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Gazzinelli RT, Sher A, Cheever A, Gerstberger S, Martin MA, Dickie P. Infection of human immunodeficiency virus 1 transgenic mice with Toxoplasma gondii stimulates proviral transcription in macrophages in vivo. J Exp Med 1996; 183:1645-55. [PMID: 8666922 PMCID: PMC2192489 DOI: 10.1084/jem.183.4.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 transgenic mice expressing low or undetectable levels of viral mRNA in lymphoid tissue were infected with the intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Exposure to this parasite resulted in an increase in HIV-1 transcript in lymph nodes, spleens, and lungs during the acute phase of infection and in the central nervous system during the chronic stage of disease. In vivo and ex vivo experiments identified macrophages as a major source of the induced HIV-1 transcripts. In contrast, T. gondii infection failed to stimulate HIV-1 transcription in tissues of two HIV-1 transgenic mouse strains harboring a HIV-1 proviral DNA in which the nuclear factor (NF) kappa B binding motifs from the viral long terminal repeats had been replaced with a duplicated Moloney murine leukemia virus core enhancer. A role for NF-kappaB in the activation of the HIV-1 by T. gondii was also suggested by the simultaneous induction of NF-kappaB binding activity and tumor necrosis factor alpha synthesis in transgenic mouse macrophages stimulated by exposure to parasite extracts. These results demonstrate the potential of an opportunistic pathogen to induce HIV-1 transcription in vivo and suggest a mechanism for the in vivo dissemination of HIV-1 by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Gazzinelli
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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152
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Kullberg MC, Berzofsky JA, Jankovic DL, Barbieri S, Williams ME, Perlmann P, Sher A, Troye-Blomberg M. T cell-derived IL-3 induces the production of IL-4 by non-B, non-T cells to amplify the Th2-cytokine response to a non-parasite antigen in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. J Immunol 1996; 156:1482-9. [PMID: 8568251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel amplification mechanism underlying the increased early IL-4 production observed in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice in response to a non-parasite Ag, sperm whale myoglobin (SwMb). Earlier studies have shown that splenic Fc epsilon R+ non-B, non-T (NBNT) cells from schistosome-infected mice secrete IL-4 after stimulation with parasite Ag. We now demonstrate that purified NBNT cells from SwMb-immunized S. mansoni-infected mice do not respond directly to SwMb, but produce IL-4 in response to IL-3. Accordingly, we show that the early SwMb-specific IL-4 response of spleen cells (SC) from immunized infected mice is dependent on IL-3 and on CD4+ T cells. Thus, most of the early SwMb-induced IL-4 from SC of infected mice appears to be produced by NBNT cells triggered by IL-3 synthesized by SwMb-specific CD4+ T cells. IL-3-induced IL-4 production was also observed in purified NBNT cells from immunized uninfected mice, but the frequency and/or IL-4-producing capacity of splenic IL-3-responsive cells was found to be 8 to 16 times higher in immunized infected animals. IL-4 production by purified CD4+ cells from immunized infected mice was also seen after SwMb stimulation, but this response showed slower kinetics than those of total SC, was IL-3-independent, and on average threefold greater than that by CD4+ cells from immunized uninfected controls. Thus, increased SwMb-induced IL-4 production in immunized S. mansoni-infected mice results from direct synthesis by CD4+ T cells, as well as their stimulation via IL-3 of an expanded population of NBNT cells. The latter pathway may serve as an amplification loop for Th2-cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Kullberg
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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153
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Kullberg MC, Berzofsky JA, Jankovic DL, Barbieri S, Williams ME, Perlmann P, Sher A, Troye-Blomberg M. T cell-derived IL-3 induces the production of IL-4 by non-B, non-T cells to amplify the Th2-cytokine response to a non-parasite antigen in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.156.4.1482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We describe a novel amplification mechanism underlying the increased early IL-4 production observed in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice in response to a non-parasite Ag, sperm whale myoglobin (SwMb). Earlier studies have shown that splenic Fc epsilon R+ non-B, non-T (NBNT) cells from schistosome-infected mice secrete IL-4 after stimulation with parasite Ag. We now demonstrate that purified NBNT cells from SwMb-immunized S. mansoni-infected mice do not respond directly to SwMb, but produce IL-4 in response to IL-3. Accordingly, we show that the early SwMb-specific IL-4 response of spleen cells (SC) from immunized infected mice is dependent on IL-3 and on CD4+ T cells. Thus, most of the early SwMb-induced IL-4 from SC of infected mice appears to be produced by NBNT cells triggered by IL-3 synthesized by SwMb-specific CD4+ T cells. IL-3-induced IL-4 production was also observed in purified NBNT cells from immunized uninfected mice, but the frequency and/or IL-4-producing capacity of splenic IL-3-responsive cells was found to be 8 to 16 times higher in immunized infected animals. IL-4 production by purified CD4+ cells from immunized infected mice was also seen after SwMb stimulation, but this response showed slower kinetics than those of total SC, was IL-3-independent, and on average threefold greater than that by CD4+ cells from immunized uninfected controls. Thus, increased SwMb-induced IL-4 production in immunized S. mansoni-infected mice results from direct synthesis by CD4+ T cells, as well as their stimulation via IL-3 of an expanded population of NBNT cells. The latter pathway may serve as an amplification loop for Th2-cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Kullberg
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J A Berzofsky
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - D L Jankovic
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S Barbieri
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M E Williams
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P Perlmann
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Sher
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Troye-Blomberg
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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154
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Denkers EY, Caspar P, Hieny S, Sher A. Toxoplasma gondii infection induces specific nonresponsiveness in lymphocytes bearing the V beta 5 chain of the mouse T cell receptor. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.156.3.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We recently reported a superantigen activity associated with Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites that in vitro induces preferential expansion of V beta 5+ T lymphocytes following parasite stimulation of nonimmune cells. In the experiments presented in this work, V beta 5+ lymphocyte function was examined ex vivo using mice undergoing chronic and acute infection with the avirulent parasite strain ME49 or acutely infected with the attenuated mutant ts-4. Cells bearing the TCR V beta 5 chain were found to be increased by 1.5- to twofold during acute infection, whereas during the chronic phase, modest decreases (approximately 20%) in cells of the latter subset were observed. When splenocytes from chronically infected animals were stimulated in vitro with tachyzoites, the preferential expansion of V beta 5+ lymphocytes seen using cells from normal mice was not observed. Furthermore, when purified T lymphocytes were cultured with plate-bound V beta 5-specific mAb, we found that in contrast to normal and acutely infected animals, cells from chronically infected and ts-4-vaccinated mice were nonresponsive to TCR-induced stimulation (70 to 90% reduction relative to normal cells). In control experiments, mAb to CD3 and V beta 8 elicited normal responses in the same animals. Similarly, in contrast to normal splenocytes, cells from chronically infected mice failed to produce IFN-gamma in response to anti-V beta 5 mAb. These data indicate that V beta 5+ cells are rendered nonresponsive as a result of in vivo encounter with T. gondii, and as such they provide the first demonstration of V beta-specific anergy induced by a protozoan parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Denkers
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P Caspar
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S Hieny
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Sher
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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155
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Denkers EY, Caspar P, Hieny S, Sher A. Toxoplasma gondii infection induces specific nonresponsiveness in lymphocytes bearing the V beta 5 chain of the mouse T cell receptor. J Immunol 1996; 156:1089-94. [PMID: 8557983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported a superantigen activity associated with Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites that in vitro induces preferential expansion of V beta 5+ T lymphocytes following parasite stimulation of nonimmune cells. In the experiments presented in this work, V beta 5+ lymphocyte function was examined ex vivo using mice undergoing chronic and acute infection with the avirulent parasite strain ME49 or acutely infected with the attenuated mutant ts-4. Cells bearing the TCR V beta 5 chain were found to be increased by 1.5- to twofold during acute infection, whereas during the chronic phase, modest decreases (approximately 20%) in cells of the latter subset were observed. When splenocytes from chronically infected animals were stimulated in vitro with tachyzoites, the preferential expansion of V beta 5+ lymphocytes seen using cells from normal mice was not observed. Furthermore, when purified T lymphocytes were cultured with plate-bound V beta 5-specific mAb, we found that in contrast to normal and acutely infected animals, cells from chronically infected and ts-4-vaccinated mice were nonresponsive to TCR-induced stimulation (70 to 90% reduction relative to normal cells). In control experiments, mAb to CD3 and V beta 8 elicited normal responses in the same animals. Similarly, in contrast to normal splenocytes, cells from chronically infected mice failed to produce IFN-gamma in response to anti-V beta 5 mAb. These data indicate that V beta 5+ cells are rendered nonresponsive as a result of in vivo encounter with T. gondii, and as such they provide the first demonstration of V beta-specific anergy induced by a protozoan parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Denkers
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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156
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Doherty TM, Seder RA, Sher A. Induction and regulation of IL-15 expression in murine macrophages. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.156.2.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IL-15 is a recently described cytokine which resembles IL-2 in its biologic activities, stimulating T cell and NK cell proliferation and activation as well as enhancing B cell expansion and Ab production. Unlike IL-2, IL-15 is not produced by lymphocytes, but instead (at least among cells of the immune system) appears to be synthesized primarily by monocyte/macrophages. We have examined the induction of IL-15 in murine macrophages (by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and bioassay) in response to a variety of different macrophage-activating stimuli and compared the regulation of IL-15 production to that of IL-12 and TNF-alpha. Optimal induction of IL-15, in each of the macrophages populations tested, was found to require both priming (IFN-gamma) and triggering (LPS, mycobacteria, or Toxoplasma gondii) stimuli. When compared with IL-12 mRNA synthesis by the same macrophages, IL-15.mRNA production was more resistant to inhibition by the down-regulatory cytokines IL-14, IL-13, and TGF-beta. Moreover, IL-10, which is inhibitory for most other monokines, increased levels of IL-15 mRNA found after stimulation. These data establish IL-15 as a product of the macrophage/monocyte lineage, which is up-regulated on activation. IL-15 could thus play an important role in the initiation of immune responses by microbial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Doherty
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - R A Seder
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Sher
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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157
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Doherty TM, Seder RA, Sher A. Induction and regulation of IL-15 expression in murine macrophages. J Immunol 1996; 156:735-41. [PMID: 8543827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
IL-15 is a recently described cytokine which resembles IL-2 in its biologic activities, stimulating T cell and NK cell proliferation and activation as well as enhancing B cell expansion and Ab production. Unlike IL-2, IL-15 is not produced by lymphocytes, but instead (at least among cells of the immune system) appears to be synthesized primarily by monocyte/macrophages. We have examined the induction of IL-15 in murine macrophages (by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR and bioassay) in response to a variety of different macrophage-activating stimuli and compared the regulation of IL-15 production to that of IL-12 and TNF-alpha. Optimal induction of IL-15, in each of the macrophages populations tested, was found to require both priming (IFN-gamma) and triggering (LPS, mycobacteria, or Toxoplasma gondii) stimuli. When compared with IL-12 mRNA synthesis by the same macrophages, IL-15.mRNA production was more resistant to inhibition by the down-regulatory cytokines IL-14, IL-13, and TGF-beta. Moreover, IL-10, which is inhibitory for most other monokines, increased levels of IL-15 mRNA found after stimulation. These data establish IL-15 as a product of the macrophage/monocyte lineage, which is up-regulated on activation. IL-15 could thus play an important role in the initiation of immune responses by microbial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Doherty
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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158
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Gazzinelli RT, Amichay D, Sharton-Kersten T, Grunwald E, Farber JM, Sher A. Role of macrophage-derived cytokines in the induction and regulation of cell-mediated immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 219:127-39. [PMID: 8791695 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-51014-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R T Gazzinelli
- Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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159
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Abstract
The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that the fluid conductance of cancellous bone graft is a deciding factor in graft-host union. Cylindrical cancellous bone specimens were trephined from fresh porcine femoral heads in a direction either parallel or perpendicular to the femoral neck axes. The graft after a defatting and freeze-drying process was placed in a perfusion apparatus. The pressure drop across the bone graft and the induced flow were measured and the conductance to fluid flow was calculated as the slope of the flow-pressure relation. Grafts of different flow conductance were transplanted into 35 rabbits to replace segments of tibiae. Nine weeks after grafting, 29 rabbits which had completed the follow-up without incidents were sacrificed. The decalcified sections of the grafts and the adjacent tibiae were examined microscopically for histological events during graft-host interface healing. Perfusion data indicated that fluid conductance ranged from 0.05 x 10(-10) to 13.4 x 10(-10) m3 s-1 Pa-1 and was higher in the direction parallel to the femoral neck axis, inversely proportional to the length of the graft and directly proportional to the square of porosity. Data from rabbit model supported the hypothesis stated above. A threshold conductance was found to be 1.5 x 10(-10) m3 s-1 Pa-1, below which revascularisation and the formations of osteoblasts and fibrous tissues could not be attained. How the low conductance led to non-union at the graft-host interface was briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Hui
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Chinese University of Hong Kong
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160
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Abstract
B cells are an abundant population of lymphocytes that can efficiently capture, process, and present antigen for recognition by activated or memory T cells. Controversial experiments and arguments exist, however, as to whether B cells are or should be involved in the priming of virgin T cells in vivo. Using B cell-deficient mice, we have studied the role of B cells as antigen-presenting cells in a wide variety of tests, including assays of T cell proliferation and cytokine production in responses to protein antigens, T cell killing to minor and major histocompatibility antigens, skin graft rejection, and the in vitro and in vivo responses to shistosome eggs. We found that B cells are not critical for either CD4 or CD8 T cell priming in any of these systems. This finding lends support to the notion that the priming of T cells is reserved for specialized cells such as dendritic cells and that antigen presentation by B cells serves distinct immunological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Epstein
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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161
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Stevenson MM, Tam MF, Wolf SF, Sher A. IL-12-induced protection against blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS requires IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and occurs via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.155.5.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The effects of IL-12 administration on the development of protective immunity to blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS were analyzed. Treatment of susceptible A/J mice on the day of infection and for 5 days postinfection with various doses 0.025-0.3 microgram) of rIL-12 significantly decreased the peak parasitemia level, but only treatment with 0.1 microgram resulted in increased survival. Treatment of resistant B6 mice with 0.1 microgram of rIL-12 using the same regimen also significantly decreased the peak parasitemia level, but 40% of the animals died. Treatment of these mice with anti-IL-12 mAb resulted in a more severe course of infection, but survival was not significantly altered. The mechanism of IL-12-induced resistance was examined in A/J mice during infection. Compared with spleen cells from untreated mice, cells from IL-12-treated mice produced significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma spontaneously as well as in response to Con A or Ag stimulation on day 7 postinfection. Significantly higher levels of INF-gamma and TNF-alpha were found in the sera of IL-12-treated mice, which correlated with high levels of the nitric oxide (NO) metabolite, NO3-. Furthermore, CD4+T cell depletion was found to abrogate IL-12-induced resistance. Administration of neutralizing mAb against IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha to IL-12-treated mice showed that simultaneous depletion of both cytokines resulted in 100% mortality. The role of NO was investigated by administration of aminoguanidine, a selective inhibitor of cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase, to IL-12-treated mice. Significantly increased mortality was observed following treatment twice daily with 9 mg of aminoguanidine, but there was no effect on parasitemia. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that IL-12 regulates the development of resistance to P. chabaudi AS via a CD4+ Th1 response, which involves the cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, and is in part NO dependent. Therefore, IL-12, given in the appropriate dose, may be useful in the induction of protective immunity to blood-state malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Stevenson
- Center for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M F Tam
- Center for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - S F Wolf
- Center for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A Sher
- Center for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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162
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Stevenson MM, Tam MF, Wolf SF, Sher A. IL-12-induced protection against blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS requires IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and occurs via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 1995; 155:2545-56. [PMID: 7650384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of IL-12 administration on the development of protective immunity to blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS were analyzed. Treatment of susceptible A/J mice on the day of infection and for 5 days postinfection with various doses 0.025-0.3 microgram) of rIL-12 significantly decreased the peak parasitemia level, but only treatment with 0.1 microgram resulted in increased survival. Treatment of resistant B6 mice with 0.1 microgram of rIL-12 using the same regimen also significantly decreased the peak parasitemia level, but 40% of the animals died. Treatment of these mice with anti-IL-12 mAb resulted in a more severe course of infection, but survival was not significantly altered. The mechanism of IL-12-induced resistance was examined in A/J mice during infection. Compared with spleen cells from untreated mice, cells from IL-12-treated mice produced significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma spontaneously as well as in response to Con A or Ag stimulation on day 7 postinfection. Significantly higher levels of INF-gamma and TNF-alpha were found in the sera of IL-12-treated mice, which correlated with high levels of the nitric oxide (NO) metabolite, NO3-. Furthermore, CD4+T cell depletion was found to abrogate IL-12-induced resistance. Administration of neutralizing mAb against IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha to IL-12-treated mice showed that simultaneous depletion of both cytokines resulted in 100% mortality. The role of NO was investigated by administration of aminoguanidine, a selective inhibitor of cytokine-inducible nitric oxide synthase, to IL-12-treated mice. Significantly increased mortality was observed following treatment twice daily with 9 mg of aminoguanidine, but there was no effect on parasitemia. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that IL-12 regulates the development of resistance to P. chabaudi AS via a CD4+ Th1 response, which involves the cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, and is in part NO dependent. Therefore, IL-12, given in the appropriate dose, may be useful in the induction of protective immunity to blood-state malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Stevenson
- Center for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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163
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Affiliation(s)
- T Scharton-Kersten
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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164
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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165
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Wynn TA, Cheever AW, Jankovic D, Poindexter RW, Caspar P, Lewis FA, Sher A. An IL-12-based vaccination method for preventing fibrosis induced by schistosome infection. Nature 1995; 376:594-6. [PMID: 7637808 DOI: 10.1038/376594a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The harmful fibrosis which often occurs in the context of infectious disease involves the excessive deposition of connective tissue matrix, particularly collagen, and is mostly resistant to pharmacological and immunological intervention. In schistosomiasis, fibrosis is associated with the granulomatous response to parasite eggs trapped in the liver. We have previously shown that interleukin (IL)-12 administered peritoneally with eggs prevents subsequent pulmonary granuloma formation on intravenous challenge with eggs. Here we show that sensitization with eggs plus IL-12 partly inhibits granuloma formation and dramatically reduces the tissue fibrosis induced by natural infection with Schistosoma mansoni worms. These results are an example of a vaccine against parasites which acts by preventing pathology rather than infection. IL-12 is known to favour the priming of TH1 rather than Th2 cells, and the effects on fibrosis are accompanied by replacement of the Th2-dominated pattern of cytokine expression characteristic of S. mansoni infection with one dominated by Th1 cytokines. Elevated Th2 cytokine expression and fibrosis are common manifestations of a wide variety of infectious diseases and atopic disorders which might be ameliorated by vaccination with antigen and IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wynn
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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166
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Gazzinelli RT, Bala S, Stevens R, Baseler M, Wahl L, Kovacs J, Sher A. HIV infection suppresses type 1 lymphokine and IL-12 responses to Toxoplasma gondii but fails to inhibit the synthesis of other parasite-induced monokines. J Immunol 1995; 155:1565-74. [PMID: 7636218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Individuals infected with Toxoplasma gondii normally develop resistance to the parasite, resulting in an asymptomatic chronic infection. In AIDS patients, this resistance is lost leading to reactivation of infection and development of encephalitis. To characterize the cytokine response of T. gondii-infected individuals, PBMC were cultured in vitro in the presence or absence of crude tachyzoite Ags (STAg). When stimulated with STAg, PBMC from T. gondii-infected donors, but not controls, produced high levels of Type 1 lymphokines (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) as well as the monokine IL-12, in the absence of detectable Type 2 lymphokines (IL-4 and IL-5). In contrast, cells of individuals from both groups produced high levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha when exposed to the same Ag preparation. By using highly purified elutriated cells, we demonstrated that monocytes are a major source of these monokines. The above findings were further expanded by analyzing the cytokine responses induced by STAg in PBMC from patients co-infected with T. gondii and HIV. Our results demonstrate that parasite-specific IL-2 and IFN-gamma responses are greatly impaired even before AIDS development, as is IL-12 synthesis by PBMC from HIV-infected individuals stimulated with STAg. In contrast, the release of IL-6 and TNF-alpha triggered by STAg is either not affected or augmented during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Gazzinelli
- Immunobiology Section, CCM/CC, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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167
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Gazzinelli RT, Bala S, Stevens R, Baseler M, Wahl L, Kovacs J, Sher A. HIV infection suppresses type 1 lymphokine and IL-12 responses to Toxoplasma gondii but fails to inhibit the synthesis of other parasite-induced monokines. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.155.3.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Individuals infected with Toxoplasma gondii normally develop resistance to the parasite, resulting in an asymptomatic chronic infection. In AIDS patients, this resistance is lost leading to reactivation of infection and development of encephalitis. To characterize the cytokine response of T. gondii-infected individuals, PBMC were cultured in vitro in the presence or absence of crude tachyzoite Ags (STAg). When stimulated with STAg, PBMC from T. gondii-infected donors, but not controls, produced high levels of Type 1 lymphokines (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) as well as the monokine IL-12, in the absence of detectable Type 2 lymphokines (IL-4 and IL-5). In contrast, cells of individuals from both groups produced high levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha when exposed to the same Ag preparation. By using highly purified elutriated cells, we demonstrated that monocytes are a major source of these monokines. The above findings were further expanded by analyzing the cytokine responses induced by STAg in PBMC from patients co-infected with T. gondii and HIV. Our results demonstrate that parasite-specific IL-2 and IFN-gamma responses are greatly impaired even before AIDS development, as is IL-12 synthesis by PBMC from HIV-infected individuals stimulated with STAg. In contrast, the release of IL-6 and TNF-alpha triggered by STAg is either not affected or augmented during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Gazzinelli
- Immunobiology Section, CCM/CC, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S Bala
- Immunobiology Section, CCM/CC, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - R Stevens
- Immunobiology Section, CCM/CC, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Baseler
- Immunobiology Section, CCM/CC, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - L Wahl
- Immunobiology Section, CCM/CC, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J Kovacs
- Immunobiology Section, CCM/CC, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Sher
- Immunobiology Section, CCM/CC, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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169
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Zhou P, Sieve MC, Bennett J, Kwon-Chung KJ, Tewari RP, Gazzinelli RT, Sher A, Seder RA. IL-12 prevents mortality in mice infected with Histoplasma capsulatum through induction of IFN-gamma. J Immunol 1995; 155:785-95. [PMID: 7608555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is a pathogenic fungus found in discrete geographic locations throughout the world. The fungus invades the reticuloendothelial organs such as the spleen and liver of immunocompetent hosts where it is usually controlled. However, in individuals with immune deficiency, histoplasmosis is a severe and potentially fatal disease. Resistance to this infection is due primarily to a cellular immune response mediated by T cells and macrophages. Moreover, IFN-gamma is critical in activating macrophages to kill the organism. Herein we study the regulation of cytokine induction in mice infected with H. capsulatum and the effects of IL-12 in the course of infection. Mice infected with H. capsulatum and treated with neutralizing Abs to IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, or IL-12 experienced accelerated mortality, indicating that endogenous production of these cytokines plays an important role in response to infection. In contrast, mice treated with IL-12 or a neutralizing Ab to IL-4 at the initiation of infection had substantially diminished mortality. Moreover, mice infected and treated with IL-12 show a two- to threefold increase in the amount of IFN-gamma following in vitro stimulation with specific H. capsulatum Ag compared with the control infected mice. The protective effect of IL-12 could be abrogated if a neutralizing Ab to IFN-gamma was given at the same time, demonstrating that the role of IL-12 in protection was mediated by IFN-gamma. Additionally, infected mice treated with IL-12 had a severalfold decrease in the colony counts of H. capsulatum in spleen cells after 5 days of infection as compared with control animals. Lastly, spleen cells from infected animals treated with IL-12 showed a striking decrease in their proliferative response to mitogen or H. capsulatum Ag. Responses could be restored by adding inhibitors of IFN-gamma or of nitric oxide to the in vitro cultures. The above observations suggest that IL-12 may be useful in immunologic intervention against this opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhou
- Lymphokine Regulation Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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170
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Zhou P, Sieve MC, Bennett J, Kwon-Chung KJ, Tewari RP, Gazzinelli RT, Sher A, Seder RA. IL-12 prevents mortality in mice infected with Histoplasma capsulatum through induction of IFN-gamma. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.155.2.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is a pathogenic fungus found in discrete geographic locations throughout the world. The fungus invades the reticuloendothelial organs such as the spleen and liver of immunocompetent hosts where it is usually controlled. However, in individuals with immune deficiency, histoplasmosis is a severe and potentially fatal disease. Resistance to this infection is due primarily to a cellular immune response mediated by T cells and macrophages. Moreover, IFN-gamma is critical in activating macrophages to kill the organism. Herein we study the regulation of cytokine induction in mice infected with H. capsulatum and the effects of IL-12 in the course of infection. Mice infected with H. capsulatum and treated with neutralizing Abs to IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, or IL-12 experienced accelerated mortality, indicating that endogenous production of these cytokines plays an important role in response to infection. In contrast, mice treated with IL-12 or a neutralizing Ab to IL-4 at the initiation of infection had substantially diminished mortality. Moreover, mice infected and treated with IL-12 show a two- to threefold increase in the amount of IFN-gamma following in vitro stimulation with specific H. capsulatum Ag compared with the control infected mice. The protective effect of IL-12 could be abrogated if a neutralizing Ab to IFN-gamma was given at the same time, demonstrating that the role of IL-12 in protection was mediated by IFN-gamma. Additionally, infected mice treated with IL-12 had a severalfold decrease in the colony counts of H. capsulatum in spleen cells after 5 days of infection as compared with control animals. Lastly, spleen cells from infected animals treated with IL-12 showed a striking decrease in their proliferative response to mitogen or H. capsulatum Ag. Responses could be restored by adding inhibitors of IFN-gamma or of nitric oxide to the in vitro cultures. The above observations suggest that IL-12 may be useful in immunologic intervention against this opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zhou
- Lymphokine Regulation Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M C Sieve
- Lymphokine Regulation Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J Bennett
- Lymphokine Regulation Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - K J Kwon-Chung
- Lymphokine Regulation Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - R P Tewari
- Lymphokine Regulation Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - R T Gazzinelli
- Lymphokine Regulation Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Sher
- Lymphokine Regulation Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - R A Seder
- Lymphokine Regulation Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Eltoum IA, Wynn TA, Poindexter RW, Finkelman FD, Lewis FA, Sher A, Cheever AW. Suppressive effect of interleukin-4 neutralization differs for granulomas around Schistosoma mansoni eggs injected into mice compared with those around eggs laid in infected mice. Infect Immun 1995; 63:2532-6. [PMID: 7790066 PMCID: PMC173338 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.7.2532-2536.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal pathological manifestation of murine Schistosoma mansoni infection is the egg-induced granuloma. Synchronous pulmonary granulomas forming around intravenously injected schistosome eggs are widely used to study the immunopathology of schistosomiasis. A number of anticytokine antibody treatments have a remarkable effect in modulating granulomas in this model but little effect on the size of hepatic granulomas around laid eggs during experimental infection. To examine this discrepancy, we examined the effects of anticytokine antibodies on liver and lung granulomas around injected eggs and around eggs laid during infection in both locations. Anti-interleukin-4 (IL-4) treatment greatly reduced the volume of granulomas around eggs injected into the liver via the portal vein and around eggs injected into the lung via the tail vein. On the contrary, granulomas around eggs laid by worms in either the liver or the lung during the course of infection were not significantly decreased in size by anti-IL-4 treatment. Thus, site is not important for the disparate effects of anti-IL-4 in granuloma formation around injected versus laid eggs. This effect is seen in naive and sensitized animals and is most probably due to differences in the quality of injected eggs versus those laid in situ by the worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Eltoum
- Section on Host-Parasite Relations, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20890, USA
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172
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Williams ME, Caspar P, Oswald I, Sharma HK, Pankewycz O, Sher A, James SL. Vaccination routes that fail to elicit protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni induce the production of TGF-beta, which down-regulates macrophage antiparasitic activity. J Immunol 1995; 154:4693-700. [PMID: 7722322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
C57BL/6 mice immunized intradermally (i.d.) with bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) plus killed skin-stage schistosomula are protected against subsequent infection with Schistosoma mansoni, whereas immunization by i.v. or i.m. routes is not protective. Moreover, previous immunization via the nonprotective i.v. route interfered with the ability to subsequently induce protection by i.d. vaccination, suggesting that inhibitory responses are invoked. Given the evidence that activated macrophages (M phi) play a role as effector cells in protection against schistosomiasis, we investigated the ability of spleen cells from protected and nonprotected immunized mice to produce M phi activating and deactivating cytokines. Exposure to supernatant fluids (SNs) from Ag stimulated spleen cells of i.d., but not i.v. or i.m., immunized mice activated inflammatory M phi for in vitro killing of schistosome larvae, through a mechanism dependent on both IFN gamma and TNF-alpha. No evidence was observed for the preferential induction of the M phi activating Th1 cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-2 in i.d. immunized mice, nor did spleen cells from nonprotected animals produce higher levels of the Th2 associated cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, which are known to prevent M phi activation. TGF-beta was, however, detected in SNs from unprotected mice. Moreover, the M phi inhibitory activity detected in these SNs was heat stable and neutralized by anti-TGF-beta Abs, suggesting that production of TGF-beta is at least partially responsible for the failure of i.m. and i.v. immunized mice to develop immunity to S. mansoni. Thus, the induction of down-regulatory cytokines may be an important factor limiting the efficacy of certain vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Williams
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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173
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Williams ME, Caspar P, Oswald I, Sharma HK, Pankewycz O, Sher A, James SL. Vaccination routes that fail to elicit protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni induce the production of TGF-beta, which down-regulates macrophage antiparasitic activity. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.154.9.4693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
C57BL/6 mice immunized intradermally (i.d.) with bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) plus killed skin-stage schistosomula are protected against subsequent infection with Schistosoma mansoni, whereas immunization by i.v. or i.m. routes is not protective. Moreover, previous immunization via the nonprotective i.v. route interfered with the ability to subsequently induce protection by i.d. vaccination, suggesting that inhibitory responses are invoked. Given the evidence that activated macrophages (M phi) play a role as effector cells in protection against schistosomiasis, we investigated the ability of spleen cells from protected and nonprotected immunized mice to produce M phi activating and deactivating cytokines. Exposure to supernatant fluids (SNs) from Ag stimulated spleen cells of i.d., but not i.v. or i.m., immunized mice activated inflammatory M phi for in vitro killing of schistosome larvae, through a mechanism dependent on both IFN gamma and TNF-alpha. No evidence was observed for the preferential induction of the M phi activating Th1 cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-2 in i.d. immunized mice, nor did spleen cells from nonprotected animals produce higher levels of the Th2 associated cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, which are known to prevent M phi activation. TGF-beta was, however, detected in SNs from unprotected mice. Moreover, the M phi inhibitory activity detected in these SNs was heat stable and neutralized by anti-TGF-beta Abs, suggesting that production of TGF-beta is at least partially responsible for the failure of i.m. and i.v. immunized mice to develop immunity to S. mansoni. Thus, the induction of down-regulatory cytokines may be an important factor limiting the efficacy of certain vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Williams
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P Caspar
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - I Oswald
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - H K Sharma
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - O Pankewycz
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Sher
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S L James
- Immunobiology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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174
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Wynn TA, Jankovic D, Hieny S, Cheever AW, Sher A. IL-12 enhances vaccine-induced immunity to Schistosoma mansoni in mice and decreases T helper 2 cytokine expression, IgE production, and tissue eosinophilia. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.154.9.4701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Vaccination of mice with radiation-attenuated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni results in a highly significant but partial protection against challenge infection. This immunity is dependent on CD4+ T cells, and because of its suppression by anti-IFN-gamma, appears to be caused by a Th1 response. Nevertheless, both Th1 and Th2 lymphokines are expressed in vaccinated and challenged mice, and we hypothesized that the expression of the latter group of down-regulatory cytokines may be responsible for the failure to obtain complete protection. Because IL-12 is a key cytokine that suppresses Th2-like responses, we asked whether IL-12 could increase vaccine-induced immunity to S. mansoni. Indeed, administration of IL-12 significantly reduced worm burdens following a challenge infection. IL-12-treated animals displayed a marked increase in pulmonary IFN-gamma and IL-12 p40 mRNA expression, while levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were suppressed significantly during the period of vaccination. A marked decrease in serum IgE and tissue eosinophilia, two responses regulated by Th2 cytokines, was also observed. Surprisingly, IL-12-treated/vaccinated mice failed to demonstrate a significant increase in IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, or nitric oxide synthase mRNA at the time of challenge infection when compared with vaccinated controls, but did, however, display significantly suppressed Th2 cytokine mRNA production. Together, these data demonstrate that exogenous IL-12 regulates Th1/Th2 responses during immunization with irradiated cercariae, and suggest that this cytokine may be used to increase vaccine-induced immunity to S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wynn
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - D Jankovic
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S Hieny
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A W Cheever
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Sher
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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175
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Wynn TA, Jankovic D, Hieny S, Cheever AW, Sher A. IL-12 enhances vaccine-induced immunity to Schistosoma mansoni in mice and decreases T helper 2 cytokine expression, IgE production, and tissue eosinophilia. J Immunol 1995; 154:4701-9. [PMID: 7722323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination of mice with radiation-attenuated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni results in a highly significant but partial protection against challenge infection. This immunity is dependent on CD4+ T cells, and because of its suppression by anti-IFN-gamma, appears to be caused by a Th1 response. Nevertheless, both Th1 and Th2 lymphokines are expressed in vaccinated and challenged mice, and we hypothesized that the expression of the latter group of down-regulatory cytokines may be responsible for the failure to obtain complete protection. Because IL-12 is a key cytokine that suppresses Th2-like responses, we asked whether IL-12 could increase vaccine-induced immunity to S. mansoni. Indeed, administration of IL-12 significantly reduced worm burdens following a challenge infection. IL-12-treated animals displayed a marked increase in pulmonary IFN-gamma and IL-12 p40 mRNA expression, while levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were suppressed significantly during the period of vaccination. A marked decrease in serum IgE and tissue eosinophilia, two responses regulated by Th2 cytokines, was also observed. Surprisingly, IL-12-treated/vaccinated mice failed to demonstrate a significant increase in IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, or nitric oxide synthase mRNA at the time of challenge infection when compared with vaccinated controls, but did, however, display significantly suppressed Th2 cytokine mRNA production. Together, these data demonstrate that exogenous IL-12 regulates Th1/Th2 responses during immunization with irradiated cercariae, and suggest that this cytokine may be used to increase vaccine-induced immunity to S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wynn
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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176
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Wynn TA, Jankovic D, Hieny S, Zioncheck K, Jardieu P, Cheever AW, Sher A. IL-12 exacerbates rather than suppresses T helper 2-dependent pathology in the absence of endogenous IFN-gamma. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.154.8.3999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To assess the role of IFN-gamma in the in vivo regulation of Th subset differentiation by IL-12, schistosome egg-induced Th2 responses and granuloma formation were studied in IFN-gamma knock-out (gamma KO) mice in which the absence of endogenous IFN-gamma is assured. Rather than suppressing pathology and eosinophilia as observed in wild-type animals, exogenous IL-12 in egg-injected gamma KO mice exacerbated Th2-dependent granuloma formation while failing to reduce peak tissue eosinophilia. Similarly, instead of inhibiting its production, IL-12 caused a dramatic increase in serum IgE levels in gamma KO animals after egg injection. Although the suppressive effects of IL-12 on Th2 responses were blocked in the absence of IFN-gamma, lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production were enhanced, a phenomenon which may underlie the observed exacerbation of egg-induced pathology. These findings formally establish that IL-12 inhibits Th2 development indirectly in vivo through the stimulation of IFN-gamma synthesis. In contrast, its promotion of Th1-associated responses seems to be at least partly a result of the direct action of the cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wynn
- Host-Parasite Relations Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - D Jankovic
- Host-Parasite Relations Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S Hieny
- Host-Parasite Relations Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - K Zioncheck
- Host-Parasite Relations Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P Jardieu
- Host-Parasite Relations Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A W Cheever
- Host-Parasite Relations Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Sher
- Host-Parasite Relations Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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177
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Wynn TA, Jankovic D, Hieny S, Zioncheck K, Jardieu P, Cheever AW, Sher A. IL-12 exacerbates rather than suppresses T helper 2-dependent pathology in the absence of endogenous IFN-gamma. J Immunol 1995; 154:3999-4009. [PMID: 7706739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To assess the role of IFN-gamma in the in vivo regulation of Th subset differentiation by IL-12, schistosome egg-induced Th2 responses and granuloma formation were studied in IFN-gamma knock-out (gamma KO) mice in which the absence of endogenous IFN-gamma is assured. Rather than suppressing pathology and eosinophilia as observed in wild-type animals, exogenous IL-12 in egg-injected gamma KO mice exacerbated Th2-dependent granuloma formation while failing to reduce peak tissue eosinophilia. Similarly, instead of inhibiting its production, IL-12 caused a dramatic increase in serum IgE levels in gamma KO animals after egg injection. Although the suppressive effects of IL-12 on Th2 responses were blocked in the absence of IFN-gamma, lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production were enhanced, a phenomenon which may underlie the observed exacerbation of egg-induced pathology. These findings formally establish that IL-12 inhibits Th2 development indirectly in vivo through the stimulation of IFN-gamma synthesis. In contrast, its promotion of Th1-associated responses seems to be at least partly a result of the direct action of the cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wynn
- Host-Parasite Relations Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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178
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Cohn RG, Williams M, Sher A, Caulfield JP. Schistosoma mansoni: characterization of an Fc epsilon R+ population of granule-containing splenocytes isolated from infected mice. Exp Parasitol 1995; 80:339-41. [PMID: 7895845 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1995.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R G Cohn
- Institute of Immunology and Biological Science, Syntex Discovery Research, Palo Alto, California
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179
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Fernandez-Botran R, Wynn TA, Hieny S, Caspar P, Chilton PM, Sher A. Linked in vivo expression of soluble interleukin-4 receptor and interleukin-4 in murine schistosomiasis. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:649-56. [PMID: 7705393 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Soluble interleukin-4 receptors (sIL-4R) are truncated IL-4R molecules that are secreted into biological fluids. To gain an insight into the mechanisms that control sIL-4R synthesis in vivo and their role in the regulation of immune responses, the expression and secretion of sIL-4R in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni was studied. Splenocytes from infected animals responded to schistosomal antigen preparations with increased production of both IL-4 and sIL-4R. The synthesis of sIL-4R by spleen cells peaked at 8 weeks following infection and coincided with maximum levels of sIL-4R in serum and sIL-4R-specific mRNA in the liver of infected mice. The expression of IL-4-specific mRNA in the liver was different from that of IL-4R, reaching its peak approximately 2 weeks earlier. A relationship between sIL-4R production and the development and activation of Th2 cells was suggested by the findings that: (a) in vivo administration of anti-IL-4 antibodies (11B11) impaired the ability of splenic cells to secrete either IL-4 or sIL-4R; and (b) splenic cells from mice vaccinated with irradiated cercariae, which tend to develop much weaker Th2 responses than mice injected with live cercariae, expressed reduced levels of sIL-4R when challenged with schistosomal antigens. Moreover, a direct role for IL-4 in regulating the expression of sIL-4R was suggested by the ability of anti-IL-4 antibodies to inhibit sIL-4R synthesis in vitro. These data provide the first evidence demonstrating that the production of sIL-4R in vivo is up-regulated during immune responses, especially during those characterized by the development and activation of Th2 cells and IL-4 secretion. The association between sIL-4R and IL-4 synthesis is consistent with a potential role for sIL-4R in the regulation of IL-4 activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fernandez-Botran
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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180
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Sher A, Ullah A, Mateen A. A study on comparative efficacyof hypolipidemic drugs. Pak J Pharm Sci 1995; 8:1-9. [PMID: 16414761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A study was carried out on the comparative efficacy of Lopid, Mevacor, Bezalip and Lasona in sixteen hyperlipidemic subjects. All the subjects were on Lopid at least for the last 15 days. Lopid therapy was discontinued after determining blood lipid profile of the subjects on day zero (day of 1st contact). The subjects were divided into three groups and after a washout period of 15 days, they were given three different drugs for the next 15 days. Subjects in group a (6), b (5) and c (5) received Mevacor, Bezalip and lasona respectively. In the present study mevacor was found to be the most potent hypolipidemic drug in lowering blood cholesterol and Low density lipoprotein (LDL) while lopid was most effective in keeping blood Triglycerides (TG) and High density lipoproteins (HDL) level within the desired limits. Bezalip and Lasona were also sufficiently effective in changing blood lipid profile, but lasona showed a negligible effect on HDL rise as compared with Bezalip or any other drug used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sher
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan
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181
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Wynn TA, Oswald IP, Eltoum IA, Caspar P, Lowenstein CJ, Lewis FA, James SL, Sher A. Elevated expression of Th1 cytokines and nitric oxide synthase in the lungs of vaccinated mice after challenge infection with Schistosoma mansoni. The Journal of Immunology 1994. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.153.11.5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, and, at various times after challenge infection, total lung mRNA was isolated to assess the induction of several cytokines that previously had been shown in in vitro studies to be involved in the activation of macrophages and/or endothelial cells for nitric oxide (NO) production and killing of schistosomula. Vaccinated mice demonstrated a highly significant increase in IFN-gamma mRNA upon subsequent infection when compared with infected nonvaccinated controls. A similar, although less dramatic, increase in two other macrophage-activating cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-2, also was observed. In contrast, although the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 were elevated in challenged vaccinated animals, only IL-10 and IL-13 showed increases that were significant with respect to the mRNA levels observed in challenged controls. Neutralization of IFN-gamma reduced immunity in vaccinated animals and resulted in decreased IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-10, TNF-alpha, and IL-12 p40 but markedly increased IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 mRNA expression and serum IgE levels. Pulmonary NO synthase expression was elevated in immunized mice at a time at which immune elimination of schistosomula is believed to occur. Moreover, suppression of NO synthase activity with the inhibitor aminoguanidine reduced immunity, as measured by a 32 to 33% increase in worm burden. Together, these data support previous in vitro studies that suggest a role for NO in schistosomulum killing. Furthermore, the observation that the down-regulatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 are induced together with IFN-gamma may provide an explanation for the failure of this vaccine to provide complete protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wynn
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - I P Oswald
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - I A Eltoum
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - P Caspar
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - C J Lowenstein
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - F A Lewis
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - S L James
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - A Sher
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
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182
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Wynn TA, Oswald IP, Eltoum IA, Caspar P, Lowenstein CJ, Lewis FA, James SL, Sher A. Elevated expression of Th1 cytokines and nitric oxide synthase in the lungs of vaccinated mice after challenge infection with Schistosoma mansoni. J Immunol 1994; 153:5200-9. [PMID: 7525727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, and, at various times after challenge infection, total lung mRNA was isolated to assess the induction of several cytokines that previously had been shown in in vitro studies to be involved in the activation of macrophages and/or endothelial cells for nitric oxide (NO) production and killing of schistosomula. Vaccinated mice demonstrated a highly significant increase in IFN-gamma mRNA upon subsequent infection when compared with infected nonvaccinated controls. A similar, although less dramatic, increase in two other macrophage-activating cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-2, also was observed. In contrast, although the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 were elevated in challenged vaccinated animals, only IL-10 and IL-13 showed increases that were significant with respect to the mRNA levels observed in challenged controls. Neutralization of IFN-gamma reduced immunity in vaccinated animals and resulted in decreased IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-10, TNF-alpha, and IL-12 p40 but markedly increased IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 mRNA expression and serum IgE levels. Pulmonary NO synthase expression was elevated in immunized mice at a time at which immune elimination of schistosomula is believed to occur. Moreover, suppression of NO synthase activity with the inhibitor aminoguanidine reduced immunity, as measured by a 32 to 33% increase in worm burden. Together, these data support previous in vitro studies that suggest a role for NO in schistosomulum killing. Furthermore, the observation that the down-regulatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 are induced together with IFN-gamma may provide an explanation for the failure of this vaccine to provide complete protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wynn
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
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183
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Actor JK, Marshall MA, Eltoum IA, Buller RM, Berzofsky JA, Sher A. Increased susceptibility of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni to recombinant vaccinia virus: association of viral persistence with egg granuloma formation. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:3050-6. [PMID: 7805733 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830241220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BALB/c mice infected 7 weeks previously with Schistosoma mansoni and challenged with a recombinant vaccinia virus vPE16 expressing the human immunodeficiency virus envelope protein gp160 show a marked delay in hepatic viral clearance as compared to mice infected with vPE16 alone. This increase in viral persistence is accompanied by reduced gp120-specific Th1-associated cytokine responses as well as by impaired cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity against targets expressing epitopes of the same antigen. To investigate the contribution of these defects to the observed delay in clearance of recombinant vaccinia virus, animals were challenged with vPE16 at different times following S. mansoni infection, and virus titers in tissues and viral-specific immune responses were measured simultaneously in the same animals. While normal resolution of virus occurred in schistosome-infected mice prior to parasite egg deposition, persistence within the liver was observed in animals challenged during the onset and peak phase of granuloma formation (6 to 8 weeks after S. mansoni infection). At later times, when schistosomiasis is in its chronic phase, normal viral clearance returned. This time course of viral resolution correlated in part with the observed pattern of decreased Th1 cytokine production toward viral antigens but was clearly less temporally related to the defect in virus-specific CTL activity. Immunohistochemical staining of liver sections from vaccinia/S. mansoni co-infected mice with polyclonal anti-vaccinia antibodies revealed that viral epitopes are localized primarily within granulomas. These experiments suggest that egg granulomas, by providing a microenvironment for viral expression, in combination with the cytokine imbalance present during schistosome infection, can promote the expansion of vaccinia virus and possibly other viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Actor
- Laboratory of Parasitic Disease, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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184
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Williams ME, Montenegro S, Domingues AL, Wynn TA, Teixeira K, Mahanty S, Coutinho A, Sher A. Leukocytes of patients with Schistosoma mansoni respond with a Th2 pattern of cytokine production to mitogen or egg antigens but with a Th0 pattern to worm antigens. J Infect Dis 1994; 170:946-54. [PMID: 7930740 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/170.4.946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni were assessed. By ELISA and ELISPOT, persons with acute and hepatosplenic infections produced higher levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 and higher frequencies of IL-4-producing cells in response to mitogen than did uninfected persons. In contrast, mitogen-induced production of the Th1 cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) did not differ from that of uninfected controls. Upon stimulation with egg antigens, many patients responded with elevated IL-4 mRNA levels but displayed no appreciable increases in Th1 (i.e., IFN-gamma and IL-2) cytokine transcripts. Nevertheless, in cells stimulated with adult worm antigen, a more mixed Th0-type response was observed with production of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. These results support previous findings in laboratory mice that schistosome infection results in increased production of Th2 cytokines. Unlike mice, infected humans do not display a generalized down-modulation in Th1 responses but instead show a selective deficiency in IFN-gamma and usually IL-2 responses to egg antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Williams
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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185
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Carrera L, Chiaramonte M, Kuhn R, Muller W, Sacks D, Sher A, Gazzinelli RT. Leishmania major and Toxoplasma gondii have opposite effects on cytokine synthesis by macrophages. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1994; 89:649-50. [PMID: 8524067 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761994000400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Carrera
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
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186
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Gazzinelli RT, Wysocka M, Hayashi S, Denkers EY, Hieny S, Caspar P, Trinchieri G, Sher A. Parasite-induced IL-12 stimulates early IFN-gamma synthesis and resistance during acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii. The Journal of Immunology 1994. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.153.6.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies were performed to assess the involvement of IL-12 in resistance to acute and chronic infection with an avirulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Our previous findings implicated macrophages as a major source of parasite-induced IL-12. This finding was confirmed by showing that peritoneal macrophages exposed to either live parasites or soluble tachyzoite Ags produce IL-12 protein. In mice, increased expression of IL-12 (p40) mRNA in both spleen and peritoneal cells was detected as early as 2 days postinfection. Treatment with neutralizing mAbs against IL-12 increased the susceptibility of C57BL/6, BALB/c, and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice to acute infection, which resulted in 100% mortality within the first 15 days after parasite inoculation. In contrast, neutralization of endogenously produced IL-12 had no effect when given during chronic infection. In agreement with the survival data, treatment with anti-IL-12 resulted in decreased IFN-gamma and enhanced Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokine synthesis by splenocytes when given during acute, but not chronic, toxoplasmosis. Sorting experiments on spleen cells from acutely infected mice indicated that both CD4+ lymphocytes and NK1.1+/CD3- cells contribute to the early IFN-gamma response. In contrast, CD4+ cells were found to be the major source of the cytokine during chronic disease. Together, these results suggest that the stimulation of macrophage-derived IL-12 plays a major role in both the induction of resistance and Th1 cell subset selection in acute T. gondii infection, but may not be required to maintain established immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Gazzinelli
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - M Wysocka
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - S Hayashi
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - E Y Denkers
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - S Hieny
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - P Caspar
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - G Trinchieri
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - A Sher
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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187
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Gazzinelli RT, Wysocka M, Hayashi S, Denkers EY, Hieny S, Caspar P, Trinchieri G, Sher A. Parasite-induced IL-12 stimulates early IFN-gamma synthesis and resistance during acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 1994; 153:2533-43. [PMID: 7915739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies were performed to assess the involvement of IL-12 in resistance to acute and chronic infection with an avirulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Our previous findings implicated macrophages as a major source of parasite-induced IL-12. This finding was confirmed by showing that peritoneal macrophages exposed to either live parasites or soluble tachyzoite Ags produce IL-12 protein. In mice, increased expression of IL-12 (p40) mRNA in both spleen and peritoneal cells was detected as early as 2 days postinfection. Treatment with neutralizing mAbs against IL-12 increased the susceptibility of C57BL/6, BALB/c, and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice to acute infection, which resulted in 100% mortality within the first 15 days after parasite inoculation. In contrast, neutralization of endogenously produced IL-12 had no effect when given during chronic infection. In agreement with the survival data, treatment with anti-IL-12 resulted in decreased IFN-gamma and enhanced Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokine synthesis by splenocytes when given during acute, but not chronic, toxoplasmosis. Sorting experiments on spleen cells from acutely infected mice indicated that both CD4+ lymphocytes and NK1.1+/CD3- cells contribute to the early IFN-gamma response. In contrast, CD4+ cells were found to be the major source of the cytokine during chronic disease. Together, these results suggest that the stimulation of macrophage-derived IL-12 plays a major role in both the induction of resistance and Th1 cell subset selection in acute T. gondii infection, but may not be required to maintain established immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Gazzinelli
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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188
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Gazzinelli RT, Hayashi S, Wysocka M, Carrera L, Kuhn R, Muller W, Roberge F, Trinchieri G, Sher A. Role of IL-12 in the initiation of cell mediated immunity by Toxoplasma gondii and its regulation by IL-10 and nitric oxide. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1994; 41:9S. [PMID: 7804285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R T Gazzinelli
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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189
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Sher A, Rahman A. Role of diet on the enterohepatic recycling of estrogen in women taking contraceptive pills. J PAK MED ASSOC 1994; 44:213-5. [PMID: 7799509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of diet on the enterohepatic recycling of estrogen after oral administration of 1 mg non-radioactive estriol (E3) was studied in six women using contraceptive pills. The women were followed for two consecutive menstrual cycles, firstly on a high fibre diet (HFD) and then changing on to low fibre diet (LFD) during the next cycle, hence each subject acted as its own control. The extent of enterohepatic recycling of estriol (E3) during the early follicular phase of menstrual cycle was assessed by monitoring during 48 hours, the urinary excretion of its two major metabolites, i.e., estriol-3-qlucuronide (E3-3-G) and estriol 16 alpha-glucuronide (E3-16 alpha-G). An increase in values of the variables including E3-3-G/E3-16 alpha-G output ratio, E3-3-G output as % of total (E3-3-G+E3-16 alpha-G) excretion and total E3 (E3-3-G+E3-16 alpha-G) output as % dose was noted as a result of change from high to low fibre diet. The urinary excretion of E3 in the form of its metabolites was also delayed as a result of dietary change. These findings reveal that extent of enterohepatic recycling of estrogen containing contraceptives could be higher in women on LFD as compared to those who are on HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sher
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, D.I. Khan, NWFP
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190
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Bala S, Englund G, Kovacs J, Wahl L, Martin M, Sher A, Gazzinelli RT. Toxoplasma gondii soluble products induce cytokine secretion by macrophages and potentiate in vitro replication of a monotropic strain of HIV. J Eukaryot Microbiol 1994; 41:7S. [PMID: 7804268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Bala
- Lab of Parasitic Diseases, Natl Inst of Allergy and Infect Dis, Natl Inst of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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191
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Denkers EY, Caspar P, Sher A. Toxoplasma gondii possesses a superantigen activity that selectively expands murine T cell receptor V beta 5-bearing CD8+ lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1994; 180:985-94. [PMID: 8064244 PMCID: PMC2191651 DOI: 10.1084/jem.180.3.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate early immune responses to the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, we examined the capacity of nonimmune splenocytes to respond in vitro to intact tachyzoites and soluble tachyzoite antigen (Ag). Both types of stimuli induced high levels of proliferation as well as interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion. Based on several key criteria, the response appeared to be driven by a superantigen present in the parasite. Thus, stimulation of C57BL/6 spleen cells with T. gondii resulted in a preferential threefold expansion of a T cell population expressing the V beta 5 chain of the T cell receptor, and a survey of different inbred mouse strains revealed an inverse correlation between Ag-induced proliferation and genetic deletion of V beta 5. Moreover, proliferation was induced using irradiated Ag-pulsed and infected splenic adherent cells, and was blocked by a major histocompatibility complex class II-specific monoclonal antibody. Furthermore, paraformaldehyde-fixed IAb-, IAk-, and IEk-transfected fibroblast lines were able to specifically bind T. gondii Ag and drive proliferation of T lymphocytes, demonstrating that the response can be mediated by allogeneic class II molecules, and that it does not require cellular Ag processing. It is interesting to note that after 1 wk of culture with Ag, up to 70% of the expanded V beta 5-expressing cells were CD8+. These results provide the first description of a superantigen activity in a protozoan pathogen. In the case of T. gondii, superantigen-driven expansion of IFN-gamma-secreting CD8+ lymphocytes may play a role in the development of the dominant IFN-gamma-dependent, cell-mediated immunity characteristic of infection with this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Denkers
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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192
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Oswald IP, Caspar P, Jankovic D, Wynn TA, Pearce EJ, Sher A. IL-12 inhibits Th2 cytokine responses induced by eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. The Journal of Immunology 1994. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.153.4.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In the mouse, infection with the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni results in the selective induction of CD4+ T lymphocytes belonging to the Th2 subset. Schistosome ova are responsible for the development of Th2 responses seen in patently infected animals and the injection of eggs s.c. into the footpad leads to the development of elevated Th2 cytokine production by T cells in the draining popliteal lymph node. Using the egg injection model, we have shown that IL-12 suppresses schistosome egg-induced Th2 responses as evidenced by decreased IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 secretion in vitro while increasing the production of the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma. Similar responses were obtained using either total lymph node cells or purified CD4+ T cells, indicating that IL-12 acts at the T cell level. When given as a single injection IL-12 was most effective at inhibiting Th2 responses when administered 2 days after egg inoculation, a time when T cells are still in a Th0 phase. The suppression of Th2 responses induced by IL-12 was blocked when the animals were simultaneously injected with neutralizing anti-IFN-gamma mAb, either systemically or systemically plus locally. Anti-IFN-gamma also inhibited the enhancement of IFN-gamma responses induced by IL-12 but only if the mAb was administered systemically plus locally. NK cells are likely to be a major source of the immunoregulatory IFN-gamma, because the effects of IL-12 on Th2 cytokine production were suppressed in mice treated with anti-asialo-GM1 Abs. Together these results suggest that IL-12 may have potential use in preventing or treating parasite-induced pathology resulting from Th2 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Oswald
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - P Caspar
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - D Jankovic
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - T A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - E J Pearce
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - A Sher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
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193
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Oswald IP, Caspar P, Jankovic D, Wynn TA, Pearce EJ, Sher A. IL-12 inhibits Th2 cytokine responses induced by eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. J Immunol 1994; 153:1707-13. [PMID: 7913944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the mouse, infection with the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni results in the selective induction of CD4+ T lymphocytes belonging to the Th2 subset. Schistosome ova are responsible for the development of Th2 responses seen in patently infected animals and the injection of eggs s.c. into the footpad leads to the development of elevated Th2 cytokine production by T cells in the draining popliteal lymph node. Using the egg injection model, we have shown that IL-12 suppresses schistosome egg-induced Th2 responses as evidenced by decreased IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 secretion in vitro while increasing the production of the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma. Similar responses were obtained using either total lymph node cells or purified CD4+ T cells, indicating that IL-12 acts at the T cell level. When given as a single injection IL-12 was most effective at inhibiting Th2 responses when administered 2 days after egg inoculation, a time when T cells are still in a Th0 phase. The suppression of Th2 responses induced by IL-12 was blocked when the animals were simultaneously injected with neutralizing anti-IFN-gamma mAb, either systemically or systemically plus locally. Anti-IFN-gamma also inhibited the enhancement of IFN-gamma responses induced by IL-12 but only if the mAb was administered systemically plus locally. NK cells are likely to be a major source of the immunoregulatory IFN-gamma, because the effects of IL-12 on Th2 cytokine production were suppressed in mice treated with anti-asialo-GM1 Abs. Together these results suggest that IL-12 may have potential use in preventing or treating parasite-induced pathology resulting from Th2 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Oswald
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
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194
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Li ZY, Manthey CL, Perera PY, Sher A, Vogel SN. Toxoplasma gondii soluble antigen induces a subset of lipopolysaccharide-inducible genes and tyrosine phosphoproteins in peritoneal macrophages. Infect Immun 1994; 62:3434-40. [PMID: 8039914 PMCID: PMC302975 DOI: 10.1128/iai.62.8.3434-3440.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that macrophages play an important role in both the initiation of protective responses and the effector mechanism of immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the responses of macrophages to a soluble antigen extract of T. gondii tachyzoites (STAg) in comparison with a prototypic macrophage-activating agent, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and to determine whether STAg-induced signaling requires a functional Lps gene. Toward this end, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion, a panel of six LPS-inducible genes, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation were examined to gain insights into macrophage responses to STAg. STAg stimulated both C3H/OuJ (Lpsn) and C3H/HeJ (Lpsd) macrophages to secrete bioactive TNF-alpha and to express a subset of LPS-inducible genes (encoding TNF-alpha, TNF receptor 2, and interleukin-1 beta). In contrast to LPS, STAg failed to stimulate Lpsn or Lpsd macrophages to express genes encoding IP-10, D3, or D8. STAg also induced a pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation identical to that induced by LPS; mitogen-activated protein kinase 47-kDa and 43-kDa isoforms and a 41-kDa protein of undetermined identity were inducibly phosphorylated. The ability of STAg to induce TNF-alpha, encoded by a subset of LPS-inducible genes, and tyrosine phosphoproteins was not affected by LPS inhibitors, confirming that the macrophage response to the parasite extract could not be attributed to LPS contamination. We propose that STAg, while differing from LPS in the pattern of macrophage genes induced, may share with LPS two signaling pathways that are intact in Lpsd macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
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195
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Cheever AW, Williams ME, Wynn TA, Finkelman FD, Seder RA, Cox TM, Hieny S, Caspar P, Sher A. Anti-IL-4 treatment of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice inhibits development of T cells and non-B, non-T cells expressing Th2 cytokines while decreasing egg-induced hepatic fibrosis. The Journal of Immunology 1994. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.153.2.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that schistosome egg granulomas are primarily Th2 cellular reactions. Mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni were treated with a neutralizing mAb against IL-4 to evaluate the role of this cytokine in the generation of parasite egg-induced cell-mediated responses and hepatic pathology. Animals treated with anti-IL-4 before egg deposition showed decreased IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 production in response to in vitro antigenic stimulations and decreased IL-5 and IL-13 mRNA levels in the liver. As observed previously, non-B, non-T cells were a major source of IL-4 in infected mice treated with control mAb, and the diminished IL-4 response in anti-IL-4-treated animals was shown to be caused at least in part by a reduction in the number of these cells, as well as by decreased secretion of IL-4 per cell. In contrast, production of the Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma was elevated in anti-IL-4-treated infected mice in vitro, and the corresponding mRNAs in the liver were increased. Anti-IL-4 treatment did not consistently reduce the size of hepatic granulomas around S. mansoni eggs, but markedly inhibited granuloma formation in the lungs of the same animals after i.v. egg injection. Nevertheless, anti-IL-4-treated infected mice showed consistent and marked reductions in hepatic collagen deposition. These findings indicate that IL-4 plays a major role in the development of the Th2 response in S. mansoni-infected mice and contributes to the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Cheever
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - M E Williams
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - T A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - F D Finkelman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - R A Seder
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - T M Cox
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - S Hieny
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - P Caspar
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - A Sher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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196
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Cheever AW, Williams ME, Wynn TA, Finkelman FD, Seder RA, Cox TM, Hieny S, Caspar P, Sher A. Anti-IL-4 treatment of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice inhibits development of T cells and non-B, non-T cells expressing Th2 cytokines while decreasing egg-induced hepatic fibrosis. J Immunol 1994; 153:753-9. [PMID: 8021510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that schistosome egg granulomas are primarily Th2 cellular reactions. Mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni were treated with a neutralizing mAb against IL-4 to evaluate the role of this cytokine in the generation of parasite egg-induced cell-mediated responses and hepatic pathology. Animals treated with anti-IL-4 before egg deposition showed decreased IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 production in response to in vitro antigenic stimulations and decreased IL-5 and IL-13 mRNA levels in the liver. As observed previously, non-B, non-T cells were a major source of IL-4 in infected mice treated with control mAb, and the diminished IL-4 response in anti-IL-4-treated animals was shown to be caused at least in part by a reduction in the number of these cells, as well as by decreased secretion of IL-4 per cell. In contrast, production of the Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma was elevated in anti-IL-4-treated infected mice in vitro, and the corresponding mRNAs in the liver were increased. Anti-IL-4 treatment did not consistently reduce the size of hepatic granulomas around S. mansoni eggs, but markedly inhibited granuloma formation in the lungs of the same animals after i.v. egg injection. Nevertheless, anti-IL-4-treated infected mice showed consistent and marked reductions in hepatic collagen deposition. These findings indicate that IL-4 plays a major role in the development of the Th2 response in S. mansoni-infected mice and contributes to the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Cheever
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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197
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Berding MA, Sher A. First-principles calculation of native defect densities in Hg0.8Cd0.2Te. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:1519-1534. [PMID: 9976335 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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198
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Nara T, Matsumoto N, Janecharut T, Matsuda H, Yamamoto K, Irimura T, Nakamura K, Aikawa M, Oswald I, Sher A. Demonstration of the target molecule of a protective IgE antibody in secretory glands of Schistosoma japonicum larvae. Int Immunol 1994; 6:963-71. [PMID: 7947464 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/6.7.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that a mouse monoclonal IgE antibody, SJ18 epsilon.1, recognizes a 97 kDa surface molecule (Sj97) of Schistosoma japonicum larvae and that the antibody induces partial but significant protection against the skin to lung-stage of S. japonicum infection. The antibody stimulates eosinophil- and macrophage-mediated killing of schistosomula in vitro. In the present study, we isolated the putative full-length cDNA of Sj97 by screening a lambda gt11 cDNA library from S. japonicum adult worms with SJ18 epsilon.1. The predicted amino acid sequence of the cDNA showed highly significant homology to that of S. mansoni paramyosin, a potential vaccine candidate for schistosomiasis. The deletion mutants of S. japonicum paramyosin were expressed in Escherichia coli and the translation product of 443 amino acid residues of paramyosin was found to be recognized by the antibody. Moreover, we observed by immunoelectron microscopy the presence of paramyosin in the post-acetabular gland as well as in the tegument and muscle layers of the larvae. These results suggest that paramyosin is a secretory protein which may be incorporated into the tegument during the development of schistosomula, thus becoming a target for protective immunity during the migratory phase of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nara
- Department of Parasitology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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199
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Viana IR, Sher A, Carvalho OS, Massara CL, Eloi-Santos SM, Pearce EJ, Colley DG, Gazzinelli G, Correa-Oliveira R. Interferon-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from residents of an area endemic for Schistosoma mansoni. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994; 88:466-70. [PMID: 7570847 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(94)90436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During human schistosomiasis host responses to antigens of various parasite life-cycle stages may contribute to whether the severe, hepatosplenic state develops or the patient remains relatively asymptomatic throughout infection, and may play a role in resistance. This study evaluated production of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in vitro by schistosome antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from asymptomatic patients, and by PBMCs from apparently uninfected, untreated persons living in areas endemic for Schistosoma mansoni ('endemic normals'). IFN-gamma production parallels PBMC proliferation in that schistosomal egg antigens stimulate patent patients' cells poorly, but strongly stimulate PBMCs from 'endemic normals'. This is proportionally true for antigens from adult worms and cercariae. Although asymptomatic patent patients' cells produced little or no IFN-gamma in response to the 3 schistosomal antigenic extracts, their PBMCs, and PBMCs from 'endemic normals', produced expected amounts of IFN-gamma when exposed to phytohaemagglutinin. This implies that persons with patent infections have schistosome antigen-specific defects in their ability to respond to IFN-gamma production that are not exhibited by putatively resistant 'endemic normals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Viana
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Wynn TA, Eltoum I, Oswald IP, Cheever AW, Sher A. Endogenous interleukin 12 (IL-12) regulates granuloma formation induced by eggs of Schistosoma mansoni and exogenous IL-12 both inhibits and prophylactically immunizes against egg pathology. J Exp Med 1994; 179:1551-61. [PMID: 7909326 PMCID: PMC2191492 DOI: 10.1084/jem.179.5.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Morbidity in humans infected with Schistosoma mansoni results primarily from the deposition of parasite eggs in portal areas where they induce a granulomatous response. In mice infected with this helminth granuloma formation is a CD4+ T helper (Th) cell-dependent process that is associated with a strong Th2 cytokine response which appears to evolve through a Th0 phase. In this report, we asked whether endogenously synthesized or exogenously induced interferon (IFN)gamma through its suppression of Th2 cell expansion exerts a regulatory role on egg pathology. Depletion of IFN-gamma or natural killer cells resulted in a marked enhancement of granuloma formation around intravenously injected eggs and was associated with increased Th2 and decreased Th1 and interleukin (IL)12 mRNA expression. Similar changes occurred when egg-injected mice were treated with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies specific for IL-12 indicating a role for this cytokine in the regulation of the granulomatous response. In contrast, treatment with exogenous rIL-12 profoundly inhibited primary granuloma formation while increasing IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-10, and IL-12 pulmonary mRNA levels and suppressing IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13 mRNA expression. Cytokine depletion studies indicated that the effects of IL-12 could be attributed primarily to increased IFN-gamma. Importantly, IL-12 also inhibited secondary granuloma formation in mice presensitized with eggs demonstrating a role for the cytokine in reversing established Th2-type responses. Moreover, mice sensitized with eggs in combination with IL-12 to precommit them toward a Th1 response developed only minimal granulomas upon subsequent egg challenge. The latter findings suggest that simultaneous vaccination with antigen plus IL-12 may provide a strategy for the prevention of schistosome egg pathology as well as other diseases stemming from Th2 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wynn
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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