Functional similarity and differences between selection-independent CD4-CD8- alphabeta T cells and positively selected CD8 T cells expressing the same TCR and the induction of anergy in CD4-CD8- alphabeta T cells in antigen-expressing mice

In TCR-alphabeta transgenic mice, CD4-CD8- TCR-alphabeta+ (alphabeta DN) cells arise in the absence of positively selecting MHC molecules and are resistant to clonal deletion in Ag-expressing mice. In this study the activation requirements and functional properties of alphabeta double-negative (DN) cells were compared with those of positively selected CD8+ cells expressing equivalent levels of the same MHC class I-restricted transgenic TCR. We found that positively selected CD8+ cells required a lower density of the antigenic ligand for optimal proliferative responses compared with alphabeta DN cells derived from nonpositively selecting mice. However, when the CD8 coreceptor on CD8+ cells was blocked with an anti-CD8 mAb, both alphabeta DN and CD8+ cells exhibited the same dose-response curve to the antigenic ligand and the same dependence on CD28/B7 costimulation. Positively selected CD8+ cells also differed from alphabeta DN cells in that they differentiated into more efficient killers and IL-2 producers after Ag stimulation, even after CD8 blockade. However, Ag-activated alphabeta DN and CD8+ cells were equally efficient in producing IFN-gamma, suggesting that this functional property is independent of positive selection. We also found that alphabeta DN cells recovered from the lymph nodes of Ag-expressing mice were functionally anergic. This anergic state was associated with defective proliferation and IL-2 production in response to Ag stimulation. These observations indicate that alphabeta DN cells can be anergized in vivo by physiological levels of the antigenic ligand.

[Changes in t-PA, PAI-1 gene expression of coronary arteries with preconditioning in acute myocardial infarction rat]

The changes of t-PA, PAI-1 gene expression and t-PA activity were investigated in coronary arteries of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) rat by nucleic acid molecular hybridization and spectrophotometric assay. The effect of preconditioning on t-PA and PAI-1 was observed in this model. The results indicated that: (1) Tissue t-PA activity in ischemia was significantly decreased than that in control (P < 0.01). t-PA activity was obviously increased in preconditioning group (P < 0.01 compared with ischemia group). (2) t-PA and PAI-1 mRNA expression in ischemia were higher than that in control, especially PAI-1 4.6 times higher than that in control), while PAI-1 expression lower in preconditioning rat. (3) In situ hybridization showed t-PA and PAI-1 were primarily expressed by endothelial cells in vessels of rat heart. These data suggested that abnormal expression of PAI-1 and t-PA was involved in AMI. This fibrinolytic depress was associated with high PAI-1 expression. Preconditioning may be effective to protect myocardium through decreasing PAI-1 mRNA expression.

[Preliminary application of mRNA differential display technique in the isolation of genes possibly associated with tumor metastasis]

We have previously reported that in vitro treatment with interferons of MA891, a spontaneous mouse mammary tumor capable of metastasizing to the lungs upon subcutaneous inoculation, could modulate its metastatic potential. IFN-gamma increases while IFN-alpha decreases lung metastasis. Identifying the genes differentially expressed in MA891 cells separately treated with IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma. MA891 cells were treated in vitro with 200 U/ml IFN-alpha or IFN-gamma respectively for 48 h. Total RNA was isolated with the single step method of acid guanidinium thiocyanate. After being digested by DNase I, the two RNA samples were differentially displayed with T12MA/T/C/G x 20 arbitrary primer pairs. Most of the RT-PCR were done twice. The differentially expressed cDNA bands were isolated, reampliated and cloned. Ten differentially expressed cDNA bands were identified: T2 alpha, T2 gamma, C4 alpha, T6 alpha, T11 gamma, G15 gamma, T16 gamma, T5 alpha 1, T5 alpha 2, T17 alpha, T15 alpha, T15 gamma, named according to the type of IFN and primer pairs used. The total RNA samples of MA891 cells treated by IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma were differentially displayed with T12MA/T/C/G x 20 arbitrary primer pairs. Theoretically they can cover 95% mRNAs. It is anticipated that one or more of the ten cDNA clones may be related to the metastatic potential of MA891 cells.

[Effects of aerobic exercise on regulation of activities of hepatic low density lipoprotein receptor in hypercholesterolemic rats]

The present study is to determine the effects of exercise on the regulatory role in activities of hepatic low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) in experimental hypercholesterolemic (HC) rats. Using a specific assay for the binding of 125I-LDL receptor to homogenate, the activity of hepatic LDL-R were measured. It was observed that the activity of LDL-R in HC decreased by 37% as compared with the normal control (NC) rats. HC rats also had a higher levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (Apo B). The rats fed on high-cholesterol diet combined with exercise for 12 weeks (HE) had lower TC, LDL-C and Apo B levels than those of HC rats, and had a higher hepatic LDL-R activity which was 26% higher than that of HC rats. These finding suggested: (1) LDL-R activity may be regulated downward in cholesterol-loaded rats; (2) Exercise may enhance the utilization and degradation of intracellular cholesterol, and may have a feedback effect on the down-regulated synthesis of LDL-R, thus increase the uptake of LDL-C and lower plasma level of lipid.

Cytosolic Ca2+ changes during in vitro ischemia in rat hippocampal slices: major roles for glutamate and Na+-dependent Ca2+ release from mitochondria

This work determined Ca2+ transport processes that contribute to the rise in cytosolic Ca2+ during in vitro ischemia (deprivation of oxygen and glucose) in the hippocampus. The CA1 striatum radiatum of rat hippocampal slices was monitored by confocal microscopy of calcium green-1. There was a 50-60% increase in fluorescence during 10 min of ischemia after a 3 min lag period. During the first 5 min of ischemia the major contribution was from Ca2+ entering via NMDA receptors; most of the fluorescence increase was blocked by MK-801. Approximately one-half of the sustained increase in fluorescence during 10 min of ischemia was caused by activation of Ca2+ release from mitochondria via the mitochondrial 2Na+-Ca2+ exchanger. Inhibition of Na+ influx across the plasmalemma using lidocaine, low extracellular Na+, or the AMPA/kainate receptor blocker CNQX reduced the fluorescence increase by 50%. The 2Na+-Ca2+ exchange blocker CGP37157 also blocked the increase, and this effect was not additive with the effects of blocking Na+ influx. When added together, CNQX and lidocaine inhibited the fluorescence increase more than CGP37157 did. Thus, during ischemia, Ca2+ entry via NMDA receptors accounts for the earliest rise in cytosolic Ca2+. Approximately 50% of the sustained rise is attributable to Na+ entry and subsequent Ca2+ release from the mitochondria via the 2Na+-Ca2+ exchanger. Sodium entry is also hypothesized to compromise clearance of cytosolic Ca2+ by routes other than mitochondrial uptake, probably by enhancing ATP depletion, accounting for the large inhibition of the Ca2+ increase by the combination of CNQX and lidocaine.

[Tolerance of human and rhesus monkey elbow joints]

In order to study tolerance transfer relationships between human and rhesus monkey elbow joints, torsional and bending tests were conducted on human and rhesus monkey elbow joints under the same condition, and the tolerance transfer relationships between their elbow joints were obtained by comparing and analysing their biomechanical properties. The results show that the mean load transfer ratios between human and rhesus monkey elbow joints were 3.65 and 4.28 for torsional and bending injury respectively.

The enhanced anticaries efficacy of a sodium fluoride and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate dentifrice in a dual-chambered tube. A 2-year caries clinical study on children in Brazil

PURPOSE

To clinically evaluate and compare a dentifrice system in a dual-chambered tube, wherein one chamber contained sodium fluoride in a silica base and the other chamber contained dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (Test Dentifrice delivering 0.243% sodium fluoride), to a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Positive Control Dentifrice).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted in harmony with the published 1988 American Dental Association guidelines for studies geared toward the comparison of fluoride dentifrices. This 2-yr caries clinical study employed a double-blind, parallel-group design, and involved 6-10 yr-old children from the metropolitan area of Maceio, Alagoas, Brazil. Qualifying subjects were stratified according to age and sex, and were randomly assigned to the two treatment groups, with multiple subjects in the same household all assigned to the dentifrice randomly allocated to the first among them. Caries examinations were conducted in accordance with U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines for the clinical evaluation of drugs to prevent dental caries. One calibrated examiner performed all the measurements. After treatment assignment, study participants were instructed to brush their teeth at home with their assigned dentifrice at least twice daily. Brushing instructions were reinforced by indoctrination in proper oral hygiene techniques by dental professionals, supplemented by pamphlets supplied by the sponsor and yearly mailings to participants, emphasizing good oral hygiene and the need to enforce compliance with the study. Post-baseline examinations were performed after 1 yr of product use, and again after 2 yrs of product use.

RESULTS

Two thousand four hundred thirty-two (2,432) subjects completed this 2-yr study. For these subjects, the mean caries scores (DMFS, decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces) at baseline were 3.84 for the Test Dentifrice group, and 4.06 for the Positive Control Dentifrice group. For caries increments after 1 yr, the respective means were 2.02 for the Test Dentifrice group and 2.12 for the Positive Control Dentifrice group. Finally, after 2 yrs, the mean caries increments were 4.30 for the Test Dentifrice group, and 4.83 for the Positive Control Dentifrice group. No statistically significant difference was indicated between the treatment groups at baseline or between the 1-yr caries increment scores. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the 2-yr caries increment scores between the treatment groups. Relative to the Positive Control Dentifrice group, the Test Dentifrice group presented a 10.97% reduction in caries increment scores at 2 yrs. In accordance with the procedures and standards provided by the published guidelines of the American Dental Association for the comparison of the anticaries efficacy of fluoride dentifrices, the results of this study support the conclusion that the dentifrice system in a dual-chambered tube, wherein one chamber contained sodium fluoride in a silica base and the other chamber contained dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, delivering 0.243% sodium fluoride, provided a superior level of anticaries efficacy than did the dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base.

A surveillance study on penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae in China

OBJECTIVES

To find out whether there are also penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae and the resistant rate in China.

METHODS

A surveillance study which is a part of the international surveillance on pneumococci resistance to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents was conducted in Beijing, China. More than 900 pediatric patients with respiratory tract infections aged from six months to three years selected from two pediatric units were enrolled in the study. Perthroat swabs were immediately streaked onto blood agar plates. Isolates were identified as pneumococci by their typical appearance, gram stain, confirmation tests. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed by the disk diffusion method and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) determination according to Protocol and National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS).

RESULTS

Of the 51 streptococcus pneumoniae isolates, 5 strains had zones of inhibition indicative of penicillin resistance, of which two had penicillin MICs > or = 0.1 mg/L and were considered to be relatively or fully resistant to penicillin. The MICs of two penicillin resistant strains were 2 mg/L and 4 mg/L. Resistant rates to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime were 0% and 10% respectively. For the other ten antimicrobial agents, the resistant rates were as follows: ampicillin 12%, piperacillin 26%, furbenicillin 14%, cefuroxime 6%, erythromycin 54%, clarithromycin 52%, meleumycin 64%, roxithromycin 52%, chloramphenicol 35%, tetracycline 100%.

CONCLUSIONS

The study suggested that penicillin resistant streptococcus pneumoniae strains existed in China and were also resistant to ampicillin, piperacillin, furbenicillin and cefuroxime. Moreover, the resistant rates of penicillin resistant streptococcus pneumoniae to macrolides and tetracycline were high.

Nontoxic doses of suramin enhance activity of doxorubicin in prostate tumors

We recently reported that acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF) confer a broad-spectrum chemoresistance in solid tumors, and that inhibitors of these proteins enhanced the antitumor activity of several anticancer drugs. The present study investigated the effect of FGF inhibitors on doxorubicin activity in human prostate PC3 tumors. In in vitro studies, conditioned medium (CM) obtained from histocultures of rat MAT-LyLu lung metastases and different combinations of recombinant FGF induced a 7- to 15-fold doxorubicin resistance. Suramin had no effect on the doxorubicin activity in the absence of CM or FGF, but reversed the CM- and FGF-induced resistance by > or =90% at concentrations that had no cytotoxicity (i.e., 1-17 microM suramin). In the in vivo study, immunodeficient mice bearing well established, subcutaneous PC3 tumors (approximately 100 mg in size) were treated intravenously with doxorubicin (5 mg/kg) and suramin (10 mg/kg), administered twice weekly for 3 weeks. The suramin dose, selected to yield plasma concentration of below 50 microM, had neither antitumor activity nor toxicity. Doxorubicin alone reduced tumor growth rate by approximately 60%, reduced the density of nonapoptotic tumor cells by approximately 60%, enhanced the apoptotic cell fraction by 4-fold, and reduced the body weight by approximately 15% (p < 0.05 compared with control). Addition of suramin to doxorubicin therapy did not increase weight loss but significantly enhanced the antitumor effect, resulting in complete inhibition of tumor growth, an additional 3-fold reduction in the density of nonapoptotic tumor cells, and an additional 2-fold enhancement of the apoptotic tumor cell fraction (p < 0.05 compared with all other groups). These data indicate significant enhancement of the effectiveness of doxorubicin in prostate tumors by nontoxic and subtherapeutic doses of suramin.

[Effect of yuanhua on isolated uterine strips in unpregnant rats]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the mechanism on the effect of Yuanhua on the contractile activity of isolated uterine strips in rats under artificial oestrum.

METHOD

Isolated strips were suspended in a tissue chamber in which Yuanhua was added with some antagonists of inhibitors or without.

RESULT

Yuanhua could excite the uterine smooth muscle strips in a dose-dependent manner, but atropine, phentolamine, hexamethonium and diphenhydramine could not inhibit this exciting action. This exciting effect could be inhibited completely by verapamil and decreased by indomethacin(inhibitor of prostaglandin synthase).

CONCLUSION

The exciting effect of Yuanhua on un-pregnant rats in vitro might be related to an action on the cell membrane Ca2+ channel as well as to a partial stimulation of synthesis and release of PG.

Characterization of the functional heterologous desensitization of hypothalamic 5-HT(1A) receptors after 5-HT(2A) receptor activation

Desensitization of 5-HT(1A) receptors could be involved in the long-term therapeutic effect of anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs. Pretreatment of rats with the 5-HT(2A/2C) agonist DOI induces an attenuation of hypothalamic 5-HT(1A) receptor-G(z)-protein signaling, measured as the ACTH and oxytocin responses to an injection of the 5-HT(1A) agonist 8-OH-DPAT. We characterized this functional heterologous desensitization of 5-HT(1A) receptors in rats and examined some of the mechanisms that are involved. A time course experiment revealed that DOI produces a delayed and reversible reduction of the ACTH and oxytocin responses to an 8-OH-DPAT challenge. The maximal desensitization occurred at 2 hr, and it disappeared 24 hr after DOI injection. The desensitization was dose-dependent, and it shifted the oxytocin and ACTH dose-response curves of 8-OH-DPAT to the right (increased ED(50)) with no change in their maximal responses (E(max)). The 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist MDL 100,907 prevented the DOI-induced desensitization, indicating that 5-HT(2A) receptors mediate the effect of DOI. Analysis of the components of the 5-HT(1A) receptor-G(z)-protein signaling system showed that DOI did not alter the level of membrane-associated G(z)-proteins in the hypothalamus. Additionally, DOI did not alter the binding of [(3)H]8-OH-DPAT or the inhibition by GTPgammaS of [(3)H]8-OH-DPAT binding in the hypothalamus. In conclusion, the activation of 5-HT(2A) receptors induces a transient functional desensitization of 5-HT(1A) receptor signaling in the hypothalamus, which may occur distal to the 5-HT(1A) receptor-G(z)-protein interface.

Age-dependent cognitive deficits and neuronal apoptosis in cyclooxygenase-2 transgenic mice

The cyclooxygenases catalyze the rate-limiting step in the formation of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid and are the pharmacological targets of (NSAIDs). In brain, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase, is selectively expressed in neurons of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. As an immediate-early gene, COX-2 is dramatically and transiently induced in these neurons in response to NMDA receptor activation. In models of acute excitotoxic neuronal injury, elevated and sustained levels of COX-2 have been shown to promote neuronal apoptosis, indicating that upregulated COX-2 activity is injurious to neurons. COX-2 may also contribute to the development of Alzheimer's disease, for which early administration of NSAIDs is protective against development of the disease. To test the effect of constitutively elevated neuronal COX-2, transgenic mice were generated that overexpressed COX-2 in neurons and produced elevated levels of prostaglandins in brain. In cross-sectional behavioral studies, COX-2 transgenic mice developed an age-dependent deficit in spatial memory at 12 and 20 months but not at 7 months and a deficit in aversive behavior at 20 months of age. These behavioral changes were associated with a parallel age-dependent increase in neuronal apoptosis occurring at 14 and 22 months but not at 8 months of age and astrocytic activation at 24 months of age. These findings suggest that neuronal COX-2 may contribute to the pathophysiology of age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease by promoting memory dysfunction, neuronal apoptosis, and astrocytic activation in an age-dependent manner.

Contribution of calcium and other dietary components to global variations in bone mineral density in young adults

A research project on comparative international studies of osteoporosis using isotope techniques was organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) with the participation of 12 countries (Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Croatia, Hungary, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Turkey, and the United Kingdom). Participating centers in 11 countries (all but the UK) made measurements and collected data on men and women aged 15 to 49 years. In addition to studies of bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck and lumbar spine using DEXA, anthropometric, lifestyle, and nutritional data were also collected. The results of the nutritional studies are reviewed in this paper. Overall, about 8% of the observed variability in spine BMD could be attributed to nutritional factors in men and women; in men, no such relationship could be determined. No single nutritional component (not even calcium) stood out as being of particular importance across all participating centers.

[Expression of different receptors of the apoptosis inducing gene TRAIL in human ovarian tumors]

Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to assay mRNA expression of TRAIl(the TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand) receptors (DR5, DcR1, and DcR2) in 3 cases of normal ovarian tissues, 6 cases of ovarian benign tumors, and 16 cases of ovarian cancers. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were used as a positive control. Positive expression of the DR5 and DcR1 were found in peripheral blood lymphocytes and 3 cases of normal ovaries. Positive expressions of the DR5 and DcR1 were 83.3%(5/6) in benign ovarian tumors and 68.8%(11/16) in ovarian cancers respectively. Positive expression of the DcR2 was only found in normal ovaries and benign tumors. These findings suggest that expression of different receptors may play an important role in the apoptosis regulation of ovarian tumors, especially DcR2.

[Correlation between the serum levels of interleukin-2 and soluble interleukin-2 receptor and the response to immunosuppressive therapy in severe aplastic anemia patients]

OBJECTIVE

To explore factors influencing the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy in severe aplastic anemia (SAA).

METHODS

The serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) of 22 SAA patients and 15 normal controls were measured by immunoenzyme assay.

RESULTS

Comparing with the normal controls, 40.9% and 63.6% of the SAA patients had higher serum levels of IL-2 (>840ng/L) and of sIL 2R (>320 x 10(3) U/L), respectively. Those who had higher IL-2 levels and higher sIL-2R levels got better responses to cyclosporin A(CsA) and CsA plus antilymphocyte globulin (ALG).

CONCLUSION

The serum levels of IL-2 and sIL-2R were correlated with the responsiveness to immunosuppressive therapy in SAA patients and might be useful for directing treatment.

[Gas chromatographic determination of residual toluene in plastic packing bags]

A method for analysis of residual toluene in plastic packing bags by gas chromatographic headspace analysis is presented. This method is very simple and accurate. It only requires one column: 0.5 m x 2 mm i.d. packed with 102 white support DMCS coated with 20% PEG-20M. The relation between the preheating temperature of sample and the peak height of toluene can be approximately expressed as H=4.156e(0.126T). The precision of this method is 4% and its detectable limit is 0.031 mg (toluene)/m2.

Immobilized IDA-type Cu2+-chelating membrane affinity chromatography for purification of bovine liver catalase

Cu2+-chelating membrane medium based on iminodiacetate-substituted modified short cotton cellulose was examined to purify bovine liver catalase (BLC) by affinity chromatography. The buffer pH notably affect BLC binding to the Cu2+-chelating membrane adsorbent. The results showed that under the chromatographic conditions chosen, 67.7% recovery of BLC attained with an overall 4.7-fold increase in specific activity in a single step. After purification of BLC, the chelating membrane adsorbent can easily be regenerated by imidazole or EDTA buffer. Different results were obtained by the two regeneration methods: the later is more effective than the former in reviving the purification characters of the chelating membrane adsorbent.

Anti-proliferative effects induced by anti-CD4 human/murine chimeric antibody and murine anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody

The effects of chimeric anti-CD4 human/murine chimeric antibody and murine anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (McAb) on the proliferation induced by anti-CD3 McAb, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), IL-2, and allogeneic cells were studied. The results showed that chimeric anti-CD4 antibody and murine anti-CD4 McAb could inhibit the proliferation induced by the above inducers and the inhibitory effects were related to the dosage of the antibodies.

[Isolation and structure of 6'-O-caffeylerigeroside from Erigeron multiradiatus]

The plant, Erigeron multiradiatus (Wall.) Benth(Family: Compositae), is a perennial herb distributed abundantly in the mountainous area of the southwestern part in China. It is used in folk medicine for the treatment of common cold, panting cough, rheumatic, enteritis and toothache. In this paper, we report a new glycoside named as 6'-O-caffeylerigeroside isolated from Erigeron Multiradiatus (Family: Compositae) together with four known compounds. The known compounds were identified as pyromeconic acid(I), scopoletin(II), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid(III) and vanillic acid(IV). The structure of 6'-O-caffeylerigeroside was elucidated as gamma-pyrone-3-O-[6"-(3',4'-dihydroxy-cinnamoyl)]-beta-D-glucoside(V) on the basis of chemical evidence and spectral data.

[An experimental study on bone marrow purging in vitro for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of IL-2, IFN and bcr-abl AS-ODN on bone marrow purging in vitro for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).

METHODS

By amplifying in vitro clone forming culture, and purging the bone marrow of 5 CML patients through different combined use of IL-2, IFN and bcr-abl AS-ODN, we compared the effects of 4 combined regimens.

RESULTS

It was found that the suppressive effects of the 4th regimen combining IL-2 (800 U/ml), IFN (800 u/ml) and bcr-abl AS-ODN (30 micrograms/ml) on leukemia cell clone forming unit (CFU) were significantly different from the suppressive effects of the other 3 regimens (P < 0.01). With the use of the 4th regimen, the GM-CFU and L-CFU survival rates were 26.91% and 3.49% respectively (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

The combined regimen of IL-2 (800 U/ml), IFN (800 u/ml) and bcr-abl AS-ODN (30 micrograms/ml) has good effect on selective CML bone marrow purging in vitro and can be used in clinical purging of CML bone marrow.

[Effect of estrogen on the expression of c-myc protein of bone in mice]

In order to study the mechanism by which estrogen effects on bone, the effect of estrone on expression of c-myc protein in the epiphyseal plate of fetal mouse long bone was detected by immunohistochemistry procedure in vitro. The result showed that the concentrations of estrone areas of positively staining cells increased significantly in proliferative zone at 10(-9) mol/L, in proliferative zone and resting zone at 10(-8) mol/L, and in resting zone, proliferative zone and hypertrophic zone at 10(-7) mol/L respectively. It was considered that estrogen might enforce endochondral bone formation by enhancing expression of c-myc in long bone.

[Glossus flap for hypopharyngeal reparation]

OBJECTIVE

To research the surgical type for hypopharyngeal reparation.

METHOD

The glossus flap with glossus deep arterial was made to repairing hypopharyngeal breach after total laryngotomy and partial hypopharyngotomy in 12 cases of repeated laryngeal carcinoma and hypopharyngeal carcinoma.

RESULT

11 cases recovered in the swallowing function after 15 days and the pharyngeal fistula took place in one case, but healed in 35 days postoperatively. The survival rates in 1 year, 3 years and 5 years were 81.8%, 66.7% and 50% respectively.

CONCLUSION

The glossus flap is good material for hypopharyngeal reparation with rich blood supply, few complication and high survival rates.