Characterization of a novel oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant for swine influenza virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccines

Vaccines consisting of subunit or inactivated bacteria/virus and potent adjuvants are widely used to control and prevent infectious diseases. Because inactivated and subunit antigens are often less antigenic than live microbes, a growing need exists for the development of new and improved vaccine adjuvants that can elicit rapid and long-lasting immunity. Here we describe the development and characterization of a novel oil-in-water emulsion, OW-14. OW-14 contains low-cost plant-based emulsifiers and was added to antigen at a ratio of 1:3 with simple hand mixing. OW-14 was stable for prolonged periods of time at temperatures ranging from 4 to 40°C and could be sterilized by autoclaving. Our results showed that OW-14 adjuvanted inactivated swine influenza viruses (SIV; H3N2 and H1N1) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo) vaccines could be safely administered to piglets in two doses, three weeks apart. Injection sites were monitored and no adverse reactions were observed. Vaccinated pigs developed high and prolonged antibody titers to both SIV and M. hyo. Interestingly, antibody titers were either comparable or greater than those produced by commercially available FluSure (SIV) or RespiSure (M. hyo) vaccines. We also found that OW-14 can induce high antibody responses in pigs that were vaccinated with a decreased antigen dose. This study provides direct evidence that we have developed an easy-to-use and low-cost emulsion that can act as a powerful adjuvant in two common types of swine vaccines.

Smart cleaning cotton fabrics cross-linked with thermo-responsive and flexible poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol methacrylate)

The smart cleaning ability of cotton fabrics is realized by cross-linking thermo-responsive random copolymer to the cotton.

Association between copy-number variations of the human histamine H4 receptor gene and atopic dermatitis in a Chinese population

BACKGROUND

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing allergic skin disease. The histamine H4 receptor (HRH4) has been shown to be associated with a number of autoimmune disorders, including AD.

AIM

To explore a possible association between copy-number variations (CNVs) of the HRH4 gene and the risk of AD in a Chinese population.

METHODS

Genomic DNA and RNA were collected from 541 patients with AD and 613 healthy controls, and the CNVs and mRNA levels of HRH4 were examined. ELISA was used to measure the levels of IgE in all participants.

RESULTS

Amplifications of HRH4 copy numbers were associated with the risk of developing AD (P < 0.05, OR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.30-2.63), whereas deletions of HRH4 copy numbers were not associated with disease risk for AD (P = 0.30, OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.57-1.19). HRH4 mRNA levels were much higher in samples with HRH4 copy-number amplifications than in those without such amplifications (P < 0.05). IgE levels were associated with amplifications (P < 0.05, OR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.19-3.25), but not with deletions (P = 0.63, OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.49-1.54) of HRH4 copy numbers.

CONCLUSIONS

CNVs of the HRH4 gene are associated with AD in a Chinese population.

Mutations that disrupt PHOXB interaction with the neuronal calcium sensor HPCAL1 impede cellular differentiation in neuroblastoma

Heterozygous germline mutations in PHOX2B, a transcriptional regulator of sympathetic neuronal differentiation, predispose to diseases of the sympathetic nervous system, including neuroblastoma and congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS). Although the PHOX2B variants in CCHS largely involve expansions of the second polyalanine repeat within the C-terminus of the protein, those associated with neuroblastic tumors are nearly always frameshift and truncation mutations. To test the hypothesis that the neuroblastoma-associated variants exert their effects through loss or gain of protein-protein interactions, we performed a large-scale yeast two-hybrid screen using both wild-type (WT) and six different mutant PHOX2B proteins against over 10 000 human genes. The neuronal calcium sensor protein HPCAL1 (VILIP-3) exhibited strong binding to WT PHOX2B and a CCHS-associated polyalanine expansion mutant but only weakly or not at all to neuroblastoma-associated frameshift and truncation variants. We demonstrate that both WT PHOX2B and the neuroblastoma-associated R100L missense and the CCHS-associated alanine expansion variants induce nuclear translocation of HPCAL1 in a Ca(2+)-independent manner, while the neuroblastoma-associated 676delG frameshift and K155X truncation mutants impair subcellular localization of HPCAL1, causing it to remain in the cytoplasm. HPCAL1 did not appreciably influence the ability of WT PHOX2B to transactivate the DBH promoter, nor did it alter the decreased transactivation potential of PHOX2B variants in 293T cells. Abrogation of the PHOX2B-HPCAL1 interaction by shRNA knockdown of HPCAL1 in neuroblastoma cells expressing PHOX2B led to impaired neurite outgrowth with transcriptional profiles indicative of inhibited sympathetic neuronal differentiation. Our results suggest that certain PHOX2B variants associated with neuroblastoma pathogenesis, because of their inability to bind to key interacting proteins such as HPCAL1, may predispose to this malignancy by impeding the differentiation of immature sympathetic neurons.

Administration of PLGA nanoparticles carrying shRNA against focal adhesion kinase and CD44 results in enhanced antitumor effects against ovarian cancer

The two membrane-bound proteins, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and CD44, are involved in processes critical to cancer progression. FAK has an active role in angiogenesis, cell proliferation and cell apoptosis, whereas the heavily glycosylated CD44 has been implicated in cancer metastasis. Here, using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against FAK and CD44, we demonstrate that simultaneous knockdown of both these genes inhibits cancer growth more efficiently than knockdown of either gene individually. Plasmids targeting these genes or non-relative control sequences were constructed and delivered to ovarian cancer targets by biodegradable poly D,L-lactide-co-glycolide acid nanoparticles (PLGANPs). Nude mice were utilized in an intraperitoneal model of ovarian carcinomatosis to assess antitumor efficacy in vivo. Single gene knockdown resulted in significantly smaller tumors than those observed in the empty-vector control (P's<0.001). More importantly, knockdown of both genes resulted in tumors smaller than both the empty-vector group (P<0.0001) and the single gene knockdown groups (P's<0.001). Knockdown of both FAK and CD44 resulted in tumors with inhibited angiogenesis, reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis as compared with controls (P's<0.001) and single knockdown groups (P's<0.05). These results indicate that dual knockdown of FAK and CD44 in the tumors of patients with ovarian cancer may have an enhanced therapeutic effect, and point toward a mechanism involving the inhibition of angiogenesis, cellular proliferation and the induction of apoptosis.

Apparent diffusion coefficients of normal uterus in premenopausal women with 3 T MRI

AIM

To investigate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the normal uterine cervical zonal structures (cervical epithelium, the junctional zone, and myometrium) during different phases of the menstrual cycle among premenopausal women in different age groups.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seventy healthy women, who were divided into three age groups (group A, 24 women in their twenties; group B, 23 women in their thirties; group C, 23 women in their forties), underwent 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) during the mid-proliferative and the mid-secretory phases.

RESULTS

The ADC values of each cervical zonal structure were significantly different from one another (p < 0.001). The ADC values of the epithelium and junctional zones were both lower during the mid-secretory phase than those during the mid-proliferative phase in each age group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the ADC values of any of the cervical zones among the three age groups for a given phase (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

ADC values of normal cervical epithelium and the junctional zone change with different phases of the menstrual cycle, which should be taken into consideration when early cervical disease is detected, when monitoring treatment response, and differentiating early tumour recurrence.

A filter based encoding model for mouse retinal ganglion cells

We adopt a system theoretic approach and explore the model of retinal ganglion cells as linear filters followed by a maximum-likelihood Bayesian predictor. We evaluate the model by using cross-validation, i.e., first the model parameters are estimated using a training set, and then the prediction error is computed (by comparing the stochastic rate predicted by the model with the rate code of the response) for a test set. As in system identification theory, we present spatially uniform stimuli to the retina, whose temporal intensity is drawn independently from a Gaussian distribution, and we simultaneously record the spike trains from multiple neurons. The optimal linear filter for each cell is obtained by maximizing the mutual information between the filtered stimulus values and the output of the cell (as measured in terms of a stochastic rate code). Our results show that the model presented in this paper performs well on the test set, and it outperforms the identity Bayesian model and the traditional linear model. Moreover, in order to reduce the number of optimal filters needed for prediction, we cluster the cells based on the filters' shapes, and use the cluster consensus filters to predict the firing rates of all neurons in the same class. We obtain almost the same performance with these cluster filters. These results provide hope that filter-based retinal prosthetics might be an effective and feasible idea.

Non-Poisson Fluctuation Statistics In Neuronal Inter-Spike Intervals (ISI): Hurst parameter Estimates of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Signals

There is considerable recent interest in both (i) modelling the retinal ganglion cells, so that the models can generate output that approximates the actual response of the retina (such models will help design retinal prosthetics); and (ii) understanding how relevant information is encoded in the spike patterns generated by the ganglion cells (these neuronal codes will help understand how the brain analyzes visual scenes). Since the signals (as captured by ISI) are fundamentally stochastic, any modelling or analysis tool will have to track, and make assumptions about, the fluctuations or noise inherently present in these signals. Even though there have been recent work claiming that the fluctuations are fractal in nature, showing long-range dependencies, almost all modelling and analysis work continue to assume Poisson fluctuations. The widespread use of the Poisson model is partly for the sake of convenience, and partly due to the fact that those claiming on fractal nature of ISI are contradictory: In [1] a long-range dependency (i.e., Hurst parameter [2], H > 0.5) is claimed in cat's retina, and in [3] an H < 0.5 and a long-range anti-correlation are claimed for paddlefish electroreceptors. We resolve this issue by studying the ISI of more than 50 ganglion cells recorded from two different mouse retinas, and (i) Conclusively show that the Hurst parameter is less than 0.5; we also show why the results presented in [1] are erroneous: methods that do not detrend the data were used.

Draft genome sequence of Streptomyces coelicoflavus ZG0656 reveals the putative biosynthetic gene cluster of acarviostatin family α-amylase inhibitors

AIMS

The aims of this study are to obtain the draft genome sequence of Streptomyces coelicoflavus ZG0656, which produces novel acarviostatin family α-amylase inhibitors, and then to reveal the putative acarviostatin-related gene cluster and the biosynthetic pathway.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The draft genome sequence of S. coelicoflavus ZG0656 was generated using a shotgun approach employing a combination of 454 and Solexa sequencing technologies. Genome analysis revealed a putative gene cluster for acarviostatin biosynthesis, termed sct-cluster. The cluster contains 13 acarviostatin synthetic genes, six transporter genes, four starch degrading or transglycosylation enzyme genes and two regulator genes. On the basis of bioinformatic analysis, we proposed a putative biosynthetic pathway of acarviostatins. The intracellular steps produce a structural core, acarviostatin I00-7-P, and the extracellular assemblies lead to diverse acarviostatin end products.

CONCLUSIONS

The draft genome sequence of S. coelicoflavus ZG0656 revealed the putative biosynthetic gene cluster of acarviostatins and a putative pathway of acarviostatin production.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

To our knowledge, S. coelicoflavus ZG0656 is the first strain in this species for which a genome sequence has been reported. The analysis of sct-cluster provided important insights into the biosynthesis of acarviostatins. This work will be a platform for producing novel variants and yield improvement.

Combining mixed titania morphologies into a complex assembly thin film by iterative block-copolymer-based sol–gel templating

Sol–gel templating combined with iterative spin-coating steps are used to custom-tailor hierarchically structured titania thin films. Using poly(styrene-block-ethylene oxide) P(S-b-PEO) as the structure directing agent, a foam-like structure is combined with nanogranules. Both structural elements are merged into a complex assembly in thin film geometry. The resulting morphology is pictured by SEM and probed with GISAXS. The installed mesoporous titania sandwich structure exhibits holes with a size of 45 nm which makes it promising for applications in photovoltaics or photocatalysis. An optical characterization completes the structural investigation.

CD154 blockade abrogates allospecific responses and enhances CD4(+) regulatory T-cells in mouse orthotopic lung transplant

Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is a common and important clinical complication following lung transplantation. While there is a clinical need for the development of novel therapies to prevent ACR, the regulation of allospecific effector T-cells in this process remains incompletely understood. Using the MHC-mismatched mouse orthotopic lung transplant model, we investigated the short-term role of anti-CD154 mAb therapy alone on allograft pathology and alloimmune T-cell effector responses. Untreated C57BL/6 recipients of BALB/c left lung allografts had high-grade rejection and diminished CD4(+) : CD8(+) graft ratios, marked by predominantly CD8(+) >CD4(+) IFN-γ(+) allospecific effector responses at day 10, compared to isograft controls. Anti-CD154 mAb therapy strikingly abrogated both CD8(+) and CD4(+) alloeffector responses and significantly increased lung allograft CD4(+) : CD8(+) ratios. Examination of graft CD4(+) T-cells revealed significantly increased frequencies of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cells in the lung allografts of anti-CD154-treated mice and was associated with significant attenuation of ACR compared to untreated controls. Together, these data show that CD154/CD40 costimulation blockade alone is sufficient to abrogate allospecific effector T-cell responses and significantly shifts the lung allograft toward an environment predominated by CD4(+) T regulatory cells in association with an attenuation of ACR.

Histone modifications and methyl-CpG-binding domain protein levels at the TNFSF7 (CD70) promoter in SLE CD4+ T cells

Abstract: In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), T lymphocytes overexpress CD70 ( TNFSF7 gene), leading to the synthesis of autoreactive IgGs. CD70 upregulation in SLE CD4+ T cells is associated with hypomethylation of TNFSF7 promoter. In this study, we explored histone modifications in the TNFSF7 promoter region in SLE CD4+ T cells, and characterized the effects of a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-azaC) and a histone deacetylase inhibitor (TSA) on CD70 expression. We found that CD70 mRNA was significantly increased in active lupus CD4+ T cells, and in control cells treated with 5-azaC, TSA, or both. Histone H3 acetylation and dimethylated H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me2) levels were significantly elevated in patients with lupus, and both factors correlated positively with disease activity. MeCP2 protein levels within the TNFSF7 promoter decreased in patients with active lupus. Treatment of CD4+ T cells with 5-azaC alone significantly raised H3K4 dimethyl levels at the TNFSF7 locus. TSA treatment significantly increased H3 and H4 acetylation levels, as well as levels of H3K4 dimethylation at the TNFSF7 locus. Treatment with 5-azaC plus TSA enhanced H3 acetylation levels. These findings indicate that aberrant histone modifications within the TNFSF7 promoter may contribute to the development of lupus by increasing CD70 expression in CD4+ T cells.

Keratinocytes play a role in the immunity to Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is the most common cause of genital ulcerative disease in the developed world. Keratinocytes are the primary cells involved in clinical lesions caused by HSV-2. In our study, we intensively examined cytokine expression in the HSV-2-infected keratinocytes. We observed upregulation of a series of cytokines including early-induced antiviral cytokines as interferons α, β (IFN-α, β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), colony stimulating factors (CSFs) as G-CSF, GM-CSF, interleukin 3 (IL-3), growth factors (EGF, KGF, and IGF-β1), defensins, selectins, leukocyte function-associated antigens (LFAs,) and toll-like receptors (TLR-2, 3, 4, and 9). More importantly, we found that HSV-2-infected keratinocytes stimulated the proliferation of lymphocytes in co-cultivation system. These data suggest that keratinocytes participate in the immune response to HSV-2 infection in two ways. They secrete inflammatory cytokines to resist the HSV-2 infection directly and recruit the immune cells to eliminate the primary infection indirectly and enhance the adaptive immunity to prevent subsequent infections.

Optimization of Jc for Photo-Assisted MOCVD Prepared YBCO Thin Films by Robust Design

Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is emerging as a practical high Tc superconducting thin film preparation technique for industrial application. Intrinsically this technique involves a large number of variable parameters. This is especially critical for the quarternary or higher high Tc materials. Thus, effective methods are required to optimize the parameters for the preparation of high Tc films. A matrix experimental design named Robust Design has been employed for this purpose. The first-phase design was based on a starting knowledge of growth temperature and pressure, and annealing temperature for MOCVD preparation of YBCO thin films. A minimum lab effort of only nine deposition experiments was then used to optimize the process control parameters of precursor oven temperature, carrier gas (Ar) flow rate, O2 flow rate and N2O flow rate. The results were then followed by three confirmation depositions. The Robust Design resulted in the growth of YBCO film with Tc consistently in the range of 87.0 K to 90.2 K and Jc improved from about 1.0 × 106 A/cm2 to 3–5 × 106 A/cm2.

Copy number variations of the human histamine H4 receptor gene are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus

BACKGROUND

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex genetic disease; the histamine H4 receptor (HRH4) has been shown to be related to different kinds of autoimmune disorders; and copy number variations (CNVs) have been found to be associated with various types of diseases.

OBJECTIVES

To explore a possible association between HRH4 (formerly H4R) CNVs and the risk of SLE.

METHODS

Genomic DNA and RNA from 340 patients with SLE and 392 healthy controls were extracted, and CNVs and mRNA levels of HRH4 were examined.

RESULTS

The expression of HRH4 mRNA was significantly increased in patients with SLE compared with controls. Amplification of HRH4 copy numbers significantly increased the risk of SLE [P < 0·001, odds ratio (OR) 2·26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·50-3·40]. HRH4 amplifications also positively correlated with the incidence of arthritis (P = 0·019, OR 1·96, 95% CI 1·11-3·47), and proteinuria (P < 0·001, OR 2·95, 95% CI 1·73-5·00) and antinuclear antibody abnormalities (P < 0·001, OR 2·97, 95% CI 1·66-5·33). Deletions of HRH4 copy numbers were protective against proteinuria (P = 0·03, OR 0·50, 95% CI 0·26-0·94).

CONCLUSION

CNVs of the HRH4 gene are associated with SLE.

The haploinsufficient Col3a1 mouse as a model for vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a rare genetic disorder resulting from mutations in the α-1 chain of type III collagen (COL3A1) and manifesting as tissue fragility with spontaneous rupture of the bowel, gravid uterus, or large or medium arteries. The heterozygous Col3a1 knockout mouse was investigated as a model for this disease. The collagen content in the abdominal aorta of heterozygotes was reduced, and functional testing revealed diminishing wall strength of the aorta in these mice. Colons were grossly and histologically normal, but reduced strength and increased compliance of the wall were found in heterozygotes via pressure testing. Although mice demonstrated no life-threatening clinical signs or gross lesions of vascular subtype Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, thorough histological examination of the aorta of heterozygous mice revealed the presence of a spectrum of lesions similar to those observed in human patients. Lesions increased in number and severity with age (0/5 [0%] in 2-month-old males vs 9/9 [100%] in 14-month-old males, P < .05) and were more common in male than female mice (23/26 [88.5%] vs 14/30 [46.7%] in 9- to 21-month-old animals, P < .05). Haploinsufficiency for Col3a1 in mice recapitulates features of vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in humans and can be used as an experimental model.

Grazing incidence wide angle x-ray scattering at the wiggler beamline BW4 of HASYLAB

We present an upgrade of the available measurement techniques at the wiggler beamline BW4 of the Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor (HASYLAB) to grazing incidence wide angle x-ray scattering (GIWAXS). GIWAXS refers to an x-ray diffraction method, which, based on the measurement geometry, is perfectly suited for the investigation of the material crystallinity of surfaces and thin films. It is shown that the overall experimental GIWAXS setup employing a movable CCD-detector provides the capability of reliable and reproducible diffraction measurements in grazing incidence geometry. Furthermore, the potential usage of an additional detector enables the simultaneous or successive measurement of GIWAXS and grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS). The new capability is illustrated by the microbeam GIWAXS measurement of a thin film of the conjugated polymer poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT). The investigation reveals the semicrystalline nature of the P3OT film by a clear identification of the wide angle scattering reflexes up to the third order in the [100]-direction as well as the first order in the [010]-direction. The corresponding microbeam GISAXS measurement on the present morphology complements the characterization yielding the complete sample information from subnanometer up to micrometer length scales.

Polymorphisms of PXK are associated with autoantibody production, but not disease risk, of systemic lupus erythematosus in Chinese mainland population

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex immune disease. The genetic variation in the PXK gene was found to associate with SLE in Caucasian populations. However, the association of rs6445975 with SLE has not been extensively studied in a Chinese mainland population. A total of 288 SLE patients and 357 controls were recruited. Unlabeled probe-based high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) was used in genotyping. HRMA with unlabeled probe successfully distinguished all genotypes. Neither genotype nor allele frequencies of SNP rs6445975 showed statistically significant differences between SLE patients and controls. The association of SNP rs6445975 with the diagnostic criteria of SLE was also examined. No obvious association was observed between rs6445975 and the incidence of clinical symptoms. However, the minor allele (G) of rs6445975 was found to significantly associate with increased abnormalities of anti-Smith (p = 0.004, odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22-3.09), anti-Ro (p = 0.015, OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.10-2.58), anti-La (p = 0.008, OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.17-2.93) and C3C4 (p = 0.007, OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.17-2.74). Polymorphisms of rs6445975 in the PXK gene were associated with autoantibody production, but not disease risk, of systemic lupus erythematosus in a Chinese population.