Hosing of a Long Relativistic Particle Bunch in Plasma

Experimental results show that hosing of a long particle bunch in plasma can be induced by wakefields driven by a short, misaligned preceding bunch. Hosing develops in the plane of misalignment, self-modulation in the perpendicular plane, at frequencies close to the plasma electron frequency, and are reproducible. Development of hosing depends on misalignment direction, its growth on misalignment extent and on proton bunch charge. Results have the main characteristics of a theoretical model, are relevant to other plasma-based accelerators and represent the first characterization of hosing.

Abnormalities of retinal function in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without clinical diabetic retinopathy detected by multifocal electroretinogram

OBJECTIVE

To study the changes of retinal function in type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM) patients without apparently diabetic retinopathy via multifocal electroretinogram.

METHODS

Thirty-six type 2 DM patients (72 eyes) without visible diabetic retinopathy were selected as the experimental group, and thirty-five healthy subjects (70 eyes) were selected as the control group. All subjects were underwent multifocal electroretinogram (mf- ERG).

RESULTS

Compared with the control group, the implicit time delay of the P1 wave in the first ring, third ring, fourth ring, and fifth ring of the experimental group was significant (t = -3.154, p = 0.004, t = -8.21, p = 0.000, t = -3.067, p = 0.004, t = -4.443, p = 0.000, respectively). The implicit time of the N1 wave in the fourth- and fifth-ring were also significantly delayed compared with the control group (t = -3.549, p = 0.001, t = 2.961, p = 0.005, respectively). Compared with the control group, the implicit time of the P1 wave and N1 wave in the temporal region of the experimental group were delayed (t = -2.148, p = 0.037, t = -2.834, p = 0.007, respectively). There were no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group of the temporal area in the amplitude density of P1 wave, N1 wave. There was no difference in the implicit time and amplitude density of the N1 and P1 waves in the nasal region between the experimental group and the control group. The multifocal electroretinogram complex parameters showed better specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy.

CONCLUSION

The multifocal electroretinogram can detect abnormal changes in the retina of type 2 DM patients without visible diabetic retinopathy. The multifocal electroretinogram complex parameter is a potential indicator for the early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy.

Injectable hydrogel with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties for postoperative tumor wound care

Clinically, tumor removal surgery leaves irregularly shaped wounds that are susceptible to bacterial infection and further lead to excessive inflammation. Injectable hydrogel dressings with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties have been recognized as an effective strategy to care for postoperative tumor wounds and prevent recurrence in recent years. In this work, we constructed a hydrogel network by ionic bonding interactions between quaternized chitosan (QCS) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-Zn complexes which were coordinated by EGCG and zinc ions. Because of the synergistic effect of QCS and EGCG-Zn, the hydrogel exhibited outstanding antimicrobial capacity (>99.9% inhibition), which could prevent infections caused byEscherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the hydrogel was able to inhibit the growth of mice breast cancer cells (56.81% survival rate within 72 h) and reduce inflammation, which was attributed to the sustained release of EGCG. The results showed that the hydrogel was effective in inhibiting tumor recurrence and accelerating wound closure when applied to the postoperative tumor wounds. This study provided a simple and reliable strategy for postoperative tumor wound care using antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory injectable dressings, confirming their great potential in the field of postoperative wound dressings.

Designed Microbial Biosynthesis of Hierarchical Bone-Mimetic Biocomposites in 3D-Printed Soft Bioreactors

The creation of 3D biomimetic composite structures has important applications in tissue engineering, lightweight structures, drug delivery, and sensing. Previous approaches in fabricating 3D biomimetic composites have relied on blending or assembling chemically synthesized molecules or structures, making it challenging to achieve precise control of the size, geometry, and internal structure of the biomimetic composites. Here, we present a new approach for the creation of 3D bone-mimetic biocomposites with precisely controlled shape, hierarchical structure, and functionalities. Our approach is based on the integration of programmable microbial biosynthesis with 3D printing of gas-permeable and customizable bioreactors. The organic and inorganic components are bacterial cellulose and calcium hydroxyapatite via a mineral precursor, which are generated by Komagataeibacter xylinus and Bacillus simplex P6A, respectively, in 3D-printed silicone bioreactors in consecutive culturing cycles. This study is of high significance to biocomposites, biofabrication, and tissue engineering as it paves the way for the synergistic integration of microbial biosynthesis and additive manufacturing.

Improved Measurement of CP Violation Parameters in B_{s}^{0}→J/ψK^{+}K^{-} Decays in the Vicinity of the ϕ(1020) Resonance

The decay-time-dependent CP asymmetry in B_{s}^{0}→J/ψ(→μ^{+}μ^{-})K^{+}K^{-} decays is measured using proton-proton collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 6  fb^{-1}, collected with the LHCb detector at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Using a sample of approximately 349 000 B_{s}^{0} signal decays with an invariant K^{+}K^{-} mass in the vicinity of the ϕ(1020) resonance, the CP-violating phase ϕ_{s} is measured, along with the difference in decay widths of the light and heavy mass eigenstates of the B_{s}^{0}-B[over ¯]_{s}^{0} system, ΔΓ_{s}, and the difference of the average B_{s}^{0} and B^{0} meson decay widths, Γ_{s}-Γ_{d}. The values obtained are ϕ_{s}=-0.039±0.022±0.006  rad, ΔΓ_{s}=0.0845±0.0044±0.0024  ps^{-1}, and Γ_{s}-Γ_{d}=-0.0056_{-0.0015}^{+0.0013}±0.0014  ps^{-1}, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. These are the most precise single measurements to date and are consistent with expectations based on the Standard Model and with the previous LHCb analyses of this decay. These results are combined with previous independent LHCb measurements. The phase ϕ_{s} is also measured independently for each polarization state of the K^{+}K^{-} system and shows no evidence for polarization dependence.

Organophosphate flame retardants and their metabolites in the Pearl River Estuary: Occurrence, influencing factors, and ecological risk control strategies based on a mass balance model

Estuaries serve as crucial filters for land-based pollutants to the open sea, but there is a lack of information on the migration and fate of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) within estuaries. This study focused on the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) by examining the co-occurrence of OPFRs and their metabolites and quantifying their transport fluxes using a mass balance model. The seawater concentrations of OPFRs and their metabolites exhibited significant seasonal variations (p < 0.01), while the sediment concentrations of OPFRs reflected the long-term distributional equilibrium in the PRE. The concentration of Σ9OPFRs in seawater showed a relentless dilution from the entrance to the offshore region in the normal and wet seasons, which was significantly in accordance with the gradients of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and salinity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, horizontal migration dominated the transport of OPFRs, and the inventory assessment revealed that both the water column and sediment were important reservoirs in the PRE. According to the estimated fluxes from the mass balance model, riverine input emerged as the principal pathway for OPFR entry into the PRE (1.55 × 105, 6.28 × 104, and 9.00 × 104 kg/yr in the normal, dry and wet seasons, respectively), whereas outflow to the open sea predominantly determined the main fates of the OPFRs. The risk quotient (RQ) results showed that EHDPHP (0.835) in water posed medium ecological risk, while other OPFRs and metabolites presented relatively lower risk (RQ < 0.1). The risk control effects were evaluated through scenario simulations of mathematical fitting between controllable source factors and the RQ of risky OPFR. The risk of EHDPHP in the PRE could be effectively reduced by restricting its concentrations in entrance region (<9.31, 8.67, and 12.7 ng/L in the normal, dry and wet seasons, respectively) of the PRE. This research offers foundational insights into environmental management and pollution control strategies for emerging pollutants in estuaries.

A data-driven model for power system operating costs based on different types of wind power fluctuations

The stochastic and intermittent features of wind power as well as the high percentage of wind power grid-connected significantly increase the additional operating costs of the power system. It is difficult to accurately calculate the impact of complex fluctuations in wind power on additional operating costs. To solve the above problems, a power system operating cost model adapted to various wind power fluctuation processes is established. Firstly, based on a two-layer clustering strategy, different types of wind power fluctuations are obtained. Then, a production simulation model of the power system with renewable energy is established. The production simulation model costs include thermal plant operating costs, energy storage system operating costs, positive reserve costs and negative reserve costs. With the optimization objective of minimizing the total operating cost of the power system, realistic and representative system operating parameters and cost samples are obtained for various wind power fluctuations and different wind power grid-connected scenarios. Finally, a data-driven approach based on a deep neural network algorithm is proposed to achieve precise mapping between wind energy fluctuations and the operating costs of power systems and thermal power units, and the operating costs of the power system during the four seasons with different types of wind power fluctuations can be precisely analyzed. The results demonstrate that the method proposed in this paper has high simulation accuracy for the overall simulation operating cost of the power system and the operating cost of thermal power plants. The simulation errors are 4%-18% and 3%-13%, respectively, which verified the effectiveness of the method.

Alleviation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by transferring low RelB expression tolerogenic dendritic cells

AIMS

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Rather than inducing immune response, tolerogenic dendritic cells (tDCs) have the ability to induce immune tolerance. In previous studies, we induced tDCs by 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 DCs significantly alleviated EAE symptoms. As downstream targets of 1,25-(OH)2D3, inhibition of RelB and MyD88 expression in DCs might induce tDCs and has therapeutic effect of MS.

METHODS

Knockdown the expression of RelB and MyD88 with shRNA lentivirus to induce tDCs, adoptive transfer these tDCs to EAE mice, and investigate their therapeutic effects.

RESULTS

Reduction of RelB expression induced tDCs. After transferring into EAE mice, tDCs with low RelB expression significantly alleviate their symptoms as well as reduce the immune cell infiltration and demyelination in spinal cord.

CONCLUSION

RelB plays a key role in the antigen presenting function of DCs, and tDCs with low RelB expression is a potential treatment for EAE and MS.

Bilateral versus unilateral orchidopexy: IVF/ICSI-ET outcomes

Introduction

Cryptorchidism is a common genital disorder. Approximately 20% of azoospermic or infertile men reported having histories of cryptorchidism. Bilateral cryptorchidism may have been more condemned than unilateral cryptorchidism. Early treatment by orchidopexy is the definitive procedure for cryptorchid patients with cryptorchidism. However, fertility potency after orchidopexy may be adversely affected and assisted reproduction techniques will be required for infertile patients.

Objective

To compare the reproductive outcomes between unilateral and bilateral orchidopexy groups.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study at a tertiary hospital, including a total of 99 infertile men who underwent orchidopexy to treat cryptorchidism and subsequently underwent their first IVF/ICSI-ET cycle. Men were grouped according to the laterality of their cryptorchidism and orchidopexy surgeries they received. Fertilization rate and live birth rate were chosen as parameters for evaluating outcomes.

Results

The sperm concentration and viability were significantly higher in unilateral orchidopexy group than in bilateral orchidopexy group (28.09 ± 27.99 vs 7.99 ± 14.68, P=0.001; 33.34 ± 22.52 vs 11.95 ± 17.85, P=0.001). Unilateral orchidopexy group showed lower demand for ICSI (66.07% vs 95.35%, P<0.001). Interestingly, both groups exhibited similar rates of fertilization, clinical pregnancy, live birth and birth defect. Boy birth ratio was lower in bilateral orchidopexy group as compared to unilateral orchidopexy group (27.27% vs 58.62%, P=0.026).

Conclusion

A history of bilateral orchidopexy surgery correlates with a worsened sperm parameter and a higher demand for ICSI as compared to patients with history of unilateral orchidopexy. However, this does not influence the final live birth rate.

In vitro and In vivo evidence demonstrating chronic absence of Ref-1 Cysteine 65 impacts Ref-1 folding configuration, redox signaling, proliferation and metastasis in pancreatic cancer

Ref-1/APE1 (Redox Effector/Apurinic Endonuclease 1) is a multifunctional enzyme that serves as a redox factor for several transcription factors (TFs), e.g., NF-kB, HIF-1α, which in an oxidized state fail to bind DNA. Conversion of these TFs to a reduced state serves to regulate various biological responses such as cell growth, inflammation, and cellular metabolism. The redox activity involves a thiol exchange reaction for which Cys65 (C65) serves as the nucleophile. Using CRISPR editing in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, we changed C65 to Ala (C65A) in Ref-1 to evaluate alteration of Ref-1 redox dynamics as well as chronic loss of Ref-1 redox activity on cell signaling pathways, specifically those regulated by NF-kB and HIF-1α. The redox activity of Ref-1 requires partial unfolding to expose C65, which is buried in the folded structure. Labeling of Ref-1 with polyethylene glycol-maleimide (PEGm) provides a readout of reduced Cys residues in Ref-1 and thereby an assessment of partial unfolding in Ref-1. In comparing Ref-1WT vs Ref-1C65A cell lines, we found an altered distribution of oxidized versus reduced states of Ref-1. Accordingly, activation of NF-kB and HIF-1α in Ref-1C65A lines was significantly lower compared to Ref-1WT lines. The bioinformatic data revealed significant downregulation of metabolic pathways including OXPHOS in Ref-1C65A expressing clones compared to Ref-1WT line. Ref-1C65A also demonstrated reduced cell proliferation and use of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) substrates compared to Ref-1WT lines. A subcutaneous as well as PDAC orthotopic in vivo model demonstrated a significant reduction in tumor size, weight, and growth in the Ref-1C65A lines compared to the Ref-1WT lines. Moreover, mice implanted with Ref-1C65A redox deficient cells demonstrate significantly reduced metastatic burden to liver and lung compared to mice implanted with Ref-1 redox proficient cells. These results from the current study provide direct evidence that the chronic absence of Cys65 in Ref-1 results in redox inactivity of the protein in human PDAC cells, and subsequent biological results confirm a critical involvement of Ref-1 redox signaling and tumorigenic phenotype.

Impact of Vaccination and Nonpharmaceutical Interventions With Possible COVID-19 Viral Evolutions Using an Agent-Based Simulation

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic continues with highly contagious variants and waning immunity. As the virus keeps evolving to be more infectious and immune evasive, some question whether the COVID-19 pandemic can be managed through sustainable public health measures.

Methods

We developed an agent-based simulation to explore the impact of COVID-19 mutations, periodic vaccinations, and nonpharmaceutical interventions on reducing COVID-19 deaths. The model is calibrated to the greater Seattle area by observing local epidemic data. We perform scenario analyses on viral mutations that change infectiousness, disease severity, and immune evasiveness from previous infections and vaccination every 6 months. The simulation is run until the end of year 2023.

Results

Variants with increased infectivity or increased immune evasion dominate previous strains. With enhanced immune protection from a pancoronavirus vaccine, the most optimistic periodic vaccination rate reduces average total deaths by 44.6% compared with the most pessimistic periodic vaccination rate. A strict threshold nonpharmaceutical intervention policy reduces average total deaths by 71.3% compared with an open society, whereas a moderate nonpharmaceutical intervention policy results in a 33.6% reduction.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the potential benefits of pancoronavirus vaccines that offer enhanced and longer-lasting immunity. We emphasize the crucial role of nonpharmaceutical interventions in reducing COVID-19 deaths regardless of virus mutation scenarios. Owing to highly immune evasive and contagious SARS-CoV-2 variants, most scenarios in this study fail to reduce the mortality of COVID-19 to the level of influenza and pneumonia. However, our findings indicate that periodic vaccinations and a threshold nonpharmaceutical intervention policy may succeed in achieving this goal. This indicates the need for caution and vigilance in managing a continuing COVID-19 epidemic.

Improved cardioprotective effect of 3-nitro-N-methyl salicylamide solution after a prolonged preservation time of rat heart

Ischemic reperfusion injury, caused by oxidative stress during reperfusion, is an inevitable outcome of organ transplantation, especially when the organ preservation time is prolonged. Prolonged ischaemic preservation is a valuable technique for improving the success of organ transplantation, but numerous challenges remain. 3-nitro-N-methyl salicylamide (3-NNMS), an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III, can be used to reduce reactive oxygen species production during blood reperfusion by slowing the electron flow rate of the respiratory chain. Based on this property, a novel preservation solution was developed for the preservation of isolated rat heart and its cardioprotective effect was investigated during an 8-h cold ischaemia preservation time for the first time. For comparison, 3-NNMS was also included in the histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution. Compared to HTK, HTK supplemented with 3-NNMS significantly improved the heart rate of isolated rat hearts after 8 h of cold storage. Both 3-NNMS solution and HTK supplemented with 3-NNMS solution decreased cardiac troponin T and lactate dehydrogenase levels in perfusion fluid and reduced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels in the myocardium. The 3-NNMS also maintained the membrane potential of myocardial mitochondria and significantly increased superoxide dismutase levels. These results showed that the new 3-NNMS solution can protect mitochondrial and cardiomyocyte function by increasing antioxidant capacity and reducing oxidative stress in cryopreserved rat hearts during a prolonged preservation time, resulting in less myocardial injury and better heart rate.

Preoperative CT histogram analysis to predict the expression of Ki-67 in solid pseudopapillary tumours of the pancreas

AIM

To explore the value of preoperative computed tomography (CT) histogram features in predicting the expression status of Ki-67 in patients with solid pseudopapillary pancreatic tumours (SPTP).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study analysed venous phase CT images of 39 patients with SPTP confirmed at surgery and histopathology and measured using the Ki-67 proliferation index from November 2015 to February 2022. According to the Ki-67 proliferation index, they were divided into high expression (Ki-67 ≥ 4%) and low expression (Ki-67 < 4%) groups. The histogram features of quantitative parameters were extracted using MaZda software, and the quantitative parameters of CT histograms were compared between groups. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the patients were plotted according to the parameters, with statistically significant differences. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were calculated, and the effectiveness of the histogram parameters in predicting Ki-67 expression was analysed and evaluated.

RESULTS

In total, 27 SPTP patients were enrolled, including 11 with high expression of Ki-67 and 16 with low expression. Comparative analysis of the Ki-67 high- and low-expression groups revealed a statistically significant in necrosis and variance (p<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC of necrosis and variance predicting Ki-67 expression status were 0.753 and 0.841, the sensitivities were 81.8% and 81.3%, and the specificities were 68.7% and 81.8%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Preoperative CT histogram features help predict Ki-67 expression status in patients with SPTP.

Atomic observation and structural evolution of covalent organic framework rotamers

Dynamic 3D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have shown concerted structural transformation and adaptive gas adsorption due to the conformational diversity of organic linkers. However, the isolation and observation of COF rotamers constitute undergoing challenges due to their comparable free energy and subtle rotational energy barrier. Here, we report the atomic-level observation and structural evolution of COF rotamers by cryo-3D electron diffraction and synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction. Specifically, we optimize the crystallinity and morphology of COF-320 to manifest its coherent dynamic responses upon adaptive inclusion of guest molecules. We observe a significant crystal expansion of 29 vol% upon hydration and a giant swelling with volume change up to 78 vol% upon solvation. We record the structural evolution from a non-porous contracted phase to two narrow-pore intermediate phases and the fully opened expanded phase using n-butane as a stabilizing probe at ambient conditions. We uncover the rotational freedom of biphenylene giving rise to significant conformational changes on the diimine motifs from synclinal to syn-periplanar and anticlinal rotamers. We illustrate the 10-fold increment of pore volumes and 100% enhancement of methane uptake capacity of COF-320 at 100 bar and 298 K. The present findings shed light on the design of smarter organic porous materials to maximize host-guest interaction and boost gas uptake capacity through progressive structural transformation.

Noise-induced hearing loss reduces inhibitory neurotransmitter synthesis in ventral hippocampus and contributes to the social memory deficits of mice

Despite affecting over 1.5 billion people globally, hearing loss (HL) has been referred to as an "invisible disability", with noise exposure being a major causative factor. Accumulating evidence suggests that HL can induce cognitive impairment. However, relatively little is known about the effects of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) on social memory. This study aimed to further investigate the effect of NIHL on social behaviours in mice. We established a rodent model of NIHL using 4-week-old C57BL/6J mice who experienced narrow noise exposure at 116 dB for 3 h per day over two consecutive days. Hearing ability was subsequently evaluated through auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing, and potential changes in the morphology of cochlear hair cells were assessed using immunofluorescence. The sociability and social memory of the mice were evaluated using the three-chamber social interaction test. Noise exposure resulted in complete and persistent HL in C57BL/6J mice, accompanied by severe loss of cochlear hair cells. More importantly, social memory was impaired in adult NIHL mice, whereas their sociability remained intact, these changes were accompanied by a decrease in the protein levels of the inhibitory neuron marker glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) in the ventral hippocampus. This study is the first to confirm that long-term auditory deprivation from HL induced by noise exposure results in social memory deficits in mice without altering their sociability.

NUPR1 packaged in extracellular vesicles promotes murine triple-negative breast cancer in a type 1 interferon-independent manner

Aim

This study aims to elucidate the involvement of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)-derived extracellular vesicles in metastasis. The loss of components in the type 1 interferon (IFN1) signaling pathway has been linked to the promotion of metastasis. However, IFN1 signaling induces immunological dormancy and promotes tumorigenesis. Our hypothesis was that TNBC cells release tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) that promote metastasis in an IFN1-independent manner.

Methods

Two murine TNBC models and transgenic mice were used to examine the role of IFN1 in TNBC progression to metastasis. Reserpine was employed to determine the effect of TEV education on TNBC progression and overall survival. EVs from cancer cells treated with vehicle and reserpine and from the serum of tumor-bearing mice receiving reserpine were examined to determine changes in EV release and EV content.

Results

TNBC cells progress to metastasis in mice lacking the IFN1-induced gene cholesterol-25 hydroxylase (CH25H) or expressing the IFNAR1S526 knock-in that cannot be downregulated. Reserpine suppresses EV release from TNBC cells in vitro and in vivo. Western blot analysis demonstrated reserpine decreased NUPR1 protein levels in EVs. RNAseq analysis demonstrated that endothelial cells lacking CH25H treated with TEVs exhibited increased NUPR1 expression that was decreased by adding reserpine with the TEVs. NUPR1 overexpression upregulated genes that mediate TEV biogenesis and incorporation. Knockdown of NUPR1 with shRNA decreased the release of TEVs.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our study suggests that TNBC is driven by aberrant packaging of NUPR1 into TEVs which were transferred into recipient cells to activate pro-metastatic transcription driven by NUPR1.

Measurement of CP Violation in B^{0}→ψ(→ℓ^{+}ℓ^{-})K_{S}^{0}(→π^{+}π^{-}) Decays

A measurement of time-dependent CP violation in the decays of B^{0} and B[over ¯]^{0} mesons to the final states J/ψ(→μ^{+}μ^{-})K_{S}^{0}, ψ(2S)(→μ^{+}μ^{-})K_{S}^{0} and J/ψ(→e^{+}e^{-})K_{S}^{0} with K_{S}^{0}→π^{+}π^{-} is presented. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 6  fb^{-1} collected at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt[s]=13  TeV with the LHCb detector. The CP-violation parameters are measured to be S_{ψK_{S}^{0}}=0.717±0.013(stat)±0.008(syst) and C_{ψK_{S}^{0}}=0.008±0.012(stat)±0.003(syst). This measurement of S_{ψK_{S}^{0}} represents the most precise single measurement of the CKM angle β to date and is more precise than the current world average. In addition, measurements of the CP-violation parameters of the individual channels are reported and a combination with the LHCb Run 1 measurements is performed.

Using queueing models as a decision support tool in allocating point-of-care HIV viral load testing machines in Kisumu County, Kenya

Point-of-care (POC) technologies-including HIV viral load (VL) monitoring-are expanding globally, including in resource-limited settings. Modelling could allow decision-makers to consider the optimal strategy(ies) to maximize coverage and access, minimize turnaround time (TAT) and minimize cost with limited machines. Informed by formative qualitative focus group discussions with stakeholders focused on model inputs, outputs and format, we created an optimization model incorporating queueing theory and solved it using integer programming methods to reflect HIV VL monitoring in Kisumu County, Kenya. We modelled three scenarios for sample processing: (1) centralized laboratories only, (2) centralized labs with 7 existing POC 'hub' facilities and (3) centralized labs with 7 existing and 1-7 new 'hub' facilities. We calculated total TAT using the existing referral network for scenario 1 and solved for the optimal referral network by minimizing TAT for scenarios 2 and 3. We conducted one-way sensitivity analyses, including distributional fairness in each sub-county. Through two focus groups, stakeholders endorsed the provisionally selected model inputs, outputs and format with modifications incorporated during model-building. In all three scenarios, the largest component of TAT was time spent at a facility awaiting sample batching and transport (scenarios 1-3: 78.7%, 89.9%, 91.8%) and waiting time at the testing site (18.7%, 8.7%, 7.5%); transportation time contributed minimally to overall time (2.6%, 1.3%, 0.7%). In scenario 1, the average TAT was 39.8 h (SD: 2.9), with 1077 h that samples spent cumulatively in the VL processing system. In scenario 2, the average TAT decreased to 33.8 h (SD: 4.8), totalling 430 h. In scenario 3, the average TAT decreased nearly monotonically with each new machine to 31.1 h (SD: 8.4) and 346 total hours. Frequency of sample batching and processing rate most impacted TAT, and inclusion of distributional fairness minimally impacted TAT. In conclusion, a stakeholder-informed resource allocation model identified optimal POC VL hub allocations and referral networks. Using existing-and adding new-POC machines could markedly decrease TAT, as could operational changes.

Steroid metabolites as overlooked emerging contaminants: Insights from multimedia partitioning and source-sink simulation in an estuarine environment

Steroids have been attracting global attention given potential carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting effects, yet the environmental status of steroids, especially their metabolites, in estuarine environment remain largely unexplored. This study investigated 31 steroids and metabolites in suspended particulate matter (SPM), water phase and sediments of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) during the dry and wet seasons to elucidate their spatiotemporal patterning, partitioning behavior, and environmental fate. The results showed that natural steroids predominated in SPM and sediments while the metabolites predominated in water. The spatial distribution of steroids and metabolites varied seasonally, with hydrophobicity and environmental factors influencing phase partitioning in the estuary. Furthermore, a natural steroid, progesterone (P) could serve as a trustworthy chemical indicator to estimate the concentrations of steroids and metabolites in the PRE. Importantly, the mass budget of P was estimated using an improved multi-box mass balance model, revealing that outflow to the South China Sea was the primary sink of P in water (∼87%) and degradation was the primary sink of P in sediments (∼68%) of the PRE. Overall, this study offers insightful information about the distribution and environmental fate of steroids and metabolites in estuarine environment, with implications for future management strategies.

Enhanced mitophagy driven by ADAR1-GLI1 editing supports the self-renewal of cancer stem cells in HCC

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Deregulation of adenosine-to-inosine editing by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) leads to tumor-specific transcriptome diversity with prognostic values for HCC. However, ADAR1 editase-dependent mechanisms governing liver cancer stem cell (LCSC) generation and maintenance have remained elusive.

APPROACH AND RESULTS

RNA-seq profiling identified ADAR1-responsive recoding editing events in HCC and showed editing frequency of GLI1 , rather than transcript abundance was clinically relevant. Functional differences in LCSC self-renewal and tumor aggressiveness between wild-type (GLI1 wt ) and edited GLI1 (GLI1 edit ) were elucidated. We showed that overediting of GLI1 induced an arginine-to-glycine (R701G) substitution, augmenting tumor-initiating potential and exhibiting a more aggressive phenotype. GLI1 R701G harbored weak affinity to SUFU, which in turn, promoted its cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation to support LCSC self-renewal by increased pluripotency gene expression. Moreover, editing predisposed to stabilize GLI1 by abrogating β-TrCP-GLI1 interaction. Integrative analysis of single-cell transcriptome further revealed hyperactivated mitophagy in ADAR1-enriched LCSCs. GLI1 editing promoted a metabolic switch to oxidative phosphorylation to control stress and stem-like state through PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy in HCC, thereby conferring exclusive metastatic and sorafenib-resistant capacities.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrate a novel role of ADAR1 as an active regulator for LCSCs properties through editing GLI1 in the highly heterogeneous HCC.

Aspertaichamide a, a novel cytotoxic prenylated indole alkaloid possessing a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane framework from a marine algal-derived endophytic fungus aspergillus taichungensis 299

Filamentous fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus are prodigious producers of alkaloids, particularly prenylated indole alkaloids, that often exhibit structurally diversified skeletons and potent biological activities. In this study, five prenylated indole alkaloids possessing a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core ring system, including a novel derivative, namely aspertaichamide A (1), as well as four known compounds, (+)-stephacidin A (2), sclerotiamide (3), (-)-versicolamide B (4), and (+)-versicolamide B (5), were isolated and identified from A. taichungensis 299, an endophytic fungus obtained from the marine red alga Gelidium amansii. The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by comprehensive NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic analyses. In addition to the previously reported prenylated indole alkaloids, aspertaichamide A (1) was characterized as having an unusual ring structure with the fusion of a 3-pyrrolidone dimethylbenzopyran to the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane moiety, which was rare in these kinds of compounds. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by TDDFT-ECD calculations. In vitro cytotoxic assays revealed that the novel compound 1 possessed selective cytotoxic activity against five human tumor cell lines (A549, HeLa, HepG2, HCT-116, and AGS), with IC50 values of 1.7-48.5 μM. Most importantly, compound 1 decreased the viability of AGS cells in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 1.7 μM. Further studies indicated that 1 may induce AGS cells programmed cell death via the apoptotic pathway.

Perceptions of Acute Care Telemedicine Among Caregivers for Persons Living with Dementia: A Qualitative Study

Persons living with dementia (PLWD) have high emergency department (ED) utilization. Little is known about using telemedicine with PLWD and caregivers as an alternative to ED visits for minor acute health problems. This qualitative interview-based study elicited caregivers' perspectives about the acceptability of telemedicine for acute complaints. We performed telephone interviews with 28 caregivers of PLWD from two academic EDs, one in the Northeast and another in the South. Using a combined deductive-inductive approach, we coded interview transcripts and elucidated common themes by consensus. All caregivers reported they would need to participate in the telemedicine visit to help overcome communication and digital literacy challenges. People from racial/ethnic minority groups reported lower comfort with the virtual format. In both sites, participants expressed uncertainty about illness severity that could preclude using telemedicine for acute complaints. Overall, respondents deemed acute care telemedicine acceptable, but caregivers describe specific roles as crucial intermediaries to facilitate virtual care.