Power and affiliation motivation, stress, and abuse in intimate relationships

The associations among n Power, n Affiliation, inhibition, stressful life events, and infliction and receipt of psychological and physical abuse in intimate relationships were investigated in a sample of 48 male and 107 female college undergraduates. Results indicated that life events that were perceived as being negative were associated with both the infliction and the receipt of abuse for women but not for men. Individual personality characteristics determined the tactics used in resolving intimate interpersonal conflicts. High n Power was significantly associated with the infliction of physical abuse on their partners by men, but not by women. For women, n Affiliation and activity inhibition moderated the effect that stress has on the infliction of abuse. Highly stressed women with high n Affiliation and low activity inhibition were the most likely to inflict abuse. Length and status of relationship were also found to be related to abuse, with abuse occurring most often between more committed couples. Sex differences were found for the relation between infliction and receipt of abuse. That is, receipt of abuse was highly correlated with infliction of abuse for women but not for men, suggesting that when women strike out they are struck in return.

Power and affiliation motivation, stress, and abuse in intimate relationships

The associations among n Power, n Affiliation, inhibition, stressful life events, and infliction and receipt of psychological and physical abuse in intimate relationships were investigated in a sample of 48 male and 107 female college undergraduates. Results indicated that life events that were perceived as being negative were associated with both the infliction and the receipt of abuse for women but not for men. Individual personality characteristics determined the tactics used in resolving intimate interpersonal conflicts. High n Power was significantly associated with the infliction of physical abuse on their partners by men, but not by women. For women, n Affiliation and activity inhibition moderated the effect that stress has on the infliction of abuse. Highly stressed women with high n Affiliation and low activity inhibition were the most likely to inflict abuse. Length and status of relationship were also found to be related to abuse, with abuse occurring most often between more committed couples. Sex differences were found for the relation between infliction and receipt of abuse. That is, receipt of abuse was highly correlated with infliction of abuse for women but not for men, suggesting that when women strike out they are struck in return.

The effect of operative ischemia in murine cardiac transplantation: isograft control studies

Isograft studies were performed in the murine model of cardiac transplantation to investigate the morphologic effects of operative ischemia. Primarily vascularized CBA mouse hearts were grafted heterotopically into the recipient CBA mouse's abdomen with standard microsurgical techniques. After ischemia times of 30 and 60 minutes, histologic examination showed minimal myocardial damage, with necrosis or scarring occupying less than 5% of the cross-sectional area of hearts bisected from apex to base after grafts had been removed on the seventh day after transplantation. Maximal ischemic damage was seen at 7 days after transplantation after 120 minutes of ischemia, with more than 30% myocardial necrosis or scarring of myocardial tissue. Isografts performed with ischemia times of less than 60 minutes were followed for more than 100 days. All hearts showed a fine, generalized, perimyocytic fibrosis, which was maximal at 28 days after transplantation and did not progress thereafter. These results will serve as important control measures for future studies in this model because ischemic damage must be considered in examining histologic samples from long-surviving cardiac allografts maintained in immunosuppressed recipients.

Lymphokine-activated killer cells. Analysis of progenitors and effectors

IL-2 has been examined for its ability to regulate lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity. IL-2 is a potent activator of cytolytic activity against a wide array of tumor cells, including those from fresh autologous and allogeneic tumors. Using subpopulations of lymphoid cells that were separated on Percoll density gradients, and subsequently purified by immunoadsorbance, studies were performed to examine the phenotypes of progenitor and effector cells of human LAK cells and to compare them with the phenotype of activated NK cells. From these studies, it was evident that several lymphoid subsets, including CD3+, CDw16- and CD3-, CDw16+ cells could mediate LAK lysis of fresh tumor cells. Our examination of the kinetics of activation revealed that CDw16+, NKH1+ (NK-active) cells were maximally activated by 1-2 d. In contrast, CD3+ cells appeared not to achieve maximal cytolytic activity against fresh and cultured tumor cells until days 2-3. Using limiting-dilution frequency analysis, we showed that a large percentage of cytolytically active progenitors was present among the CDw16+, NKH1+ cells. The progenitor and effector cell frequencies appear to be 10-50 times higher in these populations compared to CD3+ cells. In addition, the selective blockage by mAb to the CD3 determinant of the T cell receptor complex indicated that these two effector cell phenotypes relied on different receptors to mediate their cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. Therefore, the accumulated data suggest that there is not a single unique progenitor of LAK activity, but rather that multiple subsets of lymphocytes become cytotoxic in response to IL-2. However, the NK cell population forms the largest single component of LAK cell activity in human peripheral blood.

A simple device for filtering small volumes of micropipette filling solutions

An inexpensive device for filtering small volumes of liquids is described. It is versatile, simple to use and results in very little wastage. The device is particularly suitable for filtering micropipette filling solutions for intra- and extracellular injection.

An economic analysis of recent fertility in Japan: an application of the Butz-Ward model

The authors apply the Butz-Ward version of the new home economics model of fertility to Japan, using annual time-series data for 1963-1984. This model postulates that "both men's and women's current wages operate independently in explaining fertility movements in the United States." Some of the theoretical and technical problems with this model are discussed. The authors then propose five alternative specifications to the Butz-Ward model and test the applicability of each specification to Japan (SUMMARY IN JPN)

Morphogenesis of an identified leech neuron: segmental specification of axonal outgrowth

We have investigated the development of segmental diversity in an identified leech neuron, the Retzius cell. Retzius cells in the genital segments differ from those in other segments in lacking central axons and contacting different peripheral targets: the genitalia. These differences are not apparent during initial axon outgrowth, when all Retzius cells follow the same morphogenetic pattern. Rather, they first appear about the time the peripheral axons of the genital segment Retzius cells contact the genital primordia. This suggests that the pattern of central and peripheral axonal outgrowth may be modified by an interaction with peripheral targets.

Thermal injury in the pregnant patient

Thermal injury sustained during pregnancy presents special management problems for both the gravid woman and her unborn child. Of 6,573 admissions to this burn center during the period of 1950 through 1982, 1,157 (17.6 per cent) were female and 448 (6.8 per cent) were of reproductive age. Thirty of this latter group (6.7 per cent) of burned patients were pregnant at the time of injury. These 30 patients ranged in age from 16 to 37 years old (an average of 22.7 years) and the burned portion of the total body surface area ranged from 6 to 92 per cent (an average of 39.7 per cent). A review of the clinical courses of these 30 patients suggests several observations and conclusions. Pregnancy does not alter the maternal outcome after thermal injury and maternal survival is usually accompanied by fetal survival in the absence of significant complications. If the injury of the gravid patient is lethal, the pregnancy will usually terminate spontaneously prior to her death. Obstetric support and aggressive fetal monitoring is recommended for all moderately and severely burned pregnant patients. Obstetric intervention may be considered in the ill patient with a near term fetus in whom significant complications (such as, hypotension, hypoxemia or sepsis) jeopardize the life of the fetus.

The meaning of touch in care practice

76 respondents were asked to categorise 28 specified examples of touching within health care. Broad agreement was found across the sample group as a whole, in its application of 8 of the 10 categories offered by the researchers. The need for alternative or additional categories and the occasional differences between responses of professional groups are discussed.

Effects of recombinant and hybrid recombinant human leukocyte interferons on cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells

Two recombinant human leukocyte interferons (A and D), five hybrid interferons containing varying portions of A and D, and one fibroblast recombinant interferon were tested over a wide range of concentrations for their ability to modulate cytolytic activity of human natural killer (NK) cells. All of the interferons tested were purified to homogeneity. Although all the interferons were active, there were significant quantitative differences in their ability to augment cytolysis and the rank order of potency was reproducible among donors. The various recombinant interferons were also tested for their ability to augment mouse NK activity and the parental D and the A/D hybrids exhibited significant augmentation of cytolysis, which was consistent with their interspecies reactivity in viral neutralization assays. There generally was a direct correlation between antiviral activity and the ability of interferon to augment mouse NK activity; however, this correlation was not evident when tested on human cells. The study of these hybrids led to the identification of two molecules (A/D Bgl and A/D Pvu) which are very active in augmenting mouse NK activity. In addition, considerable insight has been obtained regarding the structure-function relationship of these leukocyte interferons and their ability to boost murine NK. This biological activity was associated with the COOH-terminal portion of the D interferon.

The reformation of information technology

During the last twenty years there have been major changes in European health services in the need for information, technology and the information user. The need for information for management purposes has been highlighted by the shift away from running institutions to providing health care for defined populations, and the diminution in financial growth available to health services. To provide comprehensive care in the current financial climate there is a requirement for relevant and timely information about the patients being treated, the population from which they come and the cost and effectiveness of the treatment being provided. Major changes have occurred in both the software and hardware available for information technology (IT) applications. Modern technology cannot only process statistical data but also acquire, process, store and disseminate vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information. Among applications of interest to health service managers are quantitative data systems, planning systems, text management systems and communications both within the organization and with other organisations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cell-free translations of proline-rich protein mRNAs

Treatment of rats with the beta-agonist isoproterenol causes a dramatic increase in a series of proteins rich in proline (proline-rich proteins) in the parotid glands (Muenzer, J., Bildstein, C., Gleason, M., and Carlson, D. M. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 5623, 5629). These proteins which contain about 43% proline, comprise more than 50% of the total soluble protein of glands of rats treated with isoproterenol for 10 days. Further studies by in vitro translation analysis using the reticulocyte lysate system and labeling with [3H]proline or [35S]methionine show definitive changes in patterns of protein synthesis and proline-rich protein mRNAs are highly elevated in treated animals. Analysis of translation products by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed (1) very little synthesis of proline-rich proteins from poly(A+) RNA of glands of normal rats, (2) poly(A+) RNA from glands of treated animals synthesize mainly proline-rich proteins, (3) translations with [3H]proline and [35S]methionine give identical labeling patterns from cell-free translations are all precipitated by antibodies to proline-rich proteins. At least six different proline-rich proteins are translated with poly(A+) mRNA from glands of treated animals. Each of these proteins is likely a translation product of a separate, specific mRNA. The dramatic changes in protein synthesis of rat parotid glands in response to isoproterenol treatment suggest to us that the parotid gland of the isoproterenol-treated rat is an excellent model system to study the overall responsiveness of gene expression to catecholamines.

Kallikrein and renin: molecular biology and biosynthesis

1. A cDNA clone library was constructed from male mouse submandibular gland poly(A)+RNA. 2. A 500 base-pair sequence consisting of a 3' untranslated region plus a 447 base-pair region coding for an amino acid sequence having 57% homology with the C-terminal 149 amino acids in the 230 amino acid chain of porcine pancreatic kallikrein was identified. 3. The sequence was strongly but not completely homologous with known mouse submandibular gland serine proteinase sequences and represents the first report of a DNA base sequence for a serine proteinase. It may be part of the gene coding for kallikrein. 4. The biosynthetic pathway for renin was established by continuous-labelling, pulse-chase and cell-free translation studies of submandibular gland tissue from normal and testosterone-induced mice. 5. Renin was synthesized as a mol. wt. 46000 preprorenin which is likely to be hydrolysed before completion of the nascent chain. A prorenin of mol. wt. 44500, pI 6.4 was identified and shown to be rapidly converted into a mol. wt. 40000, pI 6.2 renin, which was then converted more slowly into forms of mol. wt 35500, pI 5.6 and mol. wt. 34000, pI 5.4.

Computing the level and distribution of gains from fertility reduction

"This paper describes and illustrates new procedures for measuring monetary gains from fertility reduction that can be applied to macromodels of population and development. A previously developed method for calculating the total monetary gain from averted births is reviewed. A new technique for distributing gains between birth-averting households and society at large is explained....A technique for evaluating alternative fertility reduction programs is described. Each of the methods is applied to a macromodel estimated from a cross section of countries."

Molecular structures of three hydroxyl derivatives of the hepatic carcinogen acetylaminofluorene. Evidence for preferred orientation of the acetylamino side-chain

The molecular and crystal structures of three hydroxyl derivatives of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), have been determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The structures of l-hydroxyl-AAF, N-hydroxyl-AAF and 3-hydroxyl-AAF have shown that in general their geometries are similar, both in respect bond distances and angles, and in respect of side-chain disposition. Possible reasons for the differences in biological activity between the three derivatives are discussed.

Multiple myeloma with an IgD kappa monoclonal protein

The case of a female patient with multiple myeloma in whom the circulating monoclonal protein was IgD with kappa light chains is presented. The case is extremely unusual and serves to emphasize how little is known about the function, metabolism, and regulation of immunoglobulin D.

Long-term retention of a visually cued poison-based aversion in monkeys

Retention of a poison-based aversion after a 3-yr. period by 8 vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) was found. The color of the visual cue appeared to effect the retention of the aversion.

Sex selection with biased technologies and its effect on the population sex ratio

Current biomedical research on sex selection techniques may soon offer couples the opportunity to choose the sex of their children with greater certainty. A technique planned for marketing by mid-1978 can increase the probability of bearing a son to as much as 0.90. However, couples who wish to improve their chances of bearing a daughter have no such opportunity. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, a decision-making model is provided which describes how couples should choose among alternative sex-selection methods so as to maximize the probability of bearing their desired number of sons and daughters. Second, the effect of the widespread use of sex-selection techniques on the population sex ratio is explored. It is shown that even if populations have unbiased sex preferences, or sex preferences biased towards daughters, the use of biased sex-selection technologies may result in very high population sex ratios.