Meta-analysis and Meta-regression of Survival After Liver Transplantation for Unresectable Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE

To systematically review studies reporting survival data following neoadjuvant chemoradiation and orthotopic liver transplantation (NCR-OLT) for unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCC).

BACKGROUND

Despite survival improvements for other cancers, the prognosis of pCC remains dismal. Since publication of the Mayo protocol in 2000, increasing numbers of series globally are reporting outcomes after NCR-OLT.

METHODS

MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from January 2000 to February 2019. A meta-analysis of proportions was conducted, pooling 1, 3-, and 5-year overall survival and recurrence rates following NCR-OLT across centers. Per protocol and intention to treat data were interrogated. Meta-regression was used to evaluate PSC as a confounder affecting survival.

RESULTS

Twenty studies comprising 428 patients were eligible for analysis. No RCTs were retrieved; the majority of studies were noncomparative cohort studies. The pooled 1, 3-, and 5-year overall survival rates following OLT without neoadjuvant therapy were 71.2% (95% CI 62.2%-79.4%), 48.0% (95% CI 35.0%-60.9%), and 31.6% (95% CI 23.1%-40.7%). These improved to 82.8% (95% CI 73.0%-90.8%), 65.5% (95% CI 48.7%-80.5%), and 65.1% (95% CI 55.1%-74.5%) if neoadjuvant chemoradiation was completed. Pooled recurrence after 3 years was 24.1% (95% CI 17.9%-30.9%) with neoadjuvant chemoradiation, 51.7% (95% CI 33.8%-69.4%) without.

CONCLUSIONS

In unresectable pCC, NCR-OLT confers long-term survival in highly selected patients able to complete neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by transplantation. PSC patients appear to have the most favorable outcomes. A high recurrence rate is of concern when considering extending national graft selection policy to pCC.

T, Nigo Samuel L, Otuneme C, Prosper N, Umenze F, Boutros M, Caminsky N, Dumitra S, Garfinkle R, Morency D, Salama E, Banks A, Ferri L, He H, Katz A, Liberman AS, Meterissian S, Pang A, Parvez E, Agarwal A, Dare A, Hameed U, Osman F, Sequeira S, Coburn N, Dare A, Jaffer A, Karanicolas P, Mosseler M, Musselman R, Liu X, Yip CW, Garces-Otero JS, Guzman C, Sierra S, Uribe Valencia A, Cabrera Rivera PA, Camelo S, Gonzalez A, González-Orozco A, Mosquera Paz MS, Perez Rivera CJ, Gonzalez F, Isaza-Restrepo A, Nino- Torres L, Arias Madrid N, Mendoza Arango MC, Sierra S, Bake J, Tsandiraki J, Jemendžic D, Kocman B, Šuman O, Canic R, Jurišic D, Karakas I, Krizanovic Rupcic A, Pitlovic V, Samardžic J, Kopljar M, Bacic I, Domini E, Karlo R, Mihanovic J, Miljanic D, Simic A, Ahmed M, Al Nassrallah M, Altaf R, Amjad T, Eltoum R, Haidar H, Hassan A, Khalil O, Qasem M, Ramesh R, Sajith G, Wisal M, Žatecký J, Bujda M, Jirankova K, Paclik A, Abdallah A, Abdulgawad Almogy M, Ayman El-sawy E, ElFayoumy AM, Elghareeb N, Esmat NA, Fadel A, Habater A, Hamdy H, Hefni A, Kamal M, Mohamed Abobakr N, Sayed A, Shaker N, Taha E, Tharwat H, Zakaria O, Abdelmotaleb I, Al-Dhufri A, Al-Himyari HS, El sheikh E, Eldmaty A, Elkhalawy A, M.Elkhashen A, Magdy K, Mostafa S, Sadia HD, Saleh MM, Samir D, Yahia Mohamed Ali M, A. Nassar M, Abdelhady S, Abdelrazek A, Abdelsalam I, El-Sawy A, Essam E, Gadelkarim M, Ghaly K, Hassabalnaby M, Masarani R, Mohamed Shaaban N, Sabry A, Salem M, Soliman NA, Zahran D, Abou El.soud MR, Badr ET, Borham H, Elmeslemany N, Elsayed M, Elsherif F, Eslam S, Gaber G, Ibrahim S, Kamh Y, Mahmoud A, Mohamed SG, Morshedy E, Omar C, Salem Soliman F, Abdelkawy S, Abdelmohsen N, Abdelshakour M, Dahy A, Gamal N, Gamal M, Hasan A, Hetta H, Mousa N, Omar M, Rabie S, Saad M, Saleh B, Sayed Mohamed M, Shawqi M, Abdelhady Mousa H, Alnoury M, Elbealawy M, Elshafey A, Essam Ibrahim El Desouki Muhammad Ahmed M, Ghonaim M, Hgag F, Ibrahim M, Morsy M, Reda Loaloa M, Refaat A, Samir H, Shahien F, Sobhy M, Sroor F, Abdellatif E, Adel M, Afifi AA, Afifi E, Antaky M, Dawoud A, El Zoghby N, El-remaily A, Elzanfaly AA, Gadallah A, Gamal FA, Hashem O, Medhat Youssef S, Muhammad Attyah A, Munir M, Shazly O, Taha E, Wilson K, Adel S, Ali A, Eid E, Elhelow E, Elmahdy M, Elshatby B, Hossam el-din Zakaria A, Hossny A, Ibrahim E, M.Yonis A, Metwalli M, Yousry B, Zid E, A Yacoub M, Abdelhakim A, Abouelsoad N, Alkhatib M, Ashraf A, Ashraf A, Elazab Y, Elfanty M, Elkabir O, Elsayed M, Elshimy A, Elsobky H, Eskander J, Gad A, Hamsho W, Khaled Abdelwahed N, Magdy M, Moharam D, Osama A, Ramadan S, Roum R, Sayed T, Shehada T, Zidan AM, Abbas K, Ali A, Attia M, Balata M, El Nakeeb A, Elewaily MIE, Elfallal A, Elfeki H, Elkhadragy A, Emile S, Ezzat H, Hosni H, Mansour I, Omar W, Othman G, Sadek K, Shalaby M, Shehab-Eldeen N, Anas khalifa R, Badr H, Eldeep M, Eldeep A, Eldoseuky mohammed A, Khallaf S, Magdy Hegazy E, Mahmoud R, Mikhail P, Morsi M, Mowafy S, Raafat D, Safy A, Sera M, Sera AS, AbdAllah MSM, Abdelkader M, Abdou AO, Ahmed A, Gaafar S, Ibrahim negm F, Lapic M, Maher A, Mahmoud H, Mostafa A, Samir M, Samy F, Semeda N, Shalaby HI, El-taweel A, Galal Elnagar A, Hemidan AG, Hussein M, Kandil A, Moawad M, Nasser Hamamah AA, Soliman M, Abdelkhalek M, Abdelmaksoud Tawakel N, Abdelwahed AM, Abdou A, Atallah K, Elsherbeny MY, Emara E, Hamdy M, Hamdy O, Haron A, Ismail S, Metwally IH, Mohamed Hamed Elgaml N, Nassar A, Refky B, Sadek M, Saleh M, Yunes A, Zakaria M, Zuhdy M, Fayed N, Mohammed MMH, Kütner S, Melnik P, Seire I, Teras J, Ümarik T, Ainoa E, Eerola V, Koppatz H, Koskenvuo L, Sallinen V, Takala S, Katunin J, Kechagias A, Turunen A, Christou N, Mathonnet M, Lavoue V, Nyangoh Timoh K, Soulabaille L, Lesourd R, Merdrignac A, Sulpice L, André B, Chantalat E, Vaysse C, Dousset B, Gaujoux S, Martin G, Clonda O, Juodis D, Kienle K, Mravik A, Palmer S, Szabadhegyi G, Agbeko AE, Gyabaah S, Gyamfi FE, Naabo N, Owusu senior A, Yorke J, Owusu F, Abantanga F, Anyomih TTK, Muntaka AJM, Owusu Abem E, Sheriff M, Tabiri S, Wondoh PM, Balalis D, Korkolis D, Gkiokas G, Pantiora E, Theodosopoulos T, Ioannidis A, Konstantinidis K, Konstantinidou S, Machairas N, Paspala A, Prodromidou A, Chouliaras C, Papadopoulos K, Baloyiannis I, Mamaloudis I, Tzovaras G, Akrida I, Argentou MI, Germanos S, Iliopoulos E, Maroulis I, Skroubis G, Theofanis G, Chatzakis C, Ioannidis O, Loutzidou L, Kalles V, Karathanasis P, Michalopoulos N, Theodoropoulos C, Theodorou D, Triantafyllou T, Garoufalia Z, Hasemaki N, Kontos M, Kouraklis G, Kykalos S, Liakakos T, Mpaili E, Papalampros A, Schizas D, Syllaios A, Tampaki EC, Tsimpoukelis A, Antonopoulou MI, Deskou E, Manatakis DK, Papageorgiou D, Zoulamoglou M, Anthoulakis C, Margaritis M, Nikoloudis N, Campo V, Ceballos A, Flores MA, Giron W, Ko D, Martinez G, Recinos G, Rivera Lara V, Rueda N, Sanchez A, Tejeda Garrido JCG, Aguilera-Arevalo ML, Alvarez Rivera AE, Bamaca Ixcajoc EB, Barreda Zelaya LE, Chacòn-Herrera P, Corea Ruiz LM, Echeverria-Davila G, Garcia M, García D, Gutiérrez Mayen EF, José N, Mazariegos N, Méndez D, Paniagua Espinoza M, Baranyai Z, Bardos D, Benke M, Illes K, Kokas BA, Szabó R, Appukuttan A, Asok A, D.k V, Malik K, Ravishankaran P, Tapkire R, Moorthy G, Abraham J, Muthuvel R, Alapatt J, Kattepur A, Pareekutty N, Garod M, Harris C, Wanniang C, Gupta A, Nehra D, Parshad S, Acharya R, Badwe R, Bhandare M, Jain U, Kirti K, Nair N, Shrikhande S, Thakkar P, Anandan P, C S A, Holenarasipur Narasannaiah A, Jagarlamudi T, Kumar Venkatappa S, M R R, Manangi M, Raghavendra A, Rao KS, S V, Sajjan V, Shenoy A, Shivashankar Chikkanayakanahalli S, Tharanath K, V S, Adidharma P, Agarwal R, Amandito R, Anggita Gultom P, Arifin GR, Billy M, Elfizri Z, Fahira A, Felicia D, Gunardi TH, Johanna N, Nugrahadi NR, Panigoro SS, Rahmayanti S, Sihotang RC, Brata SY, Winoto H, Barati N, Karami M, Khorshidi H, Naderifar H, Abdulla MA, Coleman M, Doherty RJ, Hannon R, Murphy B, Stakelum A, Winter D, Aljohmani L, Farnan R, Seldon Y, Tan T, Varghese S, Alherz M, Ather M, Bajilan M, Graziadei V, Pilkington I, Quidwai O, Ridgway P, Shiwani H, Tahir AAR, Blunnie E, Burke D, Kennedy N, Macdonagh K, O'Neill M, Rooney S, Falco G, Ferrari G, Mele S, Nita GE, Ugoletti L, Zizzo M, Confalonieri G, Pesenti G, Tagliabue F, Baronio G, Ongaro D, Pata G, Compagnoni B, Salvadori R, Taglietti L, D'Alessandro N, Di Lascio P, Pascale G, Bortolasi L, Campagnaro T, Carlini M, Lisi G, Lombardi D, Pedrazzani C, Spoletini D, Turri G, Violi P, Altomare DF, Aquilino F, Musa N, Papagni V, Picciariello A, Vincenti L, Andreotti D, Occhionorelli S, Tondo M, Basso SMM, Cirelli R, Maino MEM, Piozzi GN, Picone E, Scaramuzzo R, Sinibaldi G, Amendola A, Anastasio L, Bucci L, Caruso E, Castaldi A, Di Maso S, Dinuzzi VP, Esposito G, Gaudiello M, Giglio MC, Greco PA, Luglio G, Manfreda A, Marra E, Mastella F, Pagano G, Peltrini R, Pepe V, Sacco M, Sollazzo V, Spiezio G, Cianchetti E, Menduni N, Carvello MM, Di Candido F, Spinelli A, Corsi F, Sorrentino L, Marino F, Asti ELG, Bonavina L, Rausa E, Asta M, Belli A, Bianco F, Cervone C, Delrio P, Falato A, Fares Bucci A, Guarino R, Pace U, Rega D, De Luca E, Gallo G, Sammarco G, Sena G, Vescio G, Santandrea L, Ugolini G, Zattoni D, Chetta N, Logrieco G, Vanella S, Garulli G, Zanini N, Bondurri A, Cammarata F, Colombo F, Foschi D, Lamperti GMB, Maffioli A, Sampietro GM, Yakushkina A, Zaffaroni G, Ansaloni L, Cicuttin E, Sibilla MG, Impellizzeri H, Inama M, Moretto G, Mochet S, Ponte E, Usai A, Mancini S, Sagnotta A, Solinas L, Bolzonaro E, Tamini N, Curletti G, Galleano R, Malerba M, Campanella S, Cocorullo G, Colli F, De Marco P, Falco N, Fontana T, Kamdem Mambou LJ, La Brocca A, Licari L, Randisi B, Rizzo G, Rotolo G, Salamone G, Tutino R, Venturelli P, Malabarba S, Sgrò A, Vella I, Cirillo B, Crocetti D, De Toma G, Lapolla P, Mingoli A, Sapienza P, Belvedere A, Bianchini S, Binetti M, Birindelli A, Tonini V, Podda M, Pulighe F, De Rosa M, Bono L, Borghi F, Geretto P, Giuffrida MC, Lauro C, Marano A, Pellegrino L, Salusso P, Sasia D, Campanelli M, Realis Luc A, Trompetto M, Cardia R, Cillara N, Giordano AN, Costanzo A, Giovilli MA, Turati L, Canonico S, Pellino G, Sciaudone G, Selvaggi F, Selvaggi L, Albsoul N, AlBsoul A, Alkhatib AA, Alsallaq O, Amarin JZ, Ayoub R, Bsisu I, El Muhtaseb MS, Jabaiti M, Melhem J, Nour I, Qwaider YZ, Salameh MH, Suleihat A, Suradi HH, Alammarin M, Aljaafreh A, Bani hani M, Bani hani Z, Bani Hani F, Fahmawee T, Hamouri S, Katanani C, Tawalbeh R, Tawalbeh T, Zawahrah H, Abou Chaar MK, Abusalem L, Al-Masri M, Al-Najjar H, Barghuthi L, Ahmed Z, Maulana A, Ngotho O, Kamau C, Stanley Mwenda A, Bosire F, Mwachiro E, Parker R, Simel I, Sylvester K, Althini AAM, Elbarouni S, Elbeshina AE, Gwea A, Malek A, Masoud Farag WA, Abdalei A, Abdel Malik AB, Abo-khammash A, Abuhlaiga M, Adnan N, Albaggar M, Alfitory A, Aljanfi A, Almuzghi F, Altumei Z, Alzabti F, Ashoushan H, Assalhi M, Azzubia J, Bnhameida S, Delhen M, Elshafei H, Elteir H, Esbaga F, Gobbi AA, Hamouda F, Hilan H, Ismail R, Jebran F, Kasbour M, Maderi G, Mohammad S, Mohammed B, Murtadi H, Mustafa H, Rajab M, Trenba S, Wafaa M, Al Sagheir E, Almigheerbi A, Alzahaf A, Bahroun SG, Ben Dallah N, Elshaibani M, Eswaye H, Karar M, Omar S, Younes E, Younes M, Zreeg D, Abujamra S, Ashour F, Elgammudi M, Omar F. Aljadidi W, Saddouh E, Sharif R, Alabuzidi A, Alwerfally A, Aribi S, Bibas F, Elfaituri T, Elhajjaji Y, Khaled A, Khalil W, Layas T, Soula E, Tarek A, Abu hallalah MFK, Abujamra S, Ahmed HA, Alsharef T, Ben Saoud AA, El Gharmoul T, Elhadi A, Elrais S, Shebani A, Zarti H, Zeiton A, Ambrazevicius M, Kaselis N, Stakyte M, Aliosin O, Cizauskaite A, Dailidenas S, Eismontas V, Kybransiene M, Nutautiene V, Samalavicius N, Simcikas D, Slepavicius A, Tamosiunas A, Ubartas N, Zeromskas P, Bradulskis S, Dainius E, Juocas J, Kubiliute E, Kutkevicius J, Opolskis A, Parseliunas A, Subocius A, Venskutonis D, Virbickaite E, Zuikyte D, Bogusevicius A, Buzaite K, Cepuliene D, Cesleviciene I, Cesna V, Gribauskaite J, Ignatavicius P, Jokubauskas M, Liugailaite M, Margelis E, Mazelyte R, Pankratjevaite L, Pažusis M, Rackeviciute A, Saladyte J, Škimelyte M, Šlenfuktas V, Sudeikyte M, Tamelis A, Vanagas T, Žumbakys Ž, Atkociunas A, Dulskas A, Kuliavas J, Birutis J, Paškevicius S, Šatkauskas M, Danys D, Jakubauskas M, Jakubauskiene L, Kryzauskas M, Lipnickas V, Makunaite G, Rasoaherinomenjanahary F, Rasolofonarivo H, Samison LH, Banda B, Malemia P, Msosa V, Ahmad Izzuddin AI, Das A, Gan YY, Shong Sheng T, Siaw JY, Ab Rahim MF, Abang Jamari DZH, Che Husin N, Kamarulzaman MY, Lim YP, Mohamed Kamil NA, Mohd Hassan MR, Mohd Sahid S, Mustafa J, Ng EHB, Wan Khazim WK, Chang Ern N, Lingeshan P, Sulaiman SE, Ang SE, Bin Mohamad Sithik MN, Cheong YJ, Deva Tata M, Jia Xian L, Kadravello A, Koh IE, Ng LY, Ng We Yong YJ, Palayan K, Sam CX, Siow Jin P, Tan Ern Hwei J, Tang Y, Ter AZ, Wong MPK, Zakaria AD, Zakaria Z, Henry F, Kalaiselvan T, Abd Karim MFS, Abdul Aziz MR, Abdul Aziz N, Khong TL, Lau PC, Lim HC, Roslani AC, Seak JCK, Wong SW, Wong LF, Yeen Chin L, Anyanwu MC, Borg E, Busuttil Z, Calleja T, Chircop KL, Cutajar R, Dimech AM, Ellul S, Galea J, Gascon Perai K, Gatt R, Kelman L, Micallef E, Nwolu F, Sammut K, Thompson J, Warwicker S, Zammit M, Cordera F, Cruz González E, Sánchez-García J, Barbosa Camacho FJ, Barrera López FJ, Zuloaga Fernandez del Valle CJ, Acosta E, González Espinoza IR, Moreno P, Cortes-Flores AO, Fuentes Orozco C, Gonzalez Ojeda A, Corro Díaz González S, Martinez L, Ramos-De la Medina A, Mosqueda Amador B, Novoa A, Olazo Espejo DA, Jimenez A, Lopez Rosales F, Vanoye EG, Garcia Gonzalez LA, Miranda-Ackerman RC, Solano-Genesta M, Alvarez-Cano A, Romero-Garza HH, Medina-Franco H, Mejía-Fernández L, Salgado-Nesme N, Vergara-Fernandez O, Gutiérrez-Mota GM, Hernandez Vera FX, Llantada Lopez A, Morgan Villela G, Ramirez Padilla FDJ, Tapia Marin W, Martínez Maldonado M, Sánchez Suárez R, Troche JM, Benyaiche C, Outani O, Amine S, Benkabbou A, Majbar AM, Mohsine R, Rafik A, Oung T, Tin MM, Borowski DW, Plarre P, Borowski DW, Plarre P, Alberga A, Sluiter N, Tuynman J, Blok R, Cömert D, Hompes R, Kalff M, Stellingwerf ME, Tanis P, van Berge Henegouwen M, van Praag EM, Wisselink D, Gerhards M, Lopes Cardozo J, Westerduin E, de Jonge J, van Geloven A, van Schilt K, den Boer F, Stoots S, Vlek S, Adams J, Al-Busaidi IS, Budd G, Choi SI, Chu MJJ, Ganugapati A, McKinstry L, Pascoe R, Richards S, Rosser K, Stevenson A, White R, Farik S, Kwun J, Murad A, Cowan S, Hall T, Hayton M, Malam Sani L, Oumarou Garba S, Adamou H, Amadou Magagi I, Habou O, Aliyu H, Daniyan M, Sholadoye TT, Abdullahi L, Anyanwu LJ, Mohammad Mohammad A, Muhammad AB, Sheshe AA, Suleiman I, Adesina A, Awolowo A, Onuoha C, Salami O, Taiwo O, Taiwo A, Kache S, Makama JG, Sale D, Abiola O, Ajao A, Ajiboye A, Etonyeaku A, Olaogun J, Adebanjo A, Adesanya O, Afolayan MO, Balogun O, Makanjuola A, Nwokocha S, Ojewola RW, Olajide TO, Aderounmu A, Adesunkanmi AR, Adisa A, Agbakwuru A, Akeem Aderogba A, Alatise OI, Arowolo O, Lawal O, Mohammed T, Ndegbu C, Olasehinde O, Wuraola F, Akinkuolie A, Etonyeaku A, Mosanya A, Ayandipo O, Elemile P, Lawal TA, Ali SANI S, Garba S, Hauwa SANI R, Olori S, Onyebuashi H, Umoke I, Adenuga A, Adeyeye A, Habeeb O, Lawal B, Nasir A, Aahlin EK, Kjønås D, Myrseth E, Abbasy J, Alvi A, Saleem O, Afzal A, Nazir A, Farooq M, Liaqat A, Naqi SA, Raza A, Sarfraz M, Sarwar M, Banglani M, Munir A, Sehrish R, Ayub B, Sayyed R, Altaf A, Ayub S, Qureshi AU, Saeed K, Syed B, Akbar SA, Anwer AW, Khan RN, Khan AI, Khattak S, Mohtasham S, Parvaiz MA, Syed AA, Ansari AB, Shahzad N, Khaliq T, Rashid I, Waqar SH, Abu Al-saleem H, Abu Alqumboz A, Alqadi M, Amro A, Assa R, Awesat E, Ayyad R, Hammad M, Haymony A, Hijazi B, Hmeidat B, Lahaseh R, Qawasmi A, Rajabi A, Shehada M, Shkokani S, Yaghi Y, Yaghi N, AlZohour M, Farid M, Habes YM, Juba W, Nubani Y, Rabee A, Sa'deh M, Abed S, Al basos I, Alswerki M, Ashour D, Awad I, Diab S, El Jamassi A, El-Kahlout S, Elhout S, Hajjaj ANK, Hasanain D, Nabil hajjaj B, Obaid M, Saikaly E, Salhi A, Al-Tammam H, Almasri M, Baniowda M, Beshtawi D, Horoub A, Misk R, Mohammad B, Qasrawi R, Sholi T, Abu-Nimeh S, Abu-srour A, Abukhalaf SA, Adawi S, Alsalameh B, Ayesh K, Elqadi M, Hammouri A, Karim Mustafa F, Marzouqa N, Melhem S, Miqdad D, Mohamad B, Rawhi M, Abu Ahammala AB, Abu Ataya A, Abu Jayyab I, Al-Shwaikh S, Alagha O, Alasttal M, Awadallah H, Elblbessy M, Fares J, Jarbou A, Mahfouz I, Albahnasawi MA, Abo mahadi A, Abuelhatal H, Abuelqomboz A, Almoqayyad A, Alwali A, Balaawi R, Hamouda M, Humeid M, Jedyan A, Mahmoud Abu hamam T, Matar G, Salem A, Samra T, Shaheen N, Shihada K, A.Nemer A, Abu Al Amrain M, Abu Alamrain A, Abu Jamie N, Abu-Rous MR, Alfarra N, AlTaweel M, Alwhaidi N, Hamed R, Saqqa B, Shaheen A, Aljaber D, Aljaberi L, Alwaheidi M, Jawaada A, Khaldi H, Qahoush R, Qari J, Saadeh R, Salim A, Yacoub A, Abbas A, Abu shua`ib R, Abu Zainah B, AbuSirrees M, Babaa B, Barhoush O, Belal qadomi A, Daraghmeh L, Haji R, Khatatbeh A, Khatib L, Qarariah S, Quzmar Y, Safadi K, Salameh R, Hassan M, Herzallah S, Massad L, Nazzal A, Nazzal R, Escobar D, Machain V GM, Rodriguez Gonzalez A, Chachaima Mar JE, Chinchihualpa Paredes NO, Cuba V, Lopez W, Niquen Jimenez MM, Sanchez Bartra NA, Sapallanay Ojeda O, Sequeiros D, Toscano Pacheco A, Vergara M, Abarca S, Alcorta R, Borda-Luque G, Eusebio Zegarra IE, Luján López C, Marrufo M, Mogrovejo C, Nomura A, Rodríguez Angeles Y, Vidal Meza MR, Zavala G, Castillo Arrascue JN, Hidrogo Cabrera JC, Larrea vera JJM, Osorio M, Ylatoma Díaz EA, Fontanilla MA, Fuentes JR, Salazar AL, Dominguez G, Lopez MP, Macalindong S, Onglao MA, Ramirez A, Sacdalan MD, Tampo MM, Uy GL, Mangahas J, Yabut K, Cañete JP, Cansana BE, Castro EJ, Lipana MK, Roxas MF, Zara VJ, Chrol M, Franczak P, Orlowski M, Budzynski P, Budzynski A, Bury P, Czerwinska A, Dworak J, Dziedzic J, Kisielewski M, Kulawik J, Lasek A, Major P, Malczak P, Migaczewski M, Pedziwiatr M, Pisarska M, Radkowiak D, Rubinkiewicz M, Rzepa A, Skoczylas T, Stanek M, Truszkiewicz K, Wierdak M, Winiarski M, Zarzycki P, Zub-Pokrowiecka A, Kowalewski P, Roszkowski R, Waledziak M, Tomé M, Patrocinio S, Guerreiro I, Almeida F, de Sousa X, Monteiro N, Costa Santos MT, de Oliveira D, Lopes Serra M, Morgado D, Neves C, Oliveira AC, Pimentel A, Silva S, Carvalho M, Carvalho L, Magalhães J, Matos L, Monteiro T, Ramos C, Santos V, Barbosa J, Costa-Maia J, Devezas V, Fareleira A, Fernandes C, Gonçalves D, Mora H, Morais M, Silva de Sousa F, Catarino Santos S, Logrado A, Tojal A, Amorim E, Cunha MF, Fazenda A, Melo Neves JP, Sampaio da Nóvoa Gomes Miguel II, Veiga D, Azevedo J, Cardoso Louro H, Leite M, Azevedo J, Bairos Menezes M, Gama B, Brito D, Cruz Martins MC, Graça e Magalhães A, Longras AC, Lourenço R, Matos D, Castro L, Policarpo F, Romano J, Leite M, Monteiro C, Pinto D, Duarte M, Fortuna Martins S, Oliveira M, Galvão D, Martins L, Silva A, Taranu V, Vieira B, Neves J, Oliveira S, Ribeiro H, Cinza M, Felix R, Machado A, Oliveira J, Patrício J, Pedroso de Lima R, Pereira M, Rocha Melo M, Velez C, Abreu da Silva A, Claro M, Costa Santos D, Ferreira A, Capote H, Rosado D, Taré F, Nogueira O, Ângelo M, Baiao JM, Guimarães A, Marques J, Nico Albano M, Silva M, Valente da Costa A, Vieira Caroço T, Almeida Braga S, Capunge I, Fragoso M, Guimarães J, Pinto B, Ribeiro J, Angel M, Fialho G, Guerrero M, Campos Costa F, Cardoso D, Cardoso V, Alves M, Estalagem I, Louro T, Marques C, Martelo R, Morgado M, Canotilho R, Correia AM, Martins P, Peyroteo M, Gomes J, Monteiro R, Romano M, Alves DM, Peixoto R, Quintela C, Jervis MJ, Melo D, Pacheco A, Paixão V, Pedro V, Pimenta J, Pimenta de Castro J, Rocha A, Beuran M, Bratu MR, Ciubotaru C, Diaconescu B, Hostiuc S, Negoi I, Stoica B, NA NA, Anokhin E, Kuznetsov G, Oganezov G, Paramzin F, Romanova E, Rutkovskii V, Rutkovskii V, Shushval M, Zabiyaka M, Dzhumabaev K, Ivanov V, Mamedli Z, Achkasov S, Balkarov A, Nabiev E, Nagudov M, Rybakov E, Saifutdinova K, Sushkov O, Vardanyan A, Costas-Chavarri A, Joseph L, Ndayishimiye I, Allen Ingabire JC, Faustin N, Mutabazi AZ, Mvukiyehe JP, Nsengimana VJ, Uwakunda C, Abbas MM, Akeel N, Aljiffry M, Awaji K, Farsi A, Jamjoum G, Khoja A, Maghrabi A, Malibary N, Nassif M, Saleem A, Sultan A, Tashkandi W, Tashkandi H, Trabulsi N, Ba MB, Diallo AC, Ndong A, Cuk V, Jankovic U, Juloski J, Koh SZ, Koh F, Lee KC, Lee KY, Lee S, Leong WQ, Lieske B, Lui SA, Prakash P, Grosek J, Norcic G, Tomazic A, Fitchat N, Jaich R, Wineberg D, Koto MZ, Baiocchi D, Clarke D, Steenkamp CJ, Van Straten S, Bannister S, Boutall A, Chinnery G, Coccia A, Dell A, Karjiker P, Kloppers C, Loxton N, Mabogoane T, Malherbe F, Panieri E, Rayamajhi S, Spence R, van Wyngaard T, Warden C, Madiba TE, Moodley Y, Pillay N, Brooks S, Kruger C, Van Der Merwe LH, Gool F, Kariem M, Bougard H, Chu K, Kariem N, Noor F, Pillay R, Steynfaardt L, González González L, Marín Santos JM, Martín-Borregón P, Martínez Caballero J, Nevado García C, Rodriguez Fraga P, De Castro Parga G, Fernández Veiga MP, Garrido López L, Infante Pino H, Lages Cal I, López Otero M, Nogueira Sixto M, Paniagua García Señorans M, Rodríguez Fernández L, Ruano Poblador A, Rufo Crespo E, Sanchez-Santos R, Vigorita V, Alonso Batanero E, Asnel D, Cifrian Canales I, Contreras Saiz E, De Santiago Alvarez I, Díaz Vico T, Fernandez Arias S, Fernández Martínez D, García Bernardo C, García Flórez LJ, Garcia Gutierrez C, García Munar M, Márquez Zorrilla Molina CA, Merayo M, Michi Campos JL, Moreno Gijon M, Otero-Diez JL, Rodicio Miravalles JL, Solar-Garcia L, Suárez Sánchez A, Truan N, Alejandre Villalobos C, Caballero Díaz Y, Jimenez M, Montesdeoca D, Navarro-Sánchez A, Vega V, Beltrán de Heredia J, Gómez Z, Jezieniecki C, Legido Morán AP, Montes-Manrique M, Rodriguez-Lopez M, Ruiz Soriano M, Trujillo Díaz J, Vazquez Fernandez A, Argudo N, Pera M, Torrent Jansà L, García Domínguez M, Goded I, Roldón Golet M, Talal El-Abur I, Utrilla Fornals A, Zambrana Campos V, Aguilar Martinez MDM, Bosch M, García-Catalá L, Sánchez-Guillén L, Artigau E, Gomez Romeu N, Julià Bergkvist D, Espina Perez B, Morató O, Olona C, Diéguez B, Forero-Torres A, Losada M, Gomez-Abril S, Gonzálvez P, Martinez R, Navarro Martínez S, Payá-Llorente C, Pérez Rubio Á, Santarrufina Martinez S, Sebastián Tomás JC, Trullenque Juan R, Gegúndez Simón A, Maté P, Prieto-Nieto MI, Rubio-Perez I, Urbieta A, Vicario Bravo M, Abelló D, Frasson M, Garcia-Granero A, Abad Gurumeta A, Abad-Motos A, Lucena-de Pablo E, Nozal B, Ripollés-Melchor J, Salvachúa R, Ferrero E, Garcia-Sancho Tellez L, Ortega Vázquez I, Picardo AL, Rojo López JA, Zorrilla Matilla LP, Cagigas Fernandez C, Castanedo Bezanilla S, Estevez Tesouro J, Fernandez-Diaz MJ, García Cardo J, Gomez Ruiz M, Gonzalez-Tolaretxipi E, Jimeno Fraile J, Poch C, Rodriguez-Aguirre M, Troche Pesqueira N, Trugeda-Carrera MS, de la Torre J, Blanco-Colino R, Espin-Basany E, Espinosa-Bravo M, Morales Comas C, Reyes Afonso E, Rivero Déniz J, Siso Raber C, Verdaguer Tremolosa M, Chandrasinghe P, Kumarage S, Wijekoon Arachchilage N, Senanayake KJ, Abdalla Ahmed Elkamel A, A. Adam M, Saleh M, Blomme N, Thorell A, Wogensen F, Älgå A, Ansarei D, Celebioglu F, Heinius G, Nigard L, Pieniowski E, Ahlqvist S, Björklund I, Cengiz Y, Frånberg A, Håkansson M, Adamo K, Franklin O, Sund M, Wiberg R, Andersson Y, Chabok A, Nikberg M, Kugelberg A, Canonica C, Christoforidis D, Fasolini F, Gaffuri P, Giuliani M, Meani F, Popeskou SG, Pozza S, Wandschneider W, Peterer L, Widmer LW, Zimmermann B, Bakoleas P, Chanousi I, Charalampidou L, Grochola LF, Heid F, Ntaoulas S, Outos M, Peros G, Podolska-Skoczek H, Reinisch KB, Zielasek C, Clerc D, Demartines N, Gilgien J, Kefleyesus A, St-Amour P, Toussaint A, Alhimyar M, Alsaid B, Alyafi A, Alkhaledi A, Kouz B, Omarain A, Al-Sabbagh Y, Alkhatib H, Sara S, Alhaj A, Danial A, Kadoura L, Maa Albared S, Monawar Y, Nahas L, Abd B, Saad A, Wakkaf H, Bouaziz H, Bouzaiene H, Ghalleb M, Akaydin E, Akbaba AC, Atakul O, Baltaci E, Besli S, Burgu G, Cenal U, de Muijnck C, Demirkaya HC, Dogruoz A, Gezer ZI, Gündogdu Y, Kara M, Korkmaz HK, Kurtoglu GK, Ozben V, Ozmen BB, Pektas AM, Sel EK, Yenidünya N, Bengur FB, Oral BM, Yozgatli TK, Abdullayev S, Gunes ME, Sahbaz NA, Banaz T, Kargici K, Kuyumcu OF, Yanikoglu E, Yesilsancak M, Yilmaz D, Aktas MK, Rencuzogullari A, Isik A, Leventoglu S, Yalçinkaya A, Yüksel O, Kalayci MU, Kara Y, Sarici IS, Akin A, Alemdag GN, Arslan E, Baki BE, Bodur MS, Calik A, Candas Altinbas B, Cihanyurdu I, Erkul O, Gül B, Guner A, Köse B, Semiz A, Sevim S, Tayar S, Tomas K, Tüfek OY, Türkyilmaz S, Ulusahin M, Usta A, Yildirim R, Güler SA, Tatar OC, Varol E, Kirimtay B, Uysal M, Yildiz A, Kose E, Ciftci AB, Çolak E, Eraslan H, Kucuk GO, Yemez K, Lule H, Bienfait M, Lule H, Bua E, Doe M, Okalany N, Birindelli A, Basarab M, Bielosludtsev O, Freigofer M, Kolhanova K, Perepelytsia K, Romanukha K, Savenkov D, Siryi S, Tereshchenko M, Viacheslav N, Volovetskyi A, Kebkalo A, Tryliskyy Y, Tyselskiy V, Bruce E, Chow BL, Iddles E, McGuckin S, Newall N, Ramsay G, Sharma P, Stewart C, Wong J, Badran A, Bath M, Belais F, Butt E, Joshi K, Kapur M, Shaw M, Townson A, Williams CYK, Gray T, Greig R, Husain M, Murray E, Mustafa A, Asif A, Gokul A, Shah M, Akitikori MT, Charalabopoulos A, Davidson S, McNally S, Rupani S, Juma F, Mills SC, Muirhead L, Sellars K, Walsh U, Warren O, Chambers A, Hunt R, Teasdale E, Boyce S, Cornwall H, Tol I, Argyriou EO, Eardley N, Povey M, Aithie JMS, Irfan A, McGuigan MC, Starr R, Warren CR, Archibald J, Kirby G, Kisyov I, Khoo CK, Lee R, Photiou D, Davis R, Prasad U, Yang PZ, Bird J, Leung E, Summerour V, Currow C, Kiam J, Tan GJS, Muthusami A, Pegba-Otemolu I, Urbonas T, Nunoo-Mensah J, Smolskas E, Boddy A, Gravante G, Hunter D, Andrew D, Koh A, Thompson A, Adams L, Clements HA, De Silva K, Ekpete O, Haque S, Henderson S, Ibrahim B, Jayasinghe T, Livie J, Mailley K, Nair G, Tan D, Baggaley C, Dawidziuk A, Szyszka B, Barter C, Gandhi N, Hassell K, Hitchin S, Kelsall J, Nagy E, Nessa A, Whisker L, Yanni F, Ali M, Arora D, Hediwattege S, Kumarasinghe N, Rathore M, Tennakoon A, Ali Ahmad SM, Bajomo O, Nadira F, Celentano V, Bhangu A, Glasbey J, Griffiths E, Karri RS, Mak JKC, Nepogodiev D, Pipe M, Bhatti MI, Rabie M, Boyle C, Hamilton D, Mihuna A, Ng JCK, Nicholson G, Oliwa A, Pearson R, Rose A, Yong SQ, Boereboom C, Hanna M, Walter C, Greensmith TS, Mitchell R, Monaghan E, Crawford J, Moug S, Blackwell J, Boyd-Carson H, Herrod P, Al-Allaf O, Beattie M, Bullock C, Burman S, Clark G, Flamey N, Flannery O, Harding A, Kodiatt B, Lawday S, Mahapatra S, Mukundu Nagesh N, Ng M, Rye D, Yoong A, Clark L, Deans C, Edirisooriya M, Fairfield CJ, Harrison EM, Carrington EV, Wong TLE, Yusuf B, Chamberlain C, Duke K, Kmiotek E, Botes A, Condie N, Schrire T, Shah R, Thomas-Jones I, Yates C, Anthony N, Matthews E, Sahnan K, Tankel J, Tucker S, Winter Beatty J, Ziprin P, Duggan W, Kantartzi A, Sridhar S, Khaw RA, Srivastava P, Underwood C, Alves do Canto Brum H, Chopra S, Davis L, Hughes R, Tulley J, Alberts J, Athisayaraj T, Olugbemi M, Ahmad K, Chan C, Chapman G, Fleming H, Fox B, Grewar J, Hulse K, Rutherford D, Sinead M, Smith S, Speake D, Vaughan-Shaw PG, Christodoulides N, Kudhail S, Welch M, Husaini SM, Lambracos S, Anyanwu C, Suresh R, Thomas JS, Gleeson E, Platoff R, Saif A, Enumah Z, Etchill E, Gabre-Kidan A, Bernstein M, Carrano FM, Connors J, Lynn P, Melis M, Newman E, Foster DS, Perrone K, Titan A, Weiser TG, Ahmad S, Bafford ACM, Dal Molin M, Hanna N, Zafar SN, Hemmila M, Napolitano L, Wong JJ, Chandler J, Wood L, Wren S, Ottesen T, You L, Yu K, Arciénega Yañez MDP, Ferreira Fernandes M, González D, Cubas S, González MC, Zubiaurre V, Demolin R, Giroff N, Sciuto P, Campos M, Rodríguez Cantera G, Wagner G, Deepika G, Maimbo M, Simuchimba E, Bulaya A, Chibuye C, Chirengendure B, Kabale MR, Kabongo K, Linyama D, Munthali J, Mweso O, Pikiti F, Otieno J, Chan E, Lai LT, Blackman B, Richards S, Subramaniam S, Karim R, Kok N, Lee YD, Ali S, Sinha A, Corrigan R, Barnes N, Wong F, Dennis G, Jedamzik J, Phillips E, Piette W, Van hentenryck M, Koco H, Lawani S, Kassa MW, Santos Bezerra T, Gribnev P, Dimitrov D, Krastev P, Oum S, Bonghaseh DT, Al Farsi M, Alsharqawi N, Agarwal A, Acevedo V, Castillo Barbosa AC, Giron F, Leon Rodriguez JP, Kucan D, Rosko D, Barsic N, Župan D, Hegazi A, Truncíková V, Fryba V, Mohamed M, Sultan A, Nagi A, Rashad Temerik A, Elshawy ME, Mahmoud MI, Omar S, Anwar M, Rageh T, Elmokadem A, Gaballa K, Teppo S, Turunen A, Pengermä P, Ballouhey Q, Bergeat D, Weyl A, Hain E, Gyedu A, Yenli E, Osei-Poku D, Rompou VA, Zoikas A, Gaitanidis A, Koukis G, Perivoliotis K, Tavlas P, Galanos-Demiris K, Zografos G, Karavokyros I, Xanthopoulou G, Iordanidou E, Ayau F, Garcia A, Damján P, Wason D, B L A, Rangganata E, Kamath P, O'Connor DB, Pinto M, Perrone F, Tropeano FP, Troilo F, Bossi D, Scala D, Pulitanò L, Carella M, Pietrabissa A, Gori A, Giraudo G, De Simone V, Russo AA, Braccio B, Al-Taher R, Athamneh S, Parker A, Sawiee A, Kattia A, Salem M, Tababa O, Shaeeb Z, Syminas V, Jurgaitis J, Damuleviciene G, Svagzdys S, Poskus T, Razafimanjato NNM, Chieng Loo L, Tiong IC, Wan Muhmad WF, Vijeyan H, Li Ying T, Grech G, Arrangoiz R, Jimenez Ley VB, Arizpe D, Jimenez Ley VB, Lagunes Lara E, Castro López EV, Eaazim J, Gordinou de Gouberville M, Bastiaenen V, Rottier S, Nahab F, Ji MY, Seyoji M, Nwachukwu C, Emeghara O, Muhammed SE, Idowu A, Sowemimo O, Ogundoyin O, Akande O, Lott A, Nadeem M, Laghari AA, Loya A, Mushtaq H, Abdullah MT, Abuhilal B, Atawneh M, Hamdan H, Alhabil B, Srour A, Mousa I, Da Silva Medina L, Sacdalan MD, Lapitan MC, Sacdalan MD, Sacdalan MD, Bartosiak K, Ferreira P, Francisco V, Lemos R, Frutuoso L, Fernandes S, Fonseca T, Pereira J, Rachadell J, Torre A, Madeira Martins F, Carvalho AC, Rodrigues Ferreira J, Ribeiro da Silva B, Devesa H, Vieira A, Mónica I, Amaro M, Sousa D, Reia M, Louro J, Martins A, Dominguez J, Santos I, Freitas Oliveira NM, Pereira JC, Silva-Vaz P, Freire L, Escrevente R, Negoita VM, Shakhmatov D, Nezerwa Y, Radulovic R, Moore R, Obery G, Viljoen F, Mendes T, Suarez A, Moncada E, Fernandez-Hevia M, Curtis Martínez C, Gil Garcia JM, González Zunzarren M, Idris T, Eklöv K, Grahn O, Amin L, Blomqvist M, Ajani C, Kraus R, Seeger N, Willemin M, Rayya F, Ayash M, Msouti R, Kannas I, Abazid E, Esper A, Slim S, Kavcar AS, Aytac E, Dural AC, Ilker A, Eray IC, Kurnaz E, Altiner S, Tepe MD, Sahin C, Savli E, Innocent A, Babirye L, Diachenko A, Hordoskiy V, Curry H, Chau CYC, Robertson H, Mahmoud A, Lennon H, Loi L, Kirkham E, McCann C, Watts D, Gurung B, Wilson M, Tribedi T, Garofalo E, Zahra B, MacDonald S, Daniels I, Ng N, Khosla S, Olivier J, Yue SYP, Suresh G, Wellington J, Lorejo E, Mossaad M, Tryliskyy Y, Crutcher M, Alimi M, Baiu I, Abdou H, Conway A, Peck C, Wagner G, Perdomo Perez MA, Trostchansky I, Zulu S, Nakazwe M, Knight SR, Drake TM, Nepogodiev D, Fitzgerald JE, Ademuyiwa A, Alexander P, Ingabire JA, Al-Saqqa SW, Biccard BM, Borda-Luque G, Borowski DW, Burger S, Chu K, Clarke D, Costas-Chavarri A, Davies J, Donaldson R, Ede C, Garden OJ, Ghosh D, Glasbey J, Kingham TP, Salem HK, Anyomih TTK, Koto MZ, Lapitan MC, Lawani I, Lesetedi C, Aguilera-Arevalo ML, Mabedi C, Maimbo M, Magill L, Makinde Alakaloko F, Makupe A, Martin J, Ramos-De la Medina A, Monahan M, Moore R, Msosa V, Mulira S, Mutabazi AZ, Muller E, Musowoyo J, Adisa AO, Olory-Togbe JL, Pius R, Qureshi AU, Rayne S, Roberts T, Sacdalan MD, Shaw CA, Smart N, Smith M, Spence R, Van Straten S, Tabiri S, Tayler V, Weiser TG, Windsor J, Yorke J, Yepez R, Lilford R, Morton D, Bhangu A, Sundar S, Harrison EM, Runigamugabo E, Verjee A, Chen J, Daya L, El Aroussi N, Farina V, Gnintedeme Olivier T, Gonzales Nacarino M, Hammani A, Honjo S, Jacobs R, Kimura H, Litvin A, Nkoronko M, Nour I, Oscullo Yepez JJ, Pagano G, Pata F, Pin Hung W, Raj A, Romani Pozo A, Rommaneh M, Sassamela Fabiano SC, Shiroma Gago CM, Shu Yip S, Srinivas A, Sung CY, Tai A, Valle Aranda YC, Venturini S, Vervoort D, Wilguens Lartigue J. Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

BACKGROUND

80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality.

METHODS

This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494.

FINDINGS

Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70-8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39-8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11-3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26-11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08-7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications.

INTERPRETATION

Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications.

FUNDING

National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit.

Outcome of Hospitalization for COVID-19 in Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease. An International Multicenter Study

Rationale: The impact of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) has not been established.Objectives: To assess outcomes in patients with ILD hospitalized for COVID-19 versus those without ILD in a contemporaneous age-, sex-, and comorbidity-matched population.Methods: An international multicenter audit of patients with a prior diagnosis of ILD admitted to the hospital with COVID-19 between March 1 and May 1, 2020, was undertaken and compared with patients without ILD, obtained from the ISARIC4C (International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium Coronavirus Clinical Characterisation Consortium) cohort, admitted with COVID-19 over the same period. The primary outcome was survival. Secondary analysis distinguished idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from non-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ILD and used lung function to determine the greatest risks of death.Measurements and Main Results: Data from 349 patients with ILD across Europe were included, of whom 161 were admitted to the hospital with laboratory or clinical evidence of COVID-19 and eligible for propensity score matching. Overall mortality was 49% (79/161) in patients with ILD with COVID-19. After matching, patients with ILD with COVID-19 had significantly poorer survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.60; confidence interval, 1.17-2.18; P = 0.003) than age-, sex-, and comorbidity-matched controls without ILD. Patients with an FVC of <80% had an increased risk of death versus patients with FVC ≥80% (HR, 1.72; 1.05-2.83). Furthermore, obese patients with ILD had an elevated risk of death (HR, 2.27; 1.39-3.71).Conclusions: Patients with ILD are at increased risk of death from COVID-19, particularly those with poor lung function and obesity. Stringent precautions should be taken to avoid COVID-19 in patients with ILD.

Identifying cell-enriched miRNAs in kidney injury and repair

Small noncoding RNAs, miRNAs (miRNAs), are emerging as important modulators in the pathogenesis of kidney disease, with potential as biomarkers of kidney disease onset, progression, or therapeutic efficacy. Bulk tissue small RNA-sequencing (sRNA-Seq) and microarrays are widely used to identify dysregulated miRNA expression but are limited by the lack of precision regarding the cellular origin of the miRNA. In this study, we performed cell-specific sRNA-Seq on tubular cells, endothelial cells, PDGFR-β⁺ cells, and macrophages isolated from injured and repairing kidneys in the murine reversible unilateral ureteric obstruction model. We devised an unbiased bioinformatics pipeline to define the miRNA enrichment within these cell populations, constructing a miRNA catalog of injury and repair. Our analysis revealed that a significant proportion of cell-specific miRNAs in healthy animals were no longer specific following injury. We then applied this knowledge of the relative cell specificity of miRNAs to deconvolute bulk miRNA expression profiles in the renal cortex in murine models and human kidney disease. Finally, we used our data-driven approach to rationally select macrophage-enriched miR-16-5p and miR-18a-5p and demonstrate that they are promising urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury in renal transplant recipients.

Transparency in surgical randomized clinical trials: cross-sectional observational study

BACKGROUND

RCTs provide the scientific basis upon which treatment decisions are made. To facilitate critical review, it is important that methods and results are reported transparently. The aim of this study was to explore transparency in surgical RCTs with respect to trial registration, disclosure of funding sources, declarations of investigator conflicts and data-sharing.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional review of published surgical RCTs. Ten high-impact journals were searched systematically for RCTs published in years 2009, 2012, 2015 and 2018. Four domains of transparency were explored: trial registration, disclosure of funding, disclosure of investigator conflicts, and a statement relating to data-sharing.

RESULTS

Of 611 RCTs, 475 were eligible for analysis. Some 397 RCTs (83.6 per cent) were registered on a trial database, of which 190 (47·9 per cent) had been registered prospectively. Prospective registration increased over time (26 per cent in 2009, 33·0 per cent in 2012, 54 per cent in 2015, and 72·7 per cent in 2018). Funding disclosure was present in 55·0, 65·0, 69·4 and 75·4 per cent of manuscripts respectively. Conflict of interest disclosure was present in 49·5, 89·1, 94·6 and 98·3 per cent of manuscripts across the same time periods. Data-sharing statements were present in only 15 RCTs (3·2 per cent), 11 of which were published in 2018.

CONCLUSION

Trial registration, disclosure of funding and disclosure of investigator conflicts in surgical RCTs have improved markedly over the past 10 years. Disclosure of data-sharing plans is exceptionally low. This may contribute to research waste and represents a target for improvement.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of factors associated with post-operative pancreatic fistula following pancreatoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND

Many studies have explored factors relating to post-operative pancreatic fistula (POPF); however, the original definition (All-POPF) was revised to include only 'clinically relevant' (CR) POPF. This study identified variables associated with the two International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery definitions to identify which variables are more strongly associated with CR-POPF.

METHODS

A systematic review identified all studies reporting risk factors for POPF (using both International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula definitions) following pancreatoduodenectomy. The primary outcome was factors associated with CR-POPF. Meta-analyses (random effects models) of pre-, intra- and post-operative factors associated with POPF in more than two studies were included.

RESULTS

Among 52 774 patients All-POPF (n = 69 studies) and CR-POPF (n = 53 studies) affected 27% (95% confidence interval (CI_95% ) 23-30) and 19% (CI_95% 17-22), respectively. Of the 176 factors, 24 and 17 were associated with All- and CR-POPF, respectively. Absence of pre-operative pancreatitis, presence of renal disease, no pre-operative neoadjuvant therapy, use of post-operative somatostatin analogues, absence of associated venous or arterial resection were associated with CR-POPF but not All-POPF.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion this study demonstrates wide variation in reported rates of POPF and that several risk factors associated with CR-POPF are not used within risk prediction models. Data from this study can be used to shape future studies, research and audit across ethnic and geographic boundaries in POPF following pancreatoduodenectomy.

Living risk prediction algorithm (QCOVID) for risk of hospital admission and mortality from coronavirus 19 in adults: national derivation and validation cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To derive and validate a risk prediction algorithm to estimate hospital admission and mortality outcomes from coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in adults.

DESIGN

Population based cohort study.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

QResearch database, comprising 1205 general practices in England with linkage to covid-19 test results, Hospital Episode Statistics, and death registry data. 6.08 million adults aged 19-100 years were included in the derivation dataset and 2.17 million in the validation dataset. The derivation and first validation cohort period was 24 January 2020 to 30 April 2020. The second temporal validation cohort covered the period 1 May 2020 to 30 June 2020.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcome was time to death from covid-19, defined as death due to confirmed or suspected covid-19 as per the death certification or death occurring in a person with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the period 24 January to 30 April 2020. The secondary outcome was time to hospital admission with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Models were fitted in the derivation cohort to derive risk equations using a range of predictor variables. Performance, including measures of discrimination and calibration, was evaluated in each validation time period.

RESULTS

4384 deaths from covid-19 occurred in the derivation cohort during follow-up and 1722 in the first validation cohort period and 621 in the second validation cohort period. The final risk algorithms included age, ethnicity, deprivation, body mass index, and a range of comorbidities. The algorithm had good calibration in the first validation cohort. For deaths from covid-19 in men, it explained 73.1% (95% confidence interval 71.9% to 74.3%) of the variation in time to death (R²); the D statistic was 3.37 (95% confidence interval 3.27 to 3.47), and Harrell's C was 0.928 (0.919 to 0.938). Similar results were obtained for women, for both outcomes, and in both time periods. In the top 5% of patients with the highest predicted risks of death, the sensitivity for identifying deaths within 97 days was 75.7%. People in the top 20% of predicted risk of death accounted for 94% of all deaths from covid-19.

CONCLUSION

The QCOVID population based risk algorithm performed well, showing very high levels of discrimination for deaths and hospital admissions due to covid-19. The absolute risks presented, however, will change over time in line with the prevailing SARS-C0V-2 infection rate and the extent of social distancing measures in place, so they should be interpreted with caution. The model can be recalibrated for different time periods, however, and has the potential to be dynamically updated as the pandemic evolves.

Risk stratification of patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: development and validation of the 4C Mortality Score

OBJECTIVE

To develop and validate a pragmatic risk score to predict mortality in patients admitted to hospital with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19).

DESIGN

Prospective observational cohort study.

SETTING

International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC) World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK (CCP-UK) study (performed by the ISARIC Coronavirus Clinical Characterisation Consortium-ISARIC-4C) in 260 hospitals across England, Scotland, and Wales. Model training was performed on a cohort of patients recruited between 6 February and 20 May 2020, with validation conducted on a second cohort of patients recruited after model development between 21 May and 29 June 2020. PARTICIPANTS: Adults (age ≥18 years) admitted to hospital with covid-19 at least four weeks before final data extraction.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

In-hospital mortality.

RESULTS

35 463 patients were included in the derivation dataset (mortality rate 32.2%) and 22 361 in the validation dataset (mortality rate 30.1%). The final 4C Mortality Score included eight variables readily available at initial hospital assessment: age, sex, number of comorbidities, respiratory rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, level of consciousness, urea level, and C reactive protein (score range 0-21 points). The 4C Score showed high discrimination for mortality (derivation cohort: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.79, 95% confidence interval 0.78 to 0.79; validation cohort: 0.77, 0.76 to 0.77) with excellent calibration (validation: calibration-in-the-large=0, slope=1.0). Patients with a score of at least 15 (n=4158, 19%) had a 62% mortality (positive predictive value 62%) compared with 1% mortality for those with a score of 3 or less (n=1650, 7%; negative predictive value 99%). Discriminatory performance was higher than 15 pre-existing risk stratification scores (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve range 0.61-0.76), with scores developed in other covid-19 cohorts often performing poorly (range 0.63-0.73).

CONCLUSIONS

An easy-to-use risk stratification score has been developed and validated based on commonly available parameters at hospital presentation. The 4C Mortality Score outperformed existing scores, showed utility to directly inform clinical decision making, and can be used to stratify patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 into different management groups. The score should be further validated to determine its applicability in other populations.

STUDY REGISTRATION

ISRCTN66726260.

Impact of COVID-19 response on global surgical volumes: an ongoing observational study

Objective

To determine whether location-linked anaesthesiology calculator mobile application (app) data can serve as a qualitative proxy for global surgical case volumes and therefore monitor the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods

We collected data provided by users of the mobile app “Anesthesiologist” during 1 October 2018–30 June 2020. We analysed these using RStudio and generated 7-day moving-average app use plots. We calculated country-level reductions in app use as a percentage of baseline. We obtained data on COVID-19 case counts from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. We plotted changing app use and COVID-19 case counts for several countries and regions.

Findings

A total of 100 099 app users within 214 countries and territories provided data. We observed that app use was reduced during holidays, weekends and at night, correlating with expected fluctuations in surgical volume. We observed that the onset of the pandemic prompted substantial reductions in app use. We noted strong cross-correlation between COVID-19 case count and reductions in app use in low- and middle-income countries, but not in high-income countries. Of the 112 countries and territories with non-zero app use during baseline and during the pandemic, we calculated a median reduction in app use to 73.6% of baseline.

Conclusion

App data provide a proxy for surgical case volumes, and can therefore be used as a real-time monitor of the impact of COVID-19 on surgical capacity. We have created a dashboard for ongoing visualization of these data, allowing policy-makers to direct resources to areas of greatest need.

Clinical characteristics of children and young people admitted to hospital with covid-19 in United Kingdom: prospective multicentre observational cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To characterise the clinical features of children and young people admitted to hospital with laboratory confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the UK and explore factors associated with admission to critical care, mortality, and development of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents temporarily related to coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) (MIS-C).

DESIGN

Prospective observational cohort study with rapid data gathering and near real time analysis.

SETTING

260 hospitals in England, Wales, and Scotland between 17 January and 3 July 2020, with a minimum follow-up time of two weeks (to 17 July 2020).

PARTICIPANTS

651 children and young people aged less than 19 years admitted to 138 hospitals and enrolled into the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emergency Infections Consortium (ISARIC) WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK study with laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Admission to critical care (high dependency or intensive care), in-hospital mortality, or meeting the WHO preliminary case definition for MIS-C.

RESULTS

Median age was 4.6 (interquartile range 0.3-13.7) years, 35% (225/651) were under 12 months old, and 56% (367/650) were male. 57% (330/576) were white, 12% (67/576) South Asian, and 10% (56/576) black. 42% (276/651) had at least one recorded comorbidity. A systemic mucocutaneous-enteric cluster of symptoms was identified, which encompassed the symptoms for the WHO MIS-C criteria. 18% (116/632) of children were admitted to critical care. On multivariable analysis, this was associated with age under 1 month (odds ratio 3.21, 95% confidence interval 1.36 to 7.66; P=0.008), age 10-14 years (3.23, 1.55 to 6.99; P=0.002), and black ethnicity (2.82, 1.41 to 5.57; P=0.003). Six (1%) of 627 patients died in hospital, all of whom had profound comorbidity. 11% (52/456) met the WHO MIS-C criteria, with the first patient developing symptoms in mid-March. Children meeting MIS-C criteria were older (median age 10.7 (8.3-14.1) v 1.6 (0.2-12.9) years; P<0.001) and more likely to be of non-white ethnicity (64% (29/45) v 42% (148/355); P=0.004). Children with MIS-C were five times more likely to be admitted to critical care (73% (38/52) v 15% (62/404); P<0.001). In addition to the WHO criteria, children with MIS-C were more likely to present with fatigue (51% (24/47) v 28% (86/302); P=0.004), headache (34% (16/47) v 10% (26/263); P<0.001), myalgia (34% (15/44) v 8% (21/270); P<0.001), sore throat (30% (14/47) v (12% (34/284); P=0.003), and lymphadenopathy (20% (9/46) v 3% (10/318); P<0.001) and to have a platelet count of less than 150 × 109/L (32% (16/50) v 11% (38/348); P<0.001) than children who did not have MIS-C. No deaths occurred in the MIS-C group.

CONCLUSIONS

Children and young people have less severe acute covid-19 than adults. A systemic mucocutaneous-enteric symptom cluster was also identified in acute cases that shares features with MIS-C. This study provides additional evidence for refining the WHO MIS-C preliminary case definition. Children meeting the MIS-C criteria have different demographic and clinical features depending on whether they have acute SARS-CoV-2 infection (polymerase chain reaction positive) or are post-acute (antibody positive).

STUDY REGISTRATION

ISRCTN66726260.

Perioperative intravenous contrast administration and the incidence of acute kidney injury after major gastrointestinal surgery: prospective, multicentre cohort study

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to determine the impact of preoperative exposure to intravenous contrast for CT and the risk of developing postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery.

METHODS

This prospective, multicentre cohort study included adults undergoing gastrointestinal resection, stoma reversal or liver resection. Both elective and emergency procedures were included. Preoperative exposure to intravenous contrast was defined as exposure to contrast administered for the purposes of CT up to 7 days before surgery. The primary endpoint was the rate of AKI within 7 days. Propensity score-matched models were adjusted for patient, disease and operative variables. In a sensitivity analysis, a propensity score-matched model explored the association between preoperative exposure to contrast and AKI in the first 48 h after surgery.

RESULTS

A total of 5378 patients were included across 173 centres. Overall, 1249 patients (23·2 per cent) received intravenous contrast. The overall rate of AKI within 7 days of surgery was 13·4 per cent (718 of 5378). In the propensity score-matched model, preoperative exposure to contrast was not associated with AKI within 7 days (odds ratio (OR) 0·95, 95 per cent c.i. 0·73 to 1·21; P = 0·669). The sensitivity analysis showed no association between preoperative contrast administration and AKI within 48 h after operation (OR 1·09, 0·84 to 1·41; P = 0·498).

CONCLUSION

There was no association between preoperative intravenous contrast administered for CT up to 7 days before surgery and postoperative AKI. Risk of contrast-induced nephropathy should not be used as a reason to avoid contrast-enhanced CT.

0298 Sleep at Sea: A Qualitative Examination of Barriers to Sleep and Mitigation Strategies Among Shipboard Sailors

Introduction

Sleep disturbance is prevalent among service members; however, little is known about factors that impede sleep in unique operational environments, such as aboard naval ships. Given the importance of sleep to health and performance, identifying both causes and potential solutions to sleep disturbance is critical. The objective of this qualitative study was to elucidate barriers to sleep and the strategies U.S. Navy sailors use to improve their sleep and combat fatigue while underway.

Methods

Interviews were conducted with 22 active duty service members assigned to sea duty. The semi-structured interview guide assessed the experiences of service members sleeping in shipboard environments, including the strategies used to improve sleep and combat fatigue. Interview transcripts were analyzed using applied thematic content analysis by two independent coders.

Results

Most participants were male (91.8%) and enlisted (95.5%). The most commonly reported barrier to sleep was stress (e.g., job-related stress), followed by rotating schedules, and environmental factors (e.g., noise, light). Many reported prioritizing other activities over sleep when off duty. Though only a few reported specific strategies to improve sleep while underway, strategies that were described primarily included mitigation of environmental barriers (e.g., noise-canceling headphones or sleep masks). However, some participants acknowledged these strategies are not always feasible (e.g., cost, reduced responsiveness to alarms or commands). Notably, few sailors reported using stress mitigation or relaxation strategies to help sleep. Caffeine intake was the only reported strategy for alerting when fatigued.

Conclusion

Sailors reported many barriers to sleep that are unique to the shipboard environment, yet most did not report using any mitigation strategies. Further, few used alerting techniques (other than caffeine) when fatigued. This at-risk population could benefit from targeted educational interventions covering sleep-promoting behaviors, prioritization of sleep, and fatigue mitigation.

Support

This work was supported by the Military Operational Medicine Research Program, Early Assessment and Intervention Working Group, under work unit no. N1702.

A mecC allotype, mecC3, in the CoNS Staphylococcus caeli, encoded within a variant SCCmecC

BACKGROUND

Methicillin resistance in staphylococci is conferred by an alternative PBP (PBP2a/2') with low affinity for most β-lactam antibiotics. PBP2a is encoded by mecA, which is carried on a mobile genetic element known as SCCmec. A variant of mecA, mecC, was described in 2011 and has been found in Staphylococcus aureus from humans and a wide range of animal species as well as a small number of other staphylococcal species from animals.

OBJECTIVES

We characterized a novel mecC allotype, mecC3, encoded by an environmental isolate of Staphylococcus caeli cultured from air sampling of a commercial rabbit holding.

METHODS

The S. caeli isolate 82BT was collected in Italy in 2013 and genome sequenced using MiSeq technology. This allowed the assembly and comparative genomic study of the novel SCCmec region encoding mecC3.

RESULTS

The study isolate encodes a novel mecA allotype, mecC3, with 92% nucleotide identity to mecC. mecC3 is encoded within a novel SCCmec element distinct from those previously associated with mecC, including a ccrAB pairing (ccrA5B3) not previously linked to mecC.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first description of the novel mecC allotype mecC3, the first isolation of a mecC-positive Staphylococcus in Italy and the first report of mecC in S. caeli. Furthermore, the SCCmec element described here is highly dissimilar to the archetypal SCCmec XI encoding mecC in S. aureus and to elements encoding mecC in other staphylococci. Our report highlights the diversity of mecC allotypes and the diverse staphylococcal species, ecological settings and genomic context in which mecC may be found.

Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To characterise the clinical features of patients admitted to hospital with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in the United Kingdom during the growth phase of the first wave of this outbreak who were enrolled in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC) World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK (CCP-UK) study, and to explore risk factors associated with mortality in hospital.

DESIGN

Prospective observational cohort study with rapid data gathering and near real time analysis.

SETTING

208 acute care hospitals in England, Wales, and Scotland between 6 February and 19 April 2020. A case report form developed by ISARIC and WHO was used to collect clinical data. A minimal follow-up time of two weeks (to 3 May 2020) allowed most patients to complete their hospital admission.

PARTICIPANTS

20 133 hospital inpatients with covid-19.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Admission to critical care (high dependency unit or intensive care unit) and mortality in hospital.

RESULTS

The median age of patients admitted to hospital with covid-19, or with a diagnosis of covid-19 made in hospital, was 73 years (interquartile range 58-82, range 0-104). More men were admitted than women (men 60%, n=12 068; women 40%, n=8065). The median duration of symptoms before admission was 4 days (interquartile range 1-8). The commonest comorbidities were chronic cardiac disease (31%, 5469/17 702), uncomplicated diabetes (21%, 3650/17 599), non-asthmatic chronic pulmonary disease (18%, 3128/17 634), and chronic kidney disease (16%, 2830/17 506); 23% (4161/18 525) had no reported major comorbidity. Overall, 41% (8199/20 133) of patients were discharged alive, 26% (5165/20 133) died, and 34% (6769/20 133) continued to receive care at the reporting date. 17% (3001/18 183) required admission to high dependency or intensive care units; of these, 28% (826/3001) were discharged alive, 32% (958/3001) died, and 41% (1217/3001) continued to receive care at the reporting date. Of those receiving mechanical ventilation, 17% (276/1658) were discharged alive, 37% (618/1658) died, and 46% (764/1658) remained in hospital. Increasing age, male sex, and comorbidities including chronic cardiac disease, non-asthmatic chronic pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, liver disease and obesity were associated with higher mortality in hospital.

CONCLUSIONS

ISARIC WHO CCP-UK is a large prospective cohort study of patients in hospital with covid-19. The study continues to enrol at the time of this report. In study participants, mortality was high, independent risk factors were increasing age, male sex, and chronic comorbidity, including obesity. This study has shown the importance of pandemic preparedness and the need to maintain readiness to launch research studies in response to outbreaks.

STUDY REGISTRATION

ISRCTN66726260.

Real-time assessment of COVID-19 impact on global surgical case volumes

Importance

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted global surgical capacity. The impact of the pandemic in low and middle income countries has the potential to worsen already strained access to surgical care. Timely assessment of surgical volumes in these countries remains challenging.

Objective

To determine whether usage data from a globally used anesthesiology calculator mobile application can serve as a proxy for global surgical case volume and contribute to monitoring of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in World Bank low income countries where official data collection is not currently practical.

Design

Subset of data from an ongoing observational cohort study of users of the application collected from October 1, 2018 to April 18, 2020.

Setting

The mobile application is available from public sources; users download and use the application per their own clinical needs on personal mobile devices.

Participants

No user data was excluded from the study.

Exposures

Events with impacts on surgical case volumes, including weekends, holidays, and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Main Outcomes and Measures

It was previously noted that application usage was decreased on weekends and during winter holidays. We subsequently hypothesized that more detailed analysis would reveal impacts of country-specific or region-specific holidays on the volume of app use.

Results

4,300,975 data points from 92,878 unique users were analyzed. Physicians and other anesthesia providers comprised 85.8% of the study population. Application use was reduced on holidays and weekends and correlated with fluctuations in surgical volume. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with substantial reductions in app use globally and regionally. There was strong cross correlation between COVID-19 case count and reductions in app use. By country, there was a median global reduction in app use to 58% of baseline (interquartile range, 46%-75%). Application use in low-income continues to decline but in high-income countries has stabilized.

Conclusions and Relevance

Application usage metadata provides a real-time indicator of surgical volume. This data may be used to identify impacted regions where disruptions to surgical care are disproportionate or prolonged. A dashboard for continuous visualization of these data has been deployed.

Variation in global uptake of the Surgical Safety Checklist

Background

The Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) is a patient safety tool shown to reduce mortality and to improve teamwork and adherence with perioperative safety practices. The results of the original pilot work were published 10 years ago. This study aimed to determine the contemporary prevalence and predictors of SSC use globally.

Methods

Pooled data from the GlobalSurg and Surgical Outcomes studies were analysed to describe SSC use in 2014–2016. The primary exposure was the Human Development Index (HDI) of the reporting country, and the primary outcome was reported SSC use. A generalized estimating equation, clustering by facility, was used to determine differences in SSC use by patient, facility and national characteristics.

Results

A total of 85 957 patients from 1464 facilities in 94 countries were included. On average, facilities used the SSC in 75·4 per cent of operations. Compared with very high HDI, SSC use was less in low HDI countries (odds ratio (OR) 0·08, 95 per cent c.i. 0·05 to 0·12). The SSC was used less in urgent compared with elective operations in low HDI countries (OR 0·68, 0·53 to 0·86), but used equally for urgent and elective operations in very high HDI countries (OR 0·96, 0·87 to 1·06). SSC use was lower for obstetrics and gynaecology versus abdominal surgery (OR 0·91, 0·85 to 0·98) and where the common or official language was not one of the WHO official languages (OR 0·30, 0·23 to 0·39).

Conclusion

Worldwide, SSC use is generally high, but significant variability exists. Implementation and dissemination strategies must be developed to address this variability.

Single-Cell Transcriptomics Uncovers Zonation of Function in the Mesenchyme during Liver Fibrosis

Iterative liver injury results in progressive fibrosis disrupting hepatic architecture, regeneration potential, and liver function. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are a major source of pathological matrix during fibrosis and are thought to be a functionally homogeneous population. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to deconvolve the hepatic mesenchyme in healthy and fibrotic mouse liver, revealing spatial zonation of HSCs across the hepatic lobule. Furthermore, we show that HSCs partition into topographically diametric lobule regions, designated portal vein-associated HSCs (PaHSCs) and central vein-associated HSCs (CaHSCs). Importantly we uncover functional zonation, identifying CaHSCs as the dominant pathogenic collagen-producing cells in a mouse model of centrilobular fibrosis. Finally, we identify LPAR1 as a therapeutic target on collagen-producing CaHSCs, demonstrating that blockade of LPAR1 inhibits liver fibrosis in a rodent NASH model. Taken together, our work illustrates the power of single-cell transcriptomics to resolve the key collagen-producing cells driving liver fibrosis with high precision.

Resolving the fibrotic niche of human liver cirrhosis at single-cell level

Liver cirrhosis is a major cause of death worldwide and is characterized by extensive fibrosis. There are currently no effective antifibrotic therapies available. To obtain a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis and enable the discovery of therapeutic targets, here we profile the transcriptomes of more than 100,000 single human cells, yielding molecular definitions for non-parenchymal cell types that are found in healthy and cirrhotic human liver. We identify a scar-associated TREM2+CD9+ subpopulation of macrophages, which expands in liver fibrosis, differentiates from circulating monocytes and is pro-fibrogenic. We also define ACKR1+ and PLVAP+ endothelial cells that expand in cirrhosis, are topographically restricted to the fibrotic niche and enhance the transmigration of leucocytes. Multi-lineage modelling of ligand and receptor interactions between the scar-associated macrophages, endothelial cells and PDGFRα+ collagen-producing mesenchymal cells reveals intra-scar activity of several pro-fibrogenic pathways including TNFRSF12A, PDGFR and NOTCH signalling. Our work dissects unanticipated aspects of the cellular and molecular basis of human organ fibrosis at a single-cell level, and provides a conceptual framework for the discovery of rational therapeutic targets in liver cirrhosis.

Use of a modified Delphi approach to develop research priorities in HPB surgery across the United Kingdom

BACKGROUND

Research prioritisation can help identify clinically relevant questions and encourage high-quality, patient-centred research. Delphi methodology aims to develop consensus opinion within a group of experts, with recent Delphi projects helping to define the research agenda and funding within several medical and surgical specialties.

METHODS

All members of the Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons (AUGIS) were asked to submit clinical research questions using an online survey (Phase 1). Two consecutive rounds of Delphi prioritisation by multidisciplinary HPB healthcare professionals (Phase 2) were undertaken to establish a final list of the most highly prioritised research questions. A multidisciplinary steering committee analysed the results of each phase.

RESULTS

Ninety-three HPB-focussed questions were identified in Phase 1, with thirty-seven questions of sufficient priority to enter a further prioritisation round. A final group of 11 questions considered highest priority were identified. The most highly ranked research questions related to treatment pathways, operative strategies and the impact of HPB procedures on quality of life, particularly for malignant disease.

CONCLUSION

Expert consensus has identified research priorities within the UK HPB surgical community over the coming years. Funding applications, to establish well-designed, high quality collaborative research are now required to address these questions.

Prevalence of surgically correctable conditions among children in a mixed urban-rural community in Nigeria using the SOSAS survey tool: Implications for paediatric surgical capacity-building

Background

In many low- and middle-income countries, data on the prevalence of surgical diseases have been derived primarily from hospital-based studies, which may lead to an underestimation of disease burden within the community. Community-based prevalence studies may provide better estimates of surgical need to enable proper resource allocation and prioritization of needs. This study aims to assess the prevalence of common surgical conditions among children in a diverse rural and urban population in Nigeria.

Methods

Descriptive cross-sectional, community-based study to determine the prevalence of congenital and acquired surgical conditions among children in a diverse rural-urban area of Nigeria was conducted. Households, defined as one or more persons ‘who eat from the same pot’ or slept under the same roof the night before the interview, were randomized for inclusion in the study. Data was collected using an adapted and modified version of the interviewer-administered questionnaire—Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need (SOSAS) survey tool and analysed using the REDCap web-based analytic application.

Main results

Eight-hundred-and-fifty-six households were surveyed, comprising 1,883 children. Eighty-one conditions were identified, the most common being umbilical hernias (20), inguinal hernias (13), and wound injuries to the extremities (9). The prevalence per 10,000 children was 85 for umbilical hernias (95% CI: 47, 123), and 61 for inguinal hernias (95% CI: 34, 88). The prevalence of hydroceles and undescended testes was comparable at 22 and 26 per 10,000 children, respectively. Children with surgical conditions had similar sociodemographic characteristics to healthy children in the study population.

Conclusion

The most common congenital surgical conditions in our setting were umbilical hernias, while injuries were the most common acquired conditions. From our study, it is estimated that there will be about 2.9 million children with surgically correctable conditions in the nation. This suggests an acute need for training more paediatric surgeons.

Can a smartphone-delivered tool facilitate the assessment of surgical site infection and result in earlier treatment? Tracking wound infection with smartphone technology (TWIST): protocol for a randomised controlled trial in emergency surgery patients

INTRODUCTION

National data suggest that surgical site infection (SSI) complicates 2%-10% of general surgery cases, although the patient-reported incidence is much higher. SSIs cause significant patient morbidity and represent a significant burden on acute healthcare services, in a cohort predominantly suitable for outpatient management. Over three-quarters of UK adults now own smartphones, which could be harnessed to improve access to care. We aim to investigate if a smartphone-delivered wound assessment tool results in earlier treatment.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

This is a randomised controlled trial aiming to recruit 500 patients across National Health Service (NHS) hospitals. All emergency abdominal surgery patients over the age of 16 who own smartphones will be considered eligible, with the exclusion of those with significant visual impairment. Participants will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio between standard postoperative care and the intervention - use of the smartphone tool in addition to standard postoperative care. The main outcome measure will be time-to-diagnosis of SSI with secondary outcome measures considering use of emergency department and general practitioner services and patient experience. Follow-up will be conducted by clinicians blinded to group allocation. Analysis of time-to-diagnosis will be by comparison of means using an independent two sample t-test.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This is the first randomised controlled trial on the use of a smartphone-delivered wound assessment tool to facilitate the assessment of SSI and the impact on time-to-diagnosis. The intervention is being used in addition to standard postoperative care. The study design and protocol were reviewed and approved by Southeast Scotland Research and Ethics Committee (REC Ref: 16/SS/0072 24/05/2016). Study findings will be presented at academic conferences, published in peer-reviewed journals and are expected in 2020. A written lay summary will be available to study participants on request.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT02704897; Pre-results.