Newborns with lower levels of circulating polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are abdominally more adipose

BACKGROUND

Maternal nutrition is the main source of Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) for the fetus. PUFA may influence the accumulation of fat in early life.

OBJECTIVES & METHODS

In 33 breastfed infants born appropriate-for-gestational-age, we studied whether body composition (judged by absorptiometry at 2 wk and 4 mo) relates to PUFA levels (assessed by gas chromatography) in the maternal or fetal circulation at birth.

RESULTS

Abdominal fat at 2 wk associated negatively to umbilical-cord levels of separate PUFA (linoleic, arachidonic, eicosapentanoic and docosahexaenoic acid; all P between 0.001 and 0.015). Collectively, the assessed n-6 PUFA on one hand and the n-3 PUFA on the other hand associated negatively to the absolute amount of abdominal fat (in grams; P = 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively) and to the relative amount of abdominal fat (fraction of total fat; P = 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively). No other significant associations were observed.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, newborns with lower levels of circulating PUFA were found to be abdominally more adipose. The mechanisms underpinning these associations remain to be determined.

Cell uptake and oral absorption of titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Large efforts are invested on the development of in vitro tests to evaluate nanomaterial (NM) toxicity. In order to assess the relevance of the adverse effects identified in in vitro toxicity tests a thorough understanding of the biokinetics of NMs is critical. We used different in vitro and in vivo test methods to evaluate cell uptake and oral absorption of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs). These NPs were readily uptaken by A549 cells (carcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells) in vitro. Such rapid uptake contrasted with a very low oral absorption in a differentiated Caco-2 monolayer system (human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells) and after oral gavage administration to rats. In this oral study, no significant increase in the levels of titanium was recorded by ICP-MS in any of the tissues evaluated (including among other: small intestine, Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen). No NPs were observed by TEM in sections of the small intestine, except for several particles in the cytoplasm of a cell from a Peyer's Patch area. The observation of NPs in Peyer's Patch suggests that the Caco-2 monolayer system is likely to underestimate the potential for oral absorption of NPs and that the model could be improved by including M-cells in co-culture.

The competitive demands of elite male rink hockey

The aim of this study was to simulate the activity pattern of rink hockey by designing a specific skate test (ST) to study the energy expenditure and metabolic responses to this intermittent high-intensity exercise and extrapolate the results from the test to competition. Six rink hockey players performed, in three phases, the 20-metre multi-stage shuttle roller skate test, a tournament match and the ST. Heart rate was monitored in all three phases. Blood lactate, oxygen consumption, ventilation and respiratory exchange ratio were also recorded during the ST. Peak HR was 190.7±7.2 beats · min⁻¹. There were no differences in peak HR between the three tests. Mean HR was similar between the ST and the match (86% and 87% of HR_max, respectively). Peak and mean ventilation averaged 111.0±8.8 L · min⁻¹ and 70.3±14.0 L ^· min⁻¹ (60% of V_Emax), respectively. VO_2max was 56.3±8.4 mL · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹, and mean oxygen consumption was 40.9±7.9 mL · kg^−1· min⁻¹ (70% of VO_2max). Maximum blood lactate concentration was 7.2±1.3 mmol · L-1. ST yielded an energy expenditure of 899.1±232.9 kJ, and energy power was 59.9±15.5 kJ · min⁻¹. These findings suggest that the ST is suitable for estimating the physiological demands of competitive rink hockey, which places a heavy demand on the aerobic and anaerobic systems, and requires high energy consumption.

Copy number variants in a highly inbred Iberian porcine strain

We carried out a comprehensive genomic analysis of porcine copy number variants (CNVs) based on whole-genome SNP genotyping data and provided new measures of genomic diversity (number, length and distribution of CNV events) for a highly inbred strain (the Guadyerbas strain). This strain represents one of the most ancient surviving populations of the Iberian breed, and it is currently in serious danger of extinction. CNV detection was conducted on the complete Guadyerbas population, adjusted for genomic waves, and used strict quality criteria, pedigree information and the latest porcine genome annotation. The analysis led to the detection of 65 CNV regions (CNVRs). These regions cover 0.33% of the autosomal genome of this particular strain. Twenty-nine of these CNVRs were identified here for the first time. The relatively low number of detected CNVRs is in line with the low variability and high inbreeding estimated previously for this Iberian strain using pedigree, microsatellite or SNP data. A comparison across different porcine studies has revealed that more than half of these regions overlap with previously identified CNVRs or multicopy regions. Also, a preliminary analysis of CNV detection using whole-genome sequence data for four Guadyerbas pigs showed overlapping for 16 of the CNVRs, supporting their reliability. Some of the identified CNVRs contain relevant functional genes (e.g., the SCD and USP15 genes), which are worth being further investigated because of their importance in determining the quality of Iberian pig products. The CNVR data generated could be useful for improving the porcine genome annotation.

Dietary energy source largely affects tissue fatty acid composition but has minor influence on gene transcription in Iberian pigs

A trial was performed to compare the effects of different dietary sources of MUFA on the fatty acid (FA) composition, lipid metabolism, and gene transcription in different tissues of Iberian pigs. Twenty-seven Iberian male pigs of 28 kg live weight (LW) were divided in 2 groups and fed with 1 of 2 isocaloric diets: a standard diet with carbohydrates as energy source (CH) and a diet enriched with high-oleic sunflower oil (HO). Ham adipose tissue was sampled by biopsy at 44 and 70 kg LW. At 110 kg LW pigs were slaughtered and backfat, loin, and liver tissues were sampled. Animals of the HO group showed higher MUFA content and lower SFA in all the analyzed tissues (P < 0.001). These main effects were established early during the treatment and increased only slightly along time. Small diet effects were also detected on PUFA, which showed differences according to sampling time, tissue, and lipid fraction. Effects of diet on gene expression were explored with a combined approach analyzing adipose tissue transcriptome and quantifying the expression of a panel of key genes implicated in lipogenesis and lipid metabolism processes in backfat, muscle, and liver. Backfat transcriptome showed small effects of diet on gene expression, in number and magnitude. According to the posterior probabilities (PP) of the probe-specific expression differences between dietary groups (PP < 0.01), 37 genes were considered differentially expressed (DE). Gene ontology allowed relating them with several biological functions including lipid metabolic processes. Quantitative PCR confirmed several DE genes in adipose tissue (RXRG, LEP, and ME1; P < 0.0001, P < 0.05, and P < 0.0001, respectively), but no DE gene was found in loin or liver tissues. Joint results agree with a metabolic adjustment of adipose tissue FA levels by the subtle effect of the diet on the regulation of several lipid metabolism pathways, mainly FA oxidation and prostanoid synthesis, with LEP, RXRG, and PTGS2 genes playing mayor roles.

Chemistry, nanostructure and magnetic properties of Co–Ru–B–O nanoalloys

Very small (1.5 nm) metallic nanoparticles in Co–Ru–B–O nanoalloys embedded in an amorphous and porous matrix present a ferromagnetic behavior.

Filtering mfVEP signals using Wiener filter

The multifocal visual-evoked-potential (mfVEP) signals are filtered using the Wiener filter combined with a Fast Fourier Transform and their signal-to-noise ratios are compared against those of unfiltered signals (RAW data) and those of signals filtered using the traditional method (FFT data). The Wiener filter improves the original signals' SNR by 37.49%, while the FFT improves the SNR by 20.41%. This gain is achieved by selecting the best channel in each sector of the visual field. In conclusion, filtering using the Wienerś method improves the quality of mfVEP signal pre-processing when compared against the original signals, or against filtering using the FFT.

Primary central nervous system T-cell lymphoma in a common dolphin (Delphinus delphis)

This report describes the pathological findings in an adult female short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) stranded alive in the Canary Islands. Necropsy examination revealed the presence of a nodular neoplastic growth in the central nervous system (CNS) at the level of the thalamus. Microscopical examination revealed the mass to be a lymphoma and immunohistochemical labelling demonstrated a T-cell origin. No significant lesions were observed in other organs, including lymphoid organs. This is the first report of a primary T-cell lymphoma in the CNS in cetaceans.

Biliary cirrhosis caused by Campula spp. in a dolphin and four porpoises

Biliary cirrhosis produced by Campula spp. is described in 1 striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba and 4 harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena. The hepatic lesions consisted of severe proliferation of fibrous connective tissue with loss of the lobular pattern, nodular regeneration of the hepatic tissue, bile duct hyperplasia and severe inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. These lesions were associated with severe infestation by Campula spp. Although inflammatory and degenerative hepatic lesions are frequently found in stranded dolphins, biliary cirrhosis has not been previously reported in cetaceans. Massive infestation by these parasites should be included as a cause of hepatic failure resulting in stranding of marine mammals.

High energy and average power femtosecond laser for driving mid-infrared optical parametric amplifiers

We have developed the first (to our knowledge) femtosecond Tm-fiber-laser-pumped Ho:YAG room-temperature chirped pulse amplifier system delivering scalable multimillijoule, multikilohertz pulses with a bandwidth exceeding 12 nm and average power of 15 W. The recompressed 530 fs pulses are suitable for broadband white light generation in transparent solids, which makes the developed source ideal for both pumping and seeding optical parametric amplifiers operating in the mid-IR spectral range.

Generation of high fidelity 62-fs, 7-nJ pulses at 1035 nm from a net normal-dispersion Yb-fiber laser with anomalous dispersion higher-order-mode fiber

Fiber oscillators operating in the normal dispersion regime allow generating high energy output pulses. The best stability of such oscillators is observed when the intracavity dispersion is close to zero. Intracavity dispersion compensation in such oscillators can be achieved using a higher-order mode fiber, which substantially reduces the higher order dispersion compared to all-normal dispersion oscillators or oscillators using intracavity gratings for dispersion compensation. Using this approach, we are able to obtain relatively high energy pulses, with high fidelity. Our modeling based on an analytic approach for oscillators operating in the normal dispersion regime predicts that at intermediate pulse energies an almost flat chirp can be obtained at the oscillator output enabling good pulse compression with a grating compressor close to Fourier limited duration. Here, we present a mode-locked ytterbium-doped fiber oscillator with a higher-order mode fiber operating in the net normal-dispersion regime, delivering 7.2 nJ pulses that can be dechirped down to 62 fs using a simple grating compressor.

A new bottom-up methodology to produce silicon layers with a closed porosity nanostructure and reduced refractive index

A new approach is presented to produce amorphous porous silicon coatings (a-pSi) with closed porosity by magnetron sputtering of a silicon target. It is shown how the use of He as the process gas at moderated power (50-150 W RF) promotes the formation of closed nanometric pores during the growth of the silicon films. The use of oblique-angle deposition demonstrates the possibility of aligning and orientating the pores in one direction. The control of the deposition power allows the control of the pore size distribution. The films have been characterized by a variety of techniques, including scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, Rutherford back scattering and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, showing the incorporation of He into the films (most probably inside the closed pores) and limited surface oxidation of the silicon coating. The ellipsometry measurements show a significant decrease in the refractive index of porous coatings (n(500 nm) = 3.75) in comparison to dense coatings (n(500 nm) = 4.75). The capability of the method to prepare coatings with a tailored refractive index is therefore demonstrated. The versatility of the methodology is shown in this paper by preparing intrinsic or doped silicon and also depositing (under DC or RF discharge) a-pSi films on a variety of substrates, including flexible materials, with good chemical and mechanical stability. The fabrication of multilayers of silicon films of controlled refractive index in a simple (one-target chamber) deposition methodology is also presented.

Immunopathological study of parasitic cholangitis in cetaceans

This paper describes the immunophenotype of cellular inflammatory infiltrates in chronic cholangitis in six common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), four striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), three Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) and one pygmy sperm whale (Kogia Breviceps) found stranded along the coasts of the Canary Islands (Spain). A panel of 5 antibodies previously tested in dolphins (anti-CD3, -IgG, -MHC class II, -S100 protein and -lysozyme) were used. The present work also reports cross reactivity with dolphin antigens of two antibodies not used to date in dolphins (anti-mouse iNOS and anti-mouse Foxp3). The most common type of cholangitis found was chronic granulomatous cholangitis, associated with the presence of the parasite Campula spp., or its eggs in bile ducts. The cellular composition of the hepatic inflammatory infiltrate associated to chronic parasitic cholangitis was closely similar to that found in the cortex of control lymph nodes, including the presence of S100(+) and MHC class II(+) dendritic-like cells in lymphoid follicles and interfollicular areas. Only occasional macrophages expressed iNOS, whereas Foxp3(+) lymphocytes were not found in any of the lesions described in the different types of cholangitis.

The effects of mineral metabolism markers on renal transplant outcomes

BACKGROUND

Hyperparathyroidism is a common complication of chronic renal failure. A functioning kidney graft improves hyperparathyroidism but it can persist to some degree for years. Persistent hyperparathyroidism associated with hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia have been associated with poor graft and patient survivals. The purpose of the present work was to assess the association between calcium/phosphate mineral metabolism markers and graft outcomes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Among 389 renal transplantations performed in our center between January 2000 and June 2008, 331 patients had functioning grafts at 12 months, the subjects of this study. Measurements of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), serum calcium and phosphate, tubular phosphate reabsorption, and urinary calcium excretion were performed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. The mean follow-up was 84.0 ± 31.8 months.

RESULTS

During the follow-up period, 63 grafts (19.0%) were lost, 30 patients (9.0%) died, and 80 recipients (24.2%) presented at least one cardiovascular event. Univariate Cox proportional analysis showed high iPTH levels at 1 and 12 months after transplantation to not be associated with worse patient or graft survival or an higher risk of cardiovascular events. Serum phosphate and calcium concentrations as well as calcium-phosphate products during the first year after transplantation were not associated with graft and patient outcomes or cardiovascular events. However, serum calcium at 12 months showed an inverse association with graft survival after adjusting for other variables (hazard ratio 0.61; 95% confidence interval 0.40-0.94; P = .026).

CONCLUSIONS

iPTH levels and serum phosphate concentrations and calcium-phosphate products during the first year after transplantation were not associated with graft outcomes. The inverse association between adjusted calcium and graft survival should be studied further.

Ca2+ -activated K+ channel (KCa) stimulation improves relaxant capacity of PDE5 inhibitors in human penile arteries and recovers the reduced efficacy of PDE5 inhibition in diabetic erectile dysfunction

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

We have evaluated the influence of calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa ) activation on cGMP-mediated relaxation in human penile tissues from non-diabetic and diabetic patients, and on the effects of PDE5 inhibitors on erectile responses in control and diabetic rats.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Cavernosal tissues were collected from organ donors and from patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). Relaxations of corpus cavernosum strips (HCC) and penile resistance arteries (HPRA) obtained from these specimens were evaluated. Intracavernosal pressure (ICP) increases to cavernosal nerve electrical stimulation were determined in anaesthetized diabetic and non-diabetic rats.

KEY RESULTS

Concentration-dependent vasodilation to the PDE5 inhibitor, sildenafil, in HPRA was sensitive to endothelium removal, NO/cGMP pathway inhibition and KCa blockade. Accordingly, activation of KCa with NS-8 (10 μM) significantly potentiated sildenafil-induced relaxations in HPRA (EC50 0.49 ± 0.22 vs. 5.21 ± 0.63 μM). In HCC, sildenafil-induced relaxation was unaffected by KCa blockade or activation. Potentiating effects in HPRA were reproduced with an alternative PDE5 inhibitor (tadalafil) and KCa activator (NS1619) and prevented by removing the endothelium. Large-conductance KCa (BK) and intermediate-conductance KCa (IK) contribute to NS-8-induced effects and were immunodetected in human and rat penile arteries. NS-8 potentiated sildenafil-induced enhancement of erectile responses in rats. Activation of KCa recovered the impaired relaxation to sildenafil in diabetic HPRA while sildenafil completely reversed diabetes-induced ED in rats only when combined with KCa activation.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Activation of KCa improves vasodilatory capacity of PDE5 inhibitors in diabetic and non-diabetic HPRA, resulting in the recovery of erectile function in diabetic rats. These results suggest a therapeutic potential for KCa activation in diabetic ED.

Mitochondria, motor neurons and aging

While the role of mitochondria in aging has been well characterized, their involvement in motor neuron aging remains poorly understood. Thus, we performed an exhaustive ultrastructural study of mitochondria in motor neurons from aged rats that revealed dramatic alterations in the mitochondria of axon terminals at neuromuscular junctions, characterized by swelling, mitochondrial fusion and the presence of megamitochondria. These alterations were not observed in ventral horn motor neurons in the spinal cord of aged rats, which were only altered by the appearance of electron-dense bodies in the dilated matrix cristae. Using X-ray microanalytical techniques we demonstrated the presence of calcium in these bodies, suggesting Ca(2+) overload. Moreover, in motor neurons from aged rats, cytochrome c and activated caspase 3 were detected in the cytoplasm of axon terminals at neuromuscular junctions, factors implicated in the apoptosis. Active caspase 3 was also found in the nucleus, soma and axons of aged alpha motor neuron neurons, where it mainly associated with microtubules. The colocalization of dynein and cleaved caspase 3 in neuromuscular junctions is strongly suggestive of the retrograde transport of apoptotic factors to the soma. These results are consistent with the early stages of degeneration in neuromuscular junctions during aging, which is followed by dying back. Given that aging is a key risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the identification of age-related motor neuron degeneration initiated at the distal end of the axon may provide a new therapeutic target for early intervention.

Behaviour of Au-citrate nanoparticles in seawater and accumulation in bivalves at environmentally relevant concentrations

The degree of aggregation and/or coalescence of Au-citrate nanoparticles (AuNPs, mean size 21.5 ± 2.9 nm), after delivery in simulated seawater, are shown to be concentration-dependent. At low concentrations no coalescence and only limited aggregation of primary particles were found. Experiments were performed in which the marine bivalve (Ruditapes philippinarum) was exposed to AuNPs or dissolved Au and subsequently, bivalve tissues were studied by Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy and chemical analyses. We show that the bivalve accumulates gold in both cases within either the digestive gland or gill tissues, in different concentrations (including values of predicted environmental relevance). After 28 days of exposure, electron-dense deposits (corresponding to AuNPs, as proven by X-ray microanalysis) were observed in the heterolysosomes of the digestive gland cells. Although non-measurable solubility of AuNPs in seawater was found, evidence is presented of the toxicity produced by Au(3+) dissolved species (chloroauric acid solutions) and its relevance is discussed.

Inactivation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on fresh produce by cold atmospheric gas plasma technology

Cold atmospheric gas plasma treatment (CAP) is an alternative approach for the decontamination of fresh and minimally processed food. In this study, the effects of growth phase, growth temperature and chemical treatment regime on the inactivation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) by Nitrogen CAP were examined. Furthermore, the efficacy of CAP treatment for decontaminating lettuce and strawberry surfaces and potato tissue inoculated with S. Typhimurium was evaluated. It was found that the rate of inactivation of S. Typhimurium was independent of the growth phase, growth temperature and chemical treatment regime. Under optimal conditions, a 2 min treatment resulted in a 2.71 log-reduction of S. Typhimurium viability on membrane filters whereas a 15 min treatment was necessary to achieve 2.72, 1.76 and 0.94 log-reductions of viability on lettuce, strawberry and potato, respectively. We suggest that the differing efficiency of CAP treatment on the inactivation of S. Typhimurium on these different types of fresh foods is a consequence of their surface features. Scanning electron microscopy of the surface structures of contaminated samples of lettuce, strawberry and potato revealed topographical features whereby S. Typhimurium cells could be protected from the active species generated by plasma.

Measuring inbreeding and inbreeding depression on pig growth from pedigree or SNP-derived metrics

Multilocus homozygosity, measured as the proportion of the autosomal genome in homozygous genotypes or in runs of homozygosity, was compared with the respective pedigree inbreeding coefficients in 64 Iberian pigs genotyped using the Porcine SNP60 Beadchip. Pigs were sampled from a set of experimental animals with a large inbreeding variation born in a closed strain with a completely recorded multi-generation genealogy. Individual inbreeding coefficients calculated from pedigree were strongly correlated with the different SNP-derived metrics of homozygosity (r = 0.814-0.919). However, unequal correlations between molecular and pedigree inbreeding were observed at chromosomal level being mainly dependent on the number of SNPs and on the correlation between heterozygosities measured across different loci. A panel of 192 SNPs of intermediate frequencies was selected for genotyping 322 piglets to test inbreeding depression on postweaning growth performance (daily gain and weight at 90 days). The negative effects on these traits of homozygosities calculated from the genotypes of 168 quality-checked SNPs were similar to those of inbreeding coefficients. The results support that few hundreds of SNPs may be useful for measuring inbreeding and inbreeding depression, when the population structure or the mating system causes a large variance of inbreeding.

[HPV detection in the mouth and cervix of patients with histological diagnosis suggestive of genital infection]

This work evaluated HPV infection in the oral cavity (using oroscopy and exfoliative oral cytology) and its relation to genital infection in women with cytological diagnosis suggestive of HPV infection. The sample consisted of 60 patients who underwent oroscopy, cytology and viral determination in mouth and cervix by PCR using generic primers MY09/MY11 and MPCR. HPV DNA was detected in oral and genital mucosa in 48.33% and 73.3% of patients, respectively, yielding a concordance of 44.2% (k=0.44, moderate agreement). The most common viral types were low risk, especially type 6, found in 86.2% of oral samples and 65.9% of cervical specimens, alone or in combination with other types of low (11) or high oncogenic risk (16, 18, 33), with a concordance of 10.45% (k = 0.1, insignificant agreement). However, in relation to type 6, there was a concordance of 75.86% (k=0.7, high agreement). The cytology of the oral cavity had a sensitivity of 3.5% and a specificity of 93.6%. For oroscopy, sensitivity was 27.6% and specificity was 74.2%. The results indicate that HPV infection in the oral cavity of patients with genital infection could be frequent. The low concordance between HPV types suggests that HPV infection in the mouth and cervix has a different biological behavior.

Outcome of acute renal injury in diabetic mice with experimental endotoxemia: role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α

The role of diabetic nephropathy in the outcome of acute renal injury (AKI) is not well defined. Herein we evaluate the outcome of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced AKI in streptozotocin-induced diabetes, as well as the potential role of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF-1 α ) in this condition. Although 6 h after LPS injection all mice developed a decrease in renal function, proteinuric diabetic mice showed a better recovery of this parameter throughout the study (72 h). Both HIF-1 α and vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) were found to be upregulated in diabetic mice. After LPS injection, all animals showed an upregulation of these factors, although it was higher in the diabetic group. Glycated albumin (GA) was found to upregulate HIF-1 α in HK-2 cells, which resulted in increased production of VEGF. Interestingly, LPS cooperated with GA to induce HIF-1 α upregulation. In conclusion, diabetic mice display a better recovery of AKI after experimental endotoxemia. Moreover, these animals showed an increased expression of both HIF-1 α and VEGF that was reproduced by incubating renal cells with GA. Since VEGF is considered a survival factor for tubular cells, our findings suggest that diabetes displays HIF-1 α upregulation that might function as a "precondition state" offering protection from endotoxic AKI.

183 EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM NUTRITIONAL RESTRICTION ON PREOVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE SURGE, LEPTIN, AND LUTEAL PHASE IN LLAMAS (LAMA GLAMA)

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of long-term energy restriction on preovulatory LH surge and luteal phase in llamas. Mature nonlactating, nonpregnant, female llamas (n = 16) were assigned randomly to the following groups: (1) llamas received Ballica sp. hay ad libitum and 300 g d–1 of commercial concentrate (control group, n = 8, BCS = 3.9) or (2) llamas were fed the same feed but the amount was progressively reduced from 70% to 40% of their maintenance energy requirement (MER) for a period of 87 days, until the final BCS was 2.5 (restricted group, n = 8). After 2 months and 21 days of 40% MER diet, ovarian follicular wave emergence was synchronized by transvaginal ultrasound-guided ablation of follicles ≥5 mm in diameter using a 17-ga needle attached to a 5-MHz convex-array transducer. Ten days after follicle ablation (Day 0), llamas were given an i.m. dose of 50 µg of gonadorelin acetate to induce ovulation. Frequent blood samples were taken every 30 min for 6 h and every 15 min for 1 h for plasma LH and leptin concentration measurements, respectively, immediately after treatment. Llamas were examined daily by transrectal ultrasonography for 20 days to record serial changes in the CL diameter. In addition, blood samples were taken every 2 days from Day 0 to 16 to determine plasma concentrations of leptin and progesterone. Discrete dependent variables were compared between groups by Student t-tests and continuous dependent variables were analysed by analyses of variance with repeated-measures. There was an effect of time on plasma LH concentration (P ≤ 0.001), but not an effect of group (P = 0.1) or interaction (P = 0.6) after gonadorelin acetate treatment. Plasma leptin concentration was lower in llamas from the restricted than that of the control group after gonadorelin treatment [effect of time, group (P ≤ 0.01), and interaction (P ≤ 0.01)]. The maximum diameter of the CL and plasma progesterone concentration were lower in the restricted than in the control group, and both variables were affected by group (P ≤ 0.01, P ≤ 0.02), and day (P ≤ 0.001, P ≤ 0.001, respectively). Plasma leptin concentration was lower in the restricted than that of the control group during the entire experiment. In conclusion, long-term nutritional restriction affected negatively CL diameter, progesterone secretion, and leptin plasma concentration in llamas. The differential response of leptin to gonadorelin acetate treatment could reflect a subfertlity-nutritional induced problem related with steroidogenesis, oocyte quality, ovulation, and early embryo development processes. Research supported by Postdoctoral Fondecyt N° 3110095.

Mixed testicular neoplasia in a short beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis

A diagnosis of mixed testicular neoplasia in a short beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis involving a Sertoli cell tumor, an interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor and a seminoma is presented. Lymphatic spread of the Sertoli cell tumor to an adjacent retroperitoneal lymph node was observed. Testicular neoplasms have been infrequently reported in marine mammals. Demonstration of clinical signs and further health implications is extremely challenging when dealing with non accessible wildlife species, such as dolphins. However, metastatic potential for these neoplastic conditions should be considered.

Capture myopathy in live-stranded cetaceans

A group of 51 cetaceans that had been stranded alive on the coasts of the Canary Islands, experienced human capture/rescue interactions and then died, were necropsied over a 12-year period. Of these cetaceans, 25 had haemodynamic lesions indicative of multiorganic vascular shock, degenerative muscle lesions affecting both skeletal and cardiac muscles and myoglobinuric nephrosis typical of capture myopathy (CM). Because macroscopic lesions in muscles and kidneys were not always obvious, a standard protocol was developed where the longissimus dorsi muscle was examined histologically for segmental hypercontraction, contraction band necrosis and segmental muscular degeneration and cardiomyocytes studied for hypereosinophilic wavy fibres, sarcolemmal and perinuclear vacuolation and contraction band necrosis. Light microscopic skeletal and cardiac muscle lesions in all CM animals were confirmed as ante mortem by immunohistochemical assay for myoglobin loss from and fibrinogen entry into affected myofibres. All animals had tubular nephrosis with casts and tubular myoglobin. The oxidative stress-related marker HSP70 was demonstrated immunohistochemically in tubular epithelium. Although the syndrome related to death of live-stranded cetaceans is multifactorial, this study documents that a clinicopathological syndrome comparable to CM of terrestrial wildlife has a role in stranding outcomes.

Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of acquired AmpC β-lactamases and carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from 35 hospitals in Spain

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the prevalence of plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC) and carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae collected from 35 hospitals in Spain and to establish their epidemiological relationships. We conducted a prospective multi-centre study on pAmpC- or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates from clinical samples collected from February to July 2009. The strains suspected to carry pAmpC were resistant or showed intermediate susceptibility to co-amoxiclav and second- or third-generation cephalosporins. Strains suspected to carry a carbapenemase were selected because they showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to imipenem >1 mg/L. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a sequencing strategy were used to characterise the enzymes. The clonal relationships between isolates was analysed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Among 100,132 Enterobacteriaceae isolates collected, 1,654 were compatible with the production of pAmpC or carbapenemases. We found a prevalence of 0.64 % of pAmpC (n = 635) and 0.04 % of carbapenemases (n = 43). The most prevalent pAmpC enzymes were CMY-type (78.3 %), DHA-type (19.5 %), ACC-type (1.6 %) and FOX-type (0.6 %). The CMY-type was the most frequent in Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis species, whereas the DHA-type was mainly found in Klebsiella spp. The enzymes involved in carbapenem resistance were VIM-1, IMP-22 and the new IMP-28. Nine new bla genes were described: bla (CMY-54), bla (CMY-55), bla (CMY-56), bla (CMY-57), bla (CMY-96), bla (DHA-6), bla (DHA-7), bla (FOX-8) and bla (IMP-28). The prevalence of pAmpC or carbapenemases found is not negligible. The CMY-types were the predominant pAmpC, whereas the VIM or IMP enzymes were the predominant carbapenemases. Furthermore, we observed a great genetic diversity among pAmpC-producing strains and a close clonal relationship between carbapenemase-producing strains.

Influence of temperature on structure and magnetic properties of exchange coupled TbCo/FeNi bilayers

Among amorphous films of rare earth-transition metal (RE-TM) alloys as exchange-biasing layers in magnetoresistive heads and spin-valve sensors, the amorphous Tb-Co films have most high practical potential. In the present work the influence of the temperature and the heat treatment parameters on the structure and magnetic properties was studied for exchange bias FeNi/Tb35Co65 bilayers annealed in vacuum or a nitrogen flow. A simple explanation of the dependence of the magnetic properties on the temperature and the heat treatment parameters connected with structural changes in each one of the layers was proposed.

[Home parenteral nutrition (HPN): feasibility of its implementation from a public hospital]

INTRODUCTION

The intensive care of patients at home had probed important beneficialness for the patient and the Health System. There are very few experiences of this kind of care from the Public Hospitals.

OBJECTIVE

To develop a social-sanitary analysis of the feasibility of the implementation of HPN on patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) from a Public Hospital.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Patients hospitalized between 1985-2009 were included. We analyzed: age, residual intestine length (RIL), time between de indication and the beginning of HPN, HPN duration, treatment modality and clinical outcome. Social determinants: home place, habitat conditions, employment conditions, educational level, social security and Low Socioeconomic Status (LSS). The group were divided in two: 1- patients with feasibility of HPN when it was prescribed; 2- patients without feasibility of HPN.

RESULTS

61 patients were included, RIL x: 21.7 ± 11.6 cm. The HPN was feasible (G1) in 32 patients (52.4%) and no feasible (G2) in 29 (47.6%). The home treatment modality was in self-caring 25 (81%) and with nurses support 7 (19 %). The social determinants associated with the HPN feasibility were: more than one takecare (p 0.03), educational level (p 0.01), adequate habitat conditions (p 0.02) and Low Socioeconomis Status (LSS) (p 0.07). 17 patients reached intestinal adaptation (28%), 6 (10%) were transplanted, 19 (31%) died and 19 (31%) are actually on HPN.

CONCLUSION

The HPN realized from the Public Hospital is feasible. Different social determinants were observed. The care of this group of patients must be done by an interdisciplinary group including general aspects of the child and the family.

A unifying motif of intermolecular cooperativity in protein associations

At the molecular level, most biological processes entail protein associations which in turn rely on a small fraction of interfacial residues called hot spots. Our theoretical analysis shows that hot spots share a unifying molecular attribute: they provide a third-body contribution to intermolecular cooperativity. Such motif, based on the wrapping of interfacial electrostatic interactions, is essential to maintain the integrity of the interface. Thus, our main result is to unravel the molecular nature of the protein association problem by revealing its underlying physics and thus by casting it in simple physical grounds. Such knowledge could then be exploited in rational drug design since the regions here indicated may serve as blueprints to engineer small molecules disruptive of protein-protein interfaces.

Repair of an osteochondral defect by sustained delivery of BMP-2 or TGFβ1 from a bilayered alginate-PLGA scaffold

Regeneration of cartilage defects can be accelerated by localized delivery of appropriate growth factors (GFs) from scaffolds. In the present study we analysed the in vitro and in vivo release rates and delivery efficacies of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) from a bilayered system, applied for osteochondral defect repair in a rabbit model. A bone-orientated, porous PLGA cylinder was overlaid with GF containing PLGA microspheres, dispersed in an alginate matrix. Four microsphere formulations were incorporated: (a) blank ones; (b) microspheres containing 50 ng TGFβ1; (c) microspheres containing 2.5 µg BMP-2; and (d) microspheres containing 5 µg BMP-2. Release kinetics and tissue distributions were determined using iodinated ((125) I) GFs. Bioactivity of in vitro released BMP-2 and TGFβ1 was confirmed in cell-based assays. In vivo release profiles indicated good GF release control. 20% of BMP-2 and 15% of TGFβ1 were released during the first day. Virtually the total dose was delivered at the end of week 6. Significant histological differences were observed between untreated and GF-treated specimens, there being especially relevant short-term outcomes with 50 ng TGFβ1 and 5 µg BMP-2. Although the evaluation scores for the newly formed cartilage did not differ significantly, 5 µg BMP-2 gave rise to higher quality cartilage with improved surface regularity, tissue integration and increased collagen-type II and aggrecan immunoreactivity 2 weeks post-implantation. Hence, the bilayered system controlled GF release rates and led to preserved cartilage integrity from 12 weeks up to at least 24 weeks.

Joint effects of porcine leptin and leptin receptor polymorphisms on productivity and quality traits

Leptin signalling plays a fundamental role in growth, fatness and body composition. The aim of this study was to investigate the porcine LEP gene sequence in an Iberian × Landrace experimental cross to identify polymorphisms associated with productivity and quality traits. Because of the documented effects on these traits of the LEPR c.1987C>T polymorphism, the LEP and LEPR c.1987C>T polymorphisms and their interactions have been jointly investigated. The LEP gene sequencing has allowed the identification of 39 polymorphisms, eight of which are novel. Three intronic SNPs, LEP g.1382C>T, LEP g.1387C>T and LEP g.1723A>G, have been genotyped, and association analyses have been carried out. Analyses of LEP g.1387C>T, fully linked to LEP g.1382C>T, have revealed additive effects on live and carcass weights and dominant effects on several backfat thickness measurements. Novel effects of both LEP and LEPR polymorphisms on fatty acid composition in subcutaneous fat have been detected, probably mediated through the effects on fatness. The results reported here suggest that the T alleles of both LEP g.1387C>T and LEPR c.1987C>T, which are fixed in the Iberian pigs, would lead to an increase in growth, fatness and saturated fatty acid content in fat, which could be explained by an increased feed intake.

High-fidelity, 160 fs, 5 μJ pulses from an integrated Yb-fiber laser system with a fiber stretcher matching a simple grating compressor

Although femtosecond microjoule Yb-fiber systems are attractive because of a straightforward power scalability, they inherently suffer from a lowered pulse fidelity as a result of complex dispersion and nonlinearity management. Here, we present an integrated Yb-fiber system delivering high-fidelity microjoule pulses compressible down to 160 fs. The system uses a dispersion compensating fiber stretcher that is specially designed to match the dispersion of a 1480 lines/mm grating compressor. Performance analysis suggests the further possibility of scaling the pulse energy to tens of microjoules without pulse quality deterioration using this dispersion management scheme.