Suppressed bone turnover was associated with increased osteoporotic fracture risks in non-obese postmenopausal Chinese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

We found that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was associated with increased fracture risks in non-obese postmenopausal Chinese women, and suppressed bone turnover might be the underlying mechanism. This is the first study evaluating and explaining the association of T2DM with osteoporotic fracture in Chinese population with such high homogeneity.

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study was to investigate the association of T2DM with osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal Chinese women.

METHODS

One thousand four hundred ten postmenopausal women were included and stratified into non-obese population [body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m(2)] and obese population (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2)). Each type of population was classified into diabetes group, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) group, and normal glucose group. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX) and serum N-amino terminal prepeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) were quantified. Vertebral fractures (VFs) and non-VFs were assessed by vertebral X-ray and questionnaire, respectively.

RESULTS

Comparing to normal glucose group, diabetes group and IFG group both had lower levels of P1NP and β-CTX, despite population types. Despite having non-decreased BMD, non-obese diabetic patients had higher risks of total fracture and VF than BMI-matched normal glucose subjects (both P < 0.05). Non-obese population was further classified by a mean value of P1NP or β-CTX. Non-obese diabetic patients with low P1NP or high β-CTX had higher fracture risks (both P < 0.05), comparing to non-obese normal glucose subjects with high P1NP or high β-CTX, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Type 2 diabetic patients had suppressed bone turnover, which might explain the increased fracture risks, independent of BMD. IFG patients might also have poor bone quality and need early prevention.

Overexpression of 4EBP1, p70S6K, Akt1 or Akt2 differentially promotes Coxsackievirus B3-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells

Our previous studies have shown that the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or mTOR complex 1 can obviously promote the Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced apoptosis of HeLa cells by regulating the expression of proapoptotic factors. To further illustrate it, Homo sapiens eIF4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1), p70S6 kinase (p70S6K), Akt1 and Akt2 were transfected to HeLa cells, respectively. And then, we established the stable transfected cell lines. Next, after CVB3 infection, apoptosis in different groups was determined by flow cytometry; the expressions of Bim, Bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3 were examined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and western blot analysis; the expression of CVB3 mRNA and viral capsid protein VP1 were also analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence, respectively. At the meantime, CVB3 replication was observed by transmission electron microscope. We found that CVB3-induced cytopathic effect and apoptosis in transfected groups were more obvious than that in controls. Unexpectedly, apoptosis rate in Akt1 group was higher than others at the early stage after viral infection and decreased with the viral-infected time increasing, which was opposite to other groups. Compared with controls, the expression of CVB3 mRNA was increased at 3, 6, 12 and 24 h postinfection (p. i.) in all groups. At the meantime, VP1 expression in 4EBP1 group was higher than control during the process of infection, while the expressions in the other groups were change dynamically. Moreover, overexpression of 4EBP1 did not affect the mRNA expressions of Bim, Bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3; while protein expressions of Bim and Bax were decreased, the self-cleavages of caspase-9 and caspase-3 were stimulated. Meanwhile, overexpression of p70S6K blocked the CVB3-induced Bim, Bax and caspase-9 expressions but promoted the self-cleavage of caspase-9. In the Akt1 group, it is noteworthy that the expressions of Bim protein were higher than controls at 3 and 6 h p. i. but lower at 24 h p. i., and the expression of Bax protein were higher at 6 and 24 h p. i., while their mRNA expressions were all decreased. Furthermore, overexpression of Akt1 stimulated the procaspase-9 and procaspase-3 expression but blocked their self-cleavages. Overexpression of Akt2, however, had little effect on Bim, Bax and caspase-3, while prevented caspase-9 from self-cleavage at the late stage of CVB3 infection. As stated above, our results demonstrated that overexpression of 4EBP1, p70S6K, Akt1 or Akt2 could promote the CVB3-induced apoptosis in diverse degree via different mediating ways in viral replication and proapoptotic factors in BcL-2 and caspase families. As 4EBP1, p70S6K and Akt are the important substrates of PI3K and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), we further illustrated the role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in the process of CVB3-induced apoptosis.

CT imaging as a prognostic indicator for patients with pulmonary injury from acute paraquat poisoning

OBJECTIVE

CT imaging may be an effective diagnostic method for assessing the extent and progression of pulmonary injury in patients with acute paraquat (PQ) poisoning.

METHODS

A retrospective review of 78 patients with acute PQ poisoning (survivor group, n=42; non-survivor group, n=36) was conducted to examine the lung segment involvement and CT image characteristics from baseline (first CT scan at a mean of 2.4 days after poisoning) to treatment time (second CT scan 3 days after the first). We examined the association between prognosis and pulmonary lesions indicated by characteristic effusion, fibrosis and consolidation in CT images.

RESULTS

Significant differences were apparent in CT images at baseline and after 3 days between the survivor and the non-survivor groups, with higher levels of pulmonary segment involvement, effusion, consolidation and fibrosis observed in the non-survivor group at baseline (p<0.05). The non-survivor group also showed rapid lesion progression. The receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that the best prognostic value of baseline CT scanning was achieved when performed 2-3 days following the initial exposure.

CONCLUSION

Prognosis correlated with increasing lung segment involvement, extent of disease characteristics visualised using CT and speed of lesion progression from baseline. Prognostic evaluation using CT scanning can be used to effectively provide earlier treatment for patients at risk for severe complications associated with PQ toxicity, such as acidosis; leukocytosis; and renal, hepatic and pancreatic failures.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE

Chest CT scan can be used 2-3 days following acute PQ poisoning to determine prognosis.

The prognostic value of CDKN2A hypermethylation in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis

Background:

The prognostic value of CDKN2A promoter hypermethylation in colorectal cancer remains controversial. We systematically reviewed the evidence for assessment of CDKN2A methylation in colorectal cancer to elucidate this issue.

Methods:

Pubmed, Embase and ISI web of knowledge were searched to identify eligible studies to evaluate the association of CDKN2A hypermethylation and overall survival and clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer patients. Combined hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were pooled using a random-effects model.

Results:

A total of 11 studies encompassing 3440 patients were included in the meta-analysis. CDKN2A hypermethylation had an unfavourable impact on OS of patients with colorectal cancer (HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.29–2.11). Subgroup analysis indicated that CDKN2A hypermethylation was significantly correlated with OS in Europe (HR 1.49; 95% CI 1.28–1.74) and Asia (HR 3.30; 95% CI 1.68–6.46). Furthermore, there was a significant association between CDKN2A hypermethylation and lymphovascular invasion (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.15–2.47), lymph node metastasis (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.09–2.59) and proximal tumour location (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.34–3.26) of colorectal cancer.

Conclusion:

This meta-analysis indicated that CDKN2A hypermethylation might be a predictive factor for unfavourable prognosis of colorectal cancer patients.

Prevalence of cardiovascular disease and risk factors in the Chinese population with impaired glucose regulation: the 2007-2008 China national diabetes and metabolic disorders study

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the most common chronic diseases in China. This aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of CVDs and risk factors in Chinese impaired glucose regulation subjects.We used a multistage, stratified sampling method to select subjects from the general Chinese population aged 20 years and older. Subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test to identify normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and impaired glucose regulation including isolated impaired fasting glucose (i-IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (i-IGT), and combined IFG/IGT and diabetic mellitus (DM). A logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between glucose abnormalities and CVD events.We identified that 34 293 subjects had NGT, 1 469 i-IFG, 4 571 i-IGT, 957 IFG/IGT and 4 949 DM. The age-sex standardized prevalence rate of cardiovascular disease was 1.06% (95% CI 0.87-1.28), 1.79% (95% CI 1.37-2.33) and 3.83% (95% CI 2.79-5.24) in NGT, impaired glucose regulation and DM, respectively. Among impaired glucose subjects, prevalence of defined CVD risk factors (smoking, overweight, obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia) was 29.52% (95% CI: 27.8-31.21), 36.25% (95% CI: 34.29-38.26), 10.05% (95% CI: 8.86-11.37), 36.43% (95% CI: 34.53-38.36) and 69.96% (95% CI: 67.87-71.98), respectively. Compared to 1 risk factor, the odds ratios (ORs) of CVDs with 2, 3 or 4 risk factors were 1.94 (95% CI: 0.74-5.09), 2.76 (95% CI: 1.06-7.21) and 5.84 (95% CI: 1.68-20.26), respectively. Additionally, compared to i-IFGs, ORs of CVDs with i-IGT and IFG/IGT were 2.88 (95%CI 1.36-6.01) and 2.12 (95% CI 0.83-5.44), respectively.The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was high in the Chinese impaired glucose regulation population. The postprandial hyperglycemia is more associated with CVD than isolated fasting hyperglycemia.

The correlation between T helper type 17 cells and clinical characters in Chinese paediatric patients with chronic hepatitis B

Interleukin (IL)-17-mediated immune response has been shown to play a critical role in inflammation-associated disease. However, its role in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) in paediatric patients remains unknown. We investigated the frequency of T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and evaluated the association between the Th17 and clinical characters in paediatric patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The frequency of Th17 cells was detected by flow cytometry analyses from 65 paediatric patients with CHB and nine healthy controls. The degree of hepatic inflammation was graded using the histological activity index (HAI). Compared with healthy controls, the frequency of Th17 cells in peripheral blood was significantly higher in paediatric patients with CHB. The proportion of Th17 cells was higher in the patients with higher HAI score (G2-G3) compared to those subjects with lower HAI score (G0-G1), but the frequency of Th17 cells had no correlation with serum HBV DNA loads or alanine aminotransferase levels. Compared with the younger age group (age 1-6 years), Th17 cell frequency was higher in the older age group (age 7-18 years). Peripheral Th17 cell frequency is associated closely with inflammation activity of liver tissues in paediatric patients with CHB.

Microwave frequency performance and high magnetic anisotropy of nanocrystalline Fe70Co30-B films prepared by composition gradient sputtering

The fabrication and high-frequency ferromagnetic performances of nanocrystalline Fe70Co30-B soft magnetic films were investigated. It is revealed that the composition gradient sputtering method dramatically improves the high-frequency soft magnetic properties of the as-prepared films. This method gives rise to almost a linearly-increased distribution of compositions and residual stress. As a result, a very high ferromagnetic resonance frequency up to 6.7 GHz, high uniaxial magnetic anisotropic field up to 450 Oe, and low magnetic loss were obtained in as-deposited samples, which are particularly in favor of the integration between magnetic films and microwave components.

Tunable microwave frequency performance of nanocomposite Co2MnSi/PZN-PT magnetoelectric coupling structure

Nanocrystalline Co2MnSi Heusler alloy films were deposited on the PZN-PT substrates by a composition gradient sputtering method. It is revealed that this multiferroic heterostructure shows very strong magnetoelectric coupling, leading to continuously tunable microwave frequency characteristics by electric field. With the increase of electric field intensity from 0 to 6 kV/cm, the magnetic anisotropy field H(K) increases from 90 Oe to 182 Oe with an increment of 102%, corresponding to a ME coefficient of 15.3 Oe cm/kV; the ferromagnetic resonance frequency f(FMR) shifts from 3.38 to 4.82 GHz with an increment of deltaf(FMR) = 1440 MHz or deltaf(FMR)/f(FMR) = 43%; moreover, the damping constant alpha dramatically decreases from 0.035 to 0.018. These merits demonstrate that this nanocomposite multiferroic structure is promising in fabrication of tunable microwave components.

Multicenter, intraindividual comparison of single-dose gadobenate dimeglumine and double-dose gadopentetate dimeglumine for MR angiography of the supra-aortic arteries (the Supra-Aortic VALUE study)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Gadobenate dimeglumine has markedly higher R1 relaxivity compared to gadopentetate dimeglumine meaning that lower doses can be used to achieve similar contrast enhancement. Our aim was to prospectively compare single-dose gadobenate dimeglumine with double-dose gadopentetate dimeglumine for contrast-enhanced MRA of the supra-aortic vasculature.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty-six patients (37 men, 9 women; mean age, 63.5±10.1 years) with known or suspected steno-occlusive disease of the supra-aortic vessels underwent 2 identical CE-MRA examinations at 1.5T. Contrast agents were administered in randomized order, with the 2-fold greater volume of gadopentetate dimeglumine injected at a 2 times faster rate. Image assessment was performed by 3 independent blinded readers for vessel anatomic delineation, detection/exclusion of pathology, and global preference. Diagnostic performance (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, and NPV) for detection of ≥60% stenosis was determined for 39/46 patients who underwent preinterventional DSA. Data were analyzed by using the Wilcoxon signed-rank, McNemar, and Wald tests in terms of the noninferiority of single-dose gadobenate dimeglumine compared with double-dose gadopentetate dimeglumine. Quantitative enhancement (signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)) was also compared.

RESULTS

All images were technically adequate. No differences (P=1.0) were noted by any reader for any qualitative parameter. All readers considered single-dose gadobenate dimeglumine and double-dose gadopentetate dimeglumine equivalent in at least 42/46 patients (91.3% three-reader agreement) for all parameters. Nonsignificant superiority for gadobenate dimeglumine was reported for all diagnostic performance indicators (sensitivity: 82.7%-88.5% versus 75.0%-80.8%; specificity: 96.4%-98.6% versus 94.6%-98.6%; accuracy: 94.6%-96.1% versus 92.4%-94.9%; PPV: 81.5%-91.5% versus 73.7%-90.7%; NPV: 96.8%-97.8% versus 95.4%-96.4%). No differences (P>.05) in quantitative enhancement were noted.

CONCLUSIONS

The image quality and diagnostic performance achieved with 0.1-mmol/kg gadobenate dimeglumine is at least equivalent to that achieved with 0.2-mmol/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine.

Efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin as add-on therapy to metformin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

AIM

To investigate the efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin as add-on therapy to metformin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled with metformin.

METHODS

This was a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients with T2DM (N = 438) with haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 7.0-10.0% and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) <15 mmol/l (<270 mg/dl) were randomized (1 : 1 : 1) to vildagliptin 50 mg bid, vildagliptin 50 mg qd or placebo in addition to metformin.

RESULTS

The treatment groups were well balanced at baseline [mean HbA1c, 8.0%, FPG, 8.8 mmol/l (158 mg/dl); body mass index, 25.5 kg/m(2) ]. The adjusted mean change (AMΔ) in HbA1c at endpoint was -1.05 ± 0.08%, -0.92 ± 0.08% and -0.54 ± 0.08% in patients receiving vildagliptin 50 mg bid, 50 mg qd and placebo, respectively. The between-treatment difference (vildagliptin 50 mg bid-placebo) was -0.51 ± 0.11%, p < 0.001. A greater proportion of vildagliptin-treated patients met at least one responder criterion (82.1 and 70.7%) compared to placebo-treated patients (60.4%). The AMΔ at endpoint for FPG with vildagliptin 50 mg bid, -0.95 mmol/l (-17.1 mg/dl); 50 mg qd, -0.84 mmol/l (-15.1 mg/dl) was significantly different compared with the placebo -0.26 mmol/l (-4.68 mg/dl) (p ≤ 0.001). Adverse events (AEs) were reported as 34.2, 36.5 and 37.5% for patients receiving vildagliptin 50 mg bid, 50 mg qd or placebo, respectively. Two patients in the vildagliptin 50 mg qd and one in the placebo group reported serious AEs, which were not considered to be related to the study drug; one incidence of hypoglycaemic event was reported in the vildagliptin 50 mg bid group.

CONCLUSION

Vildagliptin as add-on therapy to metformin improved glycaemic control and was well tolerated in Chinese patients who were inadequately controlled by metformin only.

Strain improvement for enhanced production of cellulase in Trichoderma viride

The filamentous fungi Trichoderma species produce extracellular cellulase. The current study was carried out to obtain an industrial strain with hyperproduction of cellulase. The wild-type strain, Trichoderma viride TL-124, was subjected to successive mutagenic treatments with UV irradiation, low-energy ion beam implantation, atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium discharge plasma (APNEDP), and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to generate about 3000 mutants. Among these mutants, T. viride N879 strain exhibited the greatest relevant activity: 2.38-fold filter paper activity and 2.61-fold carboxymethyl cellulase, 2.18-fold beta-glucosidase, and 2.27-fold cellobiohydrolase activities, compared with the respective wild-type activities, under solid-state fermentation using the inexpensive raw material wheat straw as a substrate. This work represents the first application of APNEDP in eukaryotic microorganisms.

Lethality toxicities induced by metal exposure during development in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Lethality changes were investigated during development in 4 h metal exposed Caenorhabditis elegans. Exposure to examined metals caused severe lethality toxicities in L1- and L2-larvae, in L3-larvae exposed to examined metals at concentrations of 50 and 100 microM and to Pb, Hg, and Cr at the concentration of 2.5 microM, in L4-larvae exposed to examined metals at concentrations of 50 and 100 microM, and in adults exposed to Pb, Hg, and Cr at the concentration of 100 microM. Moreover, the lethality toxicities induced by Pb and Hg in L1 larvae for 4 h could be largely comparable to those in young adults for 24 h.

The axial frontonasal flap for reconstruction of large nasal-tip defects based on modified nasal subunits in East Asians

The nasal tip is a prominent landmark on the face, and skin carcinomas of this area are very common. Moderate and large deep skin defects of the nasal tip normally represent a difficult reconstructive challenge. Nasal-tip reconstruction techniques have evolved to allow not only filling of the gap, but cosmetic and functional retention. Numerous flap options are available to reconstruct the defect of the tip of the nose. In this paper, we report the technique of the axial frontonasal flap and its use in reconstruction of large nasal-tip defects in East Asians. The axial frontonasal flap described is a good alternative for reconstruction of nasal-tip defects > 15 mm in diameter, with excellent aesthetic results. This technique is reliable, yields excellent functional and cosmetic results, and we believe that it is a valuable alternative to other techniques of reconstruction for defects of the nasal tip.

Bright filter-free source of indistinguishable photon pairs

We demonstrate a high-brightness source of pairs of indistinguishable photons based on a type-II phase-matched doubly-resonant optical parametric oscillator operated far below threshold. The cavityenhanced down-conversion output of a PPKTP crystal is coupled into two single-mode fibers with a mode coupling efficiency of 58%. The high degree of indistinguishability between the photons of a pair is demonstrated by a Hong-Ou-Mandel interference visibility of higher than 90% without any filtering at an instantaneous coincidence rate of 450,000 pairs/s per mW of pump power per nm of down-conversion bandwidth. For the degenerate spectral mode with a linewidth of 7 MHz at 795 nm a rate of 70 pairs/(s mW MHz) is estimated, increasing the spectral brightness for indistinguishable photons by two orders of magnitude compared to similar previous sources.

Vacuum ultraviolet laser pulsed field ionization-photoelectron study ofcis-dichloroethene

The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) laser pulsed field ionization photoelectron (PFI-PE) spectrum of cis-dichloroethene (cis-ClCH[Double Bond]CHCl) has been measured in the energy region of 77 600-79 500 cm(-1). On the basis of the semiempirical simulation of the origin PFI-PE band, we have obtained the IE(cis-ClCH[Double Bond]CHCl) to be 77 899.5+/-2.0 cm(-1) (9.658 39+/-0.000 25 eV). The assignment of the vibrational bands resolved in the VUV-PFI-PE spectrum are guided by high-level ab initio calculations of the vibrational frequencies for cis-ClCH[Double Bond]CHCl(+) and the Franck-Condon factors for the ionization transitions. Combining the results of the present VUV-PFI-PE measurement and the recent VUV-infrared-photoinduced Rydberg ionization study, the vibrational frequencies for eleven of the twelve vibrational modes of cis-ClCH[Double Bond]CHCl(+) have been experimentally determined: nu(1) (+)(a(1))=181 cm(-1), nu(2) (+)(a(2))=277 cm(-1), nu(3) (+)(b(2))=580 cm(-1), nu(4) (+)(b(1))=730 cm(-1), nu(5) (+)(a(1))=810 cm(-1), nu(6) (+)(a(2))=901 cm(-1), nu(8) (+)(a(1))=1196 cm(-1), nu(9) (+)(b(2))=1348 cm(-1), nu(10) (+)(a(1))=1429 cm(-1), nu(11) (+)(b(2))=3067 cm(-1), and nu(12) (+)(a(1))=3090 cm(-1)). These values are compared to theoretical anharmonic vibrational frequencies obtained at the MP2/6-311G(2df,p) and CCSD(T)/6-311G(2df,p) levels. The IE prediction for cis-ClCH[Double Bond]CHCl has also been calculated with the wave function based CCSD(T)/CBS method, which involves the approximation to the complete basis set (CBS) and the high-level correlation corrections. The theoretical IE(cis-ClCH[Double Bond]CHCl)=9.668 eV thus obtained is found to have a deviation of less than 10 meV with respect to the experimental IE value.

Infrared vibrational spectroscopy of cis-dichloroethene in Rydberg states

We have measured the infrared (IR) vibrational spectrum for cis-dichloroethene (cis-ClCH[Double Bond]CHCl) in excited Rydberg states with the effective principal quantum numbers n(*)=9, 13, 17, 21, 28, and 55 using the vacuum ultraviolet-IR-photoinduced Rydberg ionization (VUV-IR-PIRI) scheme. Although the IR frequencies observed for the vibrational bands nu(11) (*) (asymmetric C-H stretch) and nu(12) (*) (symmetric C-H stretch) are essentially unchanged for different n(*) states, suggesting that the IR absorption predominantly involves the ion core and that the Rydberg electron behaves as a spectator; the intensity ratio for the nu(11) (*) and nu(12) (*) bands [R(nu(11) (*)nu(12) (*))] is found to decrease smoothly as n(*) is increased. This trend is consistent with the results of a model ab initio quantum calculation of R(nu(11) (*)nu(12) (*)) for excited cis-ClCH[Double Bond]CHCl in n(*)=3-18 states and the MP26-311++G(2df,p) calculations of R(nu(11)nu(12)) and R(nu(11) (+)nu(12) (+)), where R(nu(11)nu(12))[R(nu(11) (+)nu(12) (+))] represents the intensity ratio of the nu(11)(nu(11) (+)) asymmetric C-H stretching to the nu(12)(nu(12) (+)) symmetric C-H stretching vibrational bands for cis-ClCH[Double Bond]CHCl (cis-ClCH[Double Bond]CHCl(+)). We have also measured the IR-VUV-photoion (IR-VUV-PI) and IR-VUV-pulsed field ionization-photoelectron depletion (IR-VUV-PFI-PED) spectra for cis-ClCH[Double Bond]CHCl. These spectra are consistent with ab initio calculations, indicating that the IR absorption cross section for the nu(12) band is negligibly small compared to that for the nu(11) band. While the VUV-IR-PIRI measurements have allowed the determination of nu(11) (+)=3067+/-2 cm(-1), nu(12) (+)=3090+/-2 cm(-1), and R(nu(11) (+)nu(12) (+)) approximately 1.3 for cis-ClCH=CHCl(+), the IR-VUV-PI and IR-VUV-PFI-PED measurements have provided the value nu(11)=3088.5+/-0.2 cm(-1) for cis-ClCH=CHCl.

Rovibrational-state-selected pulsed field ionization-photoelectron study of methyl iodide using two-color infrared-vacuum ultraviolet lasers

The preparation of methyl iodide (CH(3)I) in selected rovibrational states [nu(7)=1 (C-H stretch); J] by infrared (IR) excitation prior to vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization has greatly simplified the observed pulsed field ionization-photoelectron (PFI-PE) spectra, allowing the direct determination of the rotational constants B(+)(C(+))=0.254+/-0.003 cm(-1) for CH(3)I(+)(X (2)E(3/2);nu(7) (+)) and the ionization energy (76 896.9+/-0.2 cm(-1)) for CH(3)I(+)(X (2)E(3/2);nu(7) (+)=1,J(+)=3/2)<--CH(3)I(X (1)A(1);nu(7)=1,J=0). The IR-VUV-PFI-PE and IR-VUV-photoion measurements also provide relative state-to-state (nu(7) (+)=1, J(+)<--nu(7)=1, J) cross sections for the photoionization process.