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Favier RP, Mol JA, Kooistra HS, Rijnberk A. Large body size in the dog is associated with transient GH excess at a young age. J Endocrinol 2001; 170:479-84. [PMID: 11479144 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1700479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The main determinants of body size are GH and IGFs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether differences in adult body size of medium-sized and giant dog breeds can be explained by differences in GH release and/or in plasma IGF-I and IGF-II concentrations at a young age. The basal plasma concentrations of GH, IGF-I and IGF-II were determined once weekly in six Great Danes and six beagles from the age of 6 weeks until the age of 24 weeks. In addition, the 6 h secretory profile of GH was determined every 2 weeks. Basal plasma GH concentrations as well as the total area under the curve (AUC) and the AUC above the baseline for GH were significantly higher in Great Danes than in beagles of the same age. In contrast, plasma IGF-I and IGF-II concentrations did not differ significantly between the two breeds. Compared with values in adults, the basal plasma GH concentrations were high until the age of 7 weeks in the beagles, whereas in the Great Danes the basal plasma GH levels remained high during the entire observation period, albeit with a gradual decline. The mean frequency and the mean amplitude of GH pulses tended to be higher in Great Danes than in beagles, although a significant difference was only reached at the age of 19 and 23 weeks for the frequency and at the ages of 9, 11 and 13 weeks for the amplitude. An age-dependent decrease in pulse frequency occurred in the Great Danes. The results of this study demonstrate that differences in adult body size of medium-sized and giant dog breeds are preceded by differences in GH release and not by differences in circulating IGF-I or IGF-II concentrations. Both young Great Danes and young beagles experience a period of high GH release, but this period persists much longer in Great Danes. It is discussed that this difference may be due to delayed maturation of the inhibitory influences of somatostatin on pituitary GH release in the latter dogs.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine relative heart size in clinically normal puppies and assess whether relative heart size changes with growth. DESIGN Prospective radiographic study. ANIMALS 11 puppies without evidence of disease. PROCEDURE Standardized measurements of the long and short axes of the heart, midthoracic vertebrae, and other structures were made at 3, 6, 12, and 36 months of age. Measurements were recorded in millimeters and number of thoracic vertebral lengths spanned by each dimension, measured caudally from T4 on lateral radiographic views. The long and short axis measurements of the heart, expressed in vertebral lengths, were added to yield vertebral heart size. RESULTS Mean +/- SD vertebral heart sizes on lateral radiographic views at 3, 6, 12, and 36 months of age were 10.0 +/- 0.5, 9.8 +/- 0.4, 9.9 +/- 0.6, and 10.3 +/- 0.6 vertebrae, respectively. Significant differences were not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Vertebral heart size measurements in puppies are within the reference range for adult dogs (9.7 +/- 0.5 vertebrae) and do not change significantly with growth to 3 years of age. Standards for determining cardiac enlargement are similar in puppies and adult dogs.
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Helmink SK, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Shanks RD, Leighton EA. Estimated genetic parameters for growth traits of German shepherd dog and Labrador retriever dog guides. J Anim Sci 2001; 79:1450-6. [PMID: 11424681 DOI: 10.2527/2001.7961450x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A desirable dog guide weighs 18 to 32 kg and measures 53 to 64 cm in height at the withers as an adult. Heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated for birth weight, 42-d weight, mature weight, and mature height for 2,334 German shepherd dogs and 2,028 Labrador retrievers raised by the Seeing Eye, Inc., Morristown, NJ, from 1979 to 1997. Data included 5,006 observations for German shepherd dogs from 113 dams and 33 sires and 4,123 observations for Labrador retrievers from 89 dams and 29 sires. A mixed effects model was considered with sex and birth year as fixed effects. Random effects were animal, maternal, and litter incorporating all pedigree information available. A derivative-free REML method was used to estimate parameters. The maternal component was higher than the additive genetic component for birth weight. Heritability of mature weight was estimated as 0.57 +/- 0.07 for German shepherd dogs and 0.44 +/- 0.07 for Labrador retrievers. Mature height heritability was estimated as 0.35 +/- 0.08 for German shepherd dogs and 0.46 +/- 0.08 for Labrador retrievers. Selection for lighter dogs at maturity is predicted to decrease the average mature height, and selection for taller dogs at maturity is predicted to increase the average mature weight. The estimated genetic parameters will aid in the development of strategies to increase the probability of breeding dogs for optimum mature size.
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González-Soriano J, Marín García P, Contreras-Rodríguez J, Martínez-Sainz P, Rodríguez-Veiga E. Age-related changes in the ventricular system of the dog brain. Ann Anat 2001; 183:283-91. [PMID: 11396800 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(01)80236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral ventricles represent cavities of the brain which are used for diagnostic purposes. Although a wide variety of age related changes have been described in the Central Nervous System (CNS) of many species, few studies about the effect of ageing on the canine brain have been published until now. However, to date there is no previous data concerning the ventricular system of dogs. The present study deals with the morphometry of the various parts of the cerebral cavities of the German Shepherd dog by means of Batson's casts and the possible changes which take place in the ventricular system with age and/or sex. In this study, two age groups were considered: young (2-5 years) and old (10-12 years). A total number of forty seven dogs (12 young males, 13 old males, 13 young females and 9 old females), weighing 34-42 kg, were used for experimentation. Our results describe the enlargement which takes place in the ventricular system with age, which is probably related to a general age-related atrophy of neural tissue. On the contrary, there are no remarkable changes related to sex. These age-related changes are similar to the best known changes which occur in the human species. Our data could corroborate the usefulness of the dog as a natural animal model for the study of normal ageing and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Delaney SJ, Hill AS, Backus RC, Czarnecki-Maulden GL, Rogers QR. Dietary crude protein concentration does not affect the leucine requirement of growing dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2001; 85:88-100. [PMID: 11686777 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0396.2001.00306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to examine the interaction between graded levels of leucine and dietary crude protein. Dose-response curves were generated using four 3 x 3 Latin squares (two dogs/square). Each square represented one of two concentrations of crude protein (140 or 280 g/kg diet) and one of two combinations of three concentrations of leucine (5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 g/kg diet or 9.0, 11 and 13 g/kg diet). An additional experiment was performed by feeding crude protein at 210 g/kg diet with either 7.0 or 11 g leucine/kg diet. Weight gain, food intake, nitrogen retention, plasma albumin and plasma amino acids were measured. The requirement was determined to be the minimum leucine concentration required to maximize weight gain and nitrogen retention. For 8-14-week-old male Beagle dogs, 140 g crude protein/kg diet in a diet containing 18 kJ metabolizable energy/g does not appear to support maximal growth. The leucine requirement was not affected by doubling the dietary crude protein level from 140 to 280 g/kg diet. From these results, the leucine requirement of 8-14-week-old Beagle dogs appears to be 11 g leucine/kg diet independent of the level of dietary crude protein, whereas dogs over 14 weeks require only 7 g leucine/kg diet for maximal nitrogen retention.
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Abstract
In this study, a total of 16 skulls of the adult male Kangal dog were used. Craniometric measurements for 44 different parts of the skull were made. All investigated features were expressed as mean +/- SD. Cephalic indices and ratios were calculated. These indices and ratios have been compared with the average values of indices calculated for other breeds. A skull index of 50.29 +/- 1.033, a cranial index of 46.05 +/- 2.213, a facial index of 99.62 +/- 3.891, a facial index-1 of 81.67 +/- 3.667, a basal index of 28.71 +/- 1.425, a basal index-1 of 57.91 +/- 1.365, a length-length index-2 of 1.08 +/- 0.045, a length-width index-2 of 1.99 +/- 0.041, a length-width index-4 of 2.18 +/- 0.108, a palatal index-1 of 62.24 +/- 2.528, a palatal index-2 of 65.37 +/- 2.208, a palato-basal ratio of 55.44 +/- 1.975, a palato-basal ratio-1 of 54.47 +/- 1.716, a palato-palatine ratio of 33.71 +/- 0.860, a palato-palatine ratio-1 of 34.30 +/- 0.733, a cranio-facial ratio of 107.87 +/- 4.819 and a cranio-facial ratio-1 of 144.17 +/- 8.099 were obtained. When the skull, cranial and facial indices were considered together with the other calculated indices and ratios, it was clear that the skulls of the Kangal dogs have to be regarded as of dolichocephalic type. Kangal dogs, with their mastiff-like appearance and massive head, are shown in this study to be typical of a dolichocephalic breed.
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Schoenmakers I, Hazewinkel HA, Voorhout G, Carlson CS, Richardson D. Effects of diets with different calcium and phosphorus contents on the skeletal development and blood chemistry of growing great danes. Vet Rec 2000; 147:652-60. [PMID: 11131552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The skeletal development of three groups of great dane dogs, fed a diet composed according to the published nutritional requirements for dogs (controls) or with increased calcium or calcium and phosphorus content, was examined radiographically, histologically and biochemically. The diets were fed from the time the dogs first began eating food in addition to their dam's milk, until they were 17 weeks old. Thereafter, the calcium and phosphorus intakes of the dogs in the high calcium groups were normalised for a further 10 weeks. The dogs fed the high calcium diet without a proportionally high phosphorus intake became hypercalcaemic and hypophosphataemic, and had severe disturbances in skeletal development, growth, and mineralisation which were typical for rickets. After their calcium intake was normalised the lesions of rickets resolved but osteochondrotic lesions became apparent. The dogs fed the high calcium and phosphorus diet became slightly hypophosphataemic, their growth was retarded, and they had disturbances in skeletal development resembling osteochondrosis, which had only partly resolved after 10 weeks on the normal calcium and phosphorus diet.
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Poncelet LC, Coppens AG, Meuris SI, Deltenre PF. Maturation of the auditory system in clinically normal puppies as reflected by the brain stem auditory-evoked potential wave V latency-intensity curve and rarefaction-condensation differential potentials. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:1343-8. [PMID: 11108176 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate auditory maturation in puppies. ANIMALS Ten clinically normal Beagle puppies. PROCEDURE Puppies were examined repeatedly from days 11 to 36 after birth (8 measurements). Click-evoked brain stem auditory-evoked potentials (BAEP) were obtained in response to rarefaction and condensation click stimuli from 90 dB normal hearing level to wave V threshold, using steps of 10 dB. Responses were added, providing an equivalent to alternate polarity clicks, and subtracted, providing the rarefaction-condensation differential potential (RCDP). Steps of 5 dB were used to determine thresholds of RCDP and wave V. Slope of the low-intensity segment of the wave V latency-intensity curve was calculated. The intensity range at which RCDP could not be recorded (ie, pre-RCDP range) was calculated by subtracting the threshold of wave V from threshold of RCDP RESULTS: Slope of the wave V latency-intensity curve low-intensity segment evolved with age, changing from (mean +/- SD) -90.8 +/- 41.6 to -27.8 +/- 4.1 micros/dB. Similar results were obtained from days 23 through 36. The pre-RCDP range diminished as puppies became older, decreasing from 40.0 +/- 7.5 to 20.5 +/- 6.4 dB. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Changes in slope of the latency-intensity curve with age suggest enlargement of the audible range of frequencies toward high frequencies up to the third week after birth. Decrease in the pre-RCDP range may indicate an increase of the audible range of frequencies toward low frequencies. Age-related reference values will assist clinicians in detecting hearing loss in puppies.
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Swainson SW, Conzemius MG, Riedesel EA, Smith GK, Riley CB. Effect of public symphysiodesis on pelvic development in the skeletally immature greyhound. Vet Surg 2000; 29:178-90. [PMID: 10730711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2000.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of pubic symphysiodesis (PS) on pelvic development in skeletally immature dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective randomized clinical trial. ANIMALS Eight 4 month-old, sexually intact female Greyhounds. METHODS Initial PS was performed at 4 months of age using a powered stapling device. Because of failure of the initial surgery, a second PS was performed 1 month later by resecting the pubic symphysis with a rongeur followed by placement of handmade bone staples in four dogs. Sham PS was performed in four control dogs at 4 months of age. Pubic growth rate and pelvic development were evaluated using standard plane radiography and computed tomography. Specific measurements included acetabular ventroversion, Norberg angle, lateral center-edge angle, and pelvic inlet dimensions. Hip distraction indices were determined as well. RESULTS PS at 4 months of age using a stapling device failed. Pubic symphysiodesis using hand made staples was successful at 5 months of age and did not result in any clinically significant intraoperative or postoperative complications. Pubic symphysiodesis markedly decreased pubic symphysis growth in the treatment group. Hip distraction indices and pelvic inlet circumference, area, and width significantly decreased in treated dogs compared to those in the control group. Acetabular ventroversion was significantly increased in treated dogs compared to those in the control group. CONCLUSIONS PS decreases pelvic canal size, increases acetabular ventroversion, and does not appear to have any clinically significant complications. CLINICAL RELEVANCE PS performed in skeletally immature dogs with hip dysplasia may provide an effect similar to a triple pelvic osteotomy and warrants further investigation.
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Helmink SK, Shanks RD, Leighton EA. Breed and sex differences in growth curves for two breeds of dog guides. J Anim Sci 2000; 78:27-32. [PMID: 10682799 DOI: 10.2527/2000.78127x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A desirable dog guide weighs 18 to 32 kg as an adult. Male and female German shepherd dogs and male and female Labrador retrievers were weighed between birth and 18 mo of age, with at least one weight recorded after 290 d of age. Growth curves were constructed from 10,484 observations on 880 dogs using the Gompertz function in the form Wt = W(max)exp(-e[-(t-c)/b]), where Wt is weight at time t, Wmax is mature body weight, b is proportional to duration of growth, c is age at point of inflection, and t is age in days. Estimates for mature body weight were 2.4 +/- .3 kg higher for Labrador retrievers than for German shepherd dogs and 4.7 +/- .2 kg higher for males than for females. Male Labrador retrievers were closest to the upper limit for desirable weight, with an average estimated mature weight of 31.4 +/- .3 kg. Duration of growth, 4b + c, was not different between the breeds; however, the estimate for males was 8 +/- 5d longer than for females. Female Labrador retrievers had the shortest estimate for growth of 319 +/- 6 d. The estimate for age at the point of inflection was 3.6 +/- 1.2 d greater for males than for females, but not different between breeds. A better understanding of growth curves for dog guides may aid in estimating mature weight at a young age, thus allowing earlier breeding and training decisions to be made and increasing genetic change per year.
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Burbidge HM, Pfeiffer DU, Guilford WG. Presence of cervical vertebral malformation in Dobermann puppies and the effects of diet and growth rate. Aust Vet J 1999; 77:814-8. [PMID: 10685185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb12954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between diet, growth rate and the presence of caudal cervical malformation in Doberman puppies. DESIGN A prospective study of 15 Dobermann puppies from three unrelated litters, aged from 0 to 16 weeks. PROCEDURE The growth rate in terms of body weight gain and increase in ulna length were measured weekly for all puppies. In addition the nutritional quality of the diets was assessed. Radiographs of the cervical spine were taken at 6 and between 12 and 16 weeks of age and examined for the presence of caudal cervical vertebral malformation. A mixed model for repeated measures data was used to investigate the relationship between the growth rate of the puppies and the fixed effects age, dam, diet, gender and presence of caudal cervical malformation. RESULTS Five of the puppies had changes consistent with caudal cervical malformation. The diets fed were either balanced or transiently deficient in protein, calcium, phosphorus and/or magnesium. There was no significant association between growth rate and the variables dam, gender and the presence of caudal cervical vertebral malformation. There was no significant association between diet and increase in ulna length, but a trend existed between body weight gain and the feeding of a balanced diet (P = 0.0672). CONCLUSION Caudal cervical vertebral changes can be detected radiographically as early as 6 weeks of age in some Dobermann puppies. A balanced diet and growth rate are not significant factors in its initial development.
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Palmisano MP, Schrader SC. Premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus in a dog as a result of harvesting a cancellous bone graft. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215:1460-2, 1447. [PMID: 10579042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
A 5-month-old castrated male mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of lameness of the right forelimb. Physical examination revealed pain on manipulation of the right elbow joint, and radiography revealed premature closure of the distal physis of the radius with subluxation of the right elbow joint. Corrective osteotomy of the radius was performed to increase the length of the radius and establish congruity of the elbow joint. Cancellous bone was obtained from the proximal portion of the humerus and used as a graft at the osteotomy site. The dog did well after surgery. Four months after surgery, the dog again was lame on the right forelimb. Physical examination revealed instability of the right shoulder, and manipulation of that area elicited signs of pain. Radiography revealed caudomedial subluxation of the right shoulder as well as deformity of the humeral head and hypoplasia of the greater tubercle. It was presumed that these changes were associated with collection of the cancellous bone graft during the initial surgery, which resulted in premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of premature closure of the proximal physis of the humerus as a result of procurement of a bone graft.
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Ashley PF, Frank LA, Schmeitzel LP, Bailey EM, Oliver JW. Effect of oral melatonin administration on sex hormone, prolactin, and thyroid hormone concentrations in adult dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215:1111-5. [PMID: 10530323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of oral melatonin (MT) administration on serum concentrations of sex hormones, prolactin, and thyroxine in dogs. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 8 male and 8 female adult sexually intact dogs. PROCEDURE 5 male and 5 female dogs were treated with MT (1.0 to 1.3 mg/kg [0.45 to 0.59 mg/lb] of body weight), PO, every 12 hours for 28 days; the other 6 dogs were used as controls. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 14, and 28, and serum concentrations of estradiol-17 beta, progesterone, testosterone, androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-HP), dihydroepiandrostenedione sulfate (DHEAS), prolactin, and thyroxine were determined. On day 5, serum MT concentrations were measured before and periodically for up to 8 hours after MT administration in 4 treated dogs. RESULTS Female dogs treated with MT had significant decreases in serum estradiol, testosterone, and DHEAS concentrations between days 0 and 28. Male dogs treated with MT had significant decreases in serum estradiol and 17-HP concentrations between days 0 and 28. Serum MT concentrations increased significantly after MT administration and remained high for at least 8 hours. Prolactin and thyroxine concentrations were unaffected by treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Melatonin is well absorbed following oral administration and may alter serum sex hormone concentrations.
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Schoenmakers I, Hazewinkel HA. [The effect of an excessive calcium intake during growth and embryonal development of calcium metabolism and skeletal development in the dog]. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE 1999; 124:559-65. [PMID: 10540732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Abstract
In this study, a total of 33 skulls of German shepherd (Alsatian) puppies between 45 and 105 days old were used. Animals were divided into two groups. Group 1 included puppies between 45 and 60 days old, and group 2 included those between 61 and 105 days old. In group 1, a skull weight of 36.95 g, a skull length of 113.96 mm, a maximum zygomatic width of 66.52 mm, a cranial length of 71.31 mm, a maximum neurocranium width of 52.11 mm, a viscerocranial length of 50.28 mm, a skull index of 58.43, a cranial index of 73.24, a facial index of 133.13 and a cranial volume of 55.38 ml were measured. In group 2, a skull weight of 61.17 g, a skull length of 143.38 mm, a maximum zygomatic width of 73.54 mm, a cranial length of 83.38 mm, a maximum neurocranium width of 53.70 mm, a viscerocranial length of 68.64 mm, a skull index of 51.44, a cranial index of 64.57, a facial index of 107.96 and a cranial volume of 75.75 ml were obtained. In order to determine the likely relationship, if any, between the indices and the other parameters, correlation coefficients were computed. It was found that all the measurements increased with age, while indices decreased, and an insignificant positive correlation was found between cranial volume and skull weight. The data obtained in this study may be of use in the consideration of the German shepherd type. For German shepherd dogs, which are a dolichocephalic race, it should be agreed that, in line with growth, the farther the values are from the mean value, the higher the defect rate of a puppy is. Also, the data may be of use in investigating the correlation between, for example, nasal cancer risk and the shape of the skull.
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Salomon FV, Schulze A, Böhme U, Arnold U, Gericke A, Gille U. [Postnatal skeletal and body weight in beagles]. Anat Histol Embryol 1999; 28:221-8. [PMID: 10488625 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0264.1999.00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Growth of beagles is described on the basis of body weight and 14 bone measures. Eighteen male and 19 female dogs were investigated at 14 different ages from birth to the 13th month of life. Characteristics of the growth curves were evaluated using the modified Janoschek growth curve. For the classification into dwarfish, low, normal, big and gigantic growth, the growth curves are presented with percentiles. The arithmetic means and standard deviations for both sexes are presented in tables. Additionally, the degrees of maturity at birth (relative proportion of final weight or bone measure), the point of inflection for the growth curve, the times to grow to 50 and 95% of the final measures, and the asymptotic measures are also presented in tables. Sex differences in growth for the body weight and bone measures are discussed. Growth differences between large and small dog breeds are considered. The conclusion is drawn that the feeding of dogs has to be adapted to the growth course.
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Waldron MK, Spencer AL, Bauer JE. Role of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids in the development of the nervous system of dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 213:619-22. [PMID: 9731252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Laprie C, Abadie J, Amardeilh MF, Raymond I, Delverdier M. Detection of the Ki-67 proliferation associated nuclear epitope in normal canine tissues using the monoclonal antibody MIB-1. Anat Histol Embryol 1998; 27:251-6. [PMID: 9741148 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1998.tb00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the immunohistochemical detection of the Ki-67 proliferation associated nuclear epitope by means of the MIB-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in paraffin tissue sections from nine samples of 16 tissues obtained from nine dogs. Three parameters were considered: the localization of the cells expressing the Ki-67 epitope, the cytological characteristics of the Ki-67 expression, and the proliferative activity of some of the tissues measured by means of the proliferative index (percentage of Ki-67 positive cells measured on 500 and 1000 cells). The MIB-1 mAb reacts with the nuclei of proliferating cells, as in humans. The proliferative index was far from representative, but we were able to give a range of values concerning the proliferative activity of normal tissues. This study serves as a basis for the expression of the Ki-67 antigen by normal canine tissues in order to visualize the proliferative compartments and, thus, allows its application as a proliferative marker in routine veterinarian histopathology.
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Burbidge HM, Pfeiffer DU. The accuracy and reliability of linear measurements of the ulna for anthropometrical studies in dogs. Res Vet Sci 1998; 65:53-7. [PMID: 9769073 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(98)90027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the accuracy and reliability of measuring the distance between two surface landmarks (the point of the tuber olecrani and the proximal aspect of the stopper pad) as an indication of ulna length in the live dog. It was found that the chosen skin landmarks did correlate well with the length of the ulna bone. The reliability of such measurements was high when performed by a single person, however this fell to unacceptable levels when multiple people were used to make the measurements. It was concluded that if this technique was to be used in studies to serially record the bone length in live growing dogs, then the measurements should be taken by a single person.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The pituitary gland of the dog is different from all animals and is described as "typical" for mammals. How might this complex pituitary gland of the dog be formed in fetal life? The current study examined the fetal development of the complex and unique dog pituitary and the ontogeny of specific cell types in the pars distalis. METHODS Adenohypophysis of the beagle, from 25 to 60 days of gestation and at 2 days of age, was studied by immunocytochemical and histological staining. RESULTS At 25 days gestation, the primordium (Rathke's pouch) of the adenohypophysis began to form by an upward evagination from the epithelium of the primary oral cavity. At 38 days, the pituitary gland showed the same morphology as in adult dogs, being merely smaller. Five walls of Rathke's pouch (anterior wall [A], lateral walls [L], posterior wall [P], and upper wall [U] were found at 25 days, and by 38 days they had specialized into specific regions of the adenohypophysis through complex and unique processes. The pars intermedia was derived from the U and the dorsal area of the A. The pars tuberalis was derived from the dorsal area of the A. The pars distalis was formed by more singular processes: the peripheral areas of the pars distalis were first formed by A and P; then the ventral lumen of the extensive Rathke's lumen surrounded by these areas was filled up by proliferation of cells, although the dorsal lumen remains as Rathke's lumen after 38 days. The blood capillaries may play an important role in the development of parencymal cells in the Rathke's pouch during canine fetal life. At 30 days gestation, the first adrenocorticotropic hormone cells were found in the anterior- and posterior-ventral regions (derived from middle and ventral areas of the A and the P) of the pars distalis anlage, and blood capillaries invaded the parenchymal cells from the mesencyme surrounding the anlage. At 38 days, portal vessels without capillary loops in the median eminence had appeared, and growth hormone and luteinizing hormone cells appeared in the ventral areas of A and P in the pars distalis. By 52 days, when capillary loops were seen in the portal vessels in the median eminence, these types of cells spread through the whole pars distalis. CONCLUSION These areas in the epithelium of Rathke's pouch at 25 days may differentiate into specific regions of the pars distalis during subsequent fetal life, through complex processes that are characteristics to the canine species.
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Aguilera-Tejero E, López I, Estepa JC, Mayer-Valor R, Almadén Y, Concepción MT, Felsenfeld AJ, Rodriguez M. Mineral metabolism in healthy geriatric dogs. Res Vet Sci 1998; 64:191-4. [PMID: 9690601 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(98)90123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To study mineral metabolism in geriatric dogs, parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, ionised calcium, phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were evaluated in 35 geriatric dogs (> 10 years) and in 20 young adult dogs (2-5 years). Parathyroid hormone levels were within the normal range in both groups, but values (mean +/- SEM) were greater in the old dogs (34.8 +/- 3.6 vs 21.2 +/- 2.3 pg ml(-1), P=0.005). Calcitriol and ionised calcium were similar in the two groups, and the values for both parameters were within the normal reference range. Plasma phosphorus levels were in the normal range in both groups but tended to be greater in the older dogs (P=0.09). While blood urea nitrogen was similar in the two groups, creatinine levels (mean +/- SEM) were higher in the young dogs (82.2 +/- 3.5 vs 101.7 +/- 4.4 micromol litre(-1)). Even when the dogs were matched for weight, plasma creatinine concentration was still greater in the younger dogs. In conclusion, an increase in parathyroid hormone without changes in calcium, phosphorus and calcitriol has been identified in geriatric dogs.
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97
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Abstract
Recent data suggest that the cause of ununited anconeal process (UAP) is an incongruous growth of the radius and the ulna, causing abnormal pressure on the anconeal process. The current recommendation for treatment of UAP is to perform an osteotomy of the ulna to relieve this pressure and thus allow the anconeal process to unite. The operation should be performed as early as possible, before secondary changes have developed. Prognosis with treatment is favorable, even in active and working dogs.
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98
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Roberto M, Favia A, Lozupone E. Post-natal bone growth in the semicircular canals of the dog. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY = ARCHIVIO ITALIANO DI ANATOMIA ED EMBRIOLOGIA 1998; 103:27-34. [PMID: 9602547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dogs from the same litter, divided into three groups aged 10, 25, and 50 days, received an intraperitoneal injection of tetracycline for two successive days. The temporal bones were fixed, embedded in methylmethacrylate, sectioned in to a single 100 microns thick section along the main axis of the anterior and lateral semicircular canals, grounded by hand to 30 microns and observed at UV light. The new bone tissue is laid down both at the endosteal and endochondral bone of the anterior and lateral semicircular canals. The bone deposition decreases with the age of the animal and earlier at the endosteum than at the endochondral bone.
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99
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Shimada A, Ebisu M, Morita T, Takeuchi T, Umemura T. Age-related changes in the cochlea and cochlear nuclei of dogs. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60:41-8. [PMID: 9492359 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the underlying morphological changes of presbycusis, cochlea and cochlear nuclei from twenty three dogs, ranging in age from 3 days to 17 years, were examined histologically. Dogs used in this study were house dogs kept in an environment similar to that of humans. Four types of histological changes reported in human presbycusis, that is, loss of spiral ganglion cells, atrophy of the organ of Corti, atrophy of the stria vascularis, and thickening of the basilar membrane were observed in dogs. The changes were prominent at the base of the cochlea. Less intense changes were also observed in the apex of the cochlea. The degree of these changes appeared to progress as a function of age. All four types of changes with varied intensity were found in all dogs over 12 years old. In addition to the changes in the cochlea, cochlear nuclei changes including nerve cell loss, astrogliosis and ubiquitin deposition were found in dogs over 10 years old. Hearing dysfunction was accompanied by the morphological changes, though the degree of the hearing dysfunction did not always parallel to that of morphological changes. The morphological changes seen in the cochlea and cochlear nuclei of dogs were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those reported in aged humans, indicating that otopathologic changes in the inner ear may be due to aging plus exposure to certain environmental ototoxic factors.
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100
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Kramer S. [Pediatric and geriatric small animal patients as risk groups in anesthesia management]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 1997; 25:637-42. [PMID: 9459830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the first 12 weeks of postnatal life puppies and kittens are defined by the term pediatric, because of their immature organ systems. In anaesthesiology they are considered as high risk patients. Dogs and cats can be defined by the term geriatric when they have completed 80% of their expected life spans. These patients show age-related decline in organ functions or in their mechanisms of compensation. Physiological and pathophysiological characteristics of pediatric and geriatric patients are discussed and principles of the perioperative anaesthetic management and of pediatric and geriatric anaesthetic techniques are given.
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