Acute embolic stroke with large-vessel occlusion: does contact aspiration thrombectomy show superiority?

AIM

To compare the efficacy between contact aspiration thrombectomy and stent retriever thrombectomy in the treatment of acute embolic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between January 2019 and June 2020, data from consecutive acute ischaemic stroke patients who underwent either endovascular contact aspiration or stent retriever thrombectomy were analysed at one institution. The primary outcome was the full 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between thrombectomy approach and functional outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 156 patients were analysed. Among them, 57 (36.5%) patients underwent primary aspiration thrombectomy, while 99 (63.5%) patients underwent primary stent retriever thrombectomy. The median procedure time was significantly shorter in patients treated with aspiration (37 versus 56 minutes; p<0.001). Compared with those of patients who underwent stent retriever thrombectomy, successful recanalisation rates and favourable functional outcome rates were higher in patients who underwent the aspiration approach (94.7% versus 77.8%, p=0.006; 49.1% versus 27.3%, p=0.006, respectively). Ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that aspiration thrombectomy was independently associated with a good functional outcome (adjusted common odds ratio, 0.30, 95% confidence interval: 0.16-0.60, p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Among the specific patients with large vessel occlusion in acute embolic stroke, the use of aspiration thrombectomy compared with stent retriever thrombectomy resulted in a greater likelihood of favourable neurological outcomes; however, because of study limitations, these findings should be interpreted as preliminary and require further study to confirm these results.

Study of the doubly charmed tetraquark [Formula: see text]

Quantum chromodynamics, the theory of the strong force, describes interactions of coloured quarks and gluons and the formation of hadronic matter. Conventional hadronic matter consists of baryons and mesons made of three quarks and quark-antiquark pairs, respectively. Particles with an alternative quark content are known as exotic states. Here a study is reported of an exotic narrow state in the D0D0π+ mass spectrum just below the D*+D0 mass threshold produced in proton-proton collisions collected with the LHCb detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The state is consistent with the ground isoscalar [Formula: see text] tetraquark with a quark content of [Formula: see text] and spin-parity quantum numbers JP = 1+. Study of the DD mass spectra disfavours interpretation of the resonance as the isovector state. The decay structure via intermediate off-shell D*+ mesons is consistent with the observed D0π+ mass distribution. To analyse the mass of the resonance and its coupling to the D*D system, a dedicated model is developed under the assumption of an isoscalar axial-vector [Formula: see text] state decaying to the D*D channel. Using this model, resonance parameters including the pole position, scattering length, effective range and compositeness are determined to reveal important information about the nature of the [Formula: see text] state. In addition, an unexpected dependence of the production rate on track multiplicity is observed.

Angular Analysis of D^{0}→π^{+}π^{-}μ^{+}μ^{-} and D^{0}→K^{+}K^{-}μ^{+}μ^{-} Decays and Search for CP Violation

The first full angular analysis and an updated measurement of the decay-rate CP asymmetry of the D^{0}→π^{+}π^{-}μ^{+}μ^{-} and D^{0}→K^{+}K^{-}μ^{+}μ^{-} decays are reported. The analysis uses proton-proton collision data collected with the LHCb detector at center-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV. The dataset corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 9  fb^{-1}. The full set of CP -averaged angular observables and their CP asymmetries are measured as a function of the dimuon invariant mass. The results are consistent with expectations from the standard model and with CP symmetry.

LB0005 ORELABRUTINIB, AN IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITOR OF BRUTON’S TYROSINE KINASE (BTK), FOR THE TREATMENT OF SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE): RESULTS OF A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, PHASE IB/IIA DOSE-FINDING STUDY

Background

Orelabrutinib is an oral, highly-selective, irreversible inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK). Orelabrutinib has been approved for the treatment of B cell malignancies in China. Two distinct lupus animal models showed significant efficacy of orelabrutinib in reducing disease activity, which supported the clinical development of orelabrutinib in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).

Objectives

This phase Ib/IIa, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study aimed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), preliminary efficacy and biomarkers of orelabrutinib in patients with mild to moderate SLE who received standard of care (SoC) therapy.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with SLE by the ACR classification criteria for ≥ 6 months, who had a SLEDAI-2K score ≥5 at screening, and were autoantibody-positive, were randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive oral orelabrutinib at 50mg, 80mg, 100mg or placebo once daily for 12 weeks, respectively.

Results

This study randomized 60 patients with 55 patients who completed 12-week treatment. Age at baseline was 33.7±9.8 years and 96.7% were female. Baseline disease characteristics were generally balanced across treatment groups. Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 80%, 93.3% and 100% of orelabrutinib treated patients at doses of 50mg, 80mg and 100mg QD respectively versus 85.5% in placebo group. AEs were mostly mild or moderate. Treatment-related SAEs were reported in 3 patients treated with orelabrutinib, only 1 of which was grade 3. No deaths were reported. The plasma exposure of orelabrutinib (AUC and Cmax) was proportionally increased with doses. Nearly complete BTK occupancy was achieved at all dose levels, and the occupancy lasted for 24 hours without any decrease compared to that at 4 hour post-dosing. In all evaluable patients, the SLE Response Index (SRI)-4 response rates at week 12 were 50.0%, 61.5% and 64.3% in patients treated with orelabrutinib at 50mg (n=14), 80mg (n=13) and 100mg (n=14) respectively, compared with 35.7% in patients treated with placebo (n=14), which indicated the trend of dose-dependent improvement. Among the subgroup of patients with SLEDAI-2K≥8 at screening, SRI-4 response occurred in 70%, 70% and 66.7% of patients treated with orelabrutinib at 50mg (n=10), 80mg (n=10) and 100mg (n=9), respectively, compared with 30% who received placebo (n=10). Trends of reduced proteinuria, anti-dsDNA and IgG, total B cells and increased complements C4 were also observed following orelabrutinib treatment.

Conclusion

Orelabrutinib was generally safe and well tolerated in patients with SLE. Preliminary results also suggested encouraging efficacy which supports further development of orelabrutinib in larger and longer trials for SLE.

Table 1.

Efficacy results at week 12.

All Evaluable PatientsPlaceboOrelabrutinibOrelabrutinibOrelabrutinib50 mg80 mg100 mgN=5514141314SRI-4 response, n (%)5 (35.7%)7 (50.0%)8 (61.5%)9 (64.3%)Treatment difference vs. PBO (%)14.3%25.8%28.6%SLEDAI-2K≥8, N=391010109SRI-4 response, n (%)3 (30.0%)7 (70.0%)7 (70.0%)6 (66.7%)Treatment difference vs. PBO (%)40.0%40.0%36.7%

Note: All evaluable patients at week 12 efficacy data were included in the efficacy analysis.

Figure 1.

SRI-4 response rates at week 12.

Disclosure of Interests

Ru Li: None declared, Xiaoxia Zhu: None declared, Shengyun Liu: None declared, Xiao Zhang: None declared, Changhao Xie: None declared, Zili Fu: None declared, Anbin Huang: None declared, Lingyun Sun: None declared, Dongzhou Liu: None declared, Jinxia Zhao: None declared, Lin Wu: None declared, Zhoushuai Qin Employee of: InnoCare Pharma Limited., Sichen Li Employee of: InnoCare pharma Limited., Yaorong Liu Employee of: InnoCare pharma Limited., Zhanguo Li: None declared

Low pH nasal rinse solution enhances mupirocin antimicrobial efficacy

BACKGROUND

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common condition negatively impacting a patient's quality of life. It has been hypothesized that bacterial biofilms are involved in the pathogenesis of CRS due to their persistence and difficulty to eradicate with conventional antibiotic therapy. Hence, the topical delivery of antibiotics via nasal rinse solution has gained a lot of attention due to the ability to deliver higher local concentrations, with less systemic absorption and side effects. This study investigates the efficacy of mupirocin dissolved in the 3 most commonly used sinus rinses in Australia Neilmed (isotonic saline), Flo Sinus Care (sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, glucose anhydrous and calcium lactate and Pentahydrate) and FloCRS (sodium chloride, potassium chloride and xylitol).

METHODS

Planktonic and biofilm cultures of S. aureus (ATCC25923, 2 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (C222 and C263), and 2 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSS) (C311 and C349) clinical isolates) were treated with mupirocin dissolved in three sinus rinses (Neilmed, Flo Sinus Care and FloCRS with different pH). To establish whether pH was a significant factor in determining antibiotic activity, experiments with Flo CRS were performed both at pH 5.64 and elevated pH 7.7. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for planktonic cells. The biofilm biomass and metabolic activity were assessed by using crystal violet assay and alamarBlue assay respectively.

RESULTS

The combination of mupirocin in low pH (pH 5.64) sinus rinse (FloCRS) had the highest efficacy in reducing the growth of S. aureus in both the planktonic and biofilm forms. Mupirocin diluted in FloCRS (pH 5.64) showed a significantly higher reduction in both biomass and metabolic activity than that was observed when mupirocin was diluted in Neilmed, Flo Sinus Care or FloCRS (pH 7.7).

CONCLUSION

The choice of irrigant solution for topical mupirocin delivery appears to be important for antimicrobial activity. The delivery of mupirocin via low pH FloCRS could be useful in eliminating S. aureus biofilms present on the sinus mucosa of patients with CRS.

POS0287 A PHASE III, RANDOMISED, DOUBLE-BLIND, ACTIVE-CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL TO COMPARE BAT1806/BIIB800, A PROPOSED TOCILIZUMAB BIOSIMILAR, WITH TOCILIZUMAB REFERENCE PRODUCT IN SUBJECTS WITH MODERATE TO SEVERE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS WITH AN INADEQUATE RESPONSE TO METHOTREXATE THERAPY

Background

BAT1806/BIIB800 is a proposed biosimilar to reference tocilizumab (TCZ). A Phase III randomised, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial was conducted as part of a biosimilar development programme.

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy, pharmacokinetics (PK), safety and immunogenicity of BAT1806/BIIB800 in comparison with EU-sourced TCZ in subjects with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX).

Methods

The study was conducted at 55 centres in China and Europe, between June 2018 and January 2021. Eligible subjects were randomised in a 2:1:1 ratio to one of three treatment groups: (1) BAT1806/BIIB800 up to Week 48, (2) TCZ up to Week 48, or (3) TCZ up to Week 24, followed by BAT1806/BIIB800 from Week 24 to Week 48, administered intravenously every 4 weeks at a dose of 8mg/kg. The primary endpoint was the proportion of subjects achieving an ACR20 response at timepoints pre-specified to meet the requirements of different Regulatory Agencies: Week 12, for EMA; Week 24, for FDA and NMPA. Equivalence margins applied to differences in ACR20 response rates in the BAT1806/BIIB800 and TCZ treatment groups were pre-specified as follows: +/- 14.5% for EMA (95% confidence interval (CI)); -12.0%,15% for FDA (90% CI); +/- 13.6% for NMPA (95% CI). Secondary endpoints included pharmacokinetics, safety and immunogenicity.

The ICH E9(R1) estimands framework including intercurrent events (related or unrelated to the COVID19 pandemic) was implemented for the ACR20 evaluation. A logistic regression model including ‘region’ (China and Eastern Europe) and ‘previous biologic or targeted synthetic DMARD use’ (Yes/No) as captured in Interactive Web Response System as stratification factors was utilised to assess equivalence for the primary endpoint. The difference in response rates was estimated and corresponding confidence intervals were derived to assess equivalence for the primary endpoint. This abstract presents results up to Week 24.

Results

In total, 621 subjects were randomised to receive BAT1806/BIIB800 (N=312), TCZ (N=155), or TCZ followed by BAT1806/BIIB800 (N=154). The groups were comparable in terms of baseline demographics and disease characteristics, including age, gender, disease activity and disease duration. The estimated proportions of subjects achieving an ACR20 response in the BAT1806/BIIB800 vs. the TCZ groups, respectively, were 68.97% vs. 64.82% at Week 12 and 69.89% vs. 67.94% at Week 24. The estimated difference between ACR response rates was 4.15% (95% CI -3.63, 11.93) at week 12, and 1.94% (90% CI -4.04, 7.92; 95% CI -5.18, 9.07) at Week 24. The CIs for the estimated differences between the treatment groups were within the pre-defined equivalence margins (Figure 1). The treatment groups were comparable in terms of serum trough levels, incidence of TEAEs and ADA/NAb positivity (Table 1).

Table 1.

Safety and Immunogenicity up to Week 24, and Pharmacokinetics at Week 24

TCZ (N =309) n (%)BAT1806/BIIB800 (N=312) n (%)TEAE196 (63.4)201 (64.4)Related TEAE151 (48.9)148 (47.4)Serious TEAE13 (4.2)11 (3.5)Related Serious TEAE7 (2.3)2 (0.6)Fatal TEAE1 (0.3)3 (1.0)ADA positive a42 (13.6%)64 (20.5%)NAb positive a42 (13.6%)63 (20.2%)PK, n271276Serum trough level (ug/mL), mean (SD)15.4 (17.1)15.8 (12.3)Serum trough level (ug/mL), geometric mean (CV%)12.3 (140.3)12.9 (121.3)Below limit of quantification, n (%)43 (15.9)28 (10.1)

TEAE, treatment emergent adverse events

a subjects with ≥1 ADA/NAb positive results up to week 24

Conclusion

BAT1806/BIIB800 has demonstrated equivalent efficacy at Week 12 and Week 24 and a similar PK, safety and immunogenicity profile as reference tocilizumab up to Week 24.

Disclosure of Interests

Xiaomei Leng: None declared, Piotr Leszczynski: None declared, Sławomir Jeka: None declared, Shengyun Liu: None declared, Huaxiang Liu: None declared, Malgorzata Miakisz: None declared, Jieruo Gu: None declared, Lali Kilasonia Speakers bureau: Sandoz, Amgen, Takeda, Mykola Stanislavchuk Speakers bureau: Pfizer, Orion, Boehringer Ingelheim, Xiaolei Yang Shareholder of: Employee of the Bio-thera Solutions Ltd. with shares as a part of Stock incentive plan., Employee of: Employee of the Bio-thera Solutions Ltd., Yinbo Zhou Shareholder of: Employee of Bio-thera Solutions Ltd. with share as part of Stock incentive plan, Employee of: Employee of Bio-thera Solutions Ltd., Qingfeng Dong Shareholder of: Employee of Bio-thera Solutions Ltd. with shares as part of Stock incentive plan, Employee of: Employee of Bio-thera Solutions Ltd., Marian Mitroiu Shareholder of: Employee of Biogen and may hold stocks, Employee of: Employee of Biogen, Janet Addison Shareholder of: Employee of Biogen and holds stock in Biogen, Employee of: Employee of Biogen, Xiaofeng Zeng: None declared

AB0339 EFFICACY, PHARMACOKINETICS AND SAFETY BETWEEN CT-P13 AND CHINA-APPROVED INFLIXIMAB: 54 WEEK RESULT FROM A PHASE III RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL IN CHINESE PATIENTS WITH ACTIVE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Background

CT-P13 is an approved biosimilar to EU-approved and US-licensed Infliximab (INX) for the indications of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), adult and paediatric Crohn’s disease, adult and paediatric ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate equivalence of efficacy and compare PK and safety profiles of CT-P13 and China-approved INX.

Methods

In this randomized, double blinded, multicenter, parallel-group, phase III study, patients with active RA who had been responding inadequately to methotrexate for at least 3 months, were randomized to receive either CT-P13 or China-approved INX. Patients were treated with doses of 3 mg/kg at Weeks 0, 2, 6, then every 8 weeks up to Week 54. Prior to dosing at Week 30, patients randomized to China-approved INX underwent a second randomization either to continue China-approved INX or to switch to CT-P13 at Week 30. Results of patients who underwent transition to CT-P13 were included in the China-approved INX group. The primary efficacy endpoint was change in DAS28 (CRP) from baseline to Week 14, which was analyzed using an analysis of covariance. Equivalence was determined if the 90% CI for the estimate of treatment difference was entirely contained within the predefined equivalence margin of -0.6 to 0.6.

Results

270 patients were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups in a 1:1 ratio (136 and 134 patients in the CT-P13 and China-approved INX groups, respectively) and 184 patients completed the study. The least square mean change (standard error) of DAS28 (CRP) from baseline to Week 14, -1.566 [0.1419] and -1.547 [0.1491], was similar between the CT-P13 and China-approved INX groups, respectively. The 90% CI for the estimate of treatment difference (-0.29, 0.25) was contained within the predefined equivalence margin, which demonstrated therapeutic equivalence between the groups. The mean actual values for DAS28 (CRP) decreased from baseline to Week 54 and were similar between the groups (Figure 1). Additional efficacy endpoints, including ACR responses (ACR20 at Week 14; 60.6%, 54.8% and at Week 54; 65.1%, 60.6% in the CT-P13 and China-approved INX groups, respectively), EULAR responses, CDAI, and SDAI, were similar between the groups, even after switching at Week 30. During the study, mean serum INX concentrations were similar between the groups. Between Weeks 14 and 22, mean (percent coefficient of variation) AUCτ were 11156333.615 (44.796) ng·h/mL and 11462884.280 (51.057) ng·h/mL, and Cmax,ss were 66577.2 (31.4) ng/mL and 66356.1 (21.0) ng/mL in the CT-P13 and China-approved INX groups, respectively, which were similar between the groups. Most treatment-emergent AEs were grade 1 or 2 in intensity. One malignancy was reported in the CT-P13 group and no deaths were reported. The proportions of patients with anti-drug antibodies were similar between the groups, even after switching at Week 30. The overall safety profile of CT-P13 was comparable to that of China-approved INX and no new safety issues were observed (Table 1).

Table 1.

Summary of Safety Results

Number of patients (%)CT-P13 (N=136)China-approved Infliximab (N=133)Treatment-emergent AEsTotal115 (84.6%)107 (80.5%)Related97 (71.3%)86 (64.7%)Treatment-emergent serious AEsTotal17 (12.5%)12 (9.0%)Related10 (7.4%)6 (4.5%)Infusion related reaction/ hypersensitivity/anaphylactic reactionsTotal(=Related)20 (14.7%)19 (14.3%)InfectionsTotal45 (33.1%)43 (32.3%)Related36 (26.5%)40 (30.1%)

Note: Summary is presented for the safety population who received at least 1 dose (full or partial) of study drug.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated that efficacy of CT-P13 is equivalent to that of China-approved INX. Also, the PK and safety profiles of CT-P13 were comparable to those of China-approved INX. No loss of efficacy or difference in safety or immunogenicity was observed after switching from China-approved INX to CT-P13 at Week 30.

Disclosure of Interests

Jonathan Kay Consultant of: Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH; Pfizer Inc.; Samsung Bioepis; Sandoz Inc., Grant/research support from: Pfizer Inc. (paid to UMass Chan Medical School), Xiaofeng Zeng Grant/research support from: Celltrion, Inc, Lin Chen Grant/research support from: Celltrion, Inc, Kaijiang Tang Grant/research support from: Celltrion, Inc, guixiu shi Grant/research support from: Celltrion, Inc, Lin Liu Grant/research support from: Celltrion, Inc, Lijun Wu Grant/research support from: Celltrion, Inc, Yi Liu Grant/research support from: Celltrion, Inc, Jiankang Hu Grant/research support from: Celltrion, Inc, Shengyun Liu Grant/research support from: Celltrion, Inc, Zheng Yi Grant/research support from: Celltrion, Inc, Sung Hyun Kim Employee of: Celltrion, Inc, YunJu Bae Employee of: Celltrion, Inc, JeeHye Suh Employee of: Celltrion, Inc, Seungjin Rhee Employee of: Celltrion, Inc, SeulGi Lee Employee of: Celltrion, Inc, Chankyoung Hwang Employee of: Celltrion, Inc

Increased Risk for Substance Use-Related Problems in Mild Intellectual Disability: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Introduction

Intellectual disability (ID) has been linked to substance use-related problems (SUP). However, previous research is limited by the small sample sizes, lack of general population comparison and have not accounted for familial confoundings. The role of other psychiatric comorbidities also remains unknown.

Objectives

To examine the risk of SUP in individuals with mild-ID and assess whether the associations depend on other psychiatric comorbidities, controlling for potential familial confounding.

Methods

Population-based cohort study of individuals born in Sweden 1973-2003. We identified 19,078 individuals with mild-ID, 953,900 reference individuals from the general population, and 20,722 full-siblings of individuals with mild-ID. Conditional logistic regression models were used to compare individuals with mild-ID to the general population and their full-siblings regarding the risk of SUP, including alcohol and substance use disorders, alcohol and substance-related somatic diseases, substance-related crime, and substance-related death. Analyses were repeated stratified by the presence of psychiatric comorbidities.

Results

Individuals with mild-ID had increased risks of any SUP (adjusted OR [95%CI]: 1.41 [1.35, 1.47]), compared to the general population, including alcohol-related somatic diseases (3.27 [1.92, 5.59]), alcohol (2.05 [1.91, 2.22]) and drug-use disorder (1.79 [1.69, 1.91]), and alcohol (1.36 [1.19, 1.49]) and drug-related crime (1.27 [1.19, 1.36]). The risk of SUP for individuals with mild ID was particularly elevated with comorbid mood (3.74 [3.47, 4.04]), anxiety (3.30 [3.09, 3.53]) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders (2.61 [2.44, 2.80]). Increased risk of SUP remained significant when controlling for familial confounding.

Conclusions

Individuals with mild-ID, especially those with other psychiatric comorbidities, are at increased risks of SUP.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Summary of the 2021 ICRP workshop on the future of radiological protection

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has embarked on a process to review and revise the current System of Radiological Protection ('the System'). To stimulate discussion, the ICRP published two open-access articles: one on aspects of the System that might require review, and another on research that might improve the scientific foundation of the System. Building on these articles, the ICRP organized a Workshop on the Future of Radiological Protection as an opportunity to engage in the review and revision of the System. This digital workshop took place from 14 October-3 November 2021 and included 20 live-streamed and 43 on-demand presentations. Approximately 1500 individuals from 100 countries participated. Based on the subjects covered by the presentations, this summary is organized into four broad areas: the scientific basis, concepts and application of the System; and the role of the ICRP. Some of the key topics that emerged included the following: classification of radiation-induced effects; adverse outcome pathway methodologies; better understanding of the dose-response relationship; holistic and reasonable approaches to optimization of protection; radiological protection of the environment; ethical basis of the System; clarity, consistency and communication of the System; application of the System in medicine and application of the principles of justification and optimization of protection.

[Expert consensus on measurement and clinical application of serum HBV RNA in patients with chronic HBV infection]

Since the discovery of circulating hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic hepatitis B in 1996, a growing number of studies have focused on clarifying the biological characteristics and clinical application value of serum HBV RNA. This consensus mainly summarizes the research progress of serum HBV RNA existing profiles, quantitative detection methods, and current clinical applications. In order to better apply this indicator for the clinical management of patients with chronic HBV infection, recommendations on quantitative detection target regions, detection results, and clinical applications are put forward.

[Dihydromyricetin improves cardiac insufficiency by inhibiting HMGB1 in diabetic rats]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of dihydromyricetin (DHM) on cardiac insufficiency in diabetic rats and explore the underlying mechanism.

METHOD

Twenty-four male SD rats were randomized equally into normal control group, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) group fed on a high-glucose and high-fat diet for 6 weeks with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) injection, metformin (MET) group with daily intragastric administration of MET (150 mg/kg) for 8 weeks after T2DM modeling, and dihydromyricetin (DHM) group with daily intragastric administration of DHM (250 mg/kg) for 8 weeks after modeling. The levels of fasting blood glucose, low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of the rats were measured, and plasma levels of insulin and high mobility group protein-1 (HMGB1) were detected with ELISA. The cardiac function of the rats was assessed using color echocardiography, ECG was measured using a biological signal acquisition system, and myocardial pathology was observed with HE staining. The protein expressions of HMGB1, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and phospho-NF-κB p65 (p-NF-κB p65) in the myocardial tissue were detected using Western blotting.

RESULTS

Compared with the control group, the rats in T2DM group showed significant anomalies in cardiac function after modeling with significantly increased plasma HMGB1 level and expressions of HMGB1, NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65 proteins in the myocardial tissue (P < 0.05 or 0.01). Treatment with DHM significantly improved the indexes of cardiac function of the diabetic rats (P < 0.05 or 0.01), decreased plasma HMGB1 level and down-regulated the protein expressions of HMGB1 and p-NF-κB p65 in the myocardial tissue (P < 0.05 or 0.01).

CONCLUSION

DHM treatment can improve cardiac function in diabetic rats possibly by down-regulation of HMGB1 and phospho-NF-κB p65 expressions in the myocardium.

Hypoperfusion intensity ratio correlates with clinical outcome of endovascular thrombectomy in acute ischaemic stroke patients with late therapeutic window

AIM

To evaluate the prognostic value of the hypoperfusion intensity ratio (HIR) on 90-day clinical outcome in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patients with late therapeutic window.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred and sixty-eight consecutive AIS patients with anterior-circulation large-vessel occlusion who underwent endovascular thrombectomy during the late window were enrolled retrospectively. Clinical data, Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS) based on unenhanced computed tomography (CT), and perfusion parameters included ischaemic core, hypoperfusion volume, mismatch volume between core and penumbra, and the HIR were assessed and compared between patients with or without favourable outcomes (defined as modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2). Statistical analysis included binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses.

RESULTS

A favourable outcome was achieved in 76 (45.2%) patients. In univariable analysis, age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score at admission, ASPECTS score, HIR, ischaemic core, and hypoperfusion volume were significantly associated with functional outcome (p<0.05). In multivariate analyses, age (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.92-0.99), NIHSS score at admission (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.84-0.96) and HIR (OR 0.018, 95% CI 0.003-0.113) remained as independent outcome predictors (p<0.01). The optimal threshold of HIR was 0.36 (sensitivity 70.7%, specificity 61.8%). The combination of age, NIHSS score at admission, and HIR yield good performance for outcome prediction with an area under the ROC curve of 0.815 (sensitivity 88.2%, specificity 64.1%), significantly higher than individual variable (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Low HIR was a predictor for favourable outcome in AIS patients with late therapeutic window. Integrating HIR with clinical variables improved the ability for outcome classification.

Tests of Lepton Universality Using B^{0}→K_{S}^{0}ℓ^{+}ℓ^{-} and B^{+}→K^{*+}ℓ^{+}ℓ^{-} Decays

Tests of lepton universality in B^{0}→K_{S}^{0}ℓ^{+}ℓ^{-} and B^{+}→K^{*+}ℓ^{+}ℓ^{-} decays where ℓ is either an electron or a muon are presented. The differential branching fractions of B^{0}→K_{S}^{0}e^{+}e^{-} and B^{+}→K^{*+}e^{+}e^{-} decays are measured in intervals of the dilepton invariant mass squared. The measurements are performed using proton-proton collision data recorded by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9  fb^{-1} . The results are consistent with the standard model and previous tests of lepton universality in related decay modes. The first observation of B^{0}→K_{S}^{0}e^{+}e^{-} and B^{+}→K^{*+}e^{+}e^{-} decays is reported.

Observation of the Decay Λ_{b}^{0}→Λ_{c}^{+}τ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{τ}

The first observation of the semileptonic b-baryon decay Λ_{b}^{0}→Λ_{c}^{+}τ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{τ}, with a significance of 6.1σ, is reported using a data sample corresponding to 3  fb^{-1} of integrated luminosity, collected by the LHCb experiment at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV at the LHC. The τ^{-} lepton is reconstructed in the hadronic decay to three charged pions. The ratio K=B(Λ_{b}^{0}→Λ_{c}^{+}τ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{τ})/B(Λ_{b}^{0}→Λ_{c}^{+}π^{-}π^{+}π^{-}) is measured to be 2.46±0.27±0.40, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. The branching fraction B(Λ_{b}^{0}→Λ_{c}^{+}τ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{τ})=(1.50±0.16±0.25±0.23)% is obtained, where the third uncertainty is from the external branching fraction of the normalization channel Λ_{b}^{0}→Λ_{c}^{+}π^{-}π^{+}π^{-}. The ratio of semileptonic branching fractions R(Λ_{c}^{+})≡B(Λ_{b}^{0}→Λ_{c}^{+}τ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{τ})/B(Λ_{b}^{0}→Λ_{c}^{+}μ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{μ}) is derived to be 0.242±0.026±0.040±0.059, where the external branching fraction uncertainty from the channel Λ_{b}^{0}→Λ_{c}^{+}μ^{-}ν[over ¯]_{μ} contributes to the last term. This result is in agreement with the standard model prediction.

[Spatial analysis of echinococcosis in pastoral area of Qinghai province, 2019]

Objective: To understand the spatial characteristics of echinococcosis and associated factors in the pastoral area of Qinghai province, and provide evidence for the effective prevention and control of echinococcosis. Methods: The number of echinococcosis cases in the pastoral areas of Qinghai in 2019 was collected to perform spatial epidemiological analysis. The thematic map of the distribution of echinococcosis cases was generated with software ArcGIS 10.8 for visual analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis. The spatial autocorrelation and spatial scanning analysis were performed to estimate the clustering of echinococcosis with software SaTScan 9.5. Software GeoDa 1.14 and ArcGIS 10.8 were used to establish spatial lag model and geographical weighted regression model to analyze the related factors of echinococcosis epidemic. Results: In 2019, the echinococcosis surveillance covered 64 741 people in the pastoral area of Qinghai, and 829 echinococcosis cases were found, with a prevalence rate of 1.28%. The distribution of the cases had spatial correlation (Moran's I=0.41, P<0.001). The most possible clustering areas indicated by spatial scanning analysis included Banma, Jiuzhi, Dari and Gande counties of Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (LLR=460.77, RR=9.20, P<0.001). The prevalence of echinococcosis in the pastoral areas was positively associated with the total annual precipitation (β=0.13, P=0.036), and negatively associated with population density (β=-1.36, P=0.019) and doctors/nurse ratio (β=-25.60, P=0.026). Conclusions: The distribution of echinococcosis cases in the pastoral areas of Qinghai in 2019 had spatial correlation, and the prevalence was affected by total annual precipitation, population density, and doctors/nurse ratio.

Observation of Two New Excited Ξ_{b}^{0} States Decaying to Λ_{b}^{0}K^{-}π^{+}

Two narrow resonant states are observed in the Λ_{b}^{0}K^{-}π^{+} mass spectrum using a data sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected by the LHCb experiment and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 6  fb^{-1}. The minimal quark content of the Λ_{b}^{0}K^{-}π^{+} system indicates that these are excited Ξ_{b}^{0} baryons. The masses of the Ξ_{b}(6327)^{0} and Ξ_{b}(6333)^{0} states are m[Ξ_{b}(6327)^{0}]=6327.28_{-0.21}^{+0.23}±0.12±0.24 and m[Ξ_{b}(6333)^{0}]=6332.69_{-0.18}^{+0.17}±0.03±0.22  MeV, respectively, with a mass splitting of Δm=5.41_{-0.27}^{+0.26}±0.12  MeV, where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic, and due to the Λ_{b}^{0} mass measurement. The measured natural widths of these states are consistent with zero, with upper limits of Γ[Ξ_{b}(6327)^{0}]<2.20(2.56) and Γ[Ξ_{b}(6333)^{0}]<1.60(1.92)  MeV at a 90% (95%) credibility level. The significance of the two-peak hypothesis is larger than nine (five) Gaussian standard deviations compared to the no-peak (one-peak) hypothesis. The masses, widths, and resonant structure of the new states are in good agreement with the expectations for a doublet of 1D Ξ_{b}^{0} resonances.

Measurement of the Nuclear Modification Factor and Prompt Charged Particle Production in p-Pb and pp Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5 TeV

The production of prompt charged particles in proton-lead collisions and in proton-proton collisions at the nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy sqrt[s_{NN}]=5  TeV is studied at LHCb as a function of pseudorapidity (η) and transverse momentum (p_{T}) with respect to the proton beam direction. The nuclear modification factor for charged particles is determined as a function of η between -4.8<η<-2.5 (backward region) and 2.0<η<4.8 (forward region), and p_{T} between 0.2<p_{T}<8.0  GeV/c. The results show a suppression of charged particle production in proton-lead collisions relative to proton-proton collisions in the forward region and an enhancement in the backward region for p_{T} larger than 1.5  GeV/c. This measurement constrains nuclear PDFs and saturation models at previously unexplored values of the parton momentum fraction down to 10^{-6}.

Expression and roles of GRAS gene family in plant growth, signal transduction, biotic and abiotic stress resistance and symbiosis formation-a review

The GRAS (derived from GAI, RGA and SCR) gene family consists of plant-specific genes, works as a transcriptional regulator and plays a key part in the regulation of plant growth and development. The past decade has witnessed significant progress in understanding and advances on GRAS transcription factors in various plants. A notable concern is to what extent the mechanisms found in plants, particularly crops, are shared by other species, and what other characteristics are dependent on GRAS transcription factor (TFS)-mediated gene expression. GRAS are involved in many processes that are intimately linked to plant growth regulation. However, GRAS also perform additional roles against environmental stresses, allowing plants to function more efficiently. GRAS increase plant growth and development by improving several physiological processes, such as phytohormone, biosynthetic and signalling pathways. Furthermore, the GRAS gene family plays an important role in response to abiotic stresses, e.g. photooxidative stress. Moreover, evidence shows the involvement of GRAS in arbuscule development during plant-mycorrhiza associations. In this review, the diverse roles of GRAS in plant systems are highlighted that could be useful in enhancing crop productivity through genetic modification, especially of crops. This is the first review to report the role and function of the GRAS gene family in plant systems. Furthermore, a large number of studies are reviewed, and several limitations and research gaps identified that must be addressed in future studies.

Considerations When Aggregating Data to Measure Performance Across Levels of the Health Care System

BACKGROUND

Measuring quality at varying levels of the health care system requires attribution, a process of determining the patients and services for which each level is responsible. However, it is important to ensure that attribution approaches are equitable; otherwise, individuals may be assigned differentially based upon social determinants of health.

METHODS

First, we used Medicaid claims (2010-2018) from Michigan to assess the proportion of children with sickle cell anemia who had less than 12 months enrollment within a single Medicaid health plan and could therefore not be attributed to a specific health plan. Second, we used the Medicaid Analytic eXtract data (2008-2009) from 26 states to simulate adapting the 30-Day Pediatric All-Condition Readmission measure to the Accountable Care Organization (ACO) level and examined the proportion of readmissions that could not be attributed.

RESULTS

For the sickle cell measure, an average of 300 children with sickle cell anemia were enrolled in Michigan Medicaid each year. The proportion of children that could not be attributed to a Medicaid health plan ranged from 12.2% to 89.0% across years. For the readmissions measure, of the 1,051,365 index admissions, 22% were excluded in the ACO-level analysis because of being unable to attribute the patient to a health plan for the 30 days post discharge.

CONCLUSIONS

When applying attribution models, it is essential to consider the potential to induce health disparities. Differential attribution may have unintentional consequences that deepen health disparities, particularly when considering incentive programs for health plans to improve the quality of care.

Human iPSC-derived renal organoids engineered to report oxidative stress can predict drug-induced toxicity

Advances in regenerative medicine have led to the construction of many types of organoids, which reproduce important aspects of endogenous organs but may be limited or disorganized in nature. While their usefulness for restoring function remains unclear, they have undoubted usefulness in research, diagnostics, and toxicology. In toxicology, there is an urgent need for better models for human kidneys. We used human iPS-cell (hiPSC)-derived renal organoids to identify HMOX1 as a useful marker of toxic stress via the oxidative stress pathway, and then constructed an HMOX1 reporter in hiPSCs. We used two forms of hiPSC-derived HMOX1-reporter renal organoids to probe their ability to detect nephrotoxicants in a panel of blind-coded compounds. Our results highlight the potential usefulness, and some limitations, of HMOX1-reporter renal organoids as screening tools. The results may guide development of similar stress-reporting organoid assays for other stem-cell-derived organs and tissues.

Summary of the proceedings of the International Forum 2021: “A more visible radiologist can never be replaced by AI”

The ESR International Forum at the ECR 2021 discussed effects of artificial intelligence on the future of radiology and the need for increased visibility of radiologists. The participating societies were invited to submit written reports detailing the current situation in their country or region. The European Society of Radiology (ESR) established the ESR International Forum in order to discuss hot topics in the profession of radiology with non-European radiological partner societies. At the ESR International Forum 2021, different strategies, initiatives and ideas were presented with regard to radiology community’s response to the changes caused by the emerging AI technology.

[Differential diagnosis between pulmonary artery sarcoma and central chronic pulmonary thromboembolism:a preliminary study on CT signs]

Objective: To improve the diagnostic accuracy of pulmonary artery sarcoma, and to distinguish it from central chronic pulmonary thromboembolism using CT scans. Methods: In this retrospective study, two groups of pulmonary artery sarcoma (PAS group) and central chronic pulmonary thromboembolism (central CPTE group) confirmed by pathology at our hospital between August 2009 and July 2019 were enrolled, clinical features and pre-operative CT pulmonary artery manifestation were collected, and the key points of differential diagnosis were summarized. Results: The study was composed of 13 cases in the PAS group including 10 males (76.9%), with an average age of (45.4±15.5) years. There were 19 patients in the central CPTE group including 14 males (73.7%), with an average age of (38.6±14.1) years. There were no significant differences in gender and age between the two groups. Deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremities was significantly higher in the central CPTE group than in the PAS group (7/19 vs. 0/13, P=0.025), and the N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide value was higher in the central CPTE group than in the PAS group [674.50(261.70-1 977.70) vs. 66.00(28.10-505.50),P=0.001]. In CT pulmonary angiography, the involvement of the main pulmonary artery, and the proximal lesion showing an acute angle to the pulmonary artery wall were more common in the PAS group [11(84.6%) vs. 5(26.3%), P=0.003; 11(84.6%) vs. 2(10.5%), P<0.001, respectively]. The swelling index of the main pulmonary and the left/right main pulmonary arteries in the PAS group were significantly higher, as well as the dilatation in the lobar and segmental pulmonary arteries [1.19±0.17 vs. 0.99±0.19,P=0.006, 10(76.9%) vs. 2(10.5%), P<0.001, respectively]. The right ventricular transverse diameter/left ventricular transverse diameter (RVd/LVd) and pulmonary artery diameter/ascending aortic diameter ratio (Pad/Aod) were significantly lower in PAS group than those in the central CPTE group (0.97±0.19 vs. 1.23±0.35,P=0.020; 0.98±0.25 vs. 1.15±0.20,P=0.039). Conclusions: In CT pulmonary angiography, filling defects involving the main pulmonary artery and showing expansive growth were highly suggestive of pulmonary artery sarcoma. The history of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities was helpful for the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary embolism.

Novel insights into heat tolerance using metabolomic and high-throughput sequencing analysis in dairy cows rumen fluid

Heat stress influences rumen fermentative processes with effects on the physiology and production of dairy cows. However, the underlying relationship between rumen microbiota and its associated metabolism with heat tolerance in cows have not been extensively described yet. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate differential heat resistance in Holstein cows using rumen bacterial and metabolome analyses. We performed both principal component analysis and membership function analysis to select seven heat-tolerant (HT) and seven heat-sensitive (HS) cows. Under heat stress conditions, the HT cows had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher propionic acid content than the HS cows; while measures of the respiratory rate, acetic, and butyric acid in the HT cows were significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared with the HS cows. Also, the HT cows showed lower (P < 0.01) rectal temperature and acetic acid to propionic acid ratio than the HS group of cows. Omics sequencing revealed that the relative abundances of Muribaculaceae, Rikenellaceae, Acidaminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Succiniclasticum, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the HT cows; whereas Prevotellaceae, Prevotella_1, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, and Shuttleworthia were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in HT cows compared to HS cows. Substances mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism, including glycerol, mannitol, and maltose, showed significantly higher content in the HT cows (P < 0.05) compared to that in the HS cows. Simultaneously, distinct metabolites were significantly correlated with differential bacteria, suggesting that glycerol, mannitol, and maltose could serve as potential biomarkers for determining heat resistance that require further study. Overall, distinct changes in the rumen microbiota and metabolomics in the HT cows may be associated with a better adaptability to heat stress. These findings suggest their use as diagnostic tools of heat tolerance in dairy cattle breeding schemes.

Low pH nasal rinse solution enhances mupirocin antimicrobial efficacy

BACKGROUND

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common condition negatively impacting a patient's quality of life. It has been hypothesized that bacterial biofilms are involved in the pathogenesis of CRS due to their persistence and difficulty to eradicate with conventional antibiotic therapy. Hence, the topical delivery of antibiotics via nasal rinse solution has gained a lot of attention due to the ability to deliver higher local concentrations, with less systemic absorption and side effects. This study investigates the efficacy of mupirocin dissolved in the 3 most commonly used sinus rinses in Australia Neilmed (isotonic saline), Flo Sinus Care (sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, glucose anhydrous and calcium lactate and Pentahydrate) and FloCRS (sodium chloride, potassium chloride and xylitol).

METHODS

Planktonic and biofilm cultures of S. aureus (ATCC25923, 2 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (C222 and C263), and 2 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSS) (C311 and C349) clinical isolates) were treated with mupirocin dissolved in three sinus rinses (Neilmed, Flo Sinus Care and FloCRS with different pH). To establish whether pH was a significant factor in determining antibiotic activity, experiments with Flo CRS were performed both at pH 5.64 and elevated pH 7.7. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for planktonic cells. The biofilm biomass and metabolic activity were assessed by using crystal violet assay and alamarBlue assay respectively.

RESULTS

The combination of mupirocin in low pH (pH 5.64) sinus rinse (FloCRS) had the highest efficacy in reducing the growth of S. aureus in both the planktonic and biofilm forms. Mupirocin diluted in FloCRS (pH 5.64) showed a significantly higher reduction in both biomass and metabolic activity than that was observed when mupirocin was diluted in Neilmed, Flo Sinus Care or FloCRS (pH 7.7).

CONCLUSION

The choice of irrigant solution for topical mupirocin delivery appears to be important for antimicrobial activity. The delivery of mupirocin via low pH FloCRS could be useful in eliminating S. aureus biofilms present on the sinus mucosa of patients with CRS.

Low pH nasal rinse solution enhances mupirocin antimicrobial efficacy

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common condition negatively impacting a patient’s quality of life. It has been hypothesized that bacterial biofilms are involved in the pathogenesis of CRS due to their persistence and difficulty to eradicate with conventional antibiotic therapy. Hence, the topical delivery of antibiotics via nasal rinse solution has gained a lot of attention due to the ability to deliver higher local concentrations, with less systemic absorption and side effects. This study investigates the efficacy of mupirocin dissolved in the 3 most commonly used sinus rinses in Australia Neilmed (isotonic saline), Flo Sinus Care (sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, potassium chloride, glucose anhydrous and calcium lactate and Pentahydrate) and FloCRS (sodium chloride, potassium chloride and xylitol). Methods: Planktonic and biofilm cultures of S. aureus (ATCC25923, 2 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (C222 and C263), and 2 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSS) (C311 and C349) clinical isolates) were treated with mupirocin dissolved in three sinus rinses (Neilmed, Flo Sinus Care and FloCRS with different pH). To establish whether pH was a significant factor in determining antibiotic activity, experiments with Flo CRS were performed both at pH 5.64 and elevated pH 7.7. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for planktonic cells. The biofilm biomass and metabolic activity were assessed by using crystal violet assay and alamarBlue assay respectively. Results: The combination of mupirocin in low pH (pH 5.64) sinus rinse (FloCRS) had the highest efficacy in reducing the growth of S. aureus in both the planktonic and biofilm forms. Mupirocin diluted in FloCRS (pH 5.64) showed a significantly higher reduction in both biomass and metabolic activity than that was observed when mupirocin was diluted in Neilmed, Flo Sinus Care or FloCRS (pH 7.7). Conclusion: The choice of irrigant solution for topical mupirocin delivery appears to be important for antimicrobial activity. The delivery of mupirocin via low pH FloCRS could be useful in eliminating S. aureus biofilms present on the sinus mucosa of patients with CRS.

SP1-induced lncRNA DUBR promotes stemness and oxaliplatin resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma via E2F1-CIP2A feedback

Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy is widely used to treat advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but many patients develop drug resistance that leads to tumor recurrence. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are known to contribute to chemoresistance, the underlying mechanism, however, remains largely unknown. In this study, we discovered a specificity protein 1 (SP1)-induced long noncoding RNA--DPPA2 upstream binding RNA (DUBR) and its high expression in HCC tissues and liver CSCs. DUBR was associated with HCC progression and poor chemotherapy response. Moreover, DUBR facilitated the stemness and oxaliplatin resistance of HCC in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, DUBR upregulated cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) expression through E2F1-mediated transcription regulation. DUBR also exerted function by binding microRNA (miR)-520d-5p as a competing endogenous RNA to upregulate CIP2A at mRNA level. CIP2A, in turn, stabilized E2F1 protein and activated the Notch1 signaling pathway, thereby increasing the stemness feature of HCC and leading to chemoresistance. In conclusion, we identified SP1/DUBR/E2F1-CIP2A as a critical axis to activate the Notch1 signaling pathway and promote stemness and chemoresistance of HCC. Therefore, DUBR could be a potential target in HCC treatment.

Study of Z Bosons Produced in Association with Charm in the Forward Region

Events containing a Z boson and a charm jet are studied for the first time in the forward region of proton-proton collisions. The data sample used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 6  fb^{-1} collected at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with the LHCb detector. In events with a Z boson and a jet, the fraction of charm jets is determined in intervals of Z-boson rapidity in the range 2.0<y(Z)<4.5. A sizable enhancement is observed in the forwardmost y(Z) interval, which could be indicative of a valencelike intrinsic-charm component in the proton wave function.

[Survival analysis of different kinds of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutated non-small cell lung cancer and leptomeningeal metastasis]

Objective: To explore the prognosis of patients with leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) and epidermal growth factor receptor mutated (EGFRm) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with different kinds of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Methods: From January 2016 to June 2021, the clinicopathological data of 70 patients confirmed by histologically or cytologically EGFRm LM who received different types of TKIs in Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences were retrospectively analyzed. According to treatment patterns, patients were divided into the first-and second-generation EGFR-TKIs treatment group and the third-generation EGFR-TKIs treatment group [Osimertinib 80 mg once a day], and the prognosis and prognostic factors (with Cox proportional hazards model) of patients in different treatment group were assessed. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) of paired samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma from 64 patients at the time of LM diagnosis was performed simultaneously. Results: There were 20 males and 50 females in 70 EGFRm NSCLC patients with LM. The age ranged from 35 to 69 years, with a median age of 56 years. A total of 24 patients received the first-and second-generation EGFR-TKIs treatment, and 46 received the third-generation EGFR-TKIs treatment. Twenty-four patients developed disease progression on the first-and second EGFR-TKIs treatments, followed by treatment with the third-generation EGFR-TKIs (Osimertinib) in 12 cases, chemotherapy or anti-angiogenesis therapy in 4 cases, and the optimal supportive treatment in 8 cases. Among the 70 patients, 18 had partial response (PR), 48 had stable disease (SD), and 4 had progressive disease (PD). The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 26% (18/70) and 94% (66/70), respectively. The median follow-up time was 16.5 months. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.3 months(95%CI: 2.8-7.8)in the first-and second-generation EGFR-TKIs and 10.8 months (95%CI: 7.9-13.6) in the third-generation EGFR-TKIs, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.019). The median overall survival (OS) was 14.9 months (95%CI: 9.7-20.0) and 15.7 months (95%CI: 13.3-18.1) in the two groups, respectively, but no statistical differences was observed (P=0.713). Univariate analysis showed that the PFS of patients with EGFRm LM were related to gender and different types of EGFR-TKIs (P˂0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that male (HR=2.30, 95%CI: 1.31-4.03, P=0.004) and the first-and second-generation EGFR-TKIs (HR=2.03, 95%CI: 1.20-3.41, P=0.008) were independent risk factors for PFS in patients with EGFRm LM. The EGFR mutation was detected in 61 (95%) CSF and in 27 (42%) plasma samples. Conclusion: In EGFRm NSCLC patients with LM, the dose of Osimertinib 80 mg (once a day) has a significant PFS benefit compared with the first-and second-generation EGFR-TKIs.

Evidence for a New Structure in the J/ψp and J/ψp[over ¯] Systems in B_{s}^{0}→J/ψpp[over ¯] Decays

An amplitude analysis of flavor-untagged B_{s}^{0}→J/ψpp[over ¯] decays is performed using a sample of 797±31 decays reconstructed with the LHCb detector. The data, collected in proton-proton collisions between 2011 and 2018, correspond to an integrated luminosity of 9  fb^{-1}. Evidence for a new structure in the J/ψp and J/ψp[over ¯] systems with a mass of 4337_{-4}^{+7} _{-2}^{+2}  MeV and a width of 29_{-12}^{+26} _{-14}^{+14}  MeV is found, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic, with a significance in the range of 3.1 to 3.7σ, depending on the assigned J^{P} hypothesis.

Novel role of estrogen receptor-α on regulating chondrocyte phenotype and response to mechanical loading

OBJECTIVE

In knee cartilage from patients with osteoarthritis (OA), both preserved cartilage and damaged cartilage are observed. In this study, we aim to compare preserved with damaged cartilage to identify the molecule(s) that may be responsible for the mechanical loading-induced differences within cartilage degradation.

METHODS

Preserved and damaged cartilage were harvested from the same OA knee joint. RNA Sequencing was performed to examine the transcriptomic differences between preserved and damaged cartilage cells. Estrogen receptor-α (ERα) was identified, and its function of was tested through gene knockin and knockout. The role of ERα in mediating chondrocyte response to mechanical loading was examined via compression of chondrocyte-laded hydrogel in a strain-controlled manner. Findings from the studies on human samples were verified in animal models.

RESULTS

Level of estrogen receptor α (ERα) was significantly reduced in damaged cartilage compared to preserved cartilage, which were observed in both human and mice samples. Knockdown of ESR1, the gene encoding ERα, resulted in an upregulation of senescence- and OA-relevant markers in chondrocytes. Conversely, knockin of ESR1 partially reversed the osteoarthritic and senescent phenotype of OA chondrocytes. Using a three-dimensional (3D) culture model, we demonstrated that mechanical overload significantly suppressed ERα level in chondrocytes with concomitant upregulation of osteoarthritic phenotype. When ESR1 expression was suppressed, mechanical loading enhanced hypertrophic and osteogenic transition.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrates a new estrogen-independent role of ERα in mediating chondrocyte phenotype and its response to mechanical loading, and suggests that enhancing ERα level may represent a new method to treat osteoarthritis.

Expression pattern of CRYAB and CTGF genes in two pig breeds at different altitudes

ABSTRACT Tibetan pigs are characterized by significant phenotypic differences relative to lowland pigs. Our previous study demonstrated that the genes CRYAB and CTGF were differentially expressed in heart tissues between Tibetan (highland breed) and Yorkshire (lowland breed) pigs, indicating that they might participate in hypoxia adaptation. CRYAB (ɑB-crystallin) and CTGF (connective tissue growth factor) have also been reported to be associated with lung development. However, the expression patterns of CRYAB and CTGF in lung tissues at different altitudes and their genetic characterization are not well understood. In this study, qRT-PCR and western blot of lung tissue revealed higher CRYAB expression levels in highland and middle-highland Tibetan and Yorkshire pigs than in their lowland counterparts. With an increase in altitude, the expression level of CTGF increased in Tibetan pigs, whereas it decreased in Yorkshire pigs. Furthermore, two novel single-nucleotide polymorphism were identified in the 5′ flanking region of CRYAB (g.39644482C>T and g.39644132T>C) and CTGF (g.31671748A>G and g.31671773T>G). The polymorphism may partially contribute to the differences in expression levels between groups at the same altitude. These findings provide novel insights into the high-altitude hypoxia adaptations of Tibetan pigs.

Analysis of Neutral B-Meson Decays into Two Muons

Branching fraction and effective lifetime measurements of the rare decay B_{s}^{0}→μ^{+}μ^{-} and searches for the decays B^{0}→μ^{+}μ^{-} and B_{s}^{0}→μ^{+}μ^{-}γ are reported using proton-proton collision data collected with the LHCb detector at center-of-mass energies of 7, 8, and 13 TeV, corresponding to a luminosity of 9  fb^{-1}. The branching fraction B(B_{s}^{0}→μ^{+}μ^{-})=(3.09_{-0.43-0.11}^{+0.46+0.15})×10^{-9} and the effective lifetime τ(B_{s}^{0}→μ^{+}μ^{-})=2.07±0.29±0.03  ps are measured, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. No significant signal for B^{0}→μ^{+}μ^{-} and B_{s}^{0}→μ^{+}μ^{-}γ decays is found and upper limits B(B^{0}→μ^{+}μ^{-})<2.6×10^{-10} and B(B_{s}^{0}→μ^{+}μ^{-}γ)<2.0×10^{-9} at the 95% C.L. are determined, where the latter is limited to the range m_{μμ}>4.9  GeV/c^{2}. The results are in agreement with the standard model expectations.

A 2-year locomotive exploration and scientific investigation of the lunar farside by the Yutu-2 rover

The lunar nearside has been investigated by many uncrewed and crewed missions, but the farside of the Moon remains poorly known. Lunar farside exploration is challenging because maneuvering rovers with efficient locomotion in harsh extraterrestrial environment is necessary to explore geological characteristics of scientific interest. Chang'E-4 mission successfully targeted the Moon's farside and deployed a teleoperated rover (Yutu-2) to explore inside the Von Kármán crater, conveying rich information regarding regolith, craters, and rocks. Here, we report mobile exploration on the lunar farside with Yutu-2 over the initial 2 years. During its journey, Yutu-2 has experienced varying degrees of mild slip and skid, indicating that the terrain is relatively flat at large scales but scattered with local gentle slopes. Cloddy soil sticking on its wheels implies a greater cohesion of the lunar soil than encountered at other lunar landing sites. Further identification results indicate that the regolith resembles dry sand and sandy loam on Earth in bearing properties, demonstrating greater bearing strength than that identified during the Apollo missions. In sharp contrast to the sparsity of rocks along the traverse route, small fresh craters with unilateral moldable ejecta are abundant, and some of them contain high-reflectance materials at the bottom, suggestive of secondary impact events. These findings hint at notable differences in the surface geology between the lunar farside and nearside. Experience gained with Yutu-2 improves the understanding of the farside of the Moon, which, in return, may lead to locomotion with improved efficiency and larger range.

Species diversity, systematic revision and molecular phylogeny of Ganodermataceae (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) with an emphasis on Chinese collections

Ganodermataceae is one of the main families of macrofungi since species in the family are both ecologically and economically important. The double-walled basidiospores with ornamented endospore walls are the characteristic features of Ganodermataceae. It is a large and complex family; although many studies have focused on Ganodermataceae, the global diversity, geographic distribution, taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of Ganodermataceae still remained incompletely understood. In this work, taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on worldwide species of Ganodermataceae were carried out by morphological examination and molecular phylogenetic analyses inferred from six gene loci including the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene (rpb2), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1), the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU) and the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU). A total of 1 382 sequences were used in the phylogenetic analyses, of which 817 were newly generated, including 132 sequences of ITS, 139 sequences of nLSU, 83 sequences of rpb2, 124 sequences of tef1, 150 sequences of mtSSU and 189 sequences of nSSU. The combined six-gene dataset included sequences from 391 specimens representing 146 taxa from Ganodermataceae. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, 14 genera were confirmed in Ganodermataceae: Amauroderma, Amaurodermellus, Cristataspora, Foraminispora, Furtadoella, Ganoderma, Haddowia, Humphreya, Magoderna, Neoganoderma, Sanguinoderma, Sinoganoderma, Tomophagus and Trachydermella. Among these genera, Neoganoderma gen. nov. is proposed for Ganoderma neurosporum; Sinoganoderma gen. nov. is proposed for Ganoderma shandongense; Furtadoella gen. nov. is proposed to include taxa previously belonging to Furtadoa since Furtadoa is a homonym of a plant genus in the Araceae; Trachydermella gen. nov. is proposed to include Trachyderma tsunodae since Trachyderma is a homonym of a lichen genus in the Pannariaceae. Twenty-three new species, viz., Ganoderma acaciicola, G. acontextum, G. alpinum, G. bubalinomarginatum, G. castaneum, G. chuxiongense, G. cocoicola, G. fallax, G. guangxiense, G. puerense, G. subangustisporum, G. subellipsoideum, G. subflexipes, G. sublobatum, G. tongshanense, G. yunlingense, Haddowia macropora, Sanguinoderma guangdongense, Sa. infundibulare, Sa. longistipitum, Sa. melanocarpum, Sa. microsporum and Sa. tricolor are described. In addition, another 33 known species are also described in detail for comparison. Scanning electron micrographs of basidiospores of 10 genera in Ganodermataceae are provided. A key to the accepted genera of Ganodermataceae and keys to the accepted species of Ganoderma, Haddowia, Humphreya, Magoderna, Sanguinoderma and Tomophagus are also provided. In total, 278 species are accepted as members of Ganodermataceae including 59 species distributed in China.

Taxonomic novelties:New genera:Furtadoella B.K. Cui & Y.F. Sun, Neoganoderma B.K. Cui & Y.F. Sun, Sinoganoderma B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun and Trachydermella B.K. Cui & Y.F. Sun; New species:Ganoderma acaciicola B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun, G. acontextum B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Vlasák, G. alpinum B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun, G. bubalinomarginatum B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun, G. castaneum B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun, G. chuxiongense B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun, G. cocoicola B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun, G. fallax B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Vlasák, G. guangxiense B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun, G. puerense B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun, G. subangustisporum B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun, G. subellipsoideum B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun, G. subflexipes B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun, G. sublobatum B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun, G. tongshanense B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun, G. yunlingense B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun, Haddowia macropora B.K. Cui, Vlasák & Y.F. Sun, Sanguinoderma guangdongense B.K. Cui & Y.F. Sun, Sa. infundibulare B.K. Cui & Y.F. Sun, Sa. longistipitum B.K. Cui & Y.F. Sun, Sa. melanocarpum B.K. Cui & Y.F. Sun, Sa. microsporum B.K. Cui & Y.F. Sun and Sa. tricolor B.K. Cui & Y.F. Sun; New combinations: Furtadoella biseptata (Costa-Rezende et al.) B.K. Cui & Y.F. Sun, Fu. brasiliensis (Singer) B.K. Cui & Y.F. Sun, Fu. corneri (Gulaid & Ryvarden) B.K. Cui & Y.F. Sun, Neoganoderma neurosporum (J.S. Furtado) B.K. Cui & Y.F. Sun, Sinoganoderma shandongense (J.D. Zhao & L.W. Xu) B.K. Cui, J.H. Xing & Y.F. Sun and Trachydermella tsunodae (Yasuda ex Lloyd) B.K. Cui & Y.F. Sun.

Citation: Sun Y-F, Xing J-H, He X-L, Wu D-M, Song C-G, Liu S, Vlasák J, Gates G, Gibertoni TB, Cui B-K (2022). Species diversity, systematic revision and molecular phylogeny of Ganodermataceae (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) with an emphasis on Chinese collections. Studies in Mycology101: 287–415. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.101.05.

[High expression of miR-3682-3p is an unfavorable prognostic factor of hepatocellular carcinoma]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the expression of miR-3682-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its correlation with clinical parameters and prognosis of HCC.

METHODS

We conducted a bioinformatics analysis of the expression of miR-3682-3p in HCC and its correlation with the patients' survival, and examined its expression in 18 pairs of fresh and 90 pairs of paraffin-embedded HCC and adjacent tissues using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization, respectively. The correlation of miR-3682-3p expression in HCC with the clinical parameters and prognosis of the patients was analyzed. Multivariate regression analysis was used to explore the possibility of miR-3682-3p expression as an independent prognostic factor of HCC.

RESULTS

Bioinformatics analysis showed that miR-3682-3p was highly expressed in HCC and significantly correlated with the survival time of HCC patients (χ²=8.793, P < 0.001). The expression of miR-3682-3p was significantly up-regulated in fresh HCC tissues as compared with the adjacent liver tissues (t=3.073, P=0.007). In paraffin-embedded samples, in situ hybridization revealed positive miR-3682-3p expression in the cytoplasm of HCC and adjacent tissues, and its expression was signifcantly up-regulated in HCC tissues (t=2.659, P=0.009). The expression level of miR-3682-3p was significantly correlated with American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC; 8th edition) stage (χ²=4.272, P= 0.039), HBV surface antigen status (χ²=5.143, P=0.023), recurrence (χ²=4.593, P=0.032), tumor size (χ²=4.580, P=0.032) and Edmondson Steiner grade (χ²=4.068, P=0.044). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that a higher expression of miR-3682-3p was associated with a shorter overall survival time (χ²=4.169, P=0.041) and disease-free survival time (χ²=4.078, P=0.043) of the patients. Multivariate analysis suggested that miR-3682-3p expression was an independent predictor of the prognosis of HCC patients.

CONCLUSION

MiR-3682-3p is up-regulated in HCC to serve as a significant factor that contributes to the occurrence and a poor prognosis of HCC.

Deletion in KRT75L4 linked to frizzle feather in Xiushui Yellow Chickens

Bird feathers are the product of interactions between natural and artificial selection. Feather-related traits are important for chicken selection and breeding. Frizzle feather is characterized by the abnormally development of feathers in chickens. In the current study, frizzle feather characteristics were observed in a local breed called Xiushui Yellow Chicken in Jiangxi, China. To determine the molecular mechanisms that underlie frizzle feather in Xiushui Yellow Chicken, four populations of three breeds (Xiushui Yellow Chicken with frizzle feathers, Xiushui Yellow Chicken with normal feathers, Guangfeng White-Ear Yellow Chicken, and Ningdu Yellow Chicken) were selected for whole-genome resequencing. Using a comparative genome strategy and genome-wide association study, a missense mutation (g.5281494A>G) and a 15-bp deletion (g.5285437-5285451delGATGCCGGCAGGACG) in KRT75L4 were identified as candidate mutations associated with frizzle feather in Xiushui Yellow Chicken. Based on genotyping performed in a large Xiushui Yellow Chicken population, the g.5285437-5285451delGATGCCGGCAGGACG mutation in KRT75L4 was confirmed as the putative causative mutation of frizzle feather. These results deepen the understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for frizzle feather, as well as facilitating the molecular detection and selection of the feather phenotype in Xiushui Yellow Chickens.

Keeping the ICRP recommendations fit for purpose

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has embarked on a review and revision of the system of Radiological Protection that will update the 2007 general recommendations in ICRPPublication 103. This is the beginning of a process that will take several years, involving open and transparent engagement with organisations and individuals around the world. While the system is robust and has performed well, it must adapt to address changes in science and society to remain fit for purpose. The aim of this paper is to encourage discussions on which areas of the system might gain the greatest benefit from review, and to initiate collaborative efforts. Increased clarity and consistency are high priorities. The better the system is understood, the more effectively it can be applied, resulting in improved protection and increased harmonisation. Many areas are identified for potential review including: classification of effects, with particular focus on tissue reactions; reformulation of detriment, potentially including non-cancer diseases; re-evaluation of the relationship between detriment and effective dose, and the possibility of defining detriments for males and females of different ages; individual variation in the response to radiation exposure; heritable effects; and effects and risks in non-human biota and ecosystems. Some of the basic concepts are also being considered, including the framework for bringing together protection of people and the environment, incremental improvements to the fundamental principles of justification and optimisation, a broader approach to protection of individuals, and clarification of the exposure situations introduced in 2007. In addition, ICRP is considering identifying where explicit incorporation of the ethical basis of the system would be beneficial, how to better reflect the importance of communications and stakeholder involvement, and further advice on education and training. ICRP invites responses on these and other areas relating to the review of the System of Radiological Protection.

Design and development of multilayer cotton masks via machine learning

With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, reusable high-performance cloth masks are recommended for the public to minimize virus spread and alleviate the demand for disposable surgical masks. However, the approach to design a high-performance cotton mask is still unclear. In this study, we aimed to find out the relationship between fabric properties and mask performance via experimental design and machine learning. Our work is the first reported work of employing machine learning to develop protective face masks. Here, we analyzed the characteristics of Egyptian cotton (EC) fabrics with different thread counts and measured the efficacy of triple-layered masks with different layer combinations and stacking orders. The filtration efficiencies of the triple-layered masks were related to the cotton properties and the layer combination. Stacking EC fabrics in the order of thread count 100-300-100 provides the best particle filtration efficiency (45.4%) and bacterial filtration efficiency (98.1%). Furthermore, these key performance metrics were correctly predicted using machine-learning models based on the physical characteristics of the constituent EC layers using Lasso and XGBoost machine-learning models. Our work showed that the machine learning-based prediction approach can be generalized to other material design problems to improve the efficiency of product development.

[Effects of radical radiotherapy combined with different regimens of chemotherapy on radiation intestinal injury in patients with non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma]

Objective: To investigate the effects of radical radiotherapy combined with different chemotherapy regimens (fluorouracil-based versus docetaxel plus cisplatin) on the incidence of radiation intestinal injury and the prognosis in patients with non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to recruit non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma patients who underwent chemoradiotherapy in the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and Nanfang Hospital from July 2013 to January 2021. Inclusion criteria: (1) newly diagnosed anal and perianal squamous cell carcinoma; (2) completed radical radiotherapy combined with concurrent chemotherapy; (3) tumor could be evaluated before radiotherapy. Exclusion criteria: (1) no imaging evaluation before treatment, or the tumor stage could not be determined; (2) patients undergoing local or radical resection before radiotherapy; (3) distant metastasis occurred before or during treatment; (4) recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma. A total of 55 patients (48 from the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and 7 from Nanfang Hospital) were given fluorouracil (the 5-FU group, n=34) or docetaxel combined with the cisplatin (the TP group, n=21). The evaluation of radiation intestinal injury, hematological toxicity and 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate were compared between the two groups. The effects of chemotherapy regimen and other clinicopathological factors on the incidence and severity of acute and chronic radiation intestinal injury were analyzed. The assessment of radiation intestinal injury was based on the American Cancer Radiotherapy Cooperation Group (RTOG) criteria. Results: During radiotherapy and within 3 months after radiotherapy, a total of 45 patients developed acute radiation intestinal injury, including 18 cases of grade 1 (32.7%), 22 cases of grade 2 (40.0%) and 5 cases of grade 3 (9.1%). No patient developed chronic radiation intestinal injury. Among the 34 patients in the 5-FU group, 21 had grade 2-3 radiation intestinal injury (21/34, 61.8%), which was significantly higher than that in the TP group (6/21, 28.6%) (χ(2)=5.723, P=0.017). Multivariate analysis showed that 5-FU chemotherapy regimen was an independent risk factor for radiation intestinal injury (HR=4.038, 95% CI: 1.250-13.045, P=0.020). With a median follow-up period of 26 (5-94) months, the 3-year DFS rate of patients in TP group and 5-FU group was 66.8% and 77.9%, respectively, whose difference was not significant (P=0.478). Univariate analysis showed that the DFS rate was associated with sex, age, tumor location, T stage, N stage, and induction chemotherapy (all P<0.05), while the DFS rate was not associated with chemotherapy regimen or radiation intestinal injury (both P>0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that age ≥ 50 years old was an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of patients (HR=8.301, 95% CI: 1.130-60.996, P=0.038). Conclusions: For patients with non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma, radical radiotherapy combined with TP chemotherapy regimen can significantly reduce the incidence of radiation intestinal injury as compared to 5-FU regimen. However, due to the short follow-up time, the effect of different chemotherapy regimens on the prognosis is not yet clear.

[Clinical and prognostic study of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis children with paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity syndrome]

The data of clinical characteristics, medical cost and prognosis of 22 anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis children from the Department of Neurology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics between May 2018 and January 2021 were analyzed, and 6 of them occurred paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity syndrome (PSH). It was found that the anti-NMDAR encephalitis children with PSH had severer consciousness disorder [median Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at admission: 7.5], longer duration of consciousness disorder (median time: 53 days), higher hospitalization cost (median cost: 230 000 RMB), severer neurological injury at onset [median modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at admission: 4], and longer recovery time of neurological function (median time of mRS score recovered to 0-2: 7 months), compared with those without PSH (all P<0.05). Therefore, more attention should be paid to sympathetic excited symptoms of anti NMDAR encephalitis, and thus identify and intervene early on PSH to reduce the neurological damage and economic burden.