantly CD4+ T cells. A heterologous DNA-GagM prime MVA-GagM boost induced strong, more balanced Gag CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses and that were predominantly of an effector memory phenotype. The immunogenicity of the mosaic Gag (GagM) was compared to a naturally occurring subtype C Gag (GagN) using a DNA homologous vaccination regimen. DNA-GagN expresses a natural Gag with a sequence that was closest to the consensus sequence of subtype C viruses sampled in South Africa. DNA-GagM homologous vaccination induced cumulative HIV-1 Gag-specific IFN-γ ELISPOT responses that were 6.5-fold higher than those induced by the DNA-GagN vaccination. Similarly, DNA-GagM vaccination generated 7-fold higher levels of cytokine-positive CD8+ T cells than DNA-GagN, indicating that this subtype C mosaic Gag elicits far more potent immune responses than a consensus-type Gag. Cells transfected and infected with DNA-GagM and MVA-GagM respectively, expressed high levels of GagM and produced budding virus-like particles. Our data indicates that a heterologous prime boost regimen using DNA and MVA vaccines expressing HIV-1 subtype C mosaic Gag is highly immunogenic in mice and warrants further investigation in non-human primates.
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Ma Y, Lu Y, Guan G, Luo J, Niu Q, Liu J, Yin H, Liu G. Flower-like ZnO nanostructure assisted loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Japanese encephalitis virus. Virus Res 2017; 232:34-40. [PMID: 28137456 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we described a novel and effective flower-like ZnO nanostructure assisted Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) method to detect Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV). The effects of different concentrations of ZnO nanoflower on the RT-LAMP reaction were investigated. With the increase of concentration of ZnO nanoflower, RT-LAMP reaction obtained optimization, until the concentration exceeded 1.5nM, RT-LAMP reaction was inhibited. Made 1nM as optimum concentration of ZnO nanoflower, we found that optimum RT-LAMP reaction temperature and time were 60°C and 30min, respectively. The optimization might be connected with good adsorption to DNA and thermal conductivity of ZnO nanoflower, but mechanism of the RT-LAMP reaction affected by ZnO nanoflower needs to be explored further.
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66
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Sapparapu G, Fernandez E, Kose N, Bin Cao, Fox JM, Bombardi RG, Zhao H, Nelson CA, Bryan AL, Barnes T, Davidson E, Mysorekar IU, Fremont DH, Doranz BJ, Diamond MS, Crowe JE. Neutralizing human antibodies prevent Zika virus replication and fetal disease in mice. Nature 2016; 540:443-447. [PMID: 27819683 PMCID: PMC5583716 DOI: 10.1038/nature20564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that can cause severe disease, including congenital birth defects during pregnancy. To develop candidate therapeutic agents against ZIKV, we isolated a panel of human monoclonal antibodies from subjects that were previously infected with ZIKV. We show that a subset of antibodies recognize diverse epitopes on the envelope (E) protein and exhibit potent neutralizing activity. One of the most inhibitory antibodies, ZIKV-117, broadly neutralized infection of ZIKV strains corresponding to African and Asian-American lineages. Epitope mapping studies revealed that ZIKV-117 recognized a unique quaternary epitope on the E protein dimer-dimer interface. We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of ZIKV-117 in pregnant and non-pregnant mice. Monoclonal antibody treatment markedly reduced tissue pathology, placental and fetal infection, and mortality in mice. Thus, neutralizing human antibodies can protect against maternal-fetal transmission, infection and disease, and reveal important determinants for structure-based rational vaccine design efforts.
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MESH Headings
- Africa
- Americas
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Antibody Specificity
- Asia
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitope Mapping
- Female
- Fetal Diseases/immunology
- Fetal Diseases/prevention & control
- Fetal Diseases/virology
- Fetus/immunology
- Fetus/virology
- Humans
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Placenta/immunology
- Placenta/virology
- Pregnancy
- Protein Multimerization
- Survival Rate
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Virus Replication/immunology
- Zika Virus/growth & development
- Zika Virus/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/pathology
- Zika Virus Infection/virology
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67
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Joyce MG, Zhang B, Ou L, Chen M, Chuang GY, Druz A, Kong WP, Lai YT, Rundlet EJ, Tsybovsky Y, Yang Y, Georgiev IS, Guttman M, Lees CR, Pancera M, Sastry M, Soto C, Stewart-Jones GB, Thomas PV, Van Galen JG, Baxa U, Lee KK, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Kwong PD. Iterative structure-based improvement of a fusion-glycoprotein vaccine against RSV. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:811-820. [PMID: 27478931 PMCID: PMC5016229 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based design of vaccines, particularly the iterative optimization used so successfully in the structure-based design of drugs, has been a long-sought goal. We previously developed a first-generation vaccine antigen called DS-Cav1, comprising a prefusion-stabilized form of the fusion (F) glycoprotein, which elicits high-titer protective responses against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in mice and macaques. Here we report the improvement of DS-Cav1 through iterative cycles of structure-based design that significantly increased the titer of RSV-protective responses. The resultant second-generation 'DS2'-stabilized immunogens have their F subunits genetically linked, their fusion peptides deleted and their interprotomer movements stabilized by an additional disulfide bond. These DS2 immunogens are promising vaccine candidates with superior attributes, such as their lack of a requirement for furin cleavage and their increased antigenic stability against heat inactivation. The iterative structure-based improvement described here may have utility in the optimization of other vaccine antigens.
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68
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Larocca RA, Abbink P, Peron JPS, de A. Zanotto PM, Iampietro MJ, Badamchi-Zadeh A, Boyd M, Ng’ang’a D, Kirilova M, Nityanandam R, Mercado NB, Li Z, Moseley ET, Bricault CA, Borducchi EN, Giglio PB, Jetton D, Neubauer G, Nkolola JP, Maxfield LF, De La Barrera RA, Jarman RG, Eckels KH, Michael NL, Thomas SJ, Barouch DH. Vaccine protection against Zika virus from Brazil. Nature 2016; 536:474-8. [PMID: 27355570 PMCID: PMC5003703 DOI: 10.1038/nature18952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that is responsible for the current epidemic in Brazil and the Americas. ZIKV has been causally associated with fetal microcephaly, intrauterine growth restriction, and other birth defects in both humans and mice. The rapid development of a safe and effective ZIKV vaccine is a global health priority, but very little is currently known about ZIKV immunology and mechanisms of immune protection. Here we show that a single immunization with a plasmid DNA vaccine or a purified inactivated virus vaccine provides complete protection in susceptible mice against challenge with a strain of ZIKV involved in the outbreak in northeast Brazil. This ZIKV strain has recently been shown to cross the placenta and to induce fetal microcephaly and other congenital malformations in mice. We produced DNA vaccines expressing ZIKV pre-membrane and envelope (prM-Env), as well as a series of deletion mutants. The prM-Env DNA vaccine, but not the deletion mutants, afforded complete protection against ZIKV, as measured by absence of detectable viraemia following challenge, and protective efficacy correlated with Env-specific antibody titers. Adoptive transfer of purified IgG from vaccinated mice conferred passive protection, and depletion of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in vaccinated mice did not abrogate this protection. These data demonstrate that protection against ZIKV challenge can be achieved by single-shot subunit and inactivated virus vaccines in mice and that Env-specific antibody titers represent key immunologic correlates of protection. Our findings suggest that the development of a ZIKV vaccine for humans is likely to be achievable.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Brazil
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/isolation & purification
- Mice
- Microcephaly/complications
- Microcephaly/virology
- Vaccines, DNA/chemistry
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/chemistry
- Vaccines, Inactivated/genetics
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Zika Virus/chemistry
- Zika Virus/genetics
- Zika Virus/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/complications
- Zika Virus Infection/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control
- Zika Virus Infection/virology
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69
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Springer MJ, Ni Y, Finger-Baker I, Ball JP, Hahn J, DiMarco AV, Kobs D, Horne B, Talton JD, Cobb RR. Preclinical dose-ranging studies of a novel dry powder norovirus vaccine formulation. Vaccine 2016; 34:1452-8. [PMID: 26873053 PMCID: PMC4775331 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus is the primary cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans with multiple genotypes currently circulating worldwide. The development of a successful norovirus vaccine is contingent on its ability to induce both systemic and mucosal antibody responses against a wide range of norovirus genotypes. Norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) are known to elicit systemic and mucosal immune responses when delivered intranasally. Incorporation of these VLPs into an intranasal powder vaccine offers the advantage of simplicity and induction of neutralizing systemic and mucosal antibodies. Nasal immunization, which provides the advantage of ease of administration and a mucosal delivery mechanism, faces the real issue of limited nasal residence time due to mucociliary clearance. Herein, we describe a novel dry powder (GelVac™) formulation of GI or GII.4 norovirus VLPs, two dominant circulating genotypes, to identify the optimal antigen dosages based on systemic and mucosal immune responses in guinea pigs. Systemic and mucosal immunogenicity of each of the VLPs was observed in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, a boosting effect was observed after the second dosing of each VLP antigen. With the GelVac™ formulation, a total antigen dose of ≥ 15 μg was determined to be the maximally immunogenic dose for both GI and GII.4 norovirus VLPs based on evaluation for 56 days. Taken together, these results indicate that norovirus VLPs could be used as potential vaccine candidates without using an immunostimulatory adjuvant and provide a basis for the development of a GelVac™ bivalent GI/GII.4 norovirus VLP vaccine.
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70
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Kirchdoerfer RN, Cottrell CA, Wang N, Pallesen J, Yassine HM, Turner HL, Corbett KS, Graham BS, McLellan JS, Ward AB. Pre-fusion structure of a human coronavirus spike protein. Nature 2016; 531:118-21. [PMID: 26935699 PMCID: PMC4860016 DOI: 10.1038/nature17200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HKU1 is a human betacoronavirus that causes mild yet prevalent respiratory disease, and is related to the zoonotic SARS and MERS betacoronaviruses, which have high fatality rates and pandemic potential. Cell tropism and host range is determined in part by the coronavirus spike (S) protein, which binds cellular receptors and mediates membrane fusion. As the largest known class I fusion protein, its size and extensive glycosylation have hindered structural studies of the full ectodomain, thus preventing a molecular understanding of its function and limiting development of effective interventions. Here we present the 4.0 Å resolution structure of the trimeric HKU1 S protein determined using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. In the pre-fusion conformation, the receptor-binding subunits, S1, rest above the fusion-mediating subunits, S2, preventing their conformational rearrangement. Surprisingly, the S1 C-terminal domains are interdigitated and form extensive quaternary interactions that occlude surfaces known in other coronaviruses to bind protein receptors. These features, along with the location of the two protease sites known to be important for coronavirus entry, provide a structural basis to support a model of membrane fusion mediated by progressive S protein destabilization through receptor binding and proteolytic cleavage. These studies should also serve as a foundation for the structure-based design of betacoronavirus vaccine immunogens.
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71
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Kotecha A, Seago J, Scott K, Burman A, Loureiro S, Ren J, Porta C, Ginn HM, Jackson T, Perez-Martin E, Siebert CA, Paul G, Huiskonen JT, Jones IM, Esnouf RM, Fry EE, Maree FF, Charleston B, Stuart DI. Structure-based energetics of protein interfaces guides foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine design. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:788-94. [PMID: 26389739 PMCID: PMC5985953 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Virus capsids are primed for disassembly, yet capsid integrity is key to generating a protective immune response. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsids comprise identical pentameric protein subunits held together by tenuous noncovalent interactions and are often unstable. Chemically inactivated or recombinant empty capsids, which could form the basis of future vaccines, are even less stable than live virus. Here we devised a computational method to assess the relative stability of protein-protein interfaces and used it to design improved candidate vaccines for two poorly stable, but globally important, serotypes of FMDV: O and SAT2. We used a restrained molecular dynamics strategy to rank mutations predicted to strengthen the pentamer interfaces and applied the results to produce stabilized capsids. Structural analyses and stability assays confirmed the predictions, and vaccinated animals generated improved neutralizing-antibody responses to stabilized particles compared to parental viruses and wild-type capsids.
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72
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Matho MH, Schlossman A, Meng X, Benhnia MREI, Kaever T, Buller M, Doronin K, Parker S, Peters B, Crotty S, Xiang Y, Zajonc DM. Structural and Functional Characterization of Anti-A33 Antibodies Reveal a Potent Cross-Species Orthopoxviruses Neutralizer. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005148. [PMID: 26325270 PMCID: PMC4556652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus A33 is an extracellular enveloped virus (EEV)-specific type II membrane glycoprotein that is essential for efficient EEV formation and long-range viral spread within the host. A33 is a target for neutralizing antibody responses against EEV. In this study, we produced seven murine anti-A33 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) by immunizing mice with live VACV, followed by boosting with the soluble A33 homodimeric ectodomain. Five A33 specific MAbs were capable of neutralizing EEV in the presence of complement. All MAbs bind to conformational epitopes on A33 but not to linear peptides. To identify the epitopes, we have adetermined the crystal structures of three representative neutralizing MAbs in complex with A33. We have further determined the binding kinetics for each of the three antibodies to wild-type A33, as well as to engineered A33 that contained single alanine substitutions within the epitopes of the three crystallized antibodies. While the Fab of both MAbs A2C7 and A20G2 binds to a single A33 subunit, the Fab from MAb A27D7 binds to both A33 subunits simultaneously. A27D7 binding is resistant to single alanine substitutions within the A33 epitope. A27D7 also demonstrated high-affinity binding with recombinant A33 protein that mimics other orthopoxvirus strains in the A27D7 epitope, such as ectromelia, monkeypox, and cowpox virus, suggesting that A27D7 is a potent cross-neutralizer. Finally, we confirmed that A27D7 protects mice against a lethal challenge with ectromelia virus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibody Affinity
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/chemistry
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/genetics
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/metabolism
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Female
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Orthopoxvirus/immunology
- Orthopoxvirus/physiology
- Poxviridae Infections/immunology
- Poxviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Poxviridae Infections/virology
- Protein Conformation
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/metabolism
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
- Vero Cells
- Viral Envelope Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Tropism
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/metabolism
- Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use
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73
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Zanotti C, Amadori M. A simple method for measuring porcine circovirus 2 whole virion particles and standardizing vaccine formulation. Biologicals 2015; 43:79-83. [PMID: 25687800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) is involved in porcine circovirus-associated disease, that causes great economic losses to the livestock industry worldwide. Vaccination against PCV2 proved to be very effective in reducing disease occurrence and it is currently performed on a large scale. Starting from a previous model concerning Foot-and Mouth Disease Virus antigens, we developed a rapid and simple method to quantify PCV2 whole virion particles in inactivated vaccines. This procedure, based on sucrose gradient analysis and fluorometric evaluation of viral genomic content, allows for a better standardization of the antigen payload in vaccine batches. It also provides a valid indication of virion integrity. Most important, such a method can be applied to whole virion vaccines regardless of the production procedures, thus enabling meaningful comparisons on a common basis. In a future batch consistency approach to PCV2 vaccine manufacture, our procedure represents a valuable tool to improve in-process controls and to guarantee conformity of the final product with passmarks for approval. This might have important repercussions in terms of reduced usage of animals for vaccine batch release, in the framework of the current 3Rs policy.
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74
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Wang G, Wang HJ, Zhou H, Nian QG, Song Z, Deng YQ, Wang X, Zhu SY, Li XF, Qin CF, Tang R. Hydrated silica exterior produced by biomimetic silicification confers viral vaccine heat-resistance. ACS NANO 2015; 9:799-808. [PMID: 25574563 DOI: 10.1021/nn5063276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Heat-lability is a key roadblock that strangles the widespread applications of many biological products. In nature, archaeal and extremophilic organisms utilize amorphous silica as a protective biomineral and exhibit considerable thermal tolerance. Here we present a bioinspired approach to generate thermostable virus by introducing an artificial hydrated silica exterior on individual virion. Similar to thermophiles, silicified viruses can survive longer at high temperature than their wild-type relatives. Virus inactivation assays showed that silica hydration exterior of the modified virus effectively prolonged infectivity of viruses by ∼ 10-fold at room temperature, achieving a similar result as that obtained by storing native ones at 4 °C. Mechanistic studies indicate that amorphous silica nanoclusters stabilize the inner virion structure by forming a layer that restricts molecular mobility, acting as physiochemical nanoanchors. Notably, we further evaluate the potential application of this biomimetic strategy in stabilizing clinically approved vaccine, and the silicified polio vaccine that can retain 90% potency after the storage at room temperature for 35 days was generated by this biosilicification approach and validated with in vivo experiments. This approach not only biomimetically connects inorganic material and living virus but also provides an innovative resolution to improve the thermal stability of biological agents using nanomaterials.
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75
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Zhang Y, Li M, Yang F, Li Y, Zheng Z, Zhang X, Lin Q, Wang Y, Li S, Xia N, Zhang J, Zhao Q. Comparable quality attributes of hepatitis E vaccine antigen with and without adjuvant adsorption-dissolution treatment. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:1129-39. [PMID: 26018442 PMCID: PMC4514398 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1009343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vaccines require adjuvants for antigen stabilization and immune potentiation. Aluminum-based adjuvants are the most widely used adjuvants for human vaccines. Previous reports demonstrated the preservation of antigen conformation and other antigen characteristics after recovery from adjuvanted Hepatitis B and human papillomavirus vaccines. In this study, we used a combination of various physiochemical and immunochemical methods to analyze hepatitis E vaccine antigen quality attributes after recovery from adjuvants. All biochemical and biophysical methods showed similar characteristics of the p239 protein after recovery from adjuvanted vaccine formulation compared to the antigen in solution which never experienced adsorption/desorption process. Most importantly, we demonstrated full preservation of key antigen epitopes post-recovery from adjuvanted vaccine using a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies as exquisite probes. Antigenicity of p239 was probed with a panel of 9 mAbs using competition/blocking ELISA, surface plasmon resonance and sandwich ELISA methods. These multifaceted analyses demonstrated the preservation of antigen key epitopes and comparable protein thermal stability when adsorbed on adjuvants or of the recovered antigen post-dissolution treatment. A better understanding of the antigen conformation in adjuvanted vaccine will enhanced our knowledge of antigen-adjuvant interactions and facilitate an improved process control and development of stable vaccine formulation.
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