The non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz stimulates replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 harboring certain non-nucleoside resistance mutations

We measured the effects of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor-resistant mutations K101E+G190S, on replication fitness and EFV-resistance of HIV(NL4-3). K101E+G190S reduced fitness in the absence of EFV and increased EFV resistance, compared to either single mutant. Unexpectedly, K101E+G190S also replicated more efficiently in the presence of EFV than in its absence. Addition of the nucleoside resistance mutations L74V or M41L+T215Y to K101E+G190S improved fitness and abolished EFV-dependent stimulation of replication. D10, a clinical RT backbone containing M41L+T215Y and K101E+G190S, also demonstrated EFV-dependent stimulation that was dependent on the presence of K101E. These studies demonstrate that non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors can stimulate replication of NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 and that nucleoside-resistant mutants can abolish this stimulation. The ability of EFV to stimulate NNRTI-resistant mutants may contribute to the selection of HIV-1 mutants in vivo. These studies have important implications regarding the treatment of HIV-1 with combination nucleoside and non-nucleoside therapies.

Active biomonitoring of complex pollution in Taihu Lake with Carassius auratus

Carassius auratus bred in clean water were selected to conduct active biomonitoring (ABM) exposures in Meiliang and Gong bays in the northern polluted area of Taihu Lake. The biotransformation enzymes 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GP(X)), reduced glutathione (GSH) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipoperoxidation (as TBARS) in liver were determined as biomarkers during the field exposure period. At the same time, the contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and heavy metals in the surface sediments of biomonitoring sites were measured. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 248.8 to 375.9microgkg(-1) dry weight, PCB from 1.26 to 2.41microgkg(-1), OCP from 0.15 to 2.06microgkg(-1), and heavy metal from 126.3 to 210.0mgkg(-1). The results indicate that complex pollution by persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals is present in the northern end of Taihu Lake and the in situ exposed organisms were stressed. Moreover, Meilaing Bay is a more stressful place to fish living there. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) was calculated by combining different biomarkers to single value, which can be used to describe the toxically-induced stress level of populations in different areas. Pollutant concentrations were displayed as star plots and compared to IBR star plots. There was a visual correlation between the PCB gradient and the OCP gradient measured in the sediments and the IBR variation.

Effects of surfactant replacement on alveolar overdistension and plasma cytokines in ventilator-induced lung injury

BACKGROUND

Overdistension of the lung causes ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) accompanied by surfactant abnormalities and inflammatory changes. We investigated the effects of surfactant replacement on overdistension of the terminal airspaces and plasma cytokine levels in VILI.

METHODS

VILI was induced by high-pressure ventilation (HPV) in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital, followed by ventilation for 2 h in the maintenance mode (tidal volume=10 ml/kg, positive end-expiratory pressure = 7.5 cmH(2)O) with or without surfactant replacement. The sizes of the terminal airspaces were determined after fixing the lungs at an airway pressure of 10 cmH(2)O on deflation. Cytokine levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

The mean ratio of the largest terminal airspace size class (> or = 64,000 microm(2)) was increased from 13.4% to 32.0% by HPV (P<0.05). After maintenance-mode ventilation, the ratio decreased to 16.1% with surfactant replacement (P<0.05), but increased to 44.6% without surfactant replacement (P<0.05). Mean macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) levels in the plasma increased from <0.02 to 6.9 ng/ml with HPV (P<0.05), and further increased to > or = 11.8 ng/ml, regardless of surfactant replacement after maintenance-mode ventilation. Similar tendencies were observed in the interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were almost negligible during the experiment.

CONCLUSION

In rats with VILI, surfactant replacement reversed overdistension of the terminal airspaces that may induce barotrauma, but not upregulation of MIP-2, IL-6, and IL-10 within 2 h.

Spatial and temporal expression of spermadhesin genes in reproductive tracts of male and female pigs and ejaculated sperm

Spermadhesins, a novel protein family identified in the reproductive tract of ungulates, have important roles in reproduction. In this study, the expression of pig (Sus domesticus) spermadhesion genes in seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands from birth to sexual maturity and the spatial expression in adult male and female genital tracts and ejaculated sperm of Meishan pigs were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In general, all spermadhesin genes increased from Days 1 to 150 in the seminal vesicle and bulbourethral gland. However, their expression in the prostate was variable; it increased from Days 1 to 60 and then declined until Day 150. In adult boars, all genes had a very high level of expression in the seminal vesicle and somewhat lower (but still relatively high) in the prostate, caput and caudal epididymides, and bulbourethral gland. Expression of AQN1 and AQN3 was not detectable in the corpus epididymis. In the testis, AQN3 gene expression was not detectable, and gene expressions were weak for AQN1, PSP-I, and PSP-II, but strong for AWN. In female pigs, most spermadhesins had low expression in the cervix, uterine horn, oviduct, and ovary. Expression of AQN1 and AQN3 was very weak in the cervix and uterine horn. Signals for AQN1 in oviduct and ovary and AQN3 in ovary were not detectable, whereas AWN had high expression in the cervix and uterine horn. In ejaculated sperm, a strong mRNA signal of spermadhesins was detected. We concluded that transcripts of spermadhesins were not only distributed extensively in male and female reproductive tissues but also in ejaculated sperm. Furthermore, their dynamic changes of expression paralleled reproductive development. Seminal vesicles were the main source of spermadhesins; when the boar reached puberty, expression of spermadhesins reached very high levels.

Synchronized expression of two caspase family genes, ice-2 and ice-5, in hydrogen peroxide-induced cells of the silkworm, Bombyx mori

Caspase family proteins play important roles in different stages of the apoptotic pathway. To date, however, functions of Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) caspase family genes are poorly known. This paper focuses on the morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential, and expression profiles of two novel B. mori caspase family genes (ice-2 and ice-5) in 3 microM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) damaged B. mori cells, which were separated from the ovary of B. mori. In addition, comparisons were made between damage caused by H2O2 and by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The results showed that the potential change of the mitochondrial membrane occurred at 0.5 h after H2O2 stimulation, which was sooner than occurred in the UV treated model where the obvious decrease appeared at 6 h after stimulation. In addition, the total change in the potential of the mitochondrial membrane in H2O2 treated B. mori cells was larger than with UV treated cells during the whole process. Analysis of fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that ice-2 and ice-5 might be involved in both H2O2 and UV-induced apoptosis in B. mori cells. Notably, after exposure to H2O2, the expression patterns of ice-5 were remarkably higher than those of ice-2, while the result was the opposite after exposure to UV irradiation. The data indicate that apoptosis induced by H2O2 was directly related to the mitochondrial pathway. The two isoforms of B. mori ice may play different roles in the mitochondrion associated apoptotic pathway in B. mori cells, and the apoptotic pathway in H2O2 induced B. mori cells is different from the UV induced apoptotic pathway.

Kinetic studies on the degradation of crystal violet by the Fenton oxidation process

The degradation of dye crystal violet (CV) by Fenton oxidation process was investigated. The UV-Vis spectrogram has shown that CV can be degraded effectively by Fenton oxidation process. Different system variables namely initial H(2)O(2) concentration, initial Fe(2 + ) concentration and reaction temperature, which have effect on the degradation of CV by Fenton oxidation process, have been studied systematically. The degradation kinetics of CV was also elucidated based on the experimental data. The degradation of CV obeys the first-order reaction kinetics. The kinetic model can be described as k=1.5 exp(-(7.5)/(RT))[H(2)O(2)](0)(0.8718)[Fe(2+)](0)(0.5062). According to the IR spectrogram, it is concluded that the benzene ring of crystal violet has been destroyed by Fenton oxidation. The result will be useful in treating dyeing wastewater containing CV by Fenton oxidation process.

Effects of different sleep restriction protocols on sleep architecture and daytime vigilance in healthy men

Sleep is regulated by complex biological systems and environmental influences, neither of which is fully clarified. This study demonstrates differential effects of partial sleep deprivation (SD) on sleep architecture and psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) performance using two different protocols (sequentially) that each restricted daily sleep to 3 hours in healthy adult men. The protocols differed only in the period of sleep restriction; in one, sleep was restricted to a 3-hour block from 12:00 AM to 3:00 AM, and in the other, sleep was restricted to a block from 3:00 AM to 6:00 AM. Subjects in the earlier sleep restriction period showed a significantly lower percentage of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep after 4 days (17.0 vs. 25.7 %) and a longer latency to the onset of REM sleep (L-REM) after 1 day (78.8 vs. 45.5 min) than they did in the later sleep restriction period. Reaction times on PVT performance were also better (i.e. shorter) in the earlier SR period on day 4 (249.8 vs. 272 ms). These data support the view that earlier-night sleep may be more beneficial for daytime vigilance than later-night sleep. The study also showed that cumulative declines in daytime vigilance resulted from loss of total sleep time, rather than from specific stages, and underscored the reversibility of SR effects with greater amounts of sleep.

Molecular Biomarkers of Columnar Cell Lesions Identified by Proteomic Approaches

The widespread increase in the use of screening mammography has led to a significant rise in the detection and diagnosis of benign breast disease (BBD), which encompasses a wide variety of non-cancerous changes including columnar cell lesions (CCL). Epidemiologic studies provide evidence for a relationship between BBD and subsequent risk of developing breast cancer. Observational studies have reported CCL are found adjacent to areas of tubular carcinoma and ductal and lobular carcinomas in situ and recently published molecular data state that genetic abnormalities frequently found in low grade ductal carcinoma in situ are also found in CCL. All these data support the hypothesis that CCL are the earliest morphologically distinguishable precursor lesions to low grade ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma. However, BBD is heterogeneous and there is limited understanding of the biological importance associated with the spectrum of lesions. The lack of accurate molecular-based risk categories, therefore, hinders the ability of assigning prognostic significance to benign biopsy findings. The purpose of our study was to identify putative molecular markers of cancer progression from epithelial cells of BBD lesions. Regions of ductal hyperplasia (DH) and normal breast epithelium were isolated from mastectomy specimens using laser capture microdissection and extracted proteins were analyzed through proteomic approaches. Of the 1,500 total protein spots resolved by 2-dimensional electrophoresis, 98 were differentially expressed between DH and normal breast epithelial proteomes. Twenty-two proteins or related isoforms were identified using mass spectrometry. Two proteins of particular interest, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and galectin-3, were further investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on cases diagnosed with BBD lesions. NQO1 was expressed sporadically in overtly normal epithelial cells lining breast ducts, but was overexpressed in BBD and tumor tissues. Notably, we found that a subpopulation of DH tissues with CCL stained positively for NQO1 and negatively for galectin-3. This finding has significance because CCL can only be diagnosed morphologically and the presence of CCL in biopsy specimens may indicate a precancerous lesion. However, sectioning artifacts associated with core biopsies can hinder morphological diagnosis of CCL, thus a means to additionally identify these lesions using IHC has tremendous value. Together, immunohistochemical staining of NQO1 and galectin-3 may prove to be clinically relevant in the identification of CCL in biopsy samples.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2142.

Comparison of risk factors associated with hypertension subtypes by classification tree method in Tongshan County of Jiangsu Province, China

BACKGROUND

There are only a very limited number of studies relating to risk factors for hypertension in rural populations in China. There are even fewer studies comparing various hypertension subtypes.

METHODS

A cross-sectional investigation was carried out in a representative sample of 20,390 subjects drawn from among 1,180,000 adult residents of Tongshan County of Jiangsu Province, China. The impact of risk factors including demographic, socioeconomic, dietary, and behavioral, on three hypertension subtypes, namely, isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH), and systolic-diastolic hypertension (SDH), was analyzed by applying statistical tests and a classification tree.

RESULTS

ISH was the predominant untreated hypertension subtype (13.68 +/- 0.24%) in the adults of Tongshan County, followed by SDH (11.70 +/- 0.23%) and IDH (6.24 +/- 0.17%). Age, number of cigarettes smoked daily, and the types of vitamins taken varied among the ISH, IDH, and SDH classification trees. Low socioeconomic status was associated with an increased risk for ISH and SDH. Light alcohol intake was associated with higher risk for ISH, but with lower risks for IDH and SDH. Light cigarette smoking was associated with higher ISH risk but lower SDH risk. The intake of appropriate amounts of fish, shrimp, or meat lowered the risks for ISH and IDH. The intake of appropriate amounts of seafood, eggs, milk, or fruit lowered the risks for all hypertension subtypes. Interestingly, an excessive preference for sweet or salty foods was associated with a higher risk for all the subtypes.

CONCLUSIONS

In Tongshan County, there was a considerable prevalence of hypertension of various subtypes, each associated with distinctive and complex risk factors. This suggests that there is a need for testing more diverse prevention measures, tailored to specific subtypes.