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Starzl TE, Murase N, Thomson AW, Trucco M, Rao A. Immunity and tolerance are related, and governed by antigen migration and localization. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:1406-11. [PMID: 10083622 PMCID: PMC2980284 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(99)00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Duquesnoy RJ, Liu K, Fu XF, Murase N, Ye Q, Demetris AJ. Evidence for heat shock protein immunity in a rat cardiac allograft model of chronic rejection. Transplantation 1999; 67:156-64. [PMID: 9921813 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199901150-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stress response to injury concept has been proposed as a mechanism of chronic rejection. This hypothesis has been tested with a rat cardiac allograft model in recipients pretreated with donor bone marrow (BM) cells. Chronic rejection is manifested in this BM group by obliterative arteriopathy and the epicardium and endocardium contains lymphocytic infiltrates resembling Quilty lesions. Pretreatment with a liver allograft (the orthotopic liver transplant [OLTx] group) is associated with an absence of chronic rejection in the transplanted heart. METHODS AND RESULTS . Stress responses in the allograft were assessed by determining heat shock protein (hsp) expression by immunohistology of graft tissues and immunoblot analysis of stromal tissue lysates with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to mammalian hsp60, the inducible hsp72, the constitutively expressed hsc73, and the grp78 C-terminal sequence KSEKDEL (grp78seq). Immunostaining showed clusters of grp78seq-positive cells in the inflammatory infiltrates of obliterated blood vessels and Quilty lesions in the BM group of cardiac allografts. Such grp78seq-positive cells were not seen in the OLTx group of heart allografts nor in syngrafts. Neither group showed significantly different graft myocyte staining of grp78 or hsp72, whereas hsp60 and hsc73 showed higher expression in the BM group and, to a lesser extent, the OLTx group. The increased expression of hsc73 was seen especially in the obliterated arteries and in myocytes nearby cellular infiltrates. Immunoblot analysis of graft stromal tissue lysates showed additional bands with mAb to hsp60 and hsc73 for the OLTx and especially the BM group. No significant bands were seen for hsp72 and grp78. Lymphocytes isolated from chronically rejecting allografts reacted with irradiated autologous spleen cells in the presence of mycobacterial hsp65 and interleukin-2. Culturing of graft-infiltrating cells with mycobacterial hsp71 and interleukin-2 yielded lymphocyte clones without alloreactivity, but with strong proliferative responsiveness to self-antigen-presenting cells and, only in the presence of mycobacterial hsp71 or murine grp78. This T-cell reactivity seemed to require intact hsp molecules because treatment of hsp71 with proteolytic enzymes, polymyxin, or ATP abrogated this induction of the stimulatory effect of self-antigen-presenting cells. These T cells are similar to the hsp-dependent, autoreactive lymphocytes cloned from acutely rejecting rat allografts. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the concept that the pathogenesis of chronic rejection involves a stress response and the participation of graft-infiltrating autoreactive T cells that operate under hsp-dependent mechanisms.
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Murase N, Jagannathan R, Kanematsu Y, Watanabe M, Kurita A, Hirata K, Yazawa T, Kushida T. Fluorescence and EPR Characteristics of Mn2+-Doped ZnS Nanocrystals Prepared by Aqueous Colloidal Method. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9828179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chia SH, Murase N, Taylor BS, Billiar TR, Starzl TE, Geller DA. Adenoviral-mediated gene delivery to liver isografts: improved model of ex vivo gene transfer. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:475-6. [PMID: 10083197 PMCID: PMC2964135 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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155
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Murase N, Ye Q, Lee RG, Demetris AJ, Abu-Elmagd K, Reyes J, Starzl TE. Immunomodulation of intestinal transplant with allograft irradiation and simultaneous donor bone marrow infusion. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:565-6. [PMID: 10083238 PMCID: PMC2958523 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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156
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Terakura M, Ye Q, Ichikawa N, Demetris AJ, Sakamoto T, Liu Z, Starzl TE, Murase N. Effects of peritransplant administration of hematopoietic growth factors on the development of chronic allograft rejection. Transplant Proc 1999; 31:870-1. [PMID: 10083380 PMCID: PMC2954649 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)01810-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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157
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Chia SH, Geller DA, Kibbe MR, Watkins SC, Fung JJ, Starzl TE, Murase N. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to liver grafts: an improved method to maximize infectivity. Transplantation 1998; 66:1545-51. [PMID: 9869098 PMCID: PMC2955286 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199812150-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenoviral gene therapy in liver transplantation has many potential applications, but current vector delivery methods to grafts lack efficiency and require high titers. In this study, we attempted to improve gene delivery efficacy using three different delivery methods to liver grafts with adenoviral vector encoding the LacZ marker gene (AdLacZ). METHODS AdLacZ was delivered to cold preserved rat liver grafts by: (1) continuous perfusion via the portal vein (portal perfusion), (2) continuous perfusion via both the portal vein and hepatic artery (dual perfusion), and (3) trapping viral perfusate in the liver vasculature by clamping outflow (clamp technique). RESULTS Using 1x10(9) plaque-forming units of Ad-LacZ (multiplicity of infection of 0.4), transduction rate in 3-hr preserved liver grafts, determined by 5-bromo-4-chromo-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside staining and beta-galactosidase assay 48 hr after transplantation, was best with clamp technique (21.5+/-2.7% 5-bromo-4-chromo-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside-positive cells and 81.1+/-3.6 U/g beta-galactosidase), followed by dual perfusion (18.5+/-1.8%, 66.6+/-19.4 U/g) and portal perfusion (8.8+/-2.5%, 19.7+/-15.4 U/g). Further studies using clamp technique demonstrated a near-maximal gene transfer rate of 30% at multiplicity of infection of 0.4 with prolonged cold ischemia to 18 hr. Transgene expression was stable for 2 weeks and slowly declined to 7.8+/-12.1% at day 28. Lack of inflammatory response was confirmed by histopathological examination and liver enzymes. Transduction was selectively induced in hepatocytes with nearly no extrahepatic transgene expression in the lung and spleen. CONCLUSIONS The clamp technique provides a highly efficient viral gene delivery method to cold preserved liver grafts. This method offers maximal infectivity of adenoviral vector with minimal technical manipulation.
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Ruike M, Murase N, Imai J, Ishii C, Suzuki T, Kaneko K. Intrasolid Interfacial Fractality of a Less-Crystalline Solid. J Colloid Interface Sci 1998; 207:355-362. [PMID: 9792780 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1998.5809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements have been carried out on pitch (PIT) and cellulose (CEL)-based activated carbon fibers (ACFs). In the higher angle region, the scattering intensity did not obey the classical Porod's law. This suggests that ACFs have a rough surface and their roughness is expressed by the concept of surface fractal. The surface fractal dimension was determined from SAXS for each ACF. ACFs were treated at high temperature in argon in order to control the nanographitic crystallinity. PIT and CEL lost their microporosity upon heat treatment above 1773 and 2073 K, respectively. These nonporous ACFs showed also a strong SAXS caused by the electron density difference at the interface between microcrystalline and amorphous phase. This interface also had a fractal dimension, which was defined as the interfacial fractal dimension. The surface or interfacial fractal dimension of ACF depended on the heating temperature. As the treating temperature increased, the surface or interfacial fractal dimension decreased from 2.8 to 2.0. Both PIT and CEL showed a similar temperature dependence on each other. The surface or interfacial fractal dimension was reduced with the growth of nanographites, and upon heating at 3173 K, the intrasolid interfacial fractal dimension became 2. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
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Liu Z, Sakamoto T, Ezure T, Yokomuro S, Murase N, Michalopoulos G, Demetris AJ. Interleukin-6, hepatocyte growth factor, and their receptors in biliary epithelial cells during a type I ductular reaction in mice: interactions between the periductal inflammatory and stromal cells and the biliary epithelium. Hepatology 1998; 28:1260-8. [PMID: 9794910 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510280514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-6 (IL-6)/gp-80 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/met ligand/receptor systems have been shown to stimulate biliary epithelial cell (BEC) DNA synthesis in vitro. The mRNA and protein production of these two in vitro mitogens were mapped in vivo during the first week after bile duct ligation (BDL) when peak BEC DNA synthesis is seen. Changes around the biliary tree were compared with those seen in the peripheral liver using a combination of Northern blotting and a unique biliary tree isolation technique, in which the bile ducts and the surrounding portal stroma and inflammatory cells are separated from the hepatocytes by perfusion digestion. Further localization was performed with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In the normal liver, there is low-level expression of HGF mRNA by periportal stellate cells, and HGF protein localizes to these cells and to neutrophils; extracellular HGF protein is present in the bile. There is no detectable IL-6 mRNA by Northern analysis or IL-6 protein expression in the normal liver, but both met and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) mRNA are detectable; met mRNA is expressed strongly in the biliary tree, and met protein is expressed weakly on hepatocytes and strongly on BEC. IL-6R mRNA is weakly expressed in the biliary tree, and IL-6R protein is detectable on hepatocytes, with a periportal-to-perivenular gradient, but not on BEC. During the first 3 days after BDL, HGF mRNA expression is increased in both the biliary tree and in the peripheral liver, and production is localized to stellate cells, periductal neutrophils, and stromal cells, which typically accompany the proliferating ductules. IL-6 mRNA and protein were detected only near the biliary tree after BDL, and not in the peripheral liver, and the production was localized to periductal hematolymphoid cells, which had the morphological appearance of macrophages and/or dendritic cells. There is also a distinct up-regulation of met and gp-80 mRNA and protein in the biliary tree, which is stronger than that seen in the peripheral liver. Met protein expression is increased, and IL-6R(gp-80) protein is induced on the proliferating BEC, consistent with the participation of both the HGF/met and IL-6/gp-80 systems in the early phases of type I ductular reactions. These observations show that periductal hematolymphoid and stromal cells are the source of BEC growth factors, and receptors for these factors are up-regulated on BEC during active ductular proliferation. Complex interactions between the inflammatory, stromal, and BEC results in a dysmorphogenic repair response that eventually leads to cirrhosis.
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Maeda T, Murase N, Subbotin V, Sakamoto T, Yamada T, Terakura M, Todo S. Analogs of cyclic nucleotides in rat liver preservation. Transplantation 1998; 66:844-51. [PMID: 9798692 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199810150-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclic nucleotides mediate intracellular signal transduction of several vasodilators. In addition to its vascular relaxant effects, cAMP is known to protect endothelial cells and to suppress Kupffer cell activation. On the other hand, cGMP potently ameliorates adhesion of leukocytes and platelets. We tested the effects of two analogs of cyclic nucleotides (8bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate [8br-cAMP] and 8bromo cyclic guanosine monophosphate [8br-cGMP]) in rat liver preservation. METHODS In experiment 1, either analog (0.1-1.0 mM) alone was added to University of Wisconsin (UW) solution in a survival study. In experiment 2, donors and recipients were also treated with 8br-cAMP or 8br-cGMP, with the following three groups tested: group 1=control; group 2=administration of 8br-cAMP to donors, UW solution, and recipients; group 3=administration of 8br-cGMP to donors, UW solution, and recipients. Experiment 3 tested combined treatments: group 4=administration of 8br-cGMP to donors and UW solution, and cAMP to recipients; group 5=administration of 8br-cAMP to donors and UW solution, and 8br-cGMP to recipients. To elucidate the roles of each nucleotide, two further groups were tested: group 6=administration of 8br-cAMP to donors and UW solution; group 7=administration of 8br-cGMP to recipients. In experiment 4, rats in groups 1, 5, 6, and 7 were killed at several time points after reperfusion, and percent graft blood flow (%BF), number of accumulated neutrophils, plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1, and serum alanine aminotransferase levels were examined. RESULTS In experiments 1 and 2, no significant effect was observed on animal survival. In experiment 3, a significant increase in animal survival was observed only in group 5 (100%, 7/7, P=0.0004 vs. group 1: 16.7%, 2/12). In group 5, no improvement of %BF was observed during the early phase of reperfusion (15 and 30 min) compared with that in group 1. On the other hand, the %BF of group 5 was significantly higher in the later phase (6 hr), consistent with the decrease in accumulation of neutrophils observed then. Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and serum alanine aminotransferase levels were also reduced with this treatment. Histologically, the bleeding and segmental necrosis, observed in group 1, were completely prevented in group 5. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that restoration of grafts with cAMP and administration of cGMP to recipients led to successful transplantation, and that the two analogs acted synergistically in opposing preservation and reperfusion injury without improvement of graft blood flow during the early phase of reperfusion. The effect was due to their regulation of neutrophil activation and sequestration.
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Yamada T, Murase N, Maeda T, Ye Q, Sakamoto T, Terakura M, Starzl TE, Todo S. Protective effect of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta inhibitor FR167653 on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat small intestinal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:2638. [PMID: 9745524 PMCID: PMC2972713 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)00760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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162
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Terakura M, Murase N, Demetris AJ, Ye Q, Thomson AW, Starzl TE. Lymphoid/nonlymphoid compartmentalization of donor leukocyte chimerism in rat recipients of heart allografts, with or without adjunct bone marrow. Transplantation 1998; 66:350-7. [PMID: 9721804 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199808150-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of leukocyte migration and chimerism in organ allograft acceptance has been obscured by the lack of information about the late localization of the donor cells. METHODS Male Lewis rat-->female Brown Norway abdominal heart transplantation was performed under tacrolimus immunosuppression (days 0-13, 20, and 27) with or without donor bone marrow and (in bone marrow subgroups) a 1-week postoperative course of a possibly chimerism-enhancing drug. Using rat sex-determining region-Y-specific oligonucleotide primers, we determined the donor DNA concentration by polymerase chain reaction in serial venous blood samples for 100 days and in tissue specimens when animals were killed. RESULTS Chimerism was detected out to 56 days in 89% of the blood samples but in none of the samples at 100 days. However, donor DNA was detected when animals were killed in 95% of the native hearts, 80% of the skin biopsy specimens, and 23% of the spleens. The presence and quantity of early and late chimerism were strongly correlated the administration of adjunct bone marrow and with a reduction in the vasculopathy and inflammation index in the cardiac allografts. Marginally significant further increases in chimerism and/or reductions in chronic heart rejection beyond those achieved with adjunct bone marrow alone were associated with additional treatment with the growth factors Flt-3 ligand, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and a recombinant molecular variant of interleukin-6 (interleukin-6 mutein) but not with hepatocyte growth factor or lisofylline. CONCLUSIONS The previously suspected shift of early chimerism in the blood and lymphoid organs to dominance in host nonlymphoid tissues is consistent with the dual mechanisms of clonal exhaustion and immune indifference, governed by antigen migration and localization, that have been postulated elsewhere to account for organ allograft acceptance.
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Okabe S, Arai T, Maruyama S, Murase N, Tsubaki M, Endo M. A clinicopathological investigation on superficial early invasive carcinomas of the colon and rectum. Surg Today 1998; 28:687-95. [PMID: 9697260 DOI: 10.1007/bf02484613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to recent advances in endoscopic surgical techniques, it has now become possible to perform endoscopic resection of most early invasive carcinomas of the colon and rectum (EIC) even if the lesions have invaded the submucosa. In the present study, we investigated the microscopic characteristics of superficial EIC compared with protruding-type EIC, focusing particular attention on histological type, the presence or absence of vascular invasion, the extent of submucosal invasion, and other adverse prognostic factors, to establish appropriate treatment strategies. Our findings led us to conclude that: (1) most cases of EIC can be cured by endoscopic resection if their gross aspects are classified as type IIc, superficial depressed, or type IIa, superficial elevated; (2) colorectal resection with lymph node dissection should be performed first for type IIa + IIc EIC because these lesions are apt to be associated with a large number of adverse prognostic factors; (3) subsequent colorectal resection should be performed after initial endoscopic treatment of EIC if there are adverse prognostic indicators of metastasis in the endoscopically resected specimen, such as moderately or poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, or extensive submucosal invasion.
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Maruyama S, Okabe S, Arai T, Murase N, Lee M, Yamashita H, Tsubaki M, Iwai T. [p53 expression and response to hepatic intraarterial infusion chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer metastasis to liver]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1998; 25:1422-5. [PMID: 9703844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We have reported that hepatic artery infusion (HAI) chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil for unresectable colorectal liver metastasis may lead to improved overall survival for some patients compared with controls. The aim of this work is to determine whether p53 nuclear protein expression examined by immunohistochemical technique could predict the outcome of patients treated with HAI chemotherapy. No significant difference was found in the response rate (p > .99, Fisher's exact method.) and median survival time (12 months in patients with p53-positive tumors and 11 months with negative tumors). Our results indicate that HAI chemotherapy is an effective treatment for liver metastasis regardless of p53 nuclear protein expression.
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Abu-Elmagd K, Reyes J, Todo S, Rao A, Lee R, Irish W, Furukawa H, Bueno J, McMichael J, Fawzy AT, Murase N, Demetris J, Rakela J, Fung JJ, Starzl TE. Clinical intestinal transplantation: new perspectives and immunologic considerations. J Am Coll Surg 1998; 186:512-25; discussion 525-7. [PMID: 9583691 PMCID: PMC2955329 DOI: 10.1016/s1072-7515(98)00083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although tacrolimus-based immunosuppression has made intestinal transplantation feasible, the risk of the requisite chronic high-dose treatment has inhibited the widespread use of these procedures. We have examined our 1990-1997 experience to determine whether immunomodulatory strategies to improve outlook could be added to drug treatment. STUDY DESIGN Ninety-eight consecutive patients (59 children, 39 adults) with a panoply of indications received 104 allografts under tacrolimus-based immunosuppression: intestine only (n = 37); liver and intestine (n = 50); or multivisceral (n = 17). Of the last 42 patients, 20 received unmodified adjunct donor bone marrow cells; the other 22 were contemporaneous control patients. RESULTS With a mean followup of 32 +/- 26 months (range, 1-86 months), 12 recipients (3 intestine only, 9 composite grafts) are alive with good nutrition beyond the 5-year milestone. Forty-seven (48%) of the total group survive bearing grafts that provide full (91%) or partial (9%) nutrition. Actuarial patient survival at 1 and 5 years (72% and 48%, respectively) was similar with isolated intestinal and composite graft recipients, but the loss rate of grafts from rejection was highest with intestine alone. The best results were in patients between 2 and 18 years of age (68% at 5 years). Adjunct bone marrow did not significantly affect the incidence of graft rejection, B-cell lymphoma, or the rate or severity of graft-versus-host disease. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that longterm rehabilitation similar to that with the other kinds of organ allografts is achievable with all three kinds of intestinal transplant procedures, that the morbidity and mortality is still too high for their widespread application, and that the liver is significantly but marginally protective of concomitantly engrafted intestine. Although none of the endpoints were markedly altered by donor leukocyte augmentation (and chimerism) with bone marrow, establishment of the safety of this adjunct procedure opens the way to further immune modulation strategies that can be added to the augmentation protocol.
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Demetris AJ, Murase N, Starzl TE, Fung JJ. Pathology of Chronic Rejection: An Overview of Common Findings and Observations About Pathogenic Mechanisms and Possible Prevention. GRAFT (GEORGETOWN, TEX.) 1998; 1:52-59. [PMID: 21566686 PMCID: PMC3091028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Abstract
In several recent conferences, the principal questions have been whether xenotransplantation technology should be encouraged and, if so, how it should be regulated. Because the prospect of successful transplantation of animal organs into humans is still remote, the rush to achieve consensus about clinical application would be inexplicable were it not for two ostensibly unrelated issues. The first is the small but undeniable theoretical hazard of causing new human infections with the intermingling of tissues from different species. The second, advanced by animal-rights advocates, concerns the spiritual and ethical relationship of humans to animals.
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Abu-Elmagd K, Fung J, Reyes J, Rao A, Jain A, Mazariegos G, Marsh W, Madariaga J, Dvorchik I, Bueno J, Rogers J, McMichael J, Dodson F, Vargus H, Martin J, Slivka A, Balan V, Corry R, Rakela J, Murase N, Demetris J, Iwatsuki S, Starzl T. Hepatic and intestinal transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh. CLINICAL TRANSPLANTS 1998:263-86. [PMID: 10503105 PMCID: PMC2956306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Lee M, Okabe S, Arai T, Maruyama S, Murase N, Tsubaki M, Endo M. [Combination hepatic intra-arterial 5-fluorouracil and CDDP administration with oral regimen in patients with colorectal cancer metastasis to the liver]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1997; 24:1771-4. [PMID: 9382529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated therapeutic effectiveness and side effects of a combination weekly high-dose 5-FU plus one shot CDDP HAI (WHF + CDDP method) with oral regimen in patients with colorectal cancer metastasis to the liver. All 24 patients enrolled in this study showed 54% efficacy whereas patients combined HAI with oral regimen over one week obtained 83% efficacy for multiple liver metastasis. They showed good quality of the life during combination chemotherapy without any symptoms of metastatic lesions. The WHF + CDDP method combined with oral regimen is a promising treatment for colorectal cancer metastasis to the liver as well as extrahepatic distant organs, and this protocol may be satisfactorily accepted by most colorectal cancer laden patients because of negligible side effects.
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Murase N, Ye Q, Sakamoto T, Terakura M, Demetris AJ, Thomson AW, Rao A, Starzl TE. Effect in supralethally irradiated rats of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and lisofylline on hematopoietic reconstitution by syngeneic bone marrow or whole organ passenger leukocytes. Transplantation 1997; 63:1840-3. [PMID: 9210515 PMCID: PMC2987667 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199706270-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown the existence of migratory hematopoietic stem cells in adult solid organs. This study demonstrates that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and lisofylline, a phosphatidic acid inhibitor that suppresses hematopoiesis-inhibiting cytokines, can enhance the engraftment of organ-based hematopoietic stem cells. When syngeneic heart grafts or liver nonparenchymal cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated (9.5 Gy) Lewis rats, complete hematopoietic reconstitution and animal survival were significantly improved by treating the recipient with G-CSF or, to a lesser extent, with lisofylline. Pretreatment of hepatic nonparenchymal cell donors with G-CSF, but not lisofylline, also resulted in striking improvement of recipient survival which was associated with an augmented subpopulation of donor stem cells. The results suggest that these drugs can be used to enhance the chimerism that we postulate to be the basis of organ allograft acceptance.
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Iyengar AR, Bonham CA, Antonysamy MA, Subbotin VM, Khanna A, Murase N, Rao AS, Starzl TE, Thomson AW. Striking augmentation of hematopoietic cell chimerism in noncytoablated allogeneic bone marrow recipients by FLT3 ligand and tacrolimus. Transplantation 1997; 63:1193-9. [PMID: 9158008 PMCID: PMC3086403 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199705150-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The influence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and the recently identified hematopoietic stem-progenitor cell mobilizing factor flt3 ligand (FL) on donor leukocyte microchimerism in noncytodepleted recipients of allogeneic bone marrow (BM) was compared. B10 mice (H2b) given 50x10(6) allogeneic (B10.BR [H2k]) BM cells also received either GM-CSF (4 microg/day s.c.), FL (10 microg/day i.p.), or no cytokine, with or without concomitant tacrolimus (formerly FK506; 2 mg/kg) from day 0. Chimerism was quantitated in the spleen 7 days after transplantation by both polymerase chain reaction (donor DNA [major histocompatibility complex class II; I-E(k)]) and immunohistochemical (donor [I-E(k)+] cell) analyses. Whereas GM-CSF alone significantly augmented (fivefold) the level of donor DNA in recipients' spleens, FL alone caused a significant (60%) reduction. Donor DNA was increased 10-fold by tacrolimus alone, whereas coadministration of GM-CSF and tacrolimus resulted in a greater than additive effect (28-fold increase). A much more striking effect was observed with FL + tacrolimus (>125-fold increase in donor DNA compared with BM alone). These findings were reflected in the relative numbers of donor major histocompatibility complex class II+ cells (many resembling dendritic cells) detected in spleens, although quantitative differences among the groups were less pronounced. Evaluation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte generation by BM recipients' spleen cells revealed that FL alone augmented antidonor immunity and that this was reversed by tacrolimus. Thus, although FL may potentiate antidonor reactivity in nonimmunosuppressed, allogeneic BM recipients, it exhibits potent chimerism-enhancing activity when coadministered with recipient immunosuppressive therapy.
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Okabo S, Arai T, Maruyama S, Lee M, Murase N, Tsubaki M, Endo M, Wada Y, Shimoju K, Sakurazawa K, Sugihara K, Maruyama M, Yabata E, Kawasaki T, Sasaki T. [A randomized comparative study of surgical adjuvant chemotherapy using 5-fluorouracil and dl-leucovorin with CDDP 5-FU and dl-leucovorin for colorectal cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1997; 24:849-54. [PMID: 9170524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A randomized comparative study of surgical adjuvant chemotherapy using dl-leucovorin (dl-LV) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (FL-therapy) with CDDP, 5-FU, and dl-LV (PFL-therapy) was conducted. The following were the administration schedules: Arm A was 13 mg/m2 of CDDP, 300 mg/m2 of 5-FU, and 30 mg/body of dl-LV for 5 consecutive days and arm B was 300 mg/m2 of 5-FU and 30 mg/body of dl-LV for 5 consecutive days. Both regimens were followed by biweekly administration of the same dose of dl-LV and 5-FU in outpatients. Arm A was started at the 26th postoperative day and arm B at the 21st day on average. Some 26 cases composed of 11 cases of arm A and 15 cases of arm B completed the administration schedules. Only one case in arm A was complicated by local recurrence around 35 months after operation. Major toxicities were anorexia and neutropenia. Both toxicities were seen more in arm A than in arm B, showing complete recovery in all cases. These data suggest that PFL-therapy and FL-therapy seem to be possible and promising surgical adjuvant therapies for advanced colorectal carcinoma.
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174
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Starzl TE, Demetris AJ, Murase N, Trucco M, Thomson AW, Rao AS, Fung JJ. Chimerism after organ transplantation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1997; 6:292-8. [PMID: 9263673 PMCID: PMC2955429 DOI: 10.1097/00041552-199705000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that passenger leukocytes migrate after organ transplantation and produce persistent chimerism, which is essential for sustained survival of the allograft. Here, we describe how this hematolymphopoietic chimerism provides an important framework for interpretation of post-transplant phenomena and for initiation of therapeutically oriented transplantation research.
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Starzl TE, Demetris AJ, Murase N, Valdivia L, Thomson AW, Fung J, Rao AS. The future of transplantation: with particular reference to chimerism and xenotransplantation. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:19-27. [PMID: 9122957 PMCID: PMC2994252 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The assumption for the last third of a century that stem cell-driven hematolymphopoietic chimerism was irrelevant to successful conventional whole organ transplantation has prompted alternative inadequate explanations of organ allograft acceptance. This assumption clouded the biologic meaning of successful organ as well as bone marrow transplantation, and precluded the development of a cardinal principle that accommodated all facets of transplantation. Recognition of this error and the incorporation of the chimerism factor into a two-way paradigm have allowed previous enigmas of organ as well as bone marrow engraftment to be explained. No credible evidence has emerged to interdict this interactive concept. If the two-way paradigm is correct, it will allow the remarkable advances that have been made in basic immunology to be more meaningfully exploited for transplantation, including that of xenografts.
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176
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Demetris AJ, Murase N, Ye Q, Galvao FH, Richert C, Saad R, Pham S, Duquesnoy RJ, Zeevi A, Fung JJ, Starzl TE. Analysis of chronic rejection and obliterative arteriopathy. Possible contributions of donor antigen-presenting cells and lymphatic disruption. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1997; 150:563-78. [PMID: 9033271 PMCID: PMC1858300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sequential analysis of changes that lead to chronic rejection was undertaken in an animal model of chronic rejection and obliterative arteriopathy. Brown Norway rats are pretreated with a Lewis bone marrow infusion or a Lewis orthotopic liver allograft and a short course of immunosuppression. They are challenged 100 days later with a Lewis heterotopic heart graft without immunosuppression. The heart grafts in both groups undergo a transient acute rejection, but all rats are operationally tolerant; the heart grafts are accepted and remain beating for more than 100 days. Early arterial remodeling, marked by arterial bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, occurred in both groups between 5 and 30 days during the transient acute rejection. It coincided with the presence of interstitial (but not arterial intimal) inflammation and lymphatic disruption and resulted in mild intimal thickening. Significant arterial narrowing occurred only in the bone-marrow-pretreated rats between 60 and 100 days. It was associated with T lymphocyte and macrophage inflammation of the heart graft that accumulated in the endocardium and arterial intima and adventitia near draining lymphatics. There also was loss of passenger leukocytes from the heart graft, up-regulation of cytokine mRNA and major histocompatibility class II on the endothelium, and focal disruption of lymphatics. In contrast, long-surviving heart grafts from the Lewis orthotopic liver allograft pretreated group are near normal and freedom from chronic rejection in this group was associated with persistence of donor major histocompatibility class-II-positive hematolymphoid cells, including OX62+ donor dendritic cells. This study offers insights into two different aspects of chronic rejection: 1) possible mechanisms underlying the persistent immunological injury and 2) the association between immunological injury and the development of obliterative arteriopathy. Based on the findings, it is not unreasonable to raise the testable hypothesis that direct presentation of alloantigen by donor antigen-presenting cells is required for long-term, chronic-rejection-free allograft acceptance. In addition, chronic intermittent lymphatic disruption is implicated as a possible mechanism for the association between chronic interstitial allograft inflammation and the development of obliterative arteriopathy.
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Walgenbach KJ, Llull R, Murase N, Starzl TE, Hirner A. Immunocytes of composite tissue allografts express elevated levels of TGF beta mRNA and protein during chronic rejection. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:1542. [PMID: 9123418 PMCID: PMC2957105 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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178
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Murase N, Ye Q, Sakamoto T, Demetris AJ, Llull R, Starzl TE. Neonatal bone fragments for the induction of xenograft acceptance: transplantation of xenogeneic hematopoietic stem cells and species-specific microenvironment for hematopoiesis. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:1201. [PMID: 9123271 PMCID: PMC2981804 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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179
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Sakamoto T, Murase N, Ye Q, Starzl TE, Demetris AJ. Identification of donor hematopoietic progenitor cells after allogeneic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:1211. [PMID: 9123277 PMCID: PMC2963455 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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180
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Demetris AJ, Murase N, Lee RG, Randhawa P, Zeevi A, Pham S, Duquesnoy R, Fung JJ, Starzl TE. Chronic rejection. A general overview of histopathology and pathophysiology with emphasis on liver, heart and intestinal allografts. Ann Transplant 1997; 2:27-44. [PMID: 9869851 PMCID: PMC3235804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
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181
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Ye Q, Chia SH, Doughton S, Sakamoto T, Galvao F, Demetris AJ, Starzl TE, Murase N. Hematopoietic reconstitution by transplanted grafts in lethally irradiated recipients. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:1202. [PMID: 9123272 PMCID: PMC2976630 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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182
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Galvao FH, Ye Q, Doughton C, Murase N, Todo S, Zeevi A, Waitzberg D, Fung JJ, Starzl TE. Experimental animal model of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after small-bowel transplantation: characteristics of the model and application to developing treatment strategies. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:700. [PMID: 9123488 PMCID: PMC2963434 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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183
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Llull R, Murase N, Ye Q, Demetris AJ, Starzl TE. Chimerism, graft-vs-host disease, rejection, and their association with reciprocal donor-host immune reactions after cell, organ, and composite tissue transplantation. Transplant Proc 1997; 29:1203-4. [PMID: 9123273 PMCID: PMC2958693 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(96)00550-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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184
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Starzl TE, Demetris AJ, Murase N, Trucco M, Thomson AW, Rao AS. The lost chord: microchimerism and allograft survival. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1996; 17:577-84; discussion 588. [PMID: 8991290 PMCID: PMC2993493 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(96)10070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that passenger leukocytes migrate after organ transplantation and produce persistent chimerism, which is essential for sustained survival of the allografts. Here, Thomas Starzl and colleagues argure that this hematolymphopoietic chimerism provides an important framework for the interpretation of basic and therapeutically oriented transplantataion research.
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Kaji R, Mezaki T, Kubori T, Murase N, Kimura J. [Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin and muscle afferent block]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1996; 36:1334-5. [PMID: 9128398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Spasticity is partly caused by disinhibition of spinal stretch reflex activity and blocking of the group Ia afferents may improve its clinical symptoms. Since muscle afferent block has been successfully used for treating dystonia, this method may become useful for treating spasticity as well. We injected diluted lidocaine (0.5%, 50 ml/session) and ethanol (5 ml) into thigh adductors (for leg crossing), medial hamstrings (for medial rotation of the leg), quadriceps femoris (for hyperextension of the knee), tibialis posterior and triceps surae muscles (pes equinovarus deformity), biceps brachii and forearm flexors (for flexion deformities of the upper extremity) in 12 patients with spasticity. Although the duration of action was short (< 1 day) at first, it was gradually prolonged to several weeks by repeating the injection every 3-4 days. The final outcome was comparable to that obtained by botulinum toxin injection in the same group of patients. This method may prove its promise as a means of treating spasticity.
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186
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Todo S, Furukawa H, Murase N. [Clinical intestinal transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh: an update]. NIHON GEKA GAKKAI ZASSHI 1996; 97:1003-9. [PMID: 9010857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
From May 1990 until August 1996, 87 patients received 92 intestinal transplantation, including an isolated graft (n = 33), combined liver and intestinal grafts (n = 41), and abdominal multivisceral grafts (n = 13). There were 52 children (mean age 3.3 years) and 35 adult patients (mean age 32.6 years). Of these, 29 patients received the colon as a composite of the intestinal graft, and 11 recent patients were given unmodified donor bone marrow cells simultaneously. Postoperative immunosuppression was with Tacrolimus and low-dose steroids, to which either azathioprine, mycophenolate, or cyclophasphamide was added supplementarily. One-, three-, and five-year patient and graft survival was 73% and 64%, 44% and 36%, and 444% and 36%, respectively. There was no statistical difference in patient and graft survival after different types of intestinal transplantation. Although overall patient and graft survival did not differ between pediatric patients and adult recipients, isolated graft survival children was higher than that of adult recipients (57% versus 11% at three years). Transplantation of the grafts from CMV seropositive donors and the inclusion of the colon in the intestinal graft worsened the survival in adult recipients, but not in children. The influence of simultaneous bone marrow transplantation on the outcome is undetermined due to the short follow-up period. Intestinal transplantation has become feasible, but still requires improved immunosuppression and graft dysmotility management to be a clinical practice.
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187
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Kokudo Y, Takeyoshi I, Wakabayashi H, Maeba T, Maeta H, Murase N, Todo S. Effect of glucose introduction to the lumen during cold ischemia in rat small bowel. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:2626-7. [PMID: 8907983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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188
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Ye Q, Demetris AJ, Galvao FH, Toyama Y, Doughton CS, Todo S, Starzl TE, Murase N. Persistence of donor cells and incidence of graft-versus-host disease after simultaneous small bowel and bone marrow transplantation. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:2453. [PMID: 8907895 PMCID: PMC2977520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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189
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Galvao FH, Murase N, Todo S, Zeevi A, Ye Q, Doughton CS, Demetris AJ, Waitzberg DL, Fung JJ, Starzl TE. Cytokine profile in graft-versus-host disease after small bowel transplantation. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:2455. [PMID: 8907897 PMCID: PMC2958701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/analysis
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/pathology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/transplantation
- Intestine, Small/immunology
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Intestine, Small/transplantation
- Male
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred ACI
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transplantation, Homologous/immunology
- Transplantation, Homologous/pathology
- Transplantation, Isogeneic/immunology
- Transplantation, Isogeneic/pathology
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Kobayashi Y, Galvao FH, Nomoto M, Murase N, Takeyoshi I, Starzl TE, Todo S. Influence of graft perfusion pressure on graft viability after small bowel preservation and transplantation. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:2598-9. [PMID: 8907969 PMCID: PMC2979324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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191
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Fujisaki S, Murase N, Demetris AJ, Tsamandas AC, Tanabe M, Todo S, Starzl TE. Histopathologic changes of antibody-mediated small bowel graft rejection in blood-transfused recipients. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:2484. [PMID: 8907914 PMCID: PMC2980290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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192
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Toyama Y, Murase N, Galvao FH, Sakamoto T, Nomoto M, Starzl TE, Todo S. Prolonged small bowel graft survival using photochemotherapy and low-dose FK 506. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:2506-7. [PMID: 8907924 PMCID: PMC2976498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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193
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194
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Tanaka M, Murase N, Ye Q, Miyazaki W, Nomoto M, Miyazawa H, Manez R, Toyama Y, Demetris AJ, Todo S, Starzl TE. Effect of anticomplement agent K76 COOH on hamster-to-rat and guinea pig-to-rat heart xenotransplantation. Transplantation 1996; 62:681-8. [PMID: 8830837 PMCID: PMC3005366 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199609150-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In normal rats, the xenobiotic K76 inhibited the C5 and probably the C2 and C3 steps of complement and effectively depressed classical complement pathway activity, alternative complement pathway activity, and the C3 complement component during and well beyond the drug's 3-hr half-life. It was tested alone and with intramuscular tacrolimus (TAC) and/or intragastric cyclophosphamide (CP) in rat recipients of heterotopic hearts from guinea pig (discordant) and hamster (concordant) donors. Single prevascularization doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg increased the median survival time of guinea pig hearts from 0.17 hr in untreated controls to 1.7 hr and 10.2 hr, respectively; with repeated injections of the 200-mg dose every 9-12 hr, graft survival time was increased to 18.1 hr. Pretreatment of guinea pig heart recipients for 10 days with TAC and CP, with or without perioperative splenectomy or infusion of donor bone marrow, further increased median graft survival time to 24 hr. Among the guinea pig recipients, the majority of treated animals died with a beating heart from respiratory failure that was ascribed to anaphylatoxins. Hamster heart survival also was increased with monotherapy using 200 mg/kg b.i.d. i.v. K76 (limited by protocol to 6 days), but only from 3 to 4 days. Survival was prolonged to 7 days with the addition of K76 of intragastric CP at 5 mg/kg per day begun 1 day before operation (to a limit of 9 days); it was prolonged to 4.5 days with the addition of intramuscular TAC at 2 mg/kg per day beginning on the day of transplantation and continued indefinitely. In contrast to the limited efficacy of the single drugs, or any two drugs in combination, the three drugs together (K76, CP, and TAC) in the same dose schedules increased median graft survival time to 61 days. Antihamster antibodies rapidly increased during the first 5 days after transplantation, and plateaued at an abnormal level in animals with long graft survival times without immediate humoral rejection. However, rejection could not be reliably prevented, and was present even in most of the xenografts recovered from most of the animals dying (usually from infection) with a beating heart. Thus, although effective complement inhibition with K76 was achieved in both guinea pig- and hamster-to-rat heart transplant models, the results suggest that effective interruption of the complement cascade will have a limited role, if any, in the induction of xenograft acceptance.
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195
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Arai T, Okabe S, Maruyama S, Murase N, Tada M, Yabata E, Endou M. [Hepatic intra-arterial 5-fluorouracil and CDDP administration in patients with colorectal cancer metastasis to the liver]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1996; 23:1447-50. [PMID: 8854776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Eleven patients with hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer were treated by combined chemotherapy with 5-FU and CDDP. Metastatic tumor was not resected or incompletely removed in all cases. 5-FU (180 mg/m2/day) as a 7-day continuous hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) with CDDP (10 approximately 20 mg/2 weeks) or intermittent high dose 5-FU HAI (1,000 mg/m2/5 h) with CDDP (10 approximately 20 mg/2 weeks) was administered, followed by a one-week rest. The overall response rate was 63.8%. There was a significant prolongation in overall survival compared with controls. Drug-related toxicity was observed in 10 cases (91.0%), but nothing serious. Survival can be prolonged with almost normal quality of the life in patients with colorectal liver metastasis.
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196
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Hamaoka T, Iwane H, Shimomitsu T, Katsumura T, Murase N, Nishio S, Osada T, Kurosawa Y, Chance B. Noninvasive measures of oxidative metabolism on working human muscles by near-infrared spectroscopy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1996; 81:1410-7. [PMID: 8889781 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1996.81.3.1410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the initial rate of hemoglobin and myoglobin deoxygenation during immediate postexercise ischemia, a reflection of muscle O2 consumption (VO2mus), can be a quantitative measure of muscle oxidative metabolism. The finger flexor muscles of five healthy men (aged 25-31 yr) were monitored by 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy for changes in phosphocreatine (PCr), Pi, and pH. Tests were conducted during 15 min of cuff ischemia and during 5 min of submaximal isotonic grip exercise at 10, 20, 30, and 40% of maximal voluntary contraction, one contraction every 4 s. The VO2mus changes were also monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy with continuous wave. The VO2mus during exercise was expressed relative to the resting value. The resting metabolic rate, calculated from the PCr breakdown rate after complete O2 depletion, was 0.0010 (SD) mM ATP/s. During submaximal exercise (pH > 6.9), the VO2mus increased with a rise in intensity (0.036 +/- 0.011, 0.054 +/- 0.016, 0.062 +/- 0.012, and 0.067 +/- 0.020 mM ATP/s during 10, 20, 30, and 40% maximal voluntary contraction, respectively) and showed significant correlation with changes in both calculated ADP and PCr values (r2 = 0.98 and r2 = 0.99, respectively). In conclusion, because of the significant correlation with regulatory metabolites (ADP and PCr) of oxidative phosphorylation, O2 decline rate in immediate postexercise ischemia determined by near-infrared spectroscopy with continuous wave can be utilized for the quantitative evaluation of localized muscle oxidative metabolism.
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197
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Rao AS, Starzl TE, Demetris AJ, Trucco M, Thomson A, Qian S, Murase N, Fung JJ. The two-way paradigm of transplantation immunology. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1996; 80:S46-51. [PMID: 8811063 PMCID: PMC2991131 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1996.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The events following organ transplantation require a reciprocal cell interaction which includes both the conventional host-versus-graft reaction and a graft-versus-host component. With all successful transplantation, both graft and recipient become genetic composites. Where donors were available, chimerism has been confirmed in 30-year kidney-recipient survivors, as well as in several liver and lung recipients. A majority of liver recipients have been able to acquire an immunosuppressant-free state after 10-year survival. Animal models suggest that donor-derived cells may exert a tolerogenic effect.
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198
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Komatsu K, Youm W, Konishi H, Kawaharada N, Yousem SA, Murase N, Griffith BP, Pham SM. Prolonged survival of hamster-to-rat pulmonary xenografts by tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclophosphamide. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15:722-7. [PMID: 8820789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe shortage of donor organs in clinical lung transplantation prompted us to investigate the potential use of pulmonary xenografts. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an immunosuppressive regimen of tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclophosphamide would prolong the survival of hamster-to-rat pulmonary xenografts. METHOD Left lung transplantation was done with male Golden Syrian hamsters used as donors and inbred male Lewis rats as recipients. Control animals (n = 10) received no immunosuppressive drugs whereas experimental animals (n = 6) were treated with tacrolimus and cyclophosphamide. Tacrolimus was administered intramuscularly at a dosage of 2 mg/kg per day on postoperative days 0 to 4, followed by 1 mg/kg per day on days 5 to 29 and 0.5 mg/kg per day on days 30 to 99. Cyclophosphamide (8 mg/kg per day) was administered orally from the day before transplantation to day 8. After transplantation the animals were monitored by chest radiography. Recipient animals were killed at timed intervals (days 60 and 100) and when the chest radiograph showed complete opacification of the transplanted lung. At necropsy, pulmonary xenografts were examined histologically for evidence of rejection, which was graded on a scale of 0 (no rejection) to 4 (severe rejection). Antihamster lymphocytotoxic antibody titer was also measured in recipient animals after transplantation. RESULTS Pulmonary xenografts in the control animals had a median [correction of medium] survival time of 3 days, whereas the median survival in treated animals was more than 74 days. All pulmonary xenografts in control animals had severe rejection on day 3 after transplantation, whereas those in the treated animals had no rejection on days 60 and 100. The lymphocytotoxic antibody titers in control animals increased from 1:16 before operation to 1:4096 on day 3 (p < 0.01). In the treated animals, the lymphocytotoxic antibody titer on day 21 was 1: 8, which was not different from the preoperative value (1:16). CONCLUSION These results indicate that a combination of tacrolimus and a short course of cyclophosphamide prolongs the survival of pulmonary xenografts in a hamster-to-rat model.
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199
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Watanabe T, Ohtsuka A, Murase N, Barth P, Gersonde K. NMR studies on water and polymer diffusion in dextran gels. Influence of potassium ions on microstructure formation and gelation mechanism. Magn Reson Med 1996; 35:697-705. [PMID: 8722821 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910350511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
At room temperature aqueous solutions of dextrans with concentrations > 25% (w/w) exhibit a sol-gel transition in the presence of > 1.0 M potassium chloride. In dextrans the gelation was unexpected due to missing anionic groups that usually provide the binding sites for cations. The quantitative investigation of the gel formation is based on changes of the diffusibility of water and dextran chains. The apparent diffusion coefficients of bulk water (in the order of 10(-6) cm2/s) and of water trapped in the junction zones as well as of polymer chains (in the order of 10(-7) to 10(-8) cm2/s) are determined by employing pulsed field gradient stimulated echo (PFGSTE) NMR. The restricted diffusion of bulk water in viscous sols and in soft and rigid gels has been quantitatively analyzed providing data for interbarrier distances (pore size), permeabilities of the diffusion barriers (density of junction zones) and interbarrier diffusion coefficients of water. Based on already published x-ray structure data and in accordance with the diffusion data presented in this paper "potassium-bonding" is assumed to be the most important interaction for the formation of a microstructure and for the stabilization of cross-links. The ionic radius of the potassium ion perfectly fits to the cage established by six oxygen atoms of glucose units of three polymer chains. Other cations, such as Li+, Na+, Rb+ and Cs+, according to their nonfitting ionic radii, do not provoke dextran gelation under these conditions. The mechanism of the transitions from sol to soft gel and further to rigid gel is discussed on the basis of restricted diffusion and x-ray structure data.
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Murase N, Demetris AJ, Tsamandas AC, Ye Q, Starzl TE. Heterogenous distribution of chimerism produced by rat organ and bone marrow allotransplantation. Transplantation 1996; 61:1126-7. [PMID: 8623200 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199604150-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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