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Choi CM, Yang SC, Jo HJ, Song SY, Jeon YJ, Jang TW, Kim DJ, Jang SH, Yang SH, Kim YD, Lee KH, Jang SJ, Kim YT, Kim DK, Chung DH, Kim L, Nam HS, Cho JH, Kim HJ, Ryu JS. Proteins involved in DNA damage response pathways and survival of stage I non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:2088-2093. [PMID: 22317771 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological complexity leads to significant variation in the survival of patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). DNA damage response (DDR) pathways play a critical role in maintaining genomic stability and in the progression of NSCLC. Therefore, the development of a prognostic biomarker focusing on DDR pathways is an intriguing issue. PATIENTS AND METHODS Expression of several proteins (ATM, ATMpS1981, γH2AX, 53BP1, 53BP1pS25, Chk2, Chk2pT68, MDC1, MDC1pS964, BRCA1pS1423, and ERCC1) and overall survival were investigated in 889 pathological stage I NSCLC patients. RESULTS Low expression of BRCA1pS1423 or ERCC1 was significantly associated with worse survival in the whole cohort of patients. Analysis performed based on histology revealed that low expression of γH2AX, Chk2pT68, or ERCC1 was a poor prognostic factor in squamous cell carcinoma patients [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), Cox P: 1.544, 0.012 for γH2AX; 1.624, 0.010 for Chk2pT68; 1.569, 0.011 for ERCC1]. The analysis of the interaction between two proteins showed that this effect was more pronounced in squamous cell carcinoma patients. However, these effects were not detected in adenocarcinoma patients. CONCLUSIONS The proteins involved in DDR pathways exhibited differential expression between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma and were important determinants of survival in stage I squamous cell carcinoma patients.
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Kim YD, Kim YH, Cho YM, Kim DK, Ahn SW, Lee JM, Chanda D, Shong M, Lee CH, Choi HS. Metformin ameliorates IL-6-induced hepatic insulin resistance via induction of orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) in mouse models. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1482-94. [PMID: 22349108 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS IL-6 is a proinflammatory cytokine associated with the pathogenesis of hepatic diseases. Metformin is an anti-diabetic drug used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP, also known as NR0B2), a transcriptional co-repressor, plays an important role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that metformin-mediated activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) increases SHP protein production and regulates IL-6-induced hepatic insulin resistance. METHODS We investigated metformin-mediated SHP production improved insulin resistance through the regulation of an IL-6-dependent pathway (involving signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 [STAT3] and suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 [SOCS3]) in both Shp knockdown and Shp null mice. RESULTS IL-6-induced STAT3 transactivation and SOCS3 production were significantly repressed by metformin, adenoviral constitutively active AMPK (Ad-CA-AMPK), and adenoviral SHP (Ad-SHP), but not in Shp knockdown, or with the adenoviral dominant negative form of AMPK (Ad-DN-AMPK). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and protein localisation studies showed that SHP inhibits DNA binding of STAT3 on the Socs3 gene promoter via interaction and colocalisation within the nucleus. Upregulation of inflammatory genes and downregulation of hepatic insulin signalling by acute IL-6 treatment were observed in wild-type mice but not in Shp null mice. Finally, chronic IL-6 exposure caused hepatic insulin resistance, leading to impaired insulin tolerance and elevated gluconeogenesis, and these phenomena were aggravated in Shp null mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrate that SHP upregulation by metformin may prevent hepatic disorders by regulating the IL-6-dependent pathway, and that this pathway can help to ameliorate the pathogenesis of cytokine-mediated metabolic dysfunction.
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Kim DK, Nam BY, Li JJ, Park JT, Lee SH, Kim DH, Kim JY, Kang HY, Han SH, Yoo TH, Han DS, Kang SW. Translationally controlled tumour protein is associated with podocyte hypertrophy in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1205-17. [PMID: 22311416 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) is thought to be involved in cell growth by regulating mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling. As diabetes characteristically induces podocyte hypertrophy and mTORC1 has been implicated in this process, TCTP may have a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced podocyte hypertrophy. METHODS We investigated the effects and molecular mechanisms of TCTP in diabetic mice and in high glucose-stimulated cultured podocytes. To characterise the role of TCTP, we conducted lentivirus-mediated gene silencing of TCTP both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Glomerular production of TCTP was significantly higher in streptozotocin induced-diabetic DBA/2J mice than in control animals. Double-immunofluorescence staining for TCTP and synaptopodin revealed that podocyte was the principal cell responsible for this increase. TCTP knockdown attenuated the activation of mTORC1 downstream effectors and the overproduction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) in diabetic glomeruli, along with a reduction in proteinuria and a decrease in the sizes of podocytes as well as glomeruli. In addition, knockdown of TCTP in db/db mice prevented the development of diabetic nephropathy, as indicated by the amelioration of proteinuria, mesangial expansion, podocytopenia and glomerulosclerosis. In accordance with the in vivo data, TCTP inhibition abrogated high glucose-induced hypertrophy in cultured podocytes, which was accompanied by the downregulation of mTORC1 effectors and CKIs. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings suggest that TCTP might play an important role in the process of podocyte hypertrophy under diabetic conditions via the regulation of mTORC1 activity and the induction of cell-cycle arrest.
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Kim HS, Kim DK, Kim AR, Mun SH, Lee SK, Kim JH, Kim YM, Choi WS. Fyn positively regulates the activation of DAP12 and FcRγ-mediated costimulatory signals by RANKL during osteoclastogenesis. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1306-14. [PMID: 22387224 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts (OCs) are the only bone-resorbing cells and are critically involved in various bone-associated diseases, including osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Differentiation of OCs from bone marrow macrophage cells (BMMs) is regulated by RANK and the adaptor protein (DAP12/FcRγ)-mediated costimulatory signals. However, it is unknown how RANKL/RANK signal stimulates phosphorylation of DAP12/FcRγ to initiate the costimulatory signals. As reported here, we found that OC differentiation and acquisition of bone resorption capacity were suppressed in RANKL-stimulated Fyn(-/-) or Fyn-siRNA-transfected BMMs, but could be restored by overexpression of Fyn kinase in Fyn(-/-) BMMs. However, the RANKL-stimulated proliferation of BMMs was unaffected by the absence of Fyn. In addition, RANKL-stimulated Fyn(-/-) BMMs no longer exhibited the optimal induction of typical OC markers such as NFATc1, c-Fos, c-Src, TRAF6, and cathepsin K or costimulatory signals such as the activating phosphorylations of Syk, PLCγ2, and Gab2. These were restored by overexpression of Fyn in Fyn(-/-) BMMs. Immunoprecipitation studies also indicated that the adaptor proteins DAP12/FcRγ and Syk interacted with RANK during RANKL stimulation in BMMs in a Fyn-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of the DAP12/FcRγ and the recruitment of Syk by DAP12/FcRγ were suppressed in Fyn(-/-) BMMs. This is the first demonstration that Fyn relays the initial RANK/RANKL signal to the ITAM-containing adaptors DAP12/FcRγ for OC differentiation.
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Lee SH, Lim SW, Lee YM, Lee HS, Kim DK. Polysaccharide isolated from Triticum aestivum stimulates insulin release from pancreatic cells via the ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Int J Mol Med 2012; 29:913-9. [PMID: 22322245 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional natural plants have been used throughout the world for their antidiabetic effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the stimulating activity of a polysaccharide extract derived from T. aestivum sprout (TASP) on insulin secretion in vitro using the RIN-5F pancreatic β-cell line and rat pancreatic islets. In these experiments, TASP (0.1 to 2 mg/ml) augmented glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of a stimulatory glucose concentration (16.7 mM), but not of a basal concentration (1.1 mM). Although TASP failed to enhance the high K+-induced insulin secretion, the insulinotropic effect of TASP was significantly inhibited by diazoxide, an opener of ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocking insulin release. TASP potentiated the insulin secretion induced by other secretagogues, such as IBMX and tolbutamide. Moreover, glucose-derived blood insulin levels were significantly elevated by oral administration of TASP to mice, similarly to antidiabetic drugs. We also demonstrated that TASP significantly increased glucose-induced 45Ca2+ uptake and proinsulin mRNA expression in rat islets. Overall, our results suggest that TASP has a stimulating effect on insulin secretion and production in pancreatic β-cells via K+ channel closure and calcium influx. These results suggest that TASP may be useful as a candidate for the therapy of diabetes mellitus.
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Song JE, Kang WS, Kim DK, Yoon TG, Kim TY, Bang YS, Kim SH. The effect of ulinastatin on postoperative blood loss in patients undergoing open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. J Int Med Res 2012; 39:1201-10. [PMID: 21986122 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective, randomized, double-blind study evaluated the effect of ulinastatin on postoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements of patients undergoing open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and aortic cross-clamping (ACC). CPB and ACC produce variable systemic inflammatory reactions that are associated with multiorgan dysfunction via leucocytes, especially polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). PMNs increase blood loss and transfusion requirements. Ulinastatin, a urinary trypsin inhibitor, inhibits PMN activity and reduces the systemic inflammatory response. Patients received either 5000 U/kg ulinastatin or the equivalent volume of normal saline (control group) before ACC. Postoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements were recorded. Duration of intubation and length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) were also noted. There were no statistically significant between-group differences in postoperative blood loss and transfusion requirements. Ulinastatin caused a non-significant decrease in duration of intubation. Patients who received ulinastatin had significantly shorter ICU stays than control patients.
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Koo HS, Kim YC, Lee SW, Kim DK, Oh KH, Joo KW, Kim YS, Ahn C, Han JS, Kim S, Chin HJ. The effects of cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate on end-stage renal disease and death of lupus nephritis. Lupus 2011; 20:1442-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203311416034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Debate continues about the optimal treatment modality of lupus nephritis (LN). We compared the efficacy and safety of intravenous cyclophosphamide (CYC) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for LN treatment in Korea. After searching for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients diagnosed between 1998 and 2007 with the diagnostic code of ICD10, we selected the 71 patients who were treated with CYC or MMF without any other immunosuppressant except systemic steroid. Composite outcome was defined as progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and/or all-cause mortality. The initial manifestations of the CYC group were more severe than those of the MMF group. The mean daily MMF dose was 980 ± 100 mg for 21.67 ± 18.25 months. The mean monthly dose per CYC pulse therapy was 850 ± 30 mg for 17.04 ± 13.15 months. The incidence of composite outcome was 5/20 (25%) in the MMF group and 4/51 (7.8%) in the CYC group. The relative risk (RR) for composite outcome in the CYC group was 0.249 (95% CI for RR: 0.067–0.934, p = 0.039) compared with the MMF group with Cox's hazard proportional analysis. In Kaplan–Meier analysis, the probability of composite outcome was lower in the CYC group than in the MMF group (Log rank test p-value = 0.026). The results of this retrospective study suggest that intravenous CYC therapy may be more efficacious in averting ESRD and death than MMF. These results need to be confirmed in a larger randomized controlled trial.
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Park JS, Lee CH, Yim JJ, Yang SC, Yoo CG, Chung HS, Kim YW, Han SK, Shim YS, Kim DK. Impact of antibiotic prophylaxis on postbronchoscopy fever: a randomised controlled study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011; 15:528-35. [PMID: 21396214 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.10.0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postbronchoscopy fever can develop in 5-16% of adult patients. The microbiological contribution to postbronchoscopy fever is unclear. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the effect of prophylactic antibiotics on the development of postbronchoscopy fever and pneumonia. DESIGN Study patients were randomised to receive no treatment or oral amoxicillin/clavulanate 30 min before flexible bronchoscopy. The primary outcome variable was the frequency of postbronchoscopy fever and pneumonia. White blood cell counts, C-reactive protein and the serum pyrogenic cytokines interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha were measured before and after bronchoscopy. RESULTS Of 143 subjects enrolled in the study, the final analysis was performed among 67 subjects in the prophylaxis group and 64 in the control group. The frequency of postbronchoscopy fever did not differ between the groups (25.4% for the prophylaxis group vs. 26.6% for controls, P > 0.05). Pneumonia developed in 1.5% of the prophylaxis group and 4.7% of the controls. There was no bacteraemia in either group. Serum pyrogenic cytokines did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic antibiotics before bronchoscopy did not reduce the frequency of postbronchoscopy fever and did not affect serum levels of pyrogenic cytokines. These findings suggest that microbiological factors may not be responsible for the development of postbronchoscopy fever.
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Kang SG, Park CH, Kim DK, Park JK, Hong SJ, Chung BH, Kim CS, Lee KS, Kim JC, Lee JG. Long-term outcome of tamsulosin for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms according to the treatment response defined by lower urinary tract symptom outcomes score. Int J Clin Pract 2011; 65:691-7. [PMID: 21564443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED IMS: To evaluate long-term outcome of tamsuolsin 0.2 mg for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients using a new subjective assessment of patient-reported outcomes and the lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) outcome score (LOS) over a 48-week period. METHODS This study investigated the long-term outcomes of either well-responded or poorly responded patient group as defined by LOS at the period of 12 weeks after BPH treatment. Outcome parameters used in this study were the most bothersome symptoms, BPH K1-short form as well as International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), maximum flow rate (Qmax) and postvoiding residual urine volume at 24-, 36- and 48-week follow-up. RESULTS Of the 414 patients recruited initially, 310 (75.2%) were defined as the responders and 39 (9.5%) as the non-responders to the treatment at 12 weeks, which was stratified by LOS. In this long-term study, the differences in improvement rates of clinical parameters between responder and non-responder groups at 12 weeks of treatment were maintained over the period of 48 weeks. Among the responder patients, most (75.6%) chose continuous administrations of tamsulosin. Improvements in clinical parameters were maintained in this subgroup. It is noteworthy that the improvements in clinical parameters of the non-responder group were dismal despite switching to the other treatment modalities. CONCLUSIONS Long-term tamsulosin 0.2 mg for BPH patients is an effective treatment, both subjectively and objectively. Considering its integrative nature, LOS seemed to be one of the useful tools to predict the outcome after the management of LUTS.
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Cho EY, Choi SC, Lee SH, Ahn JY, Im LR, Kim JH, Xin M, Kwon SU, Kim DK, Lee YM. Nafamostat mesilate attenuates colonic inflammation and mast cell infiltration in the experimental colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:412-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kang WS, Kim DK, Yoon TG, Kim TY, Kim SH. In vitro effects of ulinastatin on blood coagulation using thromboelastography. Minerva Med 2011; 102:109-113. [PMID: 21483397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM The effects of ulinastatin, urinary trypsin inhibitor, on coagulation are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to examine the in vitro effects of ulinastatin on coagulation using modified computerised thromboelastography (ROTEM®) with InTEM®. METHODS A venous blood sample was obtained from the antecubital vein without stasis from 12 healthy adult men. A 290 µL aliquot of blood was combined with either 10 µL of ulinastatin (100 [U100], 200 [U200] or 1000 [U1000] U/mL) or 10 µL of normal saline. The samples were analysed simultaneously at 37 ºC on a four channel ROTEM® with InTEM®. RESULTS Clotting time was significantly increased in the U200 (155.8±9.3 s) and U 1000 (173.6±14.5 s) groups, compared with the control group (136.1±12.6 s). The U 1000 group significantly increased clot formation time (77.6±16.2 s; control group, 63.8±13.4 s) and significantly decreased α angle (74.6±3.3º; control group, 77.4±2.4º). No significant difference in maximum clot firmness or maximum lysis was found between the control and ulinastatin groups. CONCLUSION In-vitro ulinastatin had a direct anticoagulant effects, as assessed by ROTEM® with InTEM®, and the results were within the normal ranges.
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Wang FH, Kim DK, Yoshitake T, Johansson SM, Bjelke B, Muhammed M, Kehr J. Diffusion and clearance of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles infused into the rat striatum studied by MRI and histochemical techniques. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:015103. [PMID: 21135466 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/1/015103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate, by MRI and histochemical techniques, the diffusion and clearance abilities of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) coated with dextran (Dextran-SPION) and gold (Au-SPION) following their local infusions into the rat brain. In separate groups of anesthetized rats, the Dextran-SPION and Au-SPION were infused at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 5 µg Fe/0.5 µl and at the flow rate of 0.5 µl min(-1) into the left and right striata, respectively. Repetitive T2-weighted spin-echo MRI scans were performed at time intervals of 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h, and one, two and eight weeks after inoculation. Following infusion of Dextran-SPION (0.1 µg and 1 µg Fe), the maximal distribution volume was observed at about 12-24 h after inoculation and two weeks later the Fe signals were undetectable for the lower dose. On the other hand, Au-SPION remained tightly localized in the closest vicinity of the infusion site as revealed by unchanged MRI signal intensities and strong histochemical staining of Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) ions in the corresponding brain slices. Immunohistochemical staining of astrocytic and microglial reactions revealed that there were no marked differences in GFAP, VIM or OX-42 labeling observed between the nanoparticle types, however the astrocytic reaction was more pronounced in rats receiving nanoparticles compared to the control (aCSF-infused) rats. In conclusion, the present data demonstrate that the viral-sized Dextran-SPION were able to diffuse freely through the interstitial space of the brain being progressively cleared out from the infusion site within two weeks. Thus, Dextran-SPION could be beneficially used in MRI-guided diagnostic applications such as in experimental oncology or as labels and carriers for targeted drug delivery, whereas Au-SPION could be used for labeling and tracking the transplanted stem cells in experimental MRI.
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Rhee EJ, Lee WY, Yoon KH, Yoo SJ, Lee IK, Baik SH, Kim YK, Lee MK, Park KS, Park JY, Cha BS, Lee HW, Min KW, Bae HY, Kim MJ, Kim JA, Kim DK, Kim SW. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase II trial evaluating the optimal dose, efficacy and safety of LC 15-0444 in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12:1113-9. [PMID: 20977584 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to evaluate the optimal dose, efficacy and safety of a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-IV) inhibitor, LC15-0444, in Korean subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated by diet and exercise. METHODS This study was a double-blind, randomized, multicenter and parallel-group, dose-range finding study. We enrolled 145 patients (91 men and 54 women) with a median age of 53 years and a median body mass index of 25.1 kg/m(2) . The median baseline fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was 8.1 mmol/l, the median HbA1c was 7.9% and the median time since the diagnosis of diabetes was 3 years. After 2 weeks of an exercise/diet programme followed by 2 weeks of a placebo period, the subjects were randomized to one of the four following groups for a 12-week active treatment period: placebo and 50, 100 or 200 mg of LC15-0444. RESULTS All three doses of LC15-0444 significantly reduced the HbA1c from baseline compared to the placebo group (-0.06 vs. -0.98, -0.74 and -0.78% in the placebo and 50, 100 and 200 mg groups, respectively), without a significant difference between the doses. Subjects with a higher baseline HbA1c (≥8.5%) had a greater reduction in HbA1c. Insulin secretory function, as assessed using homeostasis model assessment-beta cell, C-peptide and the insulinogenic index, improved significantly with LC15-0444 treatment. Insulin sensitivity, as assessed using homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, also improved significantly after 12 weeks of treatment. The 50 and 200 mg groups had significantly reduced total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at 12 weeks compared to the placebo group. No dosage of LC15-0444 affected weight or waist circumference. The incidences of adverse events were similar in all study subjects. CONCLUSIONS LC15-0444 monotherapy (50 mg for 12 weeks) improved the HbA1c, FPG level, oral glucose tolerance test results, β-cell function and insulin sensitivity measures, and was well tolerated in Korean subjects with type 2 diabetes.
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Gu BH, Minh NV, Lee SH, Lim SW, Lee YM, Lee KS, Kim DK. Deoxyschisandrin inhibits H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death in intestinal epithelial cells through nuclear factor-kappaB. Int J Mol Med 2010; 26:401-406. [PMID: 20664957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a pathogenesis for a typical inflammatory intestinal disease known as ulcerative colitis (UC) characterized by erosion and mucosal ulceration. For the treatment of UC, many kinds of traditional Asian medical plants have been used. Schisandra chinensis fruits (SC) are known to possess anti-ulcer, anti-hepatotoxic and anti-neurotoxic activity. However, its mechanism is still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the cytoprotective effect of deoxyschisandrin, a lignan compound comprised of SC fruits, on H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death in human intestinal epithelial cells (HCT116). In flow cytometry assay using Annexin V and propidium iodide, deoxyschisandrin inhibited H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death. To further evaluate the apoptotic signaling by H2O2, we detected caspase-3 activation using cleavage of pro-caspase-3. Deoxyschisandrin inhibited H2O2-induced caspase-3 activation by blocking cleavage of pro-caspase-3. Furthermore, it has been reported that oxidative stress by H2O2 induces an activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). In our results, H2O2 stimulated the degradation of IkappaBalpha, inhibitor of NF-kappaB, in a concentration-dependent manner. On the contrary, deoxyschisandrin inhibited H2O2-stimulated degradation of IkappaBalpha and activation of NF-kappaB by blocking translocation of NF-kappaB to the nucleus. Therefore, we suggest that deoxyschisandrin inhibits H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death.
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Lee SH, Lee JH, Lee JH, Kim DK. Involvement of MITF-A, an alternative isoform of mi transcription factor, on the expression of tryptase gene in human mast cells. Exp Mol Med 2010; 42:366-75. [PMID: 20513998 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.5.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells play a central role in the initiation and development of allergic diseases through release of various mediators. Tryptase has been known to be a key mediator in mast cell-mediated inflammatory reactions. In the present study, we investigated whether the transcription of tryptase gene in human mast cells was induced by microphthalmia (mi)-associated transcription factor (MITF). We observed that the human CD34+ progenitor-derived cultured mast cells and human mast cell line HMC-1 expressed strongly the transcripts of tryptase-beta1 and MITF-A, which is a MITF alterative splicing isoform. The transcriptional activity of tryptase gene was specifically higher in HMC-1 cells compared to the tryptase-negative cells. Using mutant constructs of tryptase promoter, we observed that two E-box (CANNTG) motifs including between -817 to -715 and -421 to -202 are able to involve in the transactivation of tryptase gene by MITF-A. In addition, the binding of these motifs-containing oligonucleotides to MITF proteins was detectable by EMGA using the nuclear extracts of HMC-1 cells and anti-MITF mAb. The overexpression of MITF-A elevated tryptase production by HMC-1 cells, while the introduction of specific siRNA against MITF attenuated the expression and enzymatic activity of tryptase. These data suggest that MITF might play a role in regulating the transcription of tryptase gene in human mast cells.
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Lee KW, Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Li GX, Jang SI, Babu US, Park MS, Kim DK, Lillehoj EP, Neumann AP, Rehberger TG, Siragusa GR. Effects of direct-fed microbials on growth performance, gut morphometry, and immune characteristics in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2010; 89:203-16. [PMID: 20075271 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare growth performance, gut morphometry, and parameters of local and systemic immunity in broiler chickens fed for 22 consecutive days with a diet supplemented with Bacillus spp. as direct-fed microbials (DFM), a commercial product incorporating 3 DFM, or a nonsupplemented diet. Direct-fed microbials did not significantly modify BW gain and most failed to affect serum antibody levels in response to immunization with a recombinant Eimeria protein. However, altered intestinal morphometric measurements were readily apparent in DFM-fed chickens as revealed by increased villus height and crypt depth compared with non-DFM-fed controls. In addition, serum levels of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein as an inflammatory marker were reduced in DFM-fed birds, whereas splenic lymphocyte proliferation, intestine intraepithelial lymphocyte subpopulations, and cytokine mRNA levels in intraepithelial lymphocytes were increased, decreased, or unchanged compared with controls depending on the DFM used. These results provide a rational scientific basis for future studies to investigate DFM as immunomodulating agents to enhance host protective immunity against enteric pathogens in broiler chickens.
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Lee JY, Yang JS, Kim DK, Han MY. Relationship between land use and water quality in a small watershed in South Korea. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2010; 62:2607-2615. [PMID: 21099048 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2010.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent research and monitoring undertaken by various institutions have emphasized measurements of river-water quality. Based on the results, government agencies have set guidelines to improve river-water quality management. However, the relationship between water quality and land use/land cover (LULC) has not been examined closely in South Korea to date. This study investigated this relationship in the Imgok River watershed. For this study, the relationship between water quality parameters, e.g. metallic ions, biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD), NH₃, NO₃ and PO₄ levels and land-use types (abandoned mine land, forest/grassland, agricultural, livestock and residential areas) was examined by correlation analysis with significant level (p<0.05) and principal component analysis (PCA). Applying PCA to water quality parameters according to land-use coverage, the principal component impacting river water quality were found to be the pH, metallic ions, BOD, PO₄, COD and total suspended solids (TSS) for abandoned mine land (AML) coverage; BOD, NO₃ and PO₄ for forest/grassland areas; TSS, NO₃, and PO₄ for agricultural land; BOD, COD, NH₃ and NO₃ for livestock coverage; and BOD, COD, NH₃ and PO₄ for residential areas. For the AML, the pH exhibited a significant negative correlation with other water quality parameters at the significant level (p<0.05). Grassland showed significant positive correlations of BOD with values of 0.837 NO₃ and 0.514 PO₄. In agricultural land, TSS had a significant negative correlation with value of -0.772 PO₄. For livestock coverage, BOD had significant positive correlations with values of 0.865 COD, 0.629 NH₃, 0.709 NO₃ and 0.472 TSS. In residential areas, COD was significantly positively correlated with values of 0.988 BOD and 0.856 PO₄, and TSS was highly positively correlated with value of 0.810 NO₃ but highly negatively correlated with value of -0.702 PO₄. Based on the above, LULC is a significant factor to influence on river water quality and this relationship should be based on the management plan for river water quality control. Future work will be conducted to take more samples in the entire river and season, to run water quality model and to choose a new method for better analysis and more accurate relationship between land-use and water quality.
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Salkhanova AB, Kim DK. [Economic efficiency of reducing iron deficiency anemia prevalence in Republic of Kazakhstan]. Vopr Pitan 2010; 79:26-29. [PMID: 21395101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the survey is the analysis of economic efficiency at 20% one-time as well as 20% and 30% even reduction of anemia prevalence. Data of Agency on statistics, Ministry of Health of Republic of Kazakhstan, and research data of Kazakh Academy of Nutrition were used for computation. The prevalence of anemia amongst men aged 15-59 years was 28,1% and amongst women aged 15-59 years--45.3%. The economic efficiency at the 20% one-time anemia prevalence reduction for 1 year accounts for 146.1 mln USD, at the 20% even reduction of anemia prevalence for 4 years--367.7 mln USD for this period or 91.9 mln USD per one year; and at 30% even reduction of anemia prevalence for 4 years--547 mln USD for this period or 136.7 mln USD per 1 year.
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Kim HJ, Lee CH, Shin S, Lee JH, Kim YW, Chung HS, Han SK, Shim YS, Kim DK. The impact of nutritional deficit on mortality of in-patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010; 14:79-85. [PMID: 20003699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING A metropolitan governmental medical centre, Seoul, Republic of Korea. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the impact of the nutritional deficit assessed by the Nutritional Risk Score (NRS) on the outcomes of in-patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). DESIGN All hospitalised patients with microbiologically confirmed PTB were enrolled. A four-point NRS included low body mass index (<18.5 kg/m(2)), hypoalbuminaemia (<30.0 g/l), hypocholesterolaemia (<2.33 mmol/l) and severe lymphocytopaenia (<7 x 10(5) cells/l). The primary outcome was overall in-hospital mortality. The degree of radiographical resolution after anti-tuberculosis treatment was also evaluated. RESULTS In a total of 156 patients, the male to female ratio was 1.6:1. The overall mortality was 13.5% and tuberculosis-specific fatality was 3.9%. Predisposing factors and high NRS (> or = 3 points) were independent risk factors for in-hospital death after adjusting for the severity of PTB. High NRS (OR = 16.8, P < 0.001) and predisposing factors (OR = 5.4, P = 0.032) were independent risk factors for 30-day survival. The NRS was not associated with radiographic improvement. CONCLUSION Regardless of disease severity, the high NRS was a significant negative predictor among in-patients with PTB; this finding should therefore be considered in the management of PTB despite the current era of effective anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy.
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Ro Y, Huh J, Min S, Han S, Hwang J, Yang S, Kim DK, Kim C. Phenylephrine Attenuates Intra-Operative Hypothermia during Spinal Anaesthesia. J Int Med Res 2009; 37:1701-8. [DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadvertent hypothermia is common during spinal anaesthesia. This study was based on the hypothesis that phenylephrine might attenuate core hypothermia by inhibiting core-to-peripheral redistribution of body heat during spinal anaesthesia. In this prospective randomized study, 20 patients who underwent elective orthopaedic surgery under spinal anaesthesia were randomly assigned to receive either normal saline (control group) or continuously-infused phenylephrine 0.5 μg/kg per min (phenylephrine group). Core temperature, heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were monitored. Mean ± SE core temperature at the end of surgery was significantly higher in the phenylephrine-treated group compared with the control group (35.9 ± 0.1 °C versus 35.0 ± 0.1 °C, respectively), although there was no significant difference in baseline core temperature (both groups 36.3 ± 0.1 °C). Mean HR and MAP were not significantly different between the two groups. In conclusion, continuously-infused phenylephrine attenuated core hypothermia during spinal anaesthesia without any haemodynamic complications.
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Yun WS, Kim YW, Park KB, Cho SK, Do YS, Lee KB, Kim DI, Kim DK. Clinical and angiographic follow-up of spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009; 37:572-7. [PMID: 19208448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To observe the clinical features and angiographic findings in patients with a spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection (SISMAD) and to identify any correlation between them. METHODS From a single institution, 32 patients (22 symptomatic patients at presentation; mean age 54years; men 97%) with SISMAD were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were available for clinical follow-up after treatment (conservative, n=28, 88%, open or endovascular superior mesenteric artery (SMA) reconstruction, n=4, 12%), and follow-up CT scans were available in 28 patients (mean 22months, range 1-80months). RESULTS We found a positive correlation between pain severity and dissection length (p=0.03, rho=0.50, Spearman's partial correlation analysis). After conservative treatment, only one patient (3%) required bowel resection, and there was no difference in outcome between patients who were treated with anticoagulation or anti-platelet therapy and those who were not (p=1.00, Fisher's exact test). No patients had progression of their lesion on the follow-up CT angiography. CONCLUSIONS In SISMAD patients, dissection length is positively associated with more severe clinical symptoms. After conservative treatment, we observed a benign clinical course and no CT progression of the dissection, even without anticoagulation or anti-platelet therapy. Based on our observation, patients with SISMAD can be treated conservatively without anticoagulation therapy.
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Kruzic JJ, Kim DK, Koester KJ, Ritchie RO. Indentation techniques for evaluating the fracture toughness of biomaterials and hard tissues. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2008; 2:384-95. [PMID: 19627845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Indentation techniques for assessing fracture toughness are attractive due to the simplicity and expediency of experiments, and because they potentially allow the characterization of both local and bulk fracture properties. Unfortunately, rarely have such techniques been proven to give accurate fracture toughness values. This is a concern, as such techniques are seeing increasing usage in the study of biomaterials and biological hard tissues. Four available indentation techniques are considered in the present article: the Vickers indentation fracture (VIF) test, the cube corner indentation fracture (CCIF) test, the Vickers crack opening displacement (VCOD) test and the interface indentation fracture (IIF) test. Each technique is discussed in terms of its suitability for assessing the absolute and relative toughness of materials or material interfaces based on the published literature on the topic. In general, the VIF and CCIF techniques are found to be poor for quantitatively evaluating toughness of any brittle material, and the large errors involved (approximately +/-50%) make their applicability as comparative techniques limited. Indeed, indentation toughness values must differ by at least by a factor of three to conclude a significant difference in actual toughness. Additionally, new experimental results are presented on using the CCIF test to evaluate the fracture resistance of human cortical bone. Those new results indicate that inducing cracking is difficult, and that the cracks that do form are embedded in the plastic zone of the indent, invalidating the use of linear elastic fracture mechanics based techniques for evaluating the toughness associated with those cracks. The VCOD test appears to be a good quantitative method for some glasses, but initial results suggest there may be problems associated with applying this technique to other brittle materials. Finally, the IIF technique should only be considered a comparative or semi-quantitative technique for comparing material interfaces and/or the neighboring materials.
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Kim DK, Hong YH, Park DW, Lamont SJ, Lillehoj HS. Differential immune-related gene expression in two genetically disparate chicken lines during infection by Eimeria maxima. DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOLOGICALS 2008; 132:131-140. [PMID: 18817295 DOI: 10.1159/000317153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two M5.1 and M15.2 B complex congenic lines of Fayoumi chickens were evaluated for body weight loss and faecal oocyst counts as parameters of avian coccidiosis. M5.1 chickens exhibited resistance to E. maxima compared with M15.2. To correlate the differential responses of the M5.1 and M15.2 lines to E. maxima infection with cellular immune responses, the expression levels of mRNAs encoding 14 immune-related molecules were measured by quantitative RT-PCR in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and splenocytes at 0, 3, 4, and 5 days following parasite infection. Intestinal IELs from M5.1 chickens expressed higher levels of transcripts encoding interferon gamma (IFNG), interleukin-lbeta (1L1B), IL6, IL8, IL12, IL15, IL17A, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis a factor (LITAF), and lower levels of mRNAs for IFNA, IL10, IL17D, NK-lysin (NKL), and tumour necrosis factor superfamily 15 (TNFSF15) at 3 days post infection, compared with the M15.2 line. In the spleen, E. maxima infection was associated with higher expression levels of IFNA, and IL15 and lower levels of IL6, IL17D, and IL12 in M5.1 compared to M15.2 birds. Using an intestinal IEL cDNA microarray, the differential dynamics of gene expression in the gut of M5.1 and M15.2 chickens following experimental coccidiosis were evident. In particular, the genes encoding lymphotactin and parathymosin were expressed at significantly higher levels in M5.1 compared with M15.2 line chickens. In conclusion, genetic determinants within the chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC) B complex influence resistance to E. maxima infection by controlling the local and systemic expression of immune-related cytokine and chemokine genes.
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Lee IS, Kim HJ, Lee JS, Kim SJ, Jeong YJ, Kim DK, Moon TY. Dural tears in spinal burst fractures: predictable MR imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008; 30:142-6. [PMID: 18768720 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The diagnosis of traumatic spinal dural tears is difficult to establish. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliable MR imaging findings suggesting dural tears in spinal burst fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed spine MR images of 21 patients with dural tears (study group) and 33 patients without dural tears (control group), all of whom had spinal burst fractures. The following MR imaging features were compared between the 2 groups: the interpedicular distance, the angle of the retropulsed segments, the ratio of the central canal diameter, the presence or absence of laminar fractures, the degree of laminar fractures, and the extent of epidural hemorrhage. RESULTS The mean values of the grade of the laminar fracture, the interpedicular distance, the ratio of the central canal diameter, the angle of the retropulsed segment, and the extent of epidural hemorrhage in the study and control groups were as follows: 1.77 and 0.86 (P = .034), 28.7 and 26 mm (P = .02), 0.37 and 0.58 (P = .008), 112 degrees and 128 degrees (P = .05), and 2.37 and 1.4 (P = .11), respectively. The ratio of the central canal diameter was the most reliable factor suggesting dural tears compared with other factors. CONCLUSIONS Dural tears are likely when there are MR imaging findings of laminar fracture of more than grade 1, the interpedicular distance is >28 mm, the central canal ratio is <0.46, and the acute angle of the retropulsed segment is <135 degrees .
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Kim KS, Park SJ, Lee HA, Kim DK, Kim EJ. Electrophysiological safety of sibutramine HCl. Hum Exp Toxicol 2008; 27:553-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327108095991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sibutramine is known to induce cardiovascular side effects such as tachycardia, vasodilation, and hypertension. The present study was aimed to examine the effects of sibutramine on action potential of guinea pig papillary muscle, recombinant hERG currents (IhERG), and inward currents (INa and ICa) of rat ventricular myocytes. Sibutramine at 30 μg/mL induced a shortening of action potential duration (APD) of guinea pig papillary muscle; on average, APD30 and APD90 were shortened by 23% and 17% at a stimulation rate of 1 Hz, respectively. Sibutramine suppressed the following currents: IhERG (IC50:2.408 ± 0.5117 μg/mL), L-type Ca current (IC50:2.709 ± 0.4701 μg/mL), and Na current (IC50:7.718 ± 1.7368 μg/mL). Sibutramine blocked IhERG, ICa, and INa in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, sibutramine exerted a shortening effect on APD in guinea pig papillary muscle through its more powerful blocking effects on ICa and INa rather than IhERG.
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