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Schumacher J, Kaneva R, Jamra RA, Diaz GO, Ohlraun S, Milanova V, Lee YA, Rivas F, Mayoral F, Fuerst R, Flaquer A, Windemuth C, Gay E, Sanz S, González MJ, Gil S, Cabaleiro F, del Rio F, Perez F, Haro J, Kostov C, Chorbov V, Nikolova-Hill A, Stoyanova V, Onchev G, Kremensky I, Strauch K, Schulze TG, Nürnberg P, Gaebel W, Klimke A, Auburger G, Wienker TF, Kalaydjieva L, Propping P, Cichon S, Jablensky A, Rietschel M, Nöthen MM. Genomewide scan and fine-mapping linkage studies in four European samples with bipolar affective disorder suggest a new susceptibility locus on chromosome 1p35-p36 and provides further evidence of loci on chromosome 4q31 and 6q24. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77:1102-11. [PMID: 16380920 PMCID: PMC1285167 DOI: 10.1086/498619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the findings of a large linkage study of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) that involved genomewide analysis of 52 families (448 genotyped individuals) of Spanish, Romany, and Bulgarian descent and further fine mapping of the 1p34-p36, 4q28-q31, and 6q15-q24 regions. An additional sample of 56 German families (280 individuals) was included for this fine-mapping step. The highest nonparametric linkage scores obtained in the fine mapping were 5.49 for 4q31 and 4.87 for 6q24 in the Romany families and 3.97 for 1p35-p36 in the Spanish sample. MOD-score (LOD scores maximized over genetic model parameters) analysis provided significant evidence of linkage to 4q31 and at least borderline significance for the 1p and 6q regions. On the basis of these results and previous positive research findings, 4q31 and 6q24 should now be considered confirmed BPAD susceptibility loci, and 1p35-p36 is proposed as a new putative locus that requires confirmation in replication studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schumacher
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Guillermo Orozco Diaz
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Stephanie Ohlraun
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Vihra Milanova
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Young-Ae Lee
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Fabio Rivas
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Fermin Mayoral
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Robert Fuerst
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Antonia Flaquer
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Christine Windemuth
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Eudoxia Gay
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Sebastian Sanz
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Maria José González
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Susana Gil
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Francisco Cabaleiro
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Francisco del Rio
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Fermin Perez
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Jesus Haro
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Christian Kostov
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Vesselin Chorbov
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Amelia Nikolova-Hill
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Vessela Stoyanova
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - George Onchev
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Ivo Kremensky
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Thomas G. Schulze
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Wolfgang Gaebel
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Ansgar Klimke
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Georg Auburger
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Thomas F. Wienker
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Luba Kalaydjieva
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Peter Propping
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Sven Cichon
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Assen Jablensky
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| | - Markus M. Nöthen
- Institutes of Human Genetics and Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology and Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Department of Psychiatry, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria; Civil Hospital Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain; Central Institute of Mental Health, Division of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin; University Hospital Reina Sofía, Mental Health Care Centre Lucena, and Mental Health Care Centre Montoro, Córdoba, Spain; Province Hospital, Jaén, Spain; Mental Health Care Centre de San Dionisio Jerez de la Frontera Cádiz, URA, Puerto de Santamaría Cádiz, and Mental Health Care Centre Algeciras Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Newcastle Regional Mental Health Services, Newcastle, Australia; Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Phillipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf; Clinic for Neurology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt; and Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, and School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth
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