Conversion of 3-nitrotyrosine to 3-aminotyrosine residues facilitates mapping of tyrosine nitration in proteins by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry using electron capture dissociation

Protein tyrosine nitration is associated with oxidative stress and various human diseases. Tandem mass spectrometry has been the method of choice for the identification and localization of this posttranslational modification to understand the underlying mechanisms and functional consequences. Due to the electron predator effect of the nitro group limiting fragmentation of the peptide backbone, electron-based dissociation has not been applicable, however, to nitrotyrosine-containing peptides. A straightforward conversion of the nitrotyrosine to the aminotyrosine residues is introduced to address this limitation. When tested with nitrated ubiquitin and human serum albumin as model proteins in top-down and bottom-up approaches, respectively, this chemical derivatization enhanced backbone fragmentation of the corresponding nitroproteins and nitropeptides by electron capture dissociation (ECD). Increased sequence coverage has been obtained by combining in the bottom-up strategy the conversion of nitrotyrosine to aminotyrosine and introducing, in addition to trypsin, a further digesting enzyme of complementary specificity, when protein nitration was mapped by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry using both collision-induced dissociation (CID) and ECD.

Fluorogenic tagging of protein 3-nitrotyrosine with 4-(aminomethyl)benzene sulfonate in tissues: a useful alternative to Immunohistochemistry for fluorescence microscopy imaging of protein nitration

Protein tyrosine nitration is a common biomarker of biological aging and diverse pathologies associated with the excessive formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Recently, we suggested a novel fluorogenic derivatization procedure for the detection of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) using benzylamine derivatives to convert specifically protein- or peptide-bound 3-NT to a highly fluorescent benzoxazole product. In this study, we applied this procedure to fluorogenic derivatization of protein 3-NT in sections from adult rat cerebellum to: (i) test this method for imaging nitrated proteins in fixed brain tissue sections and (ii) compare the chemical approach to immunohistochemical labeling with anti-3-NT antibodies. Immunofluorescence analysis of cerebellar sections using anti-3-NT antibodies showed differential levels of immunostaining in the molecular, Purkinje, and granule cell layers of the cerebellar cortex; in agreement with previous reports, the Purkinje cells were most highly labeled. Importantly, fluorogenic derivatization reactions of cerebellar proteins with 4-(aminomethyl)benzene sulfonic acid (ABS) and K(3)Fe(CN)(6) at pH 9, after sodium dithionite reduction of 3-NT to 3-aminotyrosine, showed a very similar pattern of relative intensity of cell labeling and improved resolution compared with antibody labeling. Our data demonstrate that ABS derivatization may be either a useful alternative to or a complementary approach to immunolabeling in imaging protein nitration in cells and tissues, including under conditions of dual labeling with antibodies to cell proteins, thus allowing for cellular colocalization of nitrated proteins and any protein of interest.

When is mass spectrometry combined with affinity approaches essential? A case study of tyrosine nitration in proteins

Tyrosine nitration in proteins occurs under physiologic conditions and is increased at disease conditions associated with oxidative stress, such as inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Identification and quantification of tyrosine-nitrations are crucial for understanding nitration mechanism(s) and their functional consequences. Mass spectrometry (MS) is best suited to identify nitration sites, but is hampered by low stabilities and modification levels and possible structural changes induced by nitration. In this insight, we discuss methods for identifying and quantifying nitration sites by proteolytic affinity extraction using nitrotyrosine (NT)-specific antibodies, in combination with electrospray-MS. The efficiency of this approach is illustrated by identification of specific nitration sites in two proteins in eosinophil granules from several biological samples, eosinophil-cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). Affinity extraction combined with Edman sequencing enabled the quantification of nitration levels, which were found to be 8 % and 15 % for ECP and EDN, respectively. Structure modeling utilizing available crystal structures and affinity studies using synthetic NT-peptides suggest a tyrosine nitration sequence motif comprising positively charged residues in the vicinity of the NT- residue, located at specific surface- accessible sites of the protein structure. Affinities of Tyr-nitrated peptides from ECP and EDN to NT-antibodies, determined by online bioaffinity- MS, provided nanomolar K(D) values. In contrast, false-positive identifications of nitrations were obtained in proteins from cystic fibrosis patients upon using NT-specific antibodies, and were shown to be hydroxy-tyrosine modifications. These results demonstrate affinity- mass spectrometry approaches to be essential for unequivocal identification of biological tyrosine nitrations.

Hyperoxemic reperfusion after prolonged cardiac arrest in a rat cardiopulmonary bypass resuscitation model

BACKGROUND

The effect of hyperoxygenation at reperfusion, particularly in the setting of cardiac arrest, remains unclear. This issue was studied in a prolonged cardiac arrest model consisting of 25 min cardiac arrest in a rat resuscitated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of hyperoxygenation following prolonged cardiac arrest resuscitation on mitochondrial and cardiac function.

METHODS

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (400-450 g) were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and instrumented for closed chest cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Following a 25-min KCl-induced cardiac arrest, the animals were resuscitated by CPB with 100% oxygen. Three minutes after successful return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), the animals received either normoxemic reperfusion (CPB with 40-50% oxygen) or hyperoxemic reperfusion (CPB with 100% oxygen) for 1 h. Post-resuscitation hemodynamics, cardiac function, mitochondrial function and immunostaining of 3-nitrotyrosine were compared between the two different treatment groups.

RESULTS

At 1 h after ROSC, the hyperoxemic reperfusion group had a significant higher mean arterial pressure, less metabolic acidosis and better diastolic function than the normoxemic reperfusion group. Cardiac mitochondria from the hyperoxemic reperfusion group had a higher respiratory control ratio (RCR) and cardiac tissue showed less nitroxidative stress compared to the normoxemic reperfusion group.

CONCLUSIONS

One hour of hyperoxemic reperfusion after 25 min of cardiac arrest in an in vivo CPB model resulted in significant short-term improvement in myocardial and mitochondrial function compared with 1h of normoxemic reperfusion. This myocardial response may differ from previously reported post-arrest hyperoxia mediated effects following shorter arrest times.

A reduced graphene oxide based electrochemical biosensor for tyrosine detection

In this paper, a 'green' and safe hydrothermal method has been used to reduce graphene oxide and produce hemin modified graphene nanosheet (HGN) based electrochemical biosensors for the determination of l-tyrosine levels. The as-fabricated HGN biosensors were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The experimental results indicated that hemin was successfully immobilized on the reduced graphene oxide nanosheet (rGO) through π-π interaction. TEM images and EDX results further confirmed the attachment of hemin on the rGO nanosheet. Cyclic voltammetry tests were carried out for the bare glass carbon electrode (GCE), the rGO electrode (rGO/GCE), and the hemin-rGO electrode (HGN/GCE). The HGN/GCE based biosensor exhibits a tyrosine detection linear range from 5 × 10(-7) M to 2 × 10(-5) M with a detection limitation of 7.5 × 10(-8) M at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The sensitivity of this biosensor is 133 times higher than that of the bare GCE. In comparison with other works, electroactive biosensors are easily fabricated, easily controlled and cost-effective. Moreover, the hemin-rGO based biosensors demonstrate higher stability, a broader detection linear range and better detection sensitivity. Study of the oxidation scheme reveals that the rGO enhances the electron transfer between the electrode and the hemin, and the existence of hemin groups effectively electrocatalyzes the oxidation of tyrosine. This study contributes to a widespread clinical application of nanomaterial based biosensor devices with a broader detection linear range, improved stability, enhanced sensitivity and reduced costs.

High plasma thiocyanate levels modulate protein damage induced by myeloperoxidase and perturb measurement of 3-chlorotyrosine

Smokers have an elevated risk of atherosclerosis but the origin of this elevated risk is incompletely defined, though increasing evidence supports a role for the oxidant-generating enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO). In previous studies we have demonstrated that smokers have elevated levels of thiocyanate ions (SCN(-)), relative to nonsmokers, and increased thiol oxidation, as SCN(-) is a favored substrate for MPO, and the resulting hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) targets thiol groups rapidly and selectively. In this study we show that increased HOSCN formation by MPO diminishes damage to nonthiol targets on both model proteins and human plasma proteins. Thus high SCN(-) levels protect against HOCl- and MPO-mediated damage to methionine, tryptophan, lysine, histidine, and tyrosine residues on proteins. Furthermore, levels of the HOCl-mediated marker compound 3-chlorotyrosine and the cross-linked product dityrosine are decreased. Plasma protein 3-chlorotyrosine levels induced by HOCl exposure in nonsmokers are elevated over the levels detected in smokers when exposed to identical oxidative insult (P<0.05), and a strong inverse correlation exists between plasma SCN(-) levels and 3-chlorotyrosine concentrations (r=0.6182; P<0.0001). These correlations were also significant for smokers (r=0.2724; P<0.05) and nonsmokers (r=0.4141; P<0.01) when analyzed as individual groups. These data indicate that plasma SCN(-) levels are a key determinant of the extent and type of protein oxidation induced by MPO on isolated and plasma proteins and that smoking status and resulting high SCN(-) levels can markedly modulate the levels of the widely used biomarker compound 3-chlorotyrosine.

Gene deletion of nos2 protects against manganese-induced neurological dysfunction in juvenile mice

The mechanisms underlying cognitive and neurobehavioral abnormalities associated with childhood exposure to manganese (Mn) are not well understood but may be influenced by neuroinflammatory activation of microglia and astrocytes that results in nitrosative stress due to expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS2). We therefore postulated that gene deletion of NOS2 would protect against the neurotoxic effects of Mn in vivo and in vitro. Juvenile NOS2 knockout (NOS2(-/-)) mice were orally exposed to 50 mg/kg of MnCl₂ by intragastric gavage from days 21 to 34 postnatal. Results indicate that NOS2(-/-) mice exposed to Mn were protected against neurobehavioral alterations, despite histopathological activation of astrocytes and microglia in Mn-treated mice in both genotypes. NOS2(-/-) mice had decreased Mn-induced formation of 3-nitrotyrosine protein adducts within neurons in the basal ganglia that correlated with protection against Mn-induced neurobehavioral defects. Primary striatal astrocytes from wildtype mice caused apoptosis in cocultured striatal neurons following treatment with MnCl₂ and tumor necrosis factor-α, whereas NOS2(-/-) astrocytes failed to cause any increase in markers of apoptosis in striatal neurons. Additionally, scavenging nitric oxide (NO) with 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO) prevented the ability of Mn- and cytokine-treated wildtype astrocytes to cause apoptosis in cocultured striatal neurons. These data demonstrate that NO plays a crucial role in Mn-induced neurological dysfunction in juvenile mice and that NOS2 expression in activated glia is an important mediator of neuroinflammatory injury during Mn exposure.

Formation of halogenated C-, N-DBPs from chlor(am)ination and UV irradiation of tyrosine in drinking water

The formation of regulated and emerging halogenated carbonaceous (C-) and nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) from the chlor(am)ination and UV irradiation of tyrosine (Tyr) was investigated. Increased chlorine contact time and/or Cl(2)/Tyr ratio increased the formation of most C-DBPs, with the exception of 4-chlorophenol, dichloroacetonitrile, and dichloroacetamideChloroform and dichloroacetic acid increased with increasing pH, dichloroacetonitrile first increased and then decreased, and other DBPs had maximum yields at pH 7 or 8. The addition of ammonia significantly reduced the formation of most C-DBPs but increased 4-chlorophenol, dichloroacetonitrile, dichloroacetamide, and trichloroacetonitrile yields for short prechlorination contact times before dosing ammonia. When UV irradiation and chlorination were performed simultaneously, the concentrations of the relatively stable C-DBPs increased, and the concentrations of dichloroacetonitrile, dichloroacetamide, and 4-chlorophenol decreased with increasing UV dose. This information was used to develop a mechanistic model for the formation of intermediate DBPs and end products from the interaction of disinfectants with tyrosine.

A novel initialization method for nonnegative matrix factorization and its application in component recognition with three-dimensional fluorescence spectra

Nonnegative matrix factorization has been widely used in many areas and has been applied for component recognition with three dimensional fluorescence spectra recently. However, nonnegative matrix factorization is a nonconvex programming in the iteration process, thus the solution is dependent on the initial values and consequently not unique. Up to now, an effective global convergent algorithm is still absent. In this work, we propose an initialization scheme based on independent component analysis. Compared with other initialization schemes, the optimal solution of nonnegative matrix factorization based on independent component analysis is much better and it is demonstrated by typical experiments of component recognition with three-dimensional fluorescence spectra.

Identifying the related compounds using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: bromotyrosine alkaloids from marine sponge Psammaplysilla purpurea

We have investigated extracts of marine sponge Psammaplysilla purpurea during three collections from Mandapam (Tamil Nadu, India) and Okha (Gujarat, India) and indentified two new bromotyrosine alkaloids, purpurealidin I (7) and J (8) using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). This sponge has tremendous chemical diversity of bromotyrosine alkaloids. Here we have used the proteomics approach in identifying related bromotyrosine alkaloids based on the predicated mass fragmentation pattern. The focus is on the examination of detailed product ion spectra of six known compounds that allowed identification of new compounds based on its mass fragmentation pattern. The isotopic pattern of the peaks for protonated molecules indicated the number of bromine atoms present in the molecule. During MS/MS studies, the most prominent product ion peak is for the presence of side chain propane with either free NH(2) or NHMe or Nme(2). The cleavage at C-C bond between oxime-amide carbonyl and amide-phenoxy moiety also gave characteristic product ions. The ESI-MS spectra for all three collections show that the bromotyrosine metabolites vary during different season and also geographical location. Although, some common metabolites were observed during the three collections. Thus, ESI-MS/MS is a method of choice in identifying the related compounds.

The role of amino acids in spina bifida

Our objective was to measure amniotic fluid amino acid concentrations in pregnant women diagnosed as having fetuses with spina bifida in the second trimester of pregnancy. Fifteen pregnant women who had fetuses with spina bifida detected by ultrasonography (spina bifida group) in the second trimester and 19 women who had abnormal triple screenings indicating an increased risk for Down's syndrome but had healthy fetuses (control group) were enrolled in the study. Amniotic fluid was obtained by amniocentesis. The chromosomal analysis of the study and control groups was normal. Levels of free amino acids were measured in amniotic fluid samples using EZ: fast kits (EZ: fast GC/FID free (physiological) amino acid kit) by gas chromatography (Focus GC AI 3000 Thermo Finnigan analyzer). The mean levels of alanine, cystathionine, cysteine, phenylalanine, tryptophane, and tyrosine amino acids were found to be significantly higher in fetuses of the control group than in the spina bifida group (p<0.05). The detection of significantly higher amino acid concentrations in the amniotic fluid of healthy fetuses suggests loss of amino acids from the fetus through the spinal cord may contribute to the etiology of spina bifida.

Continuous-flow step gradient mass spectrometry based method for the determination of kinetic parameters of immobilized mushroom tyrosinase in equilibrating conditions: comparison with free enzyme

A mass spectrometry (MS)-based methodology for enzymatic assay in equilibrium conditions was designed and evaluated. This on-line assay involves the introduction of a continuous-flow step gradient (CFSG) of a substrate solution in the column containing immobilized enzyme and the simultaneous tracking of the product formation. We showed that the constant concentration of substrate in the entire bioreactor for an appropriate duration ensures the equilibration of the studied enzyme (mushroom tyrosinase). Under these conditions, it was demonstrated also that the kinetic and enzymatic parameters (Michaelis-Menten constant, K(M) , the maximal specific activity, SA(max)) are independent of the flow rate of the mobile phase. The feasibility of the mentioned approach for inhibitory tests was also investigated. The coupling of the mass spectrometer to the bio-reactor allows the selective monitoring of the enzymatic reaction products and increases their detection level. Very high sensitivity, 500 pmol/min/column, and selective monitoring of the products of the enzymatic reaction are allowed by MS detection. The methodology developed here constitutes a sensitive analytical tool to study enzymes requiring long equilibration times.

Habitually exercising older men do not demonstrate age-associated vascular endothelial oxidative stress

We tested the hypothesis that older men who perform habitual aerobic exercise do not demonstrate age-associated vascular endothelial oxidative stress compared with their sedentary peers. Older exercising men (n=13, 62±2 years) had higher (P<0.05) physical activity (79±7 vs. 30±6 MET hours per week) and maximal exercise oxygen consumption (42±1 vs. 29±1 mL kg(-1) per minute) vs. sedentary men (n=28, 63±1 years). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), a measure of vascular endothelial function, was greater (P<0.05) in the exercising vs. sedentary older men (6.3±0.5 vs. 4.9±0.4%Δ) and not different than young controls (n=20, 25±1 years, 7.1±0.5%Δ). In vascular endothelial cells sampled from the brachial artery, nitrotyrosine, a marker of oxidative stress, was 51% lower in the exercising vs. sedentary older men (0.38±0.06 vs. 0.77±0.10 AU). This was associated with lower endothelial expression of the oxidant enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (p47(phox) subunit, 0.33±0.05 vs. 0.61±0.09 AU) and the redox-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) (p65 subunit, 0.36±0.05 vs. 0.72±0.09 AU). Expression of the antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD) (0.57±0.13 vs. 0.30±0.04 AU) and activity of endothelium-bound extracellular SOD were greater (6.4±0.5 vs. 5.0±0.6 U mL(-1) per minute) in the exercising men (both P<0.05), but differences no longer were significant after correcting for adiposity and circulating metabolic factors. Overall, values for the young controls differed with those for the sedentary, but not the exercising older men. Older men who exercise regularly do not demonstrate vascular endothelial oxidative stress, and this may be a key molecular mechanism underlying their reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Proteomic characterisation of hydrothermal redox damage

BACKGROUND

Peptide and protein damage contributes to the loss of quality and value in protein-based food and textile products as well as to the degeneration of biological tissues such as hair and skin. The effects of elevated temperature on such substrates at the molecular level are, however, relatively unknown. This paper examines the response of peptides and proteins to hydrothermal damage using mass spectrometry and reports the location of molecular markers of hydrothermal damage within wool proteins.

RESULTS

The hydrothermal exposure of model peptides containing the oxidatively sensitive residues tryptophan and tyrosine revealed the formation of a number of products such as hydroxytryptophan and dihydrophenylalanine. A variety of degradation products were also observed in intermediate filament proteins, including products arising from deamidation and from oxidation of histidine, tyrosine and tryptophan residues.

CONCLUSION

The products observed to form during hydrothermal exposure indicated the involvement of reactive oxygen species. Molecular markers were identified within a proteinaceous system to allow the evaluation of damage type or severity. These findings have important implications for the thermal processing of foods and textiles.

Simultaneous identification of tyrosine phosphorylation and sulfation sites utilizing tyrosine-specific bromination

Tyrosine phosphorylation and sulfation play many key roles in the cell. Isobaric phosphotyrosine and sulfotyrosine residues in peptides were determined by mass spectrometry using phosphatase or sulfatase to remove the phosphate or the sulfate group. Unique Br signature was introduced to the resulting tyrosine residues by incubation with 32% HBr at -20 °C for 20 min. MS/MS analysis of the brominated peptide enabled unambiguous determination of the phosphotyrosine and the sulfotyrosine sites. When phosphotyrosine and sulfotyrosine as well as free tyrosine were present in the same peptide, they could be determined simultaneously using either phosphatase or sulfatase following acetylation of the free tyrosine.

A digital microfluidic method for dried blood spot analysis

Blood samples stored as dried blood spots (DBSs) are emerging as a useful sampling and storage vehicle for a wide range of applications. Unfortunately, the surging popularity of DBS samples has not yet been accompanied by an improvement in automated techniques for extraction and analysis. As a first step towards overcoming this challenge, we have developed a prototype microfluidic system for quantification of amino acids in dried blood spots, in which analytes are extracted, mixed with internal standards, derivatized, and reconstituted for analysis by (off-line and in-line) tandem mass spectrometry. The new method is fast, robust, precise, and most importantly, compatible with automation. We propose that the new method can potentially contribute to a new generation of analytical techniques for quantifying analytes in DBS samples for a wide range of applications.

Optimization of the structure-switching aptamer-based fluorescence polarization assay for the sensitive tyrosinamide sensing

In this paper, a structure-switching aptamer assay based on a fluorescence polarization (FP) signal transduction approach and dedicated to the L-tyrosinamide sensing was described and optimized. A fluorescently labelled complementary strand (CS) of the aptamer central region was used as a probe. The effects of critical parameters such as buffer composition and pH, temperature, aptamer:CS stoichiometry, nature of the dye (Fluorescein (F) or Texas Red (TR)) and length of the CS (15-, 12-, 9- and 6-mer) on the assay analytical performances were evaluated. Under optimized experimental conditions (10 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM MgCl(2) and 25 mM NaCl, pH 7.5 temperature of 22°C and stoichiometry 1:1), the results showed that, for a 12-mer CS, the F dye moderately increased the method sensitivity in comparison to the TR label. The F labelled 9-mer CS, however, did not allow the hybrid formation with the functional nucleic acid, thus emphasizing the importance of the nature of the fluorophore. In contrast, the same 9-mer CS labelled with the TR dye was able to effectively associate with the aptamer and was easily displaced upon target binding as demonstrated by a significant improvement of the sensitivity and a detection limit of 250 nM, comparable to those reported with direct aptasensing methods. The present study demonstrates that not only the CS length but also the nature of the dye played a preponderant role in the performance of the structure-switching aptamer assay, highlighting the importance of interdependently controlling these two factors for an optimal FP-based sensing platform.

[Oxidative stress in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of spontaneously hypertensive rats]

Systemic diseases affect skeletal muscle, and inflammation and oxidative stress are some of the involved mechanisms. There is scarce information about the effects of essential hypertension on skeletal muscle. The soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were studied compared to control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. The levels of nitrite and nitrate in micromol/mg-protein; endothelial (eNOS), neuronal (nNOS), and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthases, nitrotyrosine and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in ng/mg-protein were determined. Compared with controls, the SHR showed increased levels of nitrotyrosine (soleus 24.4 +/- 5.0 vs. 3.3 +/- 0.3, p<0.001; EDL 20.2 +/- 4.3 vs. 4.5 +/- 0.4, p<0.0037), iNOS (soleus 26.6 +/- 3.7 vs. 8.3 +/- 0.9; EDL 21.3 +/- 3.7 vs. 11.0 +/- 0.8, both p<0.0001) and TNF-alpha (soleus 2.2 +/- 0.5 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.1, p<0.05; EDL 1.9 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.1, p<0.02). A decrease of eNOS was found in soleus muscle (20.6 +/- 1.4 vs. 30.3 +/- 1.2, p<0.00001); of nNOS (soleus 16.8 +/- 1.4 vs. 20.7 +/- 1.8, p< 0.05; EDL 13.6 +/- 1.3 vs. 21.9 +/- 1.8, p<.005) and nitrite in EDL (5.8 +/- 0.3 vs. 7.1 +/- 0.5, p<0.026).There was a positive correlation between TNF-alpha vs. nitrotyrosine in soleus (r=0.798; p<0.031) and a tendency in EDL (r=0.739; p=0.059); iNOS vs. nitrotyrosine (soleus: r=0.908; p<0.0001; EDL: r=0.707; p<0.01), a tendency between TNF-alpha and iNOS (EDL: r=0.736; p<0.059); and a negative correlation between eNOS vs. nitrotyrosine in soleus muscle (r=-0.816; p<0.0012). In conclusion, in skeletal muscles of SHR an inflammatory process was found evidenced by the increase in TNF-alpha, nitrotyrosine and iNOS. The decreased levels of constitutive synthases, together with the higher level of iNOS, are indicative of endothelial dysfunction.

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase uncoupling by sepiapterin improves left ventricular function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

1. Uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. In the present study, we investigated the role of NOS uncoupling in oxidative/nitrosative stress and LV dysfunction in the diabetic mouse heart. 2. Diabetes was induced in wild-type (WT), endothelial (e) NOS knockout (eNOS(-/-)), inducible (i) NOS knockout (iNOS(-/-)) and neuronal (n) NOS knockout (nNOS(-/-)) mice by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment. 3. In the diabetic heart, iNOS, but not eNOS or nNOS, expression was increased. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-noneal (HNE) and nitrotyrosine (NT), as markers of oxidative/nitrosative stress, were increased in the diabetic mouse heart, but the increase in oxidative/nitrosative stress was significantly repressed in the iNOS(-/-) diabetic mouse heart. Levels of nitrite and nitrate (NO(x)), as an index of nitric oxide, bioavailability were significantly decreased in the iNOS(-/-) diabetic mouse heart. 4. Oral administration of sepiapterin (10 mg/kg per day), a precursor of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)), significantly increased BH(4) and the BH(4)/BH(2) ratio in diabetic mouse heart. Similarly, sepiapterin inhibited the formation of HNE, MDA and NT in diabetic hearts from all three genotypes, but the increase in NO(x) following sepiapterin treatment was significantly attenuated in the iNOS(-/-) diabetic mouse heart. Percentage fractional shortening (FS), evaluated by echocardiography, decreased significantly in all genotypes of diabetic mice. Sepiapterin significantly increased percentage FS in diabetic mice, except in iNOS(-/-) mice. 5. These results suggest that sepiapterin inhibits uncoupling of NOS and improves LV function presumably by increasing iNOS-derived nitric oxide in the diabetic heart.

Brominated tyrosine and polyelectrolyte multilayer analysis by laser desorption vacuum ultraviolet postionization and secondary ion mass spectrometry

The small molecular analyte 3,5-dibromotyrosine (Br(2)Y) and chitosan-alginate polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM) with and without adsorbed Br(2)Y were analyzed by laser desorption postionization-mass spectrometry (LDPI-MS). LDPI-MS using a 7.87 eV laser and tunable 8-12.5 eV synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation found that desorption of clusters from Br(2)Y films allowed detection by ≤8 eV single photon ionization. Thermal desorption and electronic structure calculations determined the ionization energy of Br(2)Y to be ~8.3 ± 0.1 eV and further indicated that the lower ionization energies of clusters permitted their detection at ≤8 eV photon energies. However, single photon ionization could only detect Br(2)Y adsorbed within PEMs when using either higher photon energies or matrix addition to the sample. All samples were also analyzed by 25 keV Bi(3)(+) secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), with the negative ion spectra showing strong parent ion signal which complemented that observed by LDPI-MS. However, the negative ion SIMS appeared strongly dependent on the high electron affinity of this specific analyte and the analyte's condensed phase environment.

[Study of tyrosine online fluorescence spectrum under high pressure]

The effect of pressure on fluorescence of tyrosine (Tyr) and Tyr in different concentration of Cu2+ was investigated. The results showed that Tyr fluorescence intensity was enhanced with increasing pressure in the absence of Cu2+, with the fluorescence intensity increasing by about 9% when the pressure reached 60 MPa. Furthermore, Tyr fluorescence quenched by Cu2+ and the quenching became stronger when the concentration of Cu2+ was higher. The effect of pressure on the fluorescence of Tyr was different under various Cu2+ concentrations. When Cu2+ concentration was lower, the fluorescence intensity increased relatively weakly (under 60 MPa and [Copper ion]/[Tyr] = 1, fluorescence intensity increased by 14.4%) and vice versa, the fluorescence intensity increased relatively strongly (under 60 MPa and [Copper ion]/[Tyr] = 40, fluorescence intensity increased by 38.4%).

Local and cardiorenal effects of periodontitis in nitric oxide-deficient hypertensive rats

OBJECTIVE

in this study we have assessed the renal and cardiac consequences of ligature-induced periodontitis in both normotensive and nitric oxide (NO)-deficient (L-NAME-treated) hypertensive rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

oral L-NAME (or water) treatment was started two weeks prior to induction of periodontitis. Rats were sacrificed 3, 7 or 14 days after ligature placement, and alveolar bone loss was evaluated radiographically. Thiobarbituric reactive species (TBARS; a lipid peroxidation index), protein nitrotyrosine (NT; a marker of protein nitration) and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO; a neutrophil marker) were determined in the heart and kidney.

RESULTS

in NO-deficient hypertensive rats, periodontitis-induced alveolar bone loss was significantly diminished. In addition, periodontitis-induced cardiac NT elevation was completely prevented by L-NAME treatment. On the other hand L-NAME treatment enhanced MPO production in both heart and kidneys of rats with periodontitis. No changes due to periodontitis were observed in cardiac or renal TBARS content.

CONCLUSIONS

in addition to mediating alveolar bone loss, NO contributes to systemic effects of periodontitis in the heart and kidney.

Plant cell-wall cross-links by REDOR NMR spectroscopy

We present a new method that integrates selective biosynthetic labeling and solid-state NMR detection to identify in situ important protein cross-links in plant cell walls. We have labeled soybean cells by growth in media containing l-[ring-d(4)]tyrosine and l-[ring-4-(13)C]tyrosine, compared whole-cell and cell-wall (13)C CPMAS spectra, and examined intact cell walls using (13)C{(2)H} rotational echo double-resonance (REDOR) solid-state NMR. The proximity of (13)C and (2)H labels shows that 25% of the tyrosines in soybean cell walls are part of isodityrosine cross-links between protein chains. We also used (15)N{(13)C} REDOR of intact cell walls labeled by l-[ε-(15)N,6-(13)C]lysine and depleted in natural-abundance (15)N to establish that the side chains of lysine are not significantly involved in covalent cross-links to proteins or sugars.

Identifying peroxidases and their oxidants in the early pathology of cystic fibrosis

We aimed to determine whether myeloperoxidase (MPO) is the main peroxidase present in the airways of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and to assess which oxidants it produces and whether they are associated with clinical features of CF. Children with CF (n=54) and without CF (n=16) underwent bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for assessment of pulmonary infection and inflammation. BAL fluid was analyzed for MPO, halogenated tyrosines as markers of hypohalous acids, thiocyanate, and protein carbonyls. MPO was the only peroxidase detected in BAL samples from children with CF and its concentration was markedly higher than in controls. Levels of 3-chlorotyrosine and 3-bromotyrosine in proteins were higher in the CF group. They correlated with neutrophils and MPO. The concentration of thiocyanate in BAL samples was below 1μM. Protein carbonyl levels correlated with MPO and halogenated tyrosines in patients with CF. Levels of MPO and halogenated tyrosines were higher in children with infections, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and in the presence of respiratory symptoms. They also correlated with the Kanga clinical score. Our findings suggest that MPO produces hypobromous acid as well as hypochlorous acid in the airways of children with CF and that these oxidants are involved in the early pathogenesis of CF.

Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase prevents graft injury after transplantation of livers from rats after cardiac death

This study investigated the roles of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the failure of rat liver grafts from cardiac death donors (GCDD). Livers were explanted after 30-minute aorta clamping and implanted after 4-hour storage in University of Wisconsin solution. The iNOS expression increased slightly in grafts from non-cardiac death donors (GNCDD) but markedly in GCDD. Serum nitrite and nitrate and hepatic 3-nitrotyrosine adducts, indicators of NO and peroxynitrite production, respectively, were substantially higher after transplantation of GCDD than GNCDD. Production of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) was largely blocked by 1400W (N-[1-naphthyl]ethylenediamine dihydrochloride; 5 μM), a specific iNOS inhibitor. Alanine aminotransferase release, bilirubin, necrosis, and apoptosis were 6.4-fold, 6.5-fold, 2.3-fold, and 2.7-fold higher, respectively, after transplantation of GCDD than GNCDD. The inhibitor 1400W effectively blocked these alterations and also increased survival of GCDD to 80% from 33%. Increased RNS production and failure of GCDD were associated with activation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), an effect that was blocked by inhibition of iNOS. Inhibition of JNK also improved the outcome after transplantation of GCDD. Together, the data indicate that iNOS increases substantially in GCDD, leading to RNS overproduction, JNK activation, and more severe graft injury. Inhibitors of iNOS are suggested as effective therapies to improve the outcome after transplantation of GCDD.