[Prognosis of embolization of internal iliac artery during the endovascular repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm]

OBJECTIVE

To study the importance of the internal iliac artery (IIA) during the endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).

METHODS

Forty-six consecutive cases of AAA treated by EVAR were retrospectively analyzed. The complications after exclusion of the IIA were analyzed.

RESULTS

The bilateral IIAs were reserved in 18 cases, in which the follow-up was achieved in 16 cases and no complication was observed. The IIAs were excluded in 28 (60.9%) cases, in which the bilateral, right and left IIAs were excluded in 7 (15.2%), 14 (30.4%) and 7 (15.2%) cases respectively. The follow-up was achieved in 26 cases. Buttock claudication was observed in 12 (46.2%) cases, altered bowel habit was observed in 8 (32.0%) cases, erectile dysfunction was observed in 3 (12.0%) cases, and bloody stool was observed in 2 (8.0%) cases. Comparing the bilateral and unilateral IIA exclusions, the rates of buttock claudication were 50.0% vs. 45.0%, altered bowel habit 33.3% vs. 31.6%, and erectile dysfunction 33.3% vs. 5.3% respectively. And the average duration of buttock claudication of bilateral IIAs exclusion (8.3 months) was longer than that of unilateral exclusion (4.7 months). Moreover, comparing the left and right IIA exclusions, the rates of buttock claudication were 57.1% vs. 38.5%, altered bowel habit 57.1% vs. 16.7%, and bloody stool 28.6% vs. 0 respectively. And the average duration of buttock claudication of left IIA exclusion (6.0 months) was longer than that of right exclusion (3.7 months).

CONCLUSION

The IIAs, especially the left IIA, should be reserved during the EVAR for AAA.

The use of a specialised amino acid mixture for pressure ulcers: a placebo-controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To compare pressure ulcer healing rates in patients supplemented with a specialised amino acid mixture containing (beta)-hydroxy (beta)-methylbutyrate (HMB), arginine and glutamine, and standard oral nutritional supplements versus patients supplemented with oral nutritional supplements and a placebo mixture.

METHOD

Twenty-three inpatients with stage II, III or IV pressure ulcers in an acute care hospital were randomised to recieve (A) a HMB, arginine and glutamine mixture twice daily alongside oral nutritional supplements (n=11) or (B) standard nutritional care alongside oral nutritional supplements (n=12) for 2 weeks. Pressure ulcers were measured weekly for area, depth and Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) scores. The proportion of viable tissue was determined based on area of wound tracing. Weekly laboratory tests were performed to measure C-reactive protein and pre-albumin levels. This trial is registered at http://ClinicalTrials.gov under NCT01090076.

RESULTS

There was no difference between anthropometrical measurements, biochemical parameters and nutritional intake pre- and post- study. Wound area did not decrease significantly in the short term for both groups. The proportion of viable tissues increased within 2 weeks on HMB, arginine and glutamine supplementation (p=0.02). PUSH scores showed significant improvement within 1 week of supplementation for the experimental group (p=0.013).

CONCLUSION

The use of specialised amino acid does not appear to reduce wound size and PUSH scores but may improve tissue viability after 2 weeks. Further confirmation on a larger scale is required to determine the benefits of supplementing additional HMB, arginine and glutamine in patients with pressure ulcers.

Spin–orbit coupling induced magnetoresistance oscillation in a dc biased two-dimensional electron system

We study dc-current effects on the magnetoresistance oscillation in a two-dimensional electron gas with Rashba spin-orbit coupling, using the balance-equation approach to nonlinear magnetotransport. In the weak current limit the magnetoresistance exhibits periodical Shubnikov-de Haas oscillation with changing Rashba coupling strength for a fixed magnetic field. At finite dc bias, the period of the oscillation halves when the interbranch contribution to resistivity dominates. With further increasing current density, the oscillatory resistivity exhibits phase inversion, i.e., magnetoresistivity minima (maxima) invert to maxima (minima) at certain values of the dc bias, which is due to the current-induced magnetoresistance oscillation.

Chemical constituents of Rhododendron formosanum show pronounced growth inhibitory effect on non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether Rhododendron formosanum Hemsl. (Ericaceae), an endemic species in Taiwan, exhibits antineoplastic potential against non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). R. formosanum was successively extracted with methanol and then separated into dichloromethane (RFL-DCM), ethyl acetate (RFL-EA), n-butanol (RFL-BuOH), and water (RFL-H2O) fractions. Among these extracts, RFL-EA exhibited the most effective antineoplastic effect. This study also demonstrated that fractions 2 and 3 from the RFL-EA extract (RFL-EA-2, RFL-EA-3) possessed the strongest antineoplastic potential against NSCLC cells. The major phytochemical constituents of RFL-EA-2 and RFL-EA-3 were ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and betulinic acid. This study indicated that ursolic acid demonstrated the most efficient antineoplastic effects on NSCLC cells. Ursolic acid inhibited growth of NSCLC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner and stimulated apoptosis. Apoptosis was substantiated by activation of caspase-3 and -9, and a decrease in Bcl-2 and an elevation of the Bax were also observed following ursolic acid treatment. Ursolic acid activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and then inhibited the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which controls protein synthesis and cell growth. Moreover, ursolic acid decreased the expression and/or activity of lipogenic enzymes, such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) via AMPK activation. Collectively, these data provide insight into the chemical constituents and anticancer activity of R. formosanum against NSCLC cells, which are worthy of continued study.

The role of pentacyclic triterpenoids in the allelopathic effects of Alstonia scholaris

Alstonia scholaris is a tropical evergreen tree native to South and Southeast Asia. Alstonia forests frequently lack understory species. However, potential mechanisms-particularly the allelochemicals involved-remain unclear. In the present study, we identified allelochemicals of A. scholaris, and clarified the role of allelopathic substances from A. scholaris in interactions with neighboring plants. We showed that the leaves, litter, and soil from A. scholaris inhibited growth of Bidens pilosa-a weed found growing abundantly near A. scholaris forests. The allelochemicals were identified as pentacyclic triterpenoids, including betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid by using (1)H and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for radicle growth of B. pilosa and Lactuca sativa ranged from 78.8 μM to 735.2 μM, and ursolic acid inhibited seed germination of B. pilosa. The triterpenoid concentrations in the leaves, litter, and soil were quantified with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry. Ursolic acid was present in forest soil at a concentration of 3,095 μg/g, i.e., exceeding the IC50. In the field, ursolic acid accumulated abundantly in the soil in A. scholaris forests, and suppressed weed growth during summer and winter. Our results indicate that A. scholaris pentacyclic triterpenoids influence the growth of neighboring weeds by inhibiting seed germination, radicle growth, and functioning of photosystem II.

Biological activity of oleanane triterpene derivatives obtained by chemical derivatization

Nine new derivatives of oleanane triterpenoids isolated from Fatsia polycarpa Hayata were synthesized through chemical transformations. Acetylation was effected by reaction with acetic anhydride in pyridine to afford compounds 1–5, while compound 6 was obtained using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl) in CH₂Cl₂. The others derivatives 7–9 were obtained in reactions of the corresponding triterpenoids with EDC·HCl, 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine hydrochloride and 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine in CH₂Cl₂. The structures of 1–9 were elucidated from extensive spectroscopic and HRESIMS data, while the structure of 9 was further confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The cytotoxic, anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV), antibacterial, hypoglycaemic and Wnt signaling activities of these derivatives were evaluated in vitro.

Molecular cloning and expression of the porcine S14R gene in Escherichia coli

We amplified S14R protein gene cDNA of porcine, cloned it into a prokaryotic expression plasmid, and expressed it in Escherichia coli. A pair of primers was designed based on the cDNA sequence of the porcine S14R gene in GenBank. The target gene fragment from porcine liver tissue was amplified by RT-PCR. Confirmed by auto-sequencing, the target gene fragment was subcloned into an expression vector of pET28a. The pET28a-S14R construct was subsequently transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). This construct was verified by restriction endonuclease digestion and sequencing. Using isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside induction, a new recombinant protein with the expected relative molecular mass of 24 kDa appeared. The result was identified by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Porcine S14R includes 549bp (GenBank No. JN793537), with an open reading frame of 549 bp coding 182 amino acids.

Differential regulation of locomotor activity to acute and chronic cocaine administration by acid-sensing ion channel 1a and 2 in adult mice

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are densely expressed in the brain with ASIC1a and ASIC2 channels being the predominant subtypes. These channels are enriched at synaptic sites and are central for the regulation of normal synaptic transmission. Moreover, increasing evidence links ASICs to the pathogenesis of various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, we explore the putative role of ASIC1a and ASIC2 in the regulation of behavioral sensitivity to the psychostimulant cocaine by utilizing ASIC1a or ASIC2 knockout mice. Acute cocaine injection induced a typical dose-dependent increase in locomotor activities in wild-type (WT) mice. However, in ASIC1a and ASIC2 mutant mice, different motor responses to cocaine were observed. In ASIC1a(-/-) mice, cocaine induced a significantly less motor response at all doses (5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg), while in ASIC2(-/-) mice, cocaine (5-20 mg/kg) stimulated locomotor activity to an extent comparable to WT mice. Only at 30 mg/kg, the cocaine-stimulated motor activity was reduced in ASIC2(-/-) mice. In a chronic cocaine administration model (20mg/kg, once daily for 5 days), a challenge injection of cocaine (10mg/kg, after 2-week withdrawal) caused an evident behavioral sensitization in the cocaine-pretreated WT mice. This behavioral sensitization to challenge cocaine was also displayed in ASIC1a(-/-) and ASIC2(-/-) mice. However, ASIC2(-/-) mice showed less sensitization to challenge cocaine when compared to WT and ASIC1a(-/-) mice. Our results demonstrate the important role of ASIC1a and ASIC2 channels in the modulation of behavioral sensitivity to cocaine. The two synapse-enriched ASIC subtypes are believed to play distinguishable roles in the regulation of behavioral responses to acute and chronic cocaine administration.

Secondary resistance to imatinib in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors through an acquired KIT exon 17 mutation

Although imatinib has demonstrated a potent effect on advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and has improved the survival of GIST patients, with its prolonged use imatinib resistance is becoming an increasing clinical problem. Mechanisms of secondary resistance are still under investigation. Our study aimed to determine the mechanism of acquired resistance to imatinib in GISTs. Using bidirectional PCR DNA sequencing, we sequenced exons 9, 11, 13 and 17 of the KIT gene and exons 12 and 18 of the PDGFRA gene in secondary resistant lesions obtained from 18 GIST patients after treatment with imatinib. Fourteen of 18 cases carried activating mutations in the KIT gene, with a mutation encoding the juxtamembrane domain present in exon 11 in 12 cases, in exon 13 in 1 case, and in exon 9 in 1 case. In 4 of 10 imatinib-resistant patients, an identical novel missense mutation (T2467G) was found in exon 17, resulting in a substitution of tyrosine by aspartic acid at codon 823 (Y823D). In conclusion, the exon 17 missense mutation T2467G in the tyrosine kinase domain of the KIT gene is correlated with imatinib resistance.

Tunable wrinkling pattern in annular graphene under circular shearing at inner edge

This work is concerned with the wrinkling phenomenon observed in an annular graphene sheet under circular shearing at its inner edge. By performing molecular mechanics simulations on the aforementioned loaded annular graphene sheet, it is observed that the unusual wrinkles formed are confined to within an annulus that hugs the perimeter of the inner radius. This confined wrinkling pattern is in contrast to the wrinkling patterns that spread throughout rectangular graphene sheets under tension or shear. The present wrinkling pattern is characterized by a wave number and wrinkle profile. The wave number at the bifurcation wrinkle is found to depend only on the inner radius of the annular graphene and it increases almost linearly with increasing inner radius. The orientation of these developed waves is found to be at a constant angle and independent from the radii ratio of annular graphene. The wrinkle profile in terms of wave amplitude and wavelength depends on the magnitude of the circular shearing. The predictable formation of wrinkles in annular graphene can be exploited for applications in nano-force sensors, tunable magnetic or electronic devices, as well as patterned stretchable electronics.

Three-dimensional chemical imaging of embedded nanoparticles using atom probe tomography

Analysis of nanoparticles is often challenging especially when they are embedded in a matrix. Hence, we have used laser-assisted atom probe tomography (APT) to analyze the Au nanoclusters synthesized in situ using ion-beam implantation in a single crystal MgO matrix. APT analysis along with scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM-EDX) indicated that the nanoparticles have an average size ~8-12 nm. While it is difficult to analyze the composition of individual nanoparticles using STEM, APT analysis can give three-dimensional compositions of the same. It was shown that the maximum Au concentration in the nanoparticles increases with increasing particle size, with a maximum Au concentration of up to 50%.

Effects of psychological interventions for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The purpose of this systematic review was to quantify the effects of psychological interventions on psychological health, physical health and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Studies were identified through a systematic search of six electronic databases and were included if they used a randomized controlled trial designed to explore the effects of psychological interventions in patients with SLE. Two authors independently assessed the methodological quality of included studies using a quality-scoring instrument developed by Jadad et al. and extracted relevant information according to a pre-designed extraction form. Data was analysed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s Revman5.1. Finally, six studies involving 537 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that psychological interventions could reduce the levels of anxiety (standard mean difference (SMD) −0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) −1.57,−0.34, p-value 0.00), depression (SMD −1.14, 95% CI −1.84,−0.44, p-value 0.00), stress (SMD −0.63, 95% CI −1.02,−0.23, p-value 0.00), and disease activity (SMD −0.34, 95% CI −0.57,−0.11, p-value 0.00). Although the effects on mental health, fatigue and physical function were in the expected direction, they were not statistically significant ( p > 0.05). The present data indicate that psychological interventions are promising treatments for patients with SLE. The findings were based on only six randomized controlled trials (RCTs), some of which were relatively small, so more methodologically rigorous large-scale randomized controlled trials are required to confirm these preliminary estimates of effectiveness.

Structural characterization of epitaxial Cr(x)Mo(1-x) alloy thin films

To develop a model system containing regularly spaced misfit dislocations for studies of the radiation resistance of nanoscale defects, epitaxial thin films of Cr, Mo, and Cr(x)Mo(1-x) alloys were deposited on MgO(001) by molecular beam epitaxy. Film compositions were chosen to vary the lattice mismatch with MgO. The film structure was investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Epitaxial films with reasonably high crystalline quality and abrupt interfaces were achieved at a relatively low deposition temperature, as confirmed by STEM. However, it was found by XRD and RBS in the channeling geometry that increasing the Mo content of the CrMo alloy films degraded the crystalline quality, despite the improved lattice match with MgO. XRD rocking curve data indicated that regions of different crystalline order may be present within the films with higher Mo content. This is tentatively ascribed to spinodal decomposition into Cr-rich and Mo-rich regions, as predicted by the Cr(x)Mo(1-x) phase diagram.

Oleanane-type triterpenoids from the leaves and twigs of Fatsia polycarpa

Seven new oleanane-type triterpenoids (1-7), named fatsicarpains A-G, and the known compounds 3α-hydroxyolean-11,13(18)-dien-28-oic acid (8) and 3α-hydroxyolean-11-en-28,13β-olide (9) were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Fatsia polycarpa on the basis of bioassay-guided fractionation. The structures of compounds 1-7 were elucidated through spectroscopic analyses and single-crystal X-ray crystallography of 1, 8, and 9. Cytotoxicity against HepG2 2.2.15 and AGS cells and antihepatitis B virus (HBV) and antibacterial activities of 1-9 were also evaluated in vitro.

Large-scale mitochondrial DNA deletions in weak goslings

1. Evidence has accumulated in mammals to support the idea that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions and mutations might contribute to ageing and reproductive failure. White Roman geese were monitored to evaluate the effect of large-scale deletions of mtDNA in an avian species. 2. A total of 340 samples from 114 dead embryos, 111 weak goslings, and 115 normal goslings were used in this experiment. The regions of these two large-scale mtDNA deletions, ΔmtDNA6829 and ΔmtDNA6992, were between the COI and ND5 genes. A 3·6% (4 out of 111) positive sample was detected in the weak goslings. In contrast, no large-scale mitochondrial DNA deletions were detected in either the dead embryos (0 out of 114) or the normal goslings (0 out of 115). 3. Large-scale mtDNA deletions may be a factor causing weak goslings.

Mapping QTL for an adaptive trait: the length of caudal fin in Lates calcarifer

The caudal fin represents a fundamental design feature of fishes and plays an important role in locomotor dynamics in fishes. The shape of caudal is an important parameter in traditional systematics. However, little is known about genes involved in the development of different forms of caudal fins. This study was conducted to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting the length of caudal fin and the ratio between tail length and standard body length in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer). One F1 family containing 380 offspring was generated by crossing two unrelated individuals. One hundred and seventeen microsatellites almost evenly distributed along the whole genome were genotyped. Length of caudal fin at 90 days post-hatch was measured. QTL analysis detected six significant (genome-wide significant) and two suggestive (linkage-group-wide significant) QTL on seven linkage groups. The six significant QTL explained 5.5-16.6% of the phenotypic variance, suggesting these traits were controlled by multiple genes. Comparative genomics analysis identified several potential candidate genes for the length of caudal fin. The QTL for the length of caudal fin detected for the first time in marine fish may provide a starting point for the future identification of genes involved in the development of different forms of caudal fins in fishes.

Human parechovirus infections in monkeys with diarrhea, China

Information about human parechovirus (HPeV) infection in animals is scant. Using 5' untranslated region reverse transcription-PCR, we detected HPeV in feces of monkeys with diarrhea and sequenced the complete genome of 1 isolate (SH6). Monkeys may serve as reservoirs for zoonotic HPeV transmissions and as models for studies of HPeV pathogenesis.

Human parechovirus infections in monkeys with diarrhea, China

Information about human parechovirus (HPeV) infection in animals is scant. Using 5′ untranslated region reverse transcription–PCR, we detected HPeV in feces of monkeys with diarrhea and sequenced the complete genome of 1 isolate (SH6). Monkeys may serve as reservoirs for zoonotic HPeV transmissions and as models for studies of HPeV pathogenesis.

The origin of the white Roman goose

In order to avoid interference from nuclear copies of mitochondrial DNA (numts), mtDNA of the white Roman goose (domestic goose) was extracted from liver mitochondria. The mtDNA control region was amplified using a long PCR strategy and then sequenced. Neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum-likelihood approaches were implemented using the 1,177 bp mtDNA control region sequences to compute the phylogenetic relationships of the domestic goose with other geese. The resulting identity values for the white Roman geese were 99.1% (1,166/1,177) with western graylag geese and 98.8% (1,163/1,177) with eastern graylag geese. In molecular phylogenetic trees, the white Roman goose was grouped in the graylag lineage, indicating that the white Roman goose came from the graylag goose (Anser anser). Thus, the scientific name of the white Roman goose should be Anser anser 'White Roman.'

Spin polarization induced by in-plane electric and magnetic fields in two-dimensional heavy-hole systems

Using a nonequilibrium Green function approach, we systematically investigate the current induced spin polarization (CISP) in a two-dimensional heavy-hole system with cubic Rashba spin-orbit coupling, driven by in-plane electric and magnetic fields. We find that when a magnetic field is applied along the direction of electric field, the longitudinal conductivity drops monotonously with an increase of magnetic-field strength or of hole density. The spin polarization along the electric-field direction is just the Pauli paramagnetism and it quadratically increases with an increase of hole density. The nonvanishing out-of-plane component of spin polarization emerges for both short-range and long-range disorders, and it changes sign with the variation of magnetic field, especially for long-range hole-impurity scattering. In the magnetic-field dependences of this out-of-plane CISP and of the in-plane CISP perpendicular to the electric field, there are singular magnetic fields, below or above which the effects of magnetic field are completely different.

Assessment of continuum mechanics models in predicting buckling strains of single-walled carbon nanotubes

This paper presents an assessment of continuum mechanics (beam and cylindrical shell) models in the prediction of critical buckling strains of axially loaded single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results for SWCNTs with various aspect (length-to-diameter) ratios and diameters will be used as the reference solutions for this assessment exercise. From MD simulations, two distinct buckling modes are observed, i.e. the shell-type buckling mode, when the aspect ratios are small, and the beam-type mode, when the aspect ratios are large. For moderate aspect ratios, the SWCNTs buckle in a mixed beam-shell mode. Therefore one chooses either the beam or the shell model depending on the aspect ratio of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs). It will be shown herein that for SWCNTs with long aspect ratios, the local Euler beam results are comparable to MD simulation results carried out at room temperature. However, when the SWCNTs have moderate aspect ratios, it is necessary to use the more refined nonlocal beam theory or the Timoshenko beam model for a better prediction of the critical strain. For short SWCNTs with large diameters, the nonlocal shell model with the appropriate small length scale parameter can provide critical strains that are in good agreement with MD results. However, for short SWCNTs with small diameters, more work has to be done to refine the nonlocal cylindrical shell model for better prediction of critical strains.

A standard panel of microsatellites for Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)

Microsatellites are the most popular markers for parentage assignment and population genetic studies. To meet the demand for international comparability for genetic studies of Asian seabass, a standard panel of 28 microsatellites has been selected and characterized using the DNA of 24 individuals from Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia. The average allele number of these markers was 10.82 +/- 0.71 (range: 6-19), and the expected heterozygosity averaged 0.76 +/- 0.02 (range: 0.63-1.00). All microsatellites showed Mendelian inheritance. In addition, eight standard size controls have been developed by cloning a set of microsatellite alleles into a pGEM-T vector to calibrate allele sizes determined by different laboratories, and are available upon request. Seven multiplex PCRs, each amplifying 3-5 markers, were optimized to accurately and rapidly genotype microsatellites. Parentage assignment using 10 microsatellites in two crosses (10 x 10 and 20 x 20) demonstrated a high power of these markers for revealing parent-sibling connections. This standard set of microsatellites will standardize genetic diversity studies of Asian seabass, and the multiplex PCR sets will facilitate parentage assignment.

Uncertainty Calculation for Spectral-Responsivity Measurements

This paper discusses a procedure for measuring the absolute spectral responsivity of optical-fiber power meters and computation of the calibration uncertainty. The procedure reconciles measurement results associated with a monochromator-based measurement system with those obtained with laser sources coupled with optical fiber. Relative expanded uncertainties based on the methods from the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement and from Supplement 1 to the "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement"-Propagation of Distributions using a Monte Carlo Method are derived and compared. An example is used to illustrate the procedures and calculation of uncertainties.

Nonlinear dc transport in graphene

Considering electron-impurity, electron-acoustic-phonon and electron-optical-phonon scatterings, the nonlinear steady-state transport properties of graphene are studied theoretically by means of the balance equation approach. We find that the conductivity as a function of electric field strength, E, exhibits strongly nonlinear behavior for E larger than a critical value, E(c)≈0.1 kV cm(-1). With the increase of E from zero, the conductivity first decreases slowly and then it falls rapidly when E>E(c). The dependence of electron temperature on E is also demonstrated.