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Jacobs TW, Byrne C, Colditz G, Connolly JL, Schnitt SJ. Pathologic features of breast cancers in women with previous benign breast disease. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 115:362-9. [PMID: 11242792 DOI: 10.1309/up07-k3kd-25nl-d3m8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare pathologic features of the cancers arising after different types of benign breast disease (BBD), we reviewed the invasive breast cancer slides of 169 women with a previous benign biopsy result. Lesions were categorized previously as nonproliferative, proliferative without atypia, or atypical hyperplasia. Pathologic features of the cancers were evaluated without knowledge of the previous BBD category. Estrogen and progesterone receptor immunohistochemistry was performed on available tissue blocks. The median times between a benign result and cancer were 100, 124, and 92 months for women with nonproliferative lesions, proliferative lesions without atypia, and atypical hyperplasia, respectively. Cancers in the 3 groups did not differ significantly in tumor size, axillary lymph node status, or histologic grade, and there was no significant difference in the distribution of histologic types of breast cancer. Lymphatic vessel invasion, extensive intraductal component, and hormone receptor status did not differ among BBD categories. The pathologic features of breast cancers that develop in women with a previous benign biopsy result do not vary according to the histologic category of the previous BBD.
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Barton ES, Forrest JC, Connolly JL, Chappell JD, Liu Y, Schnell FJ, Nusrat A, Parkos CA, Dermody TS. Junction adhesion molecule is a receptor for reovirus. Cell 2001; 104:441-51. [PMID: 11239401 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus attachment to cells plays an essential role in viral tropism and disease. Reovirus serotypes 1 and 3 differ in the capacity to target distinct cell types in the murine nervous system and in the efficiency to induce apoptosis. The binding of viral attachment protein sigma1 to unidentified receptors controls these phenotypes. We used expression cloning to identify junction adhesion molecule (JAM), an integral tight junction protein, as a reovirus receptor. JAM binds directly to sigma1 and permits reovirus infection of nonpermissive cells. Ligation of JAM is required for reovirus-induced activation of NF-kappaB and apoptosis. Thus, reovirus interaction with cell-surface receptors is a critical determinant of both cell-type specific tropism and virus-induced intracellular signaling events that culminate in cell death.
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Ponticelli C, Yussim A, Cambi V, Legendre C, Rizzo G, Salvadori M, Kahn D, Kashi SH, Salmela K, Fricke L, Garcia-Martinez J, Lechler R, Heemann U, Monteon F, Ortuño J, Amenabar JJ, Arias M, Nicholson ML, Sperschneider H, Abendroth D, Gracida C, Lao M, Sever MS, Lameire N, Sanchez-Fructuoso A, Bascì A, Segoloni G, Connolly J, Altieri P, Akoh J, Prestele H, Girault D. Basiliximab significantly reduces acute rejection in renal transplant patients given triple therapy with azathioprine. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:1009-10. [PMID: 11267167 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)02307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Barton ES, Connolly JL, Forrest JC, Chappell JD, Dermody TS. Utilization of sialic acid as a coreceptor enhances reovirus attachment by multistep adhesion strengthening. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:2200-11. [PMID: 11054410 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004680200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many serotype 3 reoviruses bind to two different host cell molecules, sialic acid and an unidentified protein, using discrete receptor-binding domains in viral attachment protein, final sigma1. To determine mechanisms by which these receptor-binding events cooperate to mediate cell attachment, we generated isogenic reovirus strains that differ in the capacity to bind sialic acid. Strain SA+, but not SA-, bound specifically to sialic acid on a biosensor chip with nanomolar avidity. SA+ displayed 5-fold higher avidity for HeLa cells when compared with SA-, although both strains recognized the same proteinaceous receptor. Increased avidity of SA+ binding was mediated by increased k(on). Neuraminidase treatment to remove cell-surface sialic acid decreased the k(on) of SA+ to that of SA-. Increased k(on) of SA+ enhanced an infectious attachment process, since SA+ was 50-100-fold more efficient than SA- at infecting HeLa cells in a kinetic fluorescent focus assay. Sialic acid binding was operant early during SA+ attachment, since the capacity of soluble sialyllactose to inhibit infection decreased rapidly during the first 20 min of adsorption. These results indicate that reovirus binding to sialic acid enhances virus infection through adhesion of virus to the cell surface where access to a proteinaceous receptor is thermodynamically favored.
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Read J, Perry BD, Moskowitz A, Connolly J. The contribution of early traumatic events to schizophrenia in some patients: a traumagenic neurodevelopmental model. Psychiatry 2001; 64:319-45. [PMID: 11822210 DOI: 10.1521/psyc.64.4.319.18602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The current diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia proposes that a genetic deficit creates a predisposing vulnerability in the form of oversenstivity to stress. This model positions all psychosocial events on the stress side of the diathesis-stress equation. As an example of hypotheses that emerge when consideration is given to repositioning adverse life events as potential contributors to the diathesis, this article examines one possible explanation for the high prevalence of child abuse found in adults diagnosed schizophrenic. A traumagenic neurodevelopmental (TN) model of schizophrenia is presented, documenting the similarities between the effects of traumatic events on the developing brain and the biological abnormalities found in persons diagnosed with schizophrenia, including overreactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin abnormalities; and structural changes to the brain such as hippocampal damage, cerebral atrophy, ventricular enlargement, and reversed cerebral asymmetry. The TN model offers potential explanations for other findings in schizophrenia research beyond oversensitivity to stress, including cognitive impairment, pathways to positive and negative symptoms, and the relationship between psychotic and dissociative symptomatology. It is recommended that clinicians and researchers explore the presence of early adverse life events in adults with psychotic symptoms in order to ensure comprehensive formulations and appropriate treatment plans, and to further investigate the hypotheses generated by the TN model.
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Khalkhali I, Villanueva-Meyer J, Edell SL, Connolly JL, Schnitt SJ, Baum JK, Houlihan MJ, Jenkins RM, Haber SB. Diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-sestamibi breast imaging: multicenter trial results. J Nucl Med 2000; 41:1973-9. [PMID: 11138681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although mammography is well established as a first-line tool for breast cancer screening and detection, efforts to develop complementary procedures continue. Observation of 99mTc-sestamibi tumor uptake provided the impetus for its evaluation as an adjunctive technique. This trial's objectives were to determine in a multicenter trial the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-sestamibi in women with suspected breast cancer and to investigate factors influencing diagnostic accuracy. METHODS Our multicenter trial enrolled 673 women (387 with nonpalpable abnormalities; 286 with palpable abnormalities) scheduled for excisional biopsy or mastectomy. Blinded and unblinded interpretations of scintigraphic images were compared with core laboratory established histopathologic diagnoses to define the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-sestamibi breast imaging. RESULTS Blinded readers' diagnostic accuracy was 78%-81%. Inter-reader agreement was excellent, ranging from 95% to 100% (kappa = 0.82-0.99). Overall institutional sensitivity and specificity for 99mTc-sestamibi breast imaging were 75.4% and 82.7%, respectively. In this population with a 40.1% disease prevalence, the positive predictive value was 74.5% and the negative predictive value was 83.4%. The negative predictive value was 94% in patients with a 40% or lower mammographic likelihood of breast cancer. Sensitivity was higher for palpable abnormalities; specificity was higher for nonpalpable abnormalities. Sensitivity was decreased for tumors <1 cm in largest dimension but appeared not to be affected by patient's age. CONCLUSION As an adjunct to current procedures, 99mTc-sestamibi breast imaging may contribute to patient management decisions in selected populations, including women with dense breasts, mammographically indeterminate lesions >1 cm, and palpable abnormalities.
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Byrne C, Connolly JL, Colditz GA, Schnitt SJ. Biopsy confirmed benign breast disease, postmenopausal use of exogenous female hormones, and breast carcinoma risk. Cancer 2000; 89:2046-52. [PMID: 11066044 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20001115)89:10<2046::aid-cncr3>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A history of proliferative benign breast disease has been shown to increase the risk of developing breast carcinoma, but, to the authors' knowledge, how postmenopausal exogenous female hormone use, in general, has affected breast carcinoma risk among women with a history of proliferative breast disease with or without atypia has not been well established. METHODS In the current case-control study, nested within the Nurses' Health Study, benign breast biopsy slides of 133 postmenopausal breast carcinoma cases and 610 controls with a history of benign breast disease, were reviewed. Reviewers had no knowledge of case status. RESULTS Women with proliferative disease without atypia had a relative risk for postmenopausal breast carcinoma of 1.8 (95%, confidence interval [CI]: 1.1 to 2.8), and women with atypical hyperplasia had a relative risk of 3.6 (95%, CI: 2.0 to 6.4) compared with women who had nonproliferative benign histology. Neither current postmenopausal use of exogenous female hormones nor long term use for 5 or more years further increased the risk of breast carcinoma in the study population beyond that already associated with their benign histology. CONCLUSIONS Women who had proliferative benign breast disease, with or without atypia, were at moderately to substantially increased risk of developing postmenopausal breast carcinoma compared with women who had nonproliferative benign conditions. In the current study, postmenopausal exogenous female hormone use in general did not further increase the breast carcinoma risk for women with proliferative benign breast disease. However, the analysis did not exclude the possibility of increased risk with a particular hormone combination or dosage.
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Klugherz BD, Jones PL, Cui X, Chen W, Meneveau NF, DeFelice S, Connolly J, Wilensky RL, Levy RJ. Gene delivery from a DNA controlled-release stent in porcine coronary arteries. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:1181-4. [PMID: 11062438 DOI: 10.1038/81176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Expandable intra-arterial stents are widely used for treating coronary disease. We hypothesized that local gene delivery could be achieved with the controlled release of DNA from a polymer coating on an expandable stent. Our paper reports the first successful transfection in vivo using a DNA controlled-release stent. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) plasmid DNA within emulsion-coated stents was efficiently expressed in cell cultures (7.9% +/- 0.7% vs. 0.6% +/- 0.2% control, p < 0.001) of rat aortic smooth muscle cells. In a series of pig stent-angioplasty studies, GFP expression was observed in all coronary arteries (normal, nondiseased) in the DNA-treated group, but not in control arteries. GFP plasmid DNA in the arterial wall was confirmed by PCR, and GFP presence in the pig coronaries was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Thus, DNA-eluting stents are capable of arterial transfection, and could be useful as delivery systems for candidate vectors for gene therapy of cardiovascular diseases.
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Connolly J, Pepler D, Craig W, Taradash A. Dating experiences of bullies in early adolescence. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2000; 5:299-310. [PMID: 11232258 DOI: 10.1177/1077559500005004002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 196 young adolescents who reported that they bullied their peers were identified out of a sample of 1,758 students in Grades 5 through 8. After selecting from the total sample a group of nonbullying youth who were matched on gender, school, and grade, a comparison was made of the groups' dating experiences, quality of friend and boyfriend or girlfriend relationships, and acts of physical and social aggression. The results indicated that bullies started dating earlier and engaged in more advanced dyadic dating than comparison adolescents. Bullies were highly relationship oriented, yet their views of their friends and boyfriends or girlfriends were less positive and less equitable than the comparison adolescents. Finally, bullies were more likely to report physical and social aggression with their boyfriends or girlfriends. Although the bullies reported more advanced pubertal development, this factor did not fully account for their dating precocity and negative romantic relationships. The results confirmed our hypotheses that adolescents whose peer relationships are characterized by bullying are at risk in their development of healthy romantic relationships.
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Poggioli GJ, Keefer C, Connolly JL, Dermody TS, Tyler KL. Reovirus-induced G(2)/M cell cycle arrest requires sigma1s and occurs in the absence of apoptosis. J Virol 2000; 74:9562-70. [PMID: 11000227 PMCID: PMC112387 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.20.9562-9570.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotype-specific differences in the capacity of reovirus strains to inhibit proliferation of murine L929 cells correlate with the capacity to induce apoptosis. The prototype serotype 3 reovirus strains Abney (T3A) and Dearing (T3D) inhibit cellular proliferation and induce apoptosis to a greater extent than the prototype serotype 1 reovirus strain Lang (T1L). We now show that reovirus-induced inhibition of cellular proliferation results from a G(2)/M cell cycle arrest. Using T1L x T3D reassortant viruses, we found that strain-specific differences in the capacity to induce G(2)/M arrest, like the differences in the capacity to induce apoptosis, are determined by the viral S1 gene. The S1 gene is bicistronic, encoding the viral attachment protein sigma1 and the nonstructural protein sigma1s. A sigma1s-deficient reovirus strain, T3C84-MA, fails to induce G(2)/M arrest, yet retains the capacity to induce apoptosis, indicating that sigma1s is required for reovirus-induced G(2)/M arrest. Expression of sigma1s in C127 cells increases the percentage of cells in the G(2)/M phase of the cell cycle, supporting a role for this protein in reovirus-induced G(2)/M arrest. Inhibition of reovirus-induced apoptosis failed to prevent virus-induced G(2)/M arrest, indicating that G(2)/M arrest is not the result of apoptosis related DNA damage and suggests that these two processes occur through distinct pathways.
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Connolly J, Furman W, Konarski R. The role of peers in the emergence of heterosexual romantic relationships in adolescence. Child Dev 2000; 71:1395-408. [PMID: 11108103 DOI: 10.1111/1467-8624.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents' peer structures and the quality of their friendships were explored as antecedents of romantic relationships. Longitudinal data were gathered in a sample of 180 high school students over a 3-year period from grade 9 to grade 11. Consistent with Dunphy (1963), small groups of close friends were predictive of other-sex peer networks which were, in turn predictive of the emergence of future romantic relationships. Indirect effects were found for same-sex groups of close friends and same-sex networks. Consistent with Furman and Wehner (1994), the qualitative features of relationships with both friends and romantic partners were predictive of the qualitative features of subsequent romantic experiences. These linkages suggest ways in which peer relationships may support romantic development at this stage of the life cycle.
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Leenaars A, Cantor C, Connolly J, EchoHawk M, Gailiene D, He ZX, Kokorina N, Lester D, Lopatin AA, Rodriguez M, Schlebusch L, Takahashi Y, Vijayakumar L, Wenckstern S. Controlling the environment to prevent suicide: international perspectives. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2000; 45:639-44. [PMID: 11056826 DOI: 10.1177/070674370004500706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide and suicidal behaviour are multifaceted events requiring complex solutions. Controlling the environment is a neglected solution, despite strong support for this approach from the World Health Organization (WHO). METHOD To discuss this approach from a global view, this review is written by authors from various cultures: American, Australian, Canadian, Chinese, Cuban, Dutch, Indian, Irish, Japanese, Lithuanian, Native North American, Russian, and South African. RESULTS We examine gun control to illustrate the environmental control approach; however, the worldwide diversity of suicide methods calls for diverse responses. Further, controlling the environment encompasses more than restricting the means of suicide, which we illustrate with examples of toned-down media reports and restricted medicine availability. CONCLUSIONS Controlling the environment may be a viable strategy for preventing suicide, although research shows that few clinicians implement such approaches.
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Albino AP, Juan G, Traganos F, Reinhart L, Connolly J, Rose DP, Darzynkiewicz Z. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of melanoma cells by docosahexaenoic acid: association with decreased pRb phosphorylation. Cancer Res 2000; 60:4139-45. [PMID: 10945621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma is undergoing a dramatic increase in persons with light-color skin in all parts of the world. The prognosis for individuals with advanced disease is dismal due to the lack of effective treatment options. Thus, there is a need for new approaches to control tumor progression. Epidemiological, experimental, and mechanistic data implicate omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as stimulators and long-chain omega-3 PUFAs as inhibitors of development and progression of a range of human cancers, including melanoma. The aim of this study was to assess the mechanisms by which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 PUFA, affects human melanoma cells. Exponentially growing melanoma cell lines were exposed in vitro to DHA and then assessed for (a) inhibition of cell growth; (b) expression of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in individual cells by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry using specific monoclonal antibodies to cyclin D1, cyclin E, p21WAF1/CIP1, or p27(KIP1); and (c) expression of total pRb(T) independent of phosphorylation state and hypophosphorylated pRb(P-) in fixed cells by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry using specific monoclonal antibodies to pRb(T) or pRb(P-), respectively. After treatment with increasing concentrations of DHA, cell growth in a majority of melanoma cell lines (7 of 12) was inhibited, whereas in 5 of 12 cell lines, cell growth was minimally affected. Two melanoma cell lines were examined in detail, one resistant (SK-Mel-29) and one sensitive (SK-Mel-110) to the inhibitory activity of DHA. SK-Mel-29 cells were unaffected by treatment with up to 2 microg/ml DHA whether grown in the absence or presence of 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS). No appreciable change was observed in cell growth, cell cycle distribution, the status of pRb phosphorylation, cyclin D1 expression, or the levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. In contrast, SK-Mel-110 cell growth was inhibited by DHA with the cells accumulating either in G1 or S phase: 0% in SK-Mel-29 versus 13.3 or 41.2% in SK-Mel-110 in the absence or presence of FBS, respectively. In the absence of serum, considerable death occurred by apoptosis. In addition, DHA treatment resulted in increasing numbers of SK-Mel-110 cells (from 12 to >40%) expressing hypophosphorylated pRb, whereas the levels of cyclin D1 and p21 changed little. Expression of p27 in these cells increased >2.5 times when grown in the absence of FBS but not in the presence of 1% FBS. Thus, we show for the first time that DHA inhibits the growth of cultured metastatic melanoma cells. Furthermore, growth inhibition correlates with a quantitative increase in hypophosphorylated pRb in the representative sensitive melanoma cell line SK-Mel-110. Although multiple factors influence pRb phosphorylation, it appears that both cyclin D1 and p21 expression do not change in the presence of DHA, although p27 was strikingly increased in SK-Mel-110 cells in the absence of FBS. The fact that pRb became hypophosphorylated after exposure to DHA suggests a cross-talk mechanism between fatty acid metabolism and the pRb pathway. Determining the mechanism by which PUFAs can inhibit melanoma growth will be an important first step in the rational use of PUFAs as antitumor agents.
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Galper S, Recht A, Silver B, Bernardo MV, Gelman R, Wong J, Schnitt SJ, Connolly JL, Harris JR. Is radiation alone adequate treatment to the axilla for patients with limited axillary surgery? Implications for treatment after a positive sentinel node biopsy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 48:125-32. [PMID: 10924981 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(00)00631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the possible efficacy of axillary radiation therapy (AXRT) following a positive sentinel node biopsy (SNB), we evaluated the risk of regional nodal failure (RNF) for patients with clinical Stage I or II, clinically node-negative invasive breast cancer treated with either no dissection or a limited dissection (LD) defined as removal of 5 nodes or less followed by AXRT. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 1978 to 1987, 292 patients underwent AXRT in the absence of axillary dissection; 126 underwent AXRT following LD. The median dose to the axilla was 46 Gy. The median dose to the supraclavicular fossa was 45 Gy. Among patients found to have positive nodes on LD, adjuvant chemotherapy and tamoxifen were administered to 81% and 7% of subjects, respectively. All patients had potential 8-year follow-up. RESULTS Six of the 418 patients (1. 4%) developed RNF as a first site of failure within 8 years. Among these 6 patients (1.4%) with RNF as the first site of failure, 4 had simultaneous distant and regional recurrences; and 2 had isolated axillary failures. Three of the 292 patients (1%) with no axillary dissection, none of 84 patients with pathologically negative nodes and 3 of 42 patients (7%) with pathologically involved nodes had RNF as a first site of failure. Radiation pneumonitis developed in 5 patients (1.2%), brachial plexopathy in 5 (1.2%) and arm edema in 4 (1.2%). In all cases, radiation pneumonitis and brachial plexopathy were transient. CONCLUSION These results imply that AXRT may be an effective and safe alternative to completion dissection for treatment of the axilla following a positive SNB. Further studies comparing these two options in specific patient subgroups are needed.
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Wong JS, O'Neill A, Recht A, Schnitt SJ, Connolly JL, Silver B, Harris JR. The relationship between lymphatic vessell invasion, tumor size, and pathologic nodal status: can we predict who can avoid a third field in the absence of axillary dissection? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 48:133-7. [PMID: 10924982 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(00)00605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tangential (2-field) radiation therapy to the breast and lower axilla is typically used in our institution for treating patients with early-stage breast cancer who have 0-3 positive axillary nodes, as determined by axillary dissection, whereas a third supraclavicular/axillary field is added for patients with 4 or more positive nodes. However, dissection may result in complications and added expense. We, therefore, assessed whether clinical or pathologic factors of the primary tumor could reliably predict, in the absence of an axillary dissection, which patients with clinically negative axillary nodes have such limited pathologic nodal involvement that they might be effectively treated with only tangential fields. This would eliminate both the complications of axillary dissection and the added complexity and potential morbidity of a supraclavicular/axillary field. METHODS AND MATERIALS In this study, 722 women with clinical Stage I or II unilateral invasive breast cancer of infiltrating ductal histology, with clinically negative axillary nodes, at least 6 lymph nodes recovered on axillary dissection, and central pathology review were treated with breast-conserving therapy from 1968 to 1987. Pathologic nodal status was assessed in relation to clinical T stage, the presence of lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI), age, histologic grade, and the location of the primary tumor. RESULTS LVI, T stage, and tumor location were each significantly correlated with nodal status on univariate analysis. Ninety-seven percent of LVI-negative patients had 0-3 positive axillary nodes compared to 87% of LVI-positive patients. There was no association between T stage and extent of axillary involvement within LVI-negative and LVI-positive subgroups. In a logistic regression model, only LVI remained a significant predictor of having 4 or more positive nodes, although tumor size was of borderline significance. The odds ratio for LVI (positive vs. negative) as a predictor of having 4 or more positive nodes was 3.9 (95% CI, 2.0-7.6). CONCLUSION For patients with clinical T1-2, N0, infiltrating ductal carcinomas, the presence of LVI is predictive of having 4 or more positive axillary nodes. Only 3% of patients with clinical T1-2, N0, LVI-negative breast cancers had 4 or more positive nodes on axillary dissection. Such patients may be reasonable candidates for treatment with tangential radiation fields in the absence of axillary dissection.
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Fitzgibbons PL, Page DL, Weaver D, Thor AD, Allred DC, Clark GM, Ruby SG, O'Malley F, Simpson JF, Connolly JL, Hayes DF, Edge SB, Lichter A, Schnitt SJ. Prognostic factors in breast cancer. College of American Pathologists Consensus Statement 1999. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124:966-78. [PMID: 10888772 DOI: 10.5858/2000-124-0966-pfibc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 711] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under the auspices of the College of American Pathologists, a multidisciplinary group of clinicians, pathologists, and statisticians considered prognostic and predictive factors in breast cancer and stratified them into categories reflecting the strength of published evidence. MATERIALS AND METHODS Factors were ranked according to previously established College of American Pathologists categorical rankings: category I, factors proven to be of prognostic import and useful in clinical patient management; category II, factors that had been extensively studied biologically and clinically, but whose import remains to be validated in statistically robust studies; and category III, all other factors not sufficiently studied to demonstrate their prognostic value. Factors in categories I and II were considered with respect to variations in methods of analysis, interpretation of findings, reporting of data, and statistical evaluation. For each factor, detailed recommendations for improvement were made. Recommendations were based on the following aims: (1) increasing uniformity and completeness of pathologic evaluation of tumor specimens, (2) enhancing the quality of data collected about existing prognostic factors, and (3) improving patient care. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Factors ranked in category I included TNM staging information, histologic grade, histologic type, mitotic figure counts, and hormone receptor status. Category II factors included c-erbB-2 (Her2-neu), proliferation markers, lymphatic and vascular channel invasion, and p53. Factors in category III included DNA ploidy analysis, microvessel density, epidermal growth factor receptor, transforming growth factor-alpha, bcl-2, pS2, and cathepsin D. This report constitutes a detailed outline of the findings and recommendations of the consensus conference group, organized according to structural guidelines as defined.
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Fitzgibbons PL, Connolly JL, Page DL. Updated protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with carcinomas of the breast. Cancer Committee. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124:1026-33. [PMID: 10888779 DOI: 10.5858/2000-124-1026-upfteo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Connolly J, Cunningham AJ. Preoperative fasting and administration of regular medications in adult patients presenting for elective surgery. Has new evidence changed clinical practice? Eur J Anaesthesiol 2000; 17:219-20. [PMID: 10866003 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2346.2000.00603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Connolly JL, Rodgers SE, Clarke P, Ballard DW, Kerr LD, Tyler KL, Dermody TS. Reovirus-induced apoptosis requires activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB. J Virol 2000; 74:2981-9. [PMID: 10708412 PMCID: PMC111796 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.7.2981-2989.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reovirus infection induces apoptosis in cultured cells and in vivo. To identify host cell factors that mediate this response, we investigated whether reovirus infection alters the activation state of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). As determined in electrophoretic mobility shift assays, reovirus infection of HeLa cells leads to nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB complexes containing Rel family members p50 and p65. Reovirus-induced activation of NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity correlated with the onset of NF-kappaB-directed transcription in reporter gene assays. Three independent lines of evidence indicate that this functional form of NF-kappaB is required for reovirus-induced apoptosis. First, treatment of reovirus-infected HeLa cells with a proteasome inhibitor prevents NF-kappaB activation following infection and substantially diminishes reovirus-induced apoptosis. Second, transient expression of a dominant-negative form of IkappaB that constitutively represses NF-kappaB activation significantly reduces levels of apoptosis triggered by reovirus infection. Third, mutant cell lines deficient for either the p50 or p65 subunits of NF-kappaB are resistant to reovirus-induced apoptosis compared with cells expressing an intact NF-kappaB signaling pathway. These findings indicate that NF-kappaB plays a significant role in the mechanism by which reovirus induces apoptosis in susceptible host cells.
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Park CC, Mitsumori M, Nixon A, Recht A, Connolly J, Gelman R, Silver B, Hetelekidis S, Abner A, Harris JR, Schnitt SJ. Outcome at 8 years after breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy for invasive breast cancer: influence of margin status and systemic therapy on local recurrence. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:1668-75. [PMID: 10764427 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2000.18.8.1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the relationship between pathologic margin status and outcome at 8 years after breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study population comprised 533 patients with International Union Against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer clinical stage I or II breast cancer who had assessable margins, who received at least 60 Gy to the primary tumor bed, and who had more than 8 years of potential follow-up. Each margin was scored (according to the presence of invasive or in situ disease that touched the inked surgical margin) as one of the following: negative, close, focally positive, or extensively positive. Outcome at 8 years was calculated using crude rates of first site of failure. A polychotomous logistic regression analysis was performed. Median follow-up time was 127 months. RESULTS At 8 years, patients with close margins and those with negative margins both had a rate of local recurrence (LR) of 7%. Patients with extensively positive margins had an LR rate of 27%, whereas patients with focally positive margins had an intermediate rate of LR of 14%. In the polychotomous logistic regression model, margin status and the use of systemic therapy were the only two variables that had significant effects on the risk ratio of LR to remaining alive and free of disease. Among the 45 patients with focally positive margins who received systemic therapy, the crude LR rate was 7% at 8 years (95% confidence interval, 1% to 20%). CONCLUSION Pathologic margin status and the use of adjuvant systemic therapy are the most important factors associated with LR among patients treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy.
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Abner AL, Connolly JL, Recht A, Bornstein B, Nixon A, Hetelekidis S, Silver B, Harris JR, Schnitt SJ. The relation between the presence and extent of lobular carcinoma in situ and the risk of local recurrence for patients with infiltrating carcinoma of the breast treated with conservative surgery and radiation therapy. Cancer 2000; 88:1072-7. [PMID: 10699897 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(20000301)88:5<1072::aid-cncr18>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When found in an otherwise benign biopsy, lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) has been associated with an increased risk of development of a subsequent invasive breast carcinoma. However, the association between LCIS and the risk of subsequent local recurrence in patients with infiltrating carcinoma treated with conservative surgery and radiation therapy has received relatively little attention. METHODS Between 1968 and 1986, 1625 patients with clinical Stage I-II invasive breast carcinoma were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy at Harvard Medical School with breast-conserving surgery (CS) and radiation therapy (RT) to a total dose to the primary site of > or =60 grays. Analysis was limited to 1181 patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma, infiltrating lobular carcinoma, or infiltrating carcinoma with mixed ductal and lobular features who, on review of their histologic slides, had sufficient normal tissue adjacent to the tumor to evaluate for the presence of LCIS and also had a minimum potential follow-up time of 8 years. The median follow-up time was 161 months. RESULTS One hundred thirty-seven patients (12%) had LCIS either within the tumor or in the macroscopically normal adjacent tissue. The 8-year crude risk of recurrence was not significantly increased for patients with LCIS associated with invasive ductal, invasive lobular, or mixed ductal and lobular carcinoma. Among the 119 patients with associated LCIS adjacent to the tumor, the 8-year rate of local recurrence was 13%, compared with 12% for the 1062 patients without associated LCIS. For the 70 patients with moderate or marked LCIS adjacent to the tumor, the 8-year rate of local recurrence was 13%. The extent of LCIS did not affect the risk of recurrence. The risks of contralateral disease and of distant failure were similarly not affected by the presence or extent of LCIS. CONCLUSIONS Breast-conserving therapy involving limited surgery and radiation therapy is an appropriate method of treating patients with invasive breast carcinoma with or without associated LCIS. Neither the presence nor the extent of LCIS should influence management decisions regarding patients with invasive breast carcinoma. [See editorial counterpoint and reply to counterpoint on pages 978-81 and 982-3, this issue.]
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Breast Neoplasms/surgery
- Carcinoma in Situ/mortality
- Carcinoma in Situ/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma in Situ/surgery
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/surgery
- Carcinoma, Lobular/mortality
- Carcinoma, Lobular/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma, Lobular/surgery
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Mastectomy, Segmental
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/mortality
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/radiotherapy
- Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/surgery
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Factors
- Survival Rate
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Patz EF, Connolly J, Herndon J. Prognostic value of thoracic FDG PET imaging after treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000; 174:769-74. [PMID: 10701623 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.174.3.1740769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We determined the prognostic value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) for patients with treated lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined patients who underwent FDG PET after first-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. FDG PET results were correlated with survival rates to determine whether FDG PET findings were predictive of outcomes. RESULTS After initial therapy, 113 patients with non-small cell lung cancer underwent FDG PET. One hundred patients had positive FDG PET results and a median survival of 12 months (95% confidence interval, 9.2-15.4). Thirteen patients had negative FDG PET results, and 11 (85%) of these patients are still living at a median follow-up of 34 months. The difference in survival for patients with positive and negative FDG PET results was statistically significant (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION FDG PET has prognostic value and strongly correlates with survival rates of patients with treated lung cancer. Patients with positive FDG PET results have a significantly worse prognosis than patients with negative results. Additionally, FDG PET may be helpful in guiding therapeutic treatments.
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Peiro G, Bornstein BA, Connolly JL, Gelman R, Hetelekidis S, Nixon AJ, Recht A, Silver B, Harris JR, Schnitt SJ. The influence of infiltrating lobular carcinoma on the outcome of patients treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000; 59:49-54. [PMID: 10752679 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006384407690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of conservative surgery and radiation therapy (CS and RT) in the treatment of patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma is well established. However, the efficacy of CS and RT for patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma is less well documented. The goal of this study was to examine treatment outcome after CS and RT for patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma and to compare the results to those of patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma and patients with mixed ductal-lobular histology. METHODS Between 1970 and 1986, 1624 patients with Stage I or II invasive breast cancer were treated with CS and RT consisting of a complete gross excision of the tumor and > or = 6000 cGy to the primary site. Slides were available for review for 1337 of these patients (82%). Of these, 93 had infiltrating lobular carcinoma, 1089 had infiltrating ductal carcinoma, and 59 had tumors with mixed ductal and lobular features; these patients constitute the study population. The median follow-up time for surviving patients was 133 months. A comprehensive list of clinical and pathologic features was evaluated for all patients. Additional histologic features assessed for patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma included histologic subtype, multifocal invasion, stromal desmoplasia, and the presence of signet ring cells. RESULTS Five and 10-year crude results by site of first failure were similar for patients with infiltrating lobular, infiltrating ductal, and mixed histology. In particular, the 10-year crude local recurrence rates were 15%, 13%, and 13% for patients with infiltrating lobular, infiltrating ductal, and mixed histology, respectively. Ten-year distant/regional recurrence rates were 22%, 23%, and 20% for the three groups, respectively. In addition, the 10-year crude contralateral breast cancer rates were 4%, 13% and 6% for patients with infiltrating lobular, infiltrating ductal and mixed histology, respectively. In a multiple regression analysis which included established prognostic factors, histologic type was not significantly associated with either survival or time to recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma have a similar outcome following CS and RT to patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma and to patients with tumors that have mixed ductal and lobular features. We conclude that the presence of infiltrating lobular histology should not influence decisions regarding local therapy in patients with Stage I and II breast cancer.
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Hetelekidis S, Schnitt SJ, Silver B, Manola J, Bornstein BA, Nixon AJ, Recht A, Gelman R, Harris JR, Connolly JL. The significance of extracapsular extension of axillary lymph node metastases in early-stage breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 46:31-4. [PMID: 10656369 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(99)00424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate if extracapsular extension (ECE) of axillary lymph node metastases predicts for a decreased rate of disease-free survival or an increased rate of regional recurrence of breast carcinoma. METHODS The study population consisted of 368 patients with T1 or T2 breast cancer and pathologically-positive lymph nodes treated with breast-conserving therapy between 1968 and 1986. The median number of sampled lymph nodes was 10. Median follow-up time for the surviving patients was 139 months (range 70-244). Twenty percent of the patients were treated with supraclavicular RT, and 64% received both axillary and supraclavicular RT, with a median dose to the nodes of 45 Gy. The following factors were evaluated: presence of ECE, number of sampled lymph nodes (LN), number of involved LN, size of primary tumor, histologic grade of tumor, presence of lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI), presence of an extensive intraductal component (EIC), radiation dose, use of adjuvant chemotherapy, and age of patient. Recurrences were reported as the 5-year crude sites of first failure, and were divided into breast recurrences (LR), regional nodal failure (RNF, defined as isolated axillary, supraclavicular, or internal mammary recurrence), and distant metastases (DM). RESULTS One hundred twenty-two patients (33%) had ECE and 246 patients did not. The median number of LN with ECE was 1 (range 1-10) and 20% of patients had ECE in > or =4 LN. Patients with ECE tended to be older (median age 51 vs. 47, p = 0.01), and had a higher number of involved LN (median 3 vs. 2, p = 0.005) than patients without ECE. Forty-three percent of patients with ECE had > or =4 involved LN compared to 15% of patients without ECE (p<0.0001). Models of ECE and the above factors revealed no significant correlation between ECE and either disease-free or overall survival. There was no statistically significant increase in local, regional nodal, or distant failures in patients with ECE as compared to patients without ECE. CONCLUSION In this population of patients with nodal involvement, the presence of ECE correlates with the number of involved LN but does not appear to add predictive power to models of local, regional, or distant recurrence when the number of positive LN is included.
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Park C, Recht A, Gelman R, Schnitt S, Connolly J, Silver B, Harris J. The impact of young age on outcome after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and radiation therapy (RT) for Carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(00)80389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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