Graded Ultra-Translucent Zirconia (5Y-PSZ) for Strength and Functionalities

Ultra-translucent zirconias are drawing immense attention due to their fascinating esthetic appearance. However, the high translucency came at the expense of diminishing strength along with the reduced ability of transformation toughening due to the increased cubic zirconia content. We aim to address these issues by infiltrating glass on the surface of an ultra-translucent zirconia (5Y-PSZ). Glasses of different shades can be used and the resulting graded glass/zirconia layer is expected to improve the material's flexural strength without compromising its esthetics. We also aim to elucidate how clinically relevant surface treatments-namely, air abrasion, glazing, or polishing-affect the fracture resistance of these zirconias with a high cubic content. All surface treatments were performed on bar-shaped (2 × 3 × 25 mm³) and plate-shaped (12 × 12 × 1 mm³) specimens, which were then subjected to a 4-point bending test and translucency measurements, respectively. 5Y-PSZ proved to be significantly more translucent than 3Y-TZP but also much weaker. Our hypothesis was accepted, as the strength of the glass-infiltrated ultra-translucent 5Y-PSZ (582 ± 20 MPa) is over 70% higher than its uninfiltrated counterpart (324 ± 57 MPa). Its strength is also over 25% higher than the highly polished 5Y-PSZ (467 ± 38 MPa). In addition, the translucency of 5Y-PSZ (translucency parameter [ TP] = 34, contrast ratio [ CR] = 0.31) is not affected by glass infiltration ( TP = 34, CR = 0.32) when the residual surface glass is removed by gentle polishing using 6- and then 3-µm diamond grits. Finally, both air abrasion and the presence of a glaze layer on the tensile surface decreased flexural strength significantly, being 274 ± 55 and 211 ± 21 MPa, respectively. With a combined high strength and translucency, the newly developed glass-infiltrated 5Y-PSZ may be considered a suitable material for next-generation, damage-resistant, and esthetic dental restorations.

Chronic kidney disease in Chinese postmenopausal women: A cross-sectional survey

INTRODUCTION

Despite advances in the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD), there is ongoing uncertainty regarding the prevalence of CKD in postmenopausal women. This study was designed to investigate both CKD prevalence and related risk factors in a cohort of postmenopausal Chinese women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was administered to a nationally representative sample of female Chinese participants, including a total of 47,204 subjects, among whom were 8573 self-reported postmenopausal women. CKD was defined as either an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 body surface area or else the presence of albuminuria. All subjects completed a questionnaire that included items related to their lifestyles and medical histories. Data were collected on blood pressure, serum creatinine, urinary albumin, and urinary creatinine. Risk factors correlated with the presence of CKD were analyzed using logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

Results showed that the adjusted prevalence of an eGFR of < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 among this postmenopausal survey cohort was 5.3% (95% confidence interval: 4.7-6.1) and of albuminuria, 12.4% (11.7-13.1). The overall prevalence of CKD in this postmenopausal cohort was 16.6% (15.8-17.4). Factors associated with kidney pathology included nephrotoxic drug use, history of cardiovascular disease, hyperuricemia, hypertension, and diabetes (the lower limit of multivariable adjusted odds ratios > 1).

CONCLUSION

The current study revealed a high prevalence of CKD in Chinese postmenopausal women. These results provide baseline data for disease prevention and treatment.

Glial Calcium Waves are Triggered by Seizure Activity and Not Essential for Initiating Ictal Onset or Neurovascular Coupling

It has been postulated that glia play a critical role in modifying neuronal activity, mediating neurovascular coupling, and in seizure initiation. We investigated the role of glia in ictogenesis and neurovascular coupling through wide-field multicell and 2-photon single cell imaging of calcium and intrinsic signal imaging of cerebral blood volume in an in vivo rat model of focal neocortical seizures. Ictal events triggered a slowly propagating glial calcium wave that was markedly delayed after both neuronal and hemodynamic onset. Glial calcium waves exhibited a stereotypical spread that terminated prior to seizure offset and propagated to an area ~60% greater than the propagation area of neural and vascular signals. Complete blockage of glial activity with fluoroacetate resulted in no change in either neuronal or hemodynamic activity. These ictal glial waves were blocked by carbenoxolone, a gap junction blocker. Our in vivo data reveal that ictal events trigger a slowly propagating, stereotypical glial calcium wave, mediated by gap junctions, that is spatially and temporally independent of neuronal and hemodynamic activities. We introduce a novel ictally triggered propagating glial calcium wave calling into question the criticality of glial calcium wave in both ictal onset and neurovascular coupling.

Efficient biosynthesis, analysis, solubility and anti-bacterial activities of succinylglycosylated naringenin

A novel water-soluble flavonoid with good anti-bacterial activities, naringenin-6″-succl-7-O-glucoside (7-SGN), was synthesised. It was biotransformed from naringenin by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FJ18 in aqueous miscible organic media, and characterised by LC-MS and NMR analysis. The solubility of 7-SGN in water was approximately 102 times higher than that of naringenin. These results demonstrated that both the water solubility and the anti-bacterial activity of 7-SGN were significantly improved.

Abstract P6-07-04: Rapamycin inhibits the stemness of mammary epithelial cells in the premalignant tissues of MMTV-ErbB2 transgenic mice

Rapamycin, a well-studied mTOR inhibitor, has been demonstrated to inhibit mammary carcinogenesis at multiple stages, including initiation, invasion, and metastasis, in preclinical animal models. Nevertheless, the cancer preventative potential and underlying mechanisms remain unclear, especially in individual breast cancer subtypes like ErbB2/Her2-positive breast cancers. ErbB2 amplification/overexpression is a particular clinical concern because it occurs in approximately one-third of human breast cancers and is associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, we used MMTV-ErbB2 transgenic mice as our model system to test the efficacy of rapamycin in the prevention of ErbB2-mediated mammary tumor development. Our initial data provided proof of concept regarding the anti-cancer effects of rapamycin in vivo. Indeed, rapamycin (1.5 mg/kg/day for 12 days) significantly reduced the volume and weight of syngeneic 78617 cell-derived mammary tumors in MMTV-ErbB2 mice, despite observed decreases in CD4+ and CD8+ immune cells. Since advanced mammary gland development can serve as an indicator of breast cancer risk, we investigated the effects of rapamycin on mammary gland development in MMTV-ErbB2 mice that were treated with low-dose rapamycin (1 mg/kg/day) between weeks 10 and 20 of age. As such, rapamycin significantly attenuated mammary morphogenesis at 20 weeks of age, as indicated by decreased branching density, ductal elongation, and proliferative index of the premalignant mammary glands. Flow cytometric analysis of isolated primary mammary epithelial cells (MECs) was performed using CD24 and CD49f markers to identify MEC populations. We found that rapamycin has a significant impact on MEC stemness based on changes in luminal (CD24highCD49flow), mammary stem cell (MaSC)-enriched (CD24highCD49fhigh), and myoepithelial/basal (CD24low/highCD49fhigh) MEC populations. We also used CD61 and CD49f markers to identify a population enriched with luminal progenitor cells (CD61highCD49fhigh) that was selectively inhibited by rapamycin. Consistent with our flow cytometric analyses, rapamycin inhibited the luminal progenitor cell-enriched population, self-renewal, and anchorage-independent cell growth of primary MECs, as demonstrated by colony-forming cell, mammosphere, and 3D culture assays, respectively. These functional stem cell assays further corroborate that rapamycin suppresses the stemness of primary MECs. Molecular analysis of MECs demonstrated that rapamycin inhibited mTOR signaling, as expected. Importantly, rapamycin also significantly suppressed the receptor tyrosine kinase/ErbB2, estrogen receptor, Wnt/β-catenin, and TGFβ/Smad3 signaling pathways prior to malignant transformation. Collectively, our study provides evidence that rapamycin has potential cancer preventative effects in the mammary glands of MMTV-ErbB2 mice during the premalignant risk window. These rapamycin-induced anti-cancer effects ultimately highlight the promising clinical significance of rapamycin for the prevention and treatment of human ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancers.

Citation Format: Yang X, Zhao Q, Parris AB, Howard EW, Zhao M, Guo Z, Xing Y, Ma Z. Rapamycin inhibits the stemness of mammary epithelial cells in the premalignant tissues of MMTV-ErbB2 transgenic mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-07-04.

[Clinicopathologic features of atypical spindle cell lipomatous tumor]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics, immunophenotype, differential and diagnostic features of atypical spindle cell lipomatous tumor (ASLT). Methods: Three cases of ASLT were collected from January 2010 to March 2017 at Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital. The clinical and imaging features, histomorphology, immunophenotype and prognosis were analyzed. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect MDM2 gene amplification, and relevant literature was reviewed. Results: All three patients were adult males, aged 38, 43 and 54 years, respectively. One tumor originated in the subcutaneous soft tissue in the head and neck, one was located in the left primary bronchus and one in the latissimus dorsi muscle. Grossly, all three tumors were circumscribed and ranged from 4.0 to 5.8 cm in size. Microscopically, all showed a focally infiltrative front. These tumors were composed of variable proportions of spindle-shaped and adipocytic cells in a background of variable fibrous and edematous matrix. Scattered lipoblasts were easily seen. One tumor was composed predominately of spindle tumor cells, one of adipocytic cells, and one of equally mixed cell populations. The spindle tumor cells were generally bland-appearing with focal nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia noted in one case. Mitosis was not seen in neither the spindle cells nor the adipocytic cells. By immunohistochemistry, diffuse and strong reactivity to CD34 of the spindle cells was noted in all cases, definite loss of Rb expression was noted in one of three cases, and S-100 protein was expressed only in the adipocytic cells. INI-1 was intact and Ki-67 index was 1% to 3%. All other markers including CDK4, MDM2, STAT6, SOX10, CD99, bcl-2, β-catenin, CD117, GFAP, CK, EMA, SMA and desmin were negative. FISH of MDM2 was done in two cases, and both showed no amplification. The ASLT in the head and neck had two recurrences during 17 months of follow-up, whereas the tumor in the latissimus dorsi was free of disease during 33 months of follow-up. Conclusions: ASLT is a rare subtype of low-grade adipocytic neoplasm and is distinctive from atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma. The histomorpholgy of ASLT has significant heterogeneity and forms a continuous spectrum. ASLT needs to be distinguished from a series of benign and malignant soft tissue tumors.

[Clinicopathologic and molecular genetic characterizations of biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics, immunophenotypes, molecular genetics, and diagnostic and differential diagnostic features of biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma (BSNS). Methods: Three cases of BSNS were retrieved, the histomorphology, immunophenotype and molecular genetics were analyzed with review of literature. Results: There were 2 male and 1 female patient aged 45, 29 and 40 years, respectively.Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging examinations showed a large polypoid mass occupying the sinonasal cavity in all 3 patients. Microscopically, these tumors were un-circumscribed and composed of cellular spindle-shaped cells arranged in long and interlaced fascicles. A hemangiopericytoma-like growth pattern was frequently identified. The overlying hyperplastic respiratory epithelium invaginated down into the tumor forming a cystic (2 cases), glandular (1 case) structures and inverted in a papilloma-like (1 case)pattern, and foci of eosinophilic metaplasia were also noted in 2 of the three cases. The tumor nuclei were bland-appearing, mitoses were scarce and necrosis was absent. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed co-expression of neural and myogenic markers in all the 3 cases, including that 3/3 showed diffuse and strong positivity of S-100 protein, 3/3 positivity of smooth muscle actin (1 diffuse and 2 focal), 1/2 diffuse positivity of calponin, 1/3 focal positivity of desmin, and 1/1 focal positivity of MyoD1.In addition, 1 detected for β-catenin showed focal nuclear positivity. None of the 3 showed positivity to cytokeratin, CD34 or SOX10 in the tumor cells.Ki-67 showed an index <5%, 10% and <2%, respectively. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed rearrangements of PAX3 gene in all 3 cases. In case 3, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, followed by Sanger sequencing, demonstrated an in-frame fusion between PAX3 and FOXO1.Follow-up information (range 3-15 months)showed no evidence of local recurrence or distant metastasis in three cases. Conclusions: BSNS is a newly described entity which can be readily confused with a variety of benign and malignant spindle cell tumors encountered in the sinonasal cavity; immunohistochemistry co-expression of neural and myogenic markers and PAX3 gene rearrangement can help distinguish this tumor from its many mimickers.

[Incidence and short-term outcomes of acute kidney injury in very elderly patients]

Objectives: To study the incidence, clinical characteristics, and prognostic impact of acute kidney injury (AKI) in very elderly patients. Methods: The very elderly patients (≥75 years) from the Geriatric Department of the Chinese PLA General Hospital between January 2007 and December 2015 were retrospectively enrolled. AKI was defined according to the 2012 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. AKI patients were divided into survivor group and non-survivor group by their outcomes within 90 days after AKI. Prognostic survival factors were identified using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results: In total, 668 geriatric patients (39.0%) developed AKI, and 652 patients were included in the final analysis. The median age of the cohort was 87 (84-91) years, the majority (623 cases, 95.6%) of whom were male. Among these 652 patients, 308 (47.2%) had AKI stage 1, 164 (25.2%) had AKI stage 2, and 180 (27.6%) had AKI stage 3. Of the 652 AKI patients, the 90-day mortality was 33.6% (219/652). Multivariate analysis by the Cox model revealed that persistent AKI (HR=5.741, 95% CI: 3.356-9.822, P<0.001), more severe AKI stage (stage 2: HR=3.363, 95% CI: 1.973-5.732, P<0.001 and stage 3: HR=4.741, 95% CI: 2.807-8.008, P<0.001), high blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level (HR=1.025, 95% CI: 1.014-1.037, P<0.001), low body mass index (HR=0.939, 95% CI: 0.897-0.984, P=0.008), low mean arterial pressure (MAP) (HR=0.969, 95% CI: 0.959-0.979, P<0.001), low prealbumin level (HR=0.935, 95% CI: 0.911-0.959, P<0.001), infection (HR=1.410, 95% CI: 1.055-1.884, P=0.020), oliguria (HR=1.948, 95% CI: 1.266-2.998, P=0.002) were associated with 90-day mortality. Conclusions: The incidence of AKI increases significantly with advanced age. More frequent serum creatinine (SCr) measurements may be helpful for the early diagnosis of geriatric AKI. Identification of risk factors might promote more intensive monitoring and early prevention, and thus improve outcomes for very elderly patients with AKI.

[Extrapleural solitary fibrous tumor with uncommon histology: a clinicopathologic analysis of 7 cases]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics, immunophenotypes, and differential diagnostic features of extra-pleural solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) with uncommon histology. Methods: Seven cases of extra-pleural SFT with uncommon histology were collected during January 2015 and December 2016 in Zhejiang Provincal People's Hospital; the clinical and radiologic features, histomorphology, immunophenotype and prognosis were analyzed. EnVision method was used for immunohistochemical staining of STAT6, CD34 and other differential diagnosis associated markers. Results: There were five male and two female patients, age from 23 to 54 years (mean=39 years). Three tumors were located in the soft tissue of head and neck, two in trunk subcutaneous soft tissue, one in sella region, and one in the kidney. Grossly the tumors ranged from 0.4 to 8.0 cm (mean=3.1 cm). Microscopically, all three head and neck cases resembled giant cell angiofibroma/giant cell subtype SFT, and one case showed sheet-like pattern of the multinucleated syncytial cells, creating a biphasic arrangement similar to myofibroma. Both truncal tumor resembled lipomatous type SFT, with one similar to dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and the other to atypical spindle cell lipomatous tumor. The sella tumor showed morphology of a conventional SFT with high grade sarcomatous transformation. The renal tumor demonstrated a malignant SFT with entrapped benign renal tubules, mimicking a biphase synovial sarcoma or a malignant mixed epithelial and stromal tumor. By immunohistochemistry, all seven SFTs showed diffuse and strong nuclear reactivity to antibody against STAT6. Conclusions: Extra-pleural SFTs show a significant heterogeneity of morphology and biological behavior which could cause differential confusion.Careful attention to its characteristic histomorphology with the use of STAT6 immunohistochemistry can help distinguish this tumor from its many mimickers.

Nematic structuring of transparent and multifunctional nanocellulose papers

The nematic structuring of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) is proposed as a nanostructural engineering tool for exploiting the potential of CNFs in conceptually new "transparent papers". The nematic-structured CNF papers exhibit superior mechanical properties, optical transparency, gas-barrier properties, heat transfer properties and electrical resistivity, compared with conventional randomly-structured CNF papers.

Effect of in ovo feeding of l-arginine on the hatchability, growth performance, gastrointestinal hormones, and jejunal digestive and absorptive capacity of posthatch broilers

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of in ovo feeding (IOF) of Arg solution on the hatchability, growth performance, gastrointestinal hormones, serum AA, activities of digestive enzymes, and mRNA expressions of sensing receptors and nutrient transporters in the jejunum of posthatch broilers. One thousand two hundred embryonated eggs with similar weight were randomly allocated to 5 groups consisting of 8 replicates of 40 eggs each. The 5 treatments were arranged as a noninjected control, a diluent-injected (0.75% NaCl solution) group, and Arg solution-injected groups with 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% Arg, all dissolved in diluent. At 17.5 d of incubation, 0.6 mL of IOF solution was injected into the amniotic fluid of each egg of the injected groups. Results showed the hatchability of the 2% Arg group was lower (linear, = 0.025) than that of the other groups, and the BW of 21-d-old broilers increased (linear, = 0.008; quadratic, = 0.003) with increasing IOF concentration of Arg. The ADFI (linear, = 0.005; quadratic, = 0.001) and ADG (linear, = 0.010; quadratic, = 0.004) increased during d 1 to 21 with increasing IOF concentration of Arg. For 7- and 21-d-old broilers, the weights of digestive organs increased (linear, < 0.05) with increasing IOF concentrations of Arg; the greatest values were observed in the 1% Arg group. For 21-d-old broilers, IOF of the 1% Arg solution increased ( < 0.05) the concentrations of ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide 2; the activities of digestive enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, maltase, and sucrase in the jejunum; and the concentrations of serum AA of Val, Met, Ile, Leu, Arg, and Pro compared with those of the noninjected control and diluent-injected group. In ovo feeding of the 1% Arg solution also increased ( < 0.05) the mRNA expressions of jejunal sensing receptors of taste receptor type 1 members 1 and 3; the G protein-coupled receptor, class C, group 6, subtype A; nutrient transporters of solute carrier family 7, members 4, 6, and 7; sodium-glucose transporter 1; and fatty acid-binding protein 1. In conclusion, the 1% Arg solution was the appropriate injection level. In ovo feeding of the 1% Arg solution did not affect the hatchability but facilitated the release of gastrointestinal hormones, increasing the digestive and absorptive capacity and finally improving the growth performance of 21-d-old broilers. Therefore, IOF of the appropriate Arg solution could be an effective technology for regulating early nutrition supply and subsequent growth development in the poultry industry.

Risk factors associated with mortality from vascular thromboembolic events in patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer: a population-based analysis

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer patients are at increased risk for vascular events possibly due to cancer induced hypercoagulation.

AIM

The purpose of this study was to evaluate risk factors associated with the mortality from vascular thromboembolic events in patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

DESIGN

Retrospective population-based analysis.

METHODS

We used Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program for 2004-13 and evaluated 199 337 patients with NSCLC. Univariate and multivariate subdistribution hazard regression models were used to identify potential risk factors for mortality from vascular thromboembolic events. Stratification analysis against clinical stage was performed to determine if the severity of the disease influenced the identified associations.

RESULTS

Multivariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that increased risk of mortality due to vascular thromboembolic events was associated with age, black race, non-adenocarcinoma histology, surgical treatment alone (all, P < 0.001) and north central region of SEER registry (P = 0.003). Female gender (P < 0.001), Asian or Pacific Islander race (P = 0.001), multiple co-existing primary cancers and late cancer stages (both, P < 0.001) were associated with significantly lower risk of mortality due to vascular thromboembolic events. The significant predictors of mortality from the vascular thromboembolic event were dependent on the stages of the disease.

CONCLUSIONS

Risk factors associated with mortality from the vascular thromboembolic events in NSCLC patients identified in this study can promote awareness and may help to identify groups of patients that can benefit from anti-thrombotic prophylaxis measures.

[Study of the association between polymorphism of persistent obesity, human leptin gene/leptin receptor gene and molecular subtypes of breast cancer]

Objectives: To explore the association between the polymorphism of persistent obesity and genetic variations in the LEP (human leptin gene, LEP) and LEPR (leptin receptor gene, LEPR) genes and different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Methods: All 703 female patients of breast cancer diagnosed by histopathology in the Sichuan Cancer Hospital or the West China Hospital, excluding patients with metastatic breast cancer or mental disease, were selected as cases from April 2014 to May 2015. At the same time, 805 healthy women received physical examination in medical examination center of Sichuan People Hospital or Shuangliu maternal and child health care hospital, excluding those with therioma, breast disease, and mental disease, were enrolled in control group. A uniform questionnaire was used to collect general information including demographic characteristic, reproductive history height, weight, and so on. And the obesity status in recent 10 years was judged. Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer was used to determine the genotypes of LEP rs7799039, LEPR rs1137100 and LEPR rs1137101, while the multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the effect of risk factors related to breast cancer in different molecular subtypes; and then, the association between polymorphism of persistent obesity, the LEP, LEPR genes and breast cancer of different molecular subtypes was analyzed by binary logistic regression models. Results: The average age of controls was (48.98±8.83) years old, while the age of cases of TNBC, Luminal A, Luminal B, and HER-2+ were (51.43±11.33), (49.94±10.10), (49.73±9.38), (50.50±9.04) years old, respectively. The frequency of genotype LEP rs7799039, LEPR rs1137100 and LEPR rs1137101 in control group was separately 74.8%(1 157/1 546), 83.6%(1 339/1 602) and 88.4%(1 416/1 602); while 77.6% (1 074/1 384), 82.4% (1 155/1 402) and 87.9% (1 232/1 402) respectively in case group. Compared with non-persistent obesity subjects, the persistent obesity ones showed an increased risk in TNBC (OR=3.58, 95%CI: 1.90-6.72), Luminal A (OR=2.65, 95%CI: 1.35-5.21) and Luminal B (OR=1.90, 95%CI: 1.26-2.89) breast cancer. LEP rs7799039-AA was relevant with the upward risk of Luminal B independently (OR=1.30, 95%CI: 1.00-1.69). Besides, persistent obesity was found to have a combined effect on Luminal B (β=3.34, 95% CI: 1.00-11.12) with LEPR rs1137101-GG. Conclusion: Persistent obesity could increase the potential risk of TNBC, Luminal A and Luminal B breast cancer. Women who were suffered from persistent obesity with a genotype of LEPR rs1137101-GG were more susceptible to Luminal B breast cancer.

Intracellular mature IL-37 suppresses tumor metastasis via inhibiting Rac1 activation

IL-37, a newly found anti-inflammatory cytokine of the IL-1 family, has both extracellular and intracellular functions. Accumulating evidences indicate that it is also involved in tumor progression. However, the mechanism and its intracellular target are unclear. In this study, clinical data from 84 patients showed that loss or reduced expression of IL-37 in lung adenocarcinoma tissues was significantly associated with tumor metastasis. We further provided evidence that IL-37 inhibited effectively tumor metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we uncovered a novel mechanism by which IL-37 suppressed tumor cell migration via its intracellular mature form (amino acids 46-218). Intracellular mature form of IL-37, but not its extracellular form, markedly inhibited migration of multiple kinds of tumor cells through inhibiting Rac1 activation. Mechanistically, intracellular mature IL-37 directly bound to the CAAX motif in the C-terminal hypervariable region of Rac1, and then inhibited Rac1 membrane translocation and subsequent downstream signaling. Our research identifies intracellular mature IL-37 as a novel endogenous inhibitor of Rac1. Given the crucial roles of Rac1 in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, intracellular mature IL-37 might serve as a potential strategy for the control of Rac1 activity and tumor progression.

Novel Translucent and Strong Submicron Alumina Ceramics for Dental Restorations

An ideal ceramic restorative material should possess excellent aesthetic and mechanical properties. We hypothesize that the high translucency and strength of polycrystalline ceramics can be achieved through microstructural tailoring. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the superior optical and mechanical properties of a new class of submicron grain-sized alumina ceramics relative to the current state-of-the-art dental ceramic materials. The translucency, the in-line transmission ( T_IT) in particular, of these submicron alumina ceramics has been examined with the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye light-scattering model. The theoretical predictions related very well with the measured T_IT values. The translucency parameter ( TP) and contrast ratio ( CR) of the newly developed aluminas were measured with a reflectance spectrophotometer on a black-and-white background. For comparison, the T_IT, TP, and CR values for a variety of dental ceramics, mostly measured in-house but also cited from the literature, were included. The flexural strength of the aluminas was determined with the 4-point bending test. Our findings have shown that for polycrystalline alumina ceramics, an average grain size <1 µm coupled with a porosity level <0.7% could yield translucency values ( T_IT, TP, CR) similar to those of the commercial high-translucency porcelains. These values are far superior to the high-translucency lithium disilicate glass-ceramic and zirconias, including the most translucent cubic-containing zirconias. The strength of these submicron grain-sized aluminas was significantly higher than that of the cubic-containing zirconia (e.g., Zpex Smile) and lithia-based glass-ceramics (e.g., IPS e.max CAD HT). A coarse-grained alumina could also reach a translucency level comparable to that of dental porcelain. However, the relatively low strength of this material has limited its clinical indications to structurally less demanding applications, such as orthodontic brackets. With a combined high strength and translucency, the newly developed submicron grain-sized alumina may be considered a suitable material for dental restorations.

Down-regulation of miR-329-3p is associated with worse prognosis in patients with cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE

miR-329-3p has been reported to serve as a tumor suppressor in the progression of cervical cancer (CC). The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of miR-329-3p in human CC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect miR-329-3p expression in CC tissue samples and matched normal cervical tissues. The x2 test was used to analyze the association between miR-329-3p expression and clinical features of CC patients. Moreover, we evaluated the prognostic value of miR-329-3p by Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Cox regression model.

RESULTS

We found that the mean expression level of miR-329-3p in CC tissues was significantly lower than the mean level in the adjacent normal tissues samples (p < 0.01). MiR-329-3p level was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.013), FIGO stage (p = 0.024) and distant metastasis (p = 0.001). Furthermore, a significant difference was found, that CC patients with low miR-329-3p expression level had distinctly shorter overall survival than patients with high miR-329-3p expression level (p = 0.001). Finally, multivariate analyses indicated that miR-329-3p represented an independent predictor for overall survival of CC (p = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicated, for the first time, that down-regulation of miR-329-3p was associated with poor prognosis in CC patients. MiR-329-3p can be used as an independent factor to predict survival of patients with CC.

Multiomics analysis of the giant triton snail salivary gland, a crown-of-thorns starfish predator

The giant triton snail (Charonia tritonis) is one of the few natural predators of the adult Crown-of-Thorns starfish (COTS), a corallivore that has been damaging to many reefs in the Indo-Pacific. Charonia species have large salivary glands (SGs) that are suspected to produce either a venom and/or sulphuric acid which can immobilize their prey and neutralize the intrinsic toxic properties of COTS. To date, there is little information on the types of toxins produced by tritons. In this paper, the predatory behaviour of the C. tritonis is described. Then, the C. tritonis SG, which itself is made up of an anterior lobe (AL) and posterior lobe (PL), was analyzed using an integrated transcriptomics and proteomics approach, to identify putative toxin- and feeding-related proteins. A de novo transcriptome database and in silico protein analysis predicts that ~3800 proteins have features consistent with being secreted. A gland-specific proteomics analysis confirmed the presence of numerous SG-AL and SG-PL proteins, including those with similarity to cysteine-rich venom proteins. Sulfuric acid biosynthesis enzymes were identified, specific to the SG-PL. Our analysis of the C. tritonis SG (AL and PL) has provided a deeper insight into the biomolecular toolkit used for predation and feeding by C. tritonis.

X-ray reflectivity measurement of interdiffusion in metallic multilayers during rapid heating

A technique for measuring interdiffusion in multilayer materials during rapid heating using X-ray reflectivity is described. In this technique the sample is bent to achieve a range of incident angles simultaneously, and the scattered intensity is recorded on a fast high-dynamic-range mixed-mode pixel array detector. Heating of the multilayer is achieved by electrical resistive heating of the silicon substrate, monitored by an infrared pyrometer. As an example, reflectivity data from Al/Ni heated at rates up to 200 K s^-1 are presented. At short times the interdiffusion coefficient can be determined from the rate of decay of the reflectivity peaks, and it is shown that the activation energy for interdiffusion is consistent with a grain boundary diffusion mechanism. At longer times the simple analysis no longer applies because the evolution of the reflectivity pattern is complicated by other processes, such as nucleation and growth of intermetallic phases.

Single-tube tetradecaplex panel of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers < 1 Mb from F8 for simplified preimplantation genetic diagnosis of hemophilia A

Essentials Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) of severe hemophilia A relies on linkage analysis. Simultaneous multi-marker screening can simplify selection of informative markers in a couple. We developed a single-tube tetradecaplex panel of polymorphic markers for hemophilia A PGD use. Informative markers can be used for linkage analysis alone or combined with mutation detection.

SUMMARY

Background It is currently not possible to perform single-cell preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to directly detect the common inversion mutations of the factor VIII (F8) gene responsible for severe hemophilia A (HEMA). As such, PGD for such inversion carriers relies on indirect analysis of linked polymorphic markers. Objectives To simplify linkage-based PGD of HEMA, we aimed to develop a panel of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers located near the F8 gene that could be simultaneously genotyped in a multiplex-PCR reaction. Methods We assessed the polymorphism of various microsatellite markers located ≤ 1 Mb from F8 in 177 female subjects. Highly polymorphic markers were selected for co-amplification with the AMELX/Y indel dimorphism in a single-tube reaction. Results Thirteen microsatellite markers located within 0.6 Mb of F8 were successfully co-amplified with AMELX/Y in a single-tube reaction. Observed heterozygosities of component markers ranged from 0.43 to 0.84, and ∼70-80% of individuals were heterozygous for ≥ 5 markers. The tetradecaplex panel successfully identified fully informative markers in a couple interested in PGD for HEMA because of an intragenic F8 point mutation, with haplotype phasing established through a carrier daughter. In-vitro fertilization (IVF)-PGD involved single-tube co-amplification of fully informative markers with AMELX/Y and the mutation-containing F8 amplicon, followed by microsatellite analysis and amplicon mutation-site minisequencing analysis. Conclusions The single-tube multiplex-PCR format of this highly polymorphic microsatellite marker panel simplifies identification and selection of informative markers for linkage-based PGD of HEMA. Informative markers can also be easily co-amplified with mutation-containing F8 amplicons for combined mutation detection and linkage analysis.

Comparison between anti-VEGF therapy and corticosteroid or laser therapy for macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion: A meta-analysis

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE

Therapeutic effects of anti-VEGF agents, corticosteroids and laser therapy have been previously examined for treating macular oedema secondary to branch and central retinal vein occlusion (BRVO and CRVO). However, anti-VEGF efficacy has not been previously compared to corticosteroid or laser therapy efficacy. We performed a meta-analysis to compare these treatments.

METHODS

Pertinent publications were identified through comprehensive literature searches. Therapeutic effects were estimated using best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT) and intraocular pressure (IOP). The Review Manager (version 5.3.5) was used to perform searches.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Eleven randomized, controlled trials that included 1045 RVO patients were identified. For eyes with BRVO, anti-VEGF therapy improved BCVA significantly more than corticosteroid/laser therapy at 3 (P=.0002), 6 (P<.00001) and 12 months (P<.00001). For eyes with CRVO, this difference was only significant at 6 months (P=.002). The same was true when efficacy was examined using CRT at 3 and 6 months (BRVO: both P<.00001, CRVO 6 months: P=.02). Long-term efficacy of anti-VEGF agents was limited in eyes with BRVO and CRVO. Improvements in BCVA were similar at 1 and 3 months (P=.74), but BCVA decreased between 3 and 6 months (P=.03). In contrast, BCVA progressively decreased 1 and 6 months following corticosteroid/laser therapy (both P<.00001). Lastly, eyes that had been treated with anti-VEGF agents had significantly lower IOP changes than eyes treated with corticosteroids/laser 3 and 6 months after initiating therapy (both P<.00001).

WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION

Anti-VEGF agents improve BCVA and reduce CRT more effectively and longer than corticosteroid/laser in eyes with RVO. Anti-VEGF agents also have a lower risk of elevating IOP. Additionally, anti-VEGF agents are more effective for treating BRVO than CRVO.

[The value of fasting plasma glucose and lipid profiles between 7 and 15 gestational weeks in the prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus]

Objective: To explore the value of using fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and lipid profiles between 7 and 15 gestational weeks to predict gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: The medical records of 2 138 pregnant women who had prenatal care in Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital from August 2011 to February 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. According to results of the oral glucose tolerance tests, women were devided into the GDM group (n=240) and the normal group (n=1 898). Maternal characteristics, FPG and lipid levels between 7 and 15 gestational weeks were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operator characteristics(ROC) curve were used in the analysis. Results: Potential markers for the prediction of GDM included total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios (LDL-C/HDL-C) , triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios (TG/HDL-C) and FPG. After adjustment of confounding factors, age (OR=1.046, 95%CI:1.003-1.090), pre- pregnancy body mass index (OR=1.104, 95%CI: 1.049-1.161), gravidity>3 (OR=1.768, 95%CI:1.071-2.920), FPG (OR=8.137, 95%CI:5.412-12.236), TG (OR=1.460, 95%CI:1.148-1.858) were independently associated with the risk of developing GDM. Equation, P_GDM=1/{1+exp[-(-16.542+0.045×age+0.103×pre-pregnancy body mass index+0.551×gravidity>3+2.110×FPG+0.372×TG)]}, was constructed by the logistic regression analysis. Sensitivity (67.5%) and specificity (70.5%) were determined by the calculated risk score, with a cut-off value of 0.11 (area under the curve: 0.751, 95%CI:0.718-0.783, P<0.001). Conclusions: FPG and TG, together with clinical characteristics may have a better predictive value for the risk of GDM.

Ultrasound hyperthermia induces apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: An in vitro study

Background

Hyperthermia is considered an efficient complement in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Hyperthermia induces cell apoptosis in a temperature- and time-dependent manner. However, the molecular mechanism of hyperthermia remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of apoptosis induced by ultrasound hyperthermia in HNSCC cell lines HN-30 and HN-13.

Material and Methods

We examined the dynamic changes of early apoptosis and secondary necrosis in HN-30 and HN-13 cells treated by hyperthermia at 42°C for 10 min. We further examined mitochondrial membrane potential in vitro by ultrasound hyperthermia for different heating temperatures (38-44°C, 10 min) and heating times (42°C, 10-50 min). After heating by ultrasound at 42°C for 10 min, the apoptosis index achieved its highest level at 8 h after treatment, decreased rapidly and remained constant at a reduced level at 12 h.

Results

The level of secondary necrosis increased with the level of early apoptosis but remained at a higher level until 14 h. The level of secondary necrosis correlated with the level of early apoptosis (HN-13: r=0.7523, P=0.0030; HN-30: r=0.6510, P=0.016). The fractions of cells with low mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ) in the heating-temperature grads group and heating-time grads group decreased significantly over time. Therefore, HN-30 and HN-13 cells developed apoptosis after ultrasound hyperthermia treatment with decreases in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential level.

Conclusions

Ultrasound hyperthermia induces apoptosis in HN-30 and HN-13 cells, possibly via the mitochondrial caspase pathway.

Key words:Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, ultrasound hyperthermia.

Identification of genes associated with lung cancer by bioinformatics analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study was aimed to explore the underlying genes associated with lung cancer (LC) by bioinformatics analysis.

DATA AND METHODS

Gene expression profile GSE2514 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Twenty lung and nineteen para-carcinoma tissue samples were used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by paired t-test. Pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs was performed, followed by the construction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Functional enrichment analysis of the module identified from PPI network was performed, and the enriched term with the highest enrichment scores was selected for pathway enrichment analysis.

RESULTS

Total 257 DEGs including 179 up-regulated DEGs such as monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (ICAM2), and 78 down-regulated DEGs such as thrombospondin-2 (THBS2) were identified. Up-regulated DEGs were enriched in 7 pathways, such as drug metabolism, tyrosine metabolism and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Down-regulated DEGs were enriched in extracellular cell matrix receptor interaction and focal adhesion pathways. In the PPI network, interleukin-6 (IL6) had the highest connectivity degree of 39. Module 1 with the highest functional enrichment scores of 5.457 containing 13 hub genes such as KIAA0101.

CONCLUSIONS

DEGs of LC were mainly enriched in the pathways related to metabolism and cell adhesion. The DEGs such as MAOA, ICAM2, IL6, THBS2 and KIAA0101 may be the potential targets for LC diagnosis and treatment.

Involvement of TRPC1 in Nampt-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through the activation of ER stress

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) is involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Transient receptor potential canonical channel 1 (TRPC1) and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) are regarded as critical pathways in cardiac hypertrophy. Therefore, we hypothesizedthat TRPC1 might be associated with ER stress in Nampt-induced cardiac hypertrophy. CulturedH9c2cardiomyocyteswereexposed to Namptfor different timesand the expression of markers of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and ER stress, as well as TRPC1 were detected. Moreover, specific TRPC1-shRNA (short hairpin RNA) expressing plasmid was transfected to knockdown TRPC1 expression before Nampt stimulation. Thapsigargin was used as an agonist and pravastatin was employed as an inhibitor of ER stress. The results demonstrated that exposure of H9c2 cells to 100 ng/mL Nampt for 24h, 48h or 72h significantly increased the expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), markers of ER stress and TRPC1. The Nampt-induced expression of TRPC1 was attenuated by pre-treatment with pravastatin, whereas promoted by pre-treatment with thapsigargin. Furthermore, transfection of TRPC1-shRNA for 48h partially inhibited Nampt-induced expression of ER stress markers and BNP in H9c2 cells. Our data suggest that TRPC1 might play an important role in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by Namptinan ER stress-dependent way.

HIF-1α mediates visfatin-induced CTGF expression in vascular endothelial cells

Visfatin is an adipokine that functions as a mediator of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a key factor in vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis. However, the association between visfatin and CTGF is unclear. Therefore the study was to test the hypothesis that visfatin could modulate the expression of CTGF in vascular endothelial cells. In our study, cultured endothelial cell line EA.Hy926 cells were treated with different concentrations of visfatin for different times. The CTGF gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR, and the protein expression of CTGF was assessed by Western Blot. The results showed that 100ng/mL concentration of visfatin could induce CTGF mRNA expression after 6 hours treatment, which peaked at 24 hours. And 100ng/mL concentration of visfatin also increased CTGF protein production after 12 hours treatment in EA.Hy926 cells. The expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mRNA was almost unaffected in cells treated with visfatin, whereas the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was increased significantly. Moreover, knockdown of HIF-1α by its specific shRNA inhibits the effect of visfatin on CTGF expression. In conclusion, the up-regulation of CTGF expression by visfatin might be mediated via HIF-1α -dependent pathway, but not the TGF-β1 pathway in EA.Hy926 cells.

Role of microRNA-124 in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy inducedby angiotensin II

Cardiac hypertrophy is a crucial predictor of heart failure and is regulated by microRNAs. MicroRNA-124 (miR-124) is regarded as a prognostic indicator for outcomes after cardiac arrest. However, whether miR-124 participates in cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the role of miR-124 in angiotensin II(AngII)-induced myocardial hypertrophy and the possible mechanism. Primary cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes(NCMs) were transfected with miR-124 mimics or inhibitor, followed by AngII stimulation. Quantitative RT-PCR, western blot analysis and determination of cell surface area of NCMs were used to detect the hypertrophic phenotypes. We observed that miR-124 was elevated in AngII-induced hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. Cell surface area of NCMs and mRNA expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), indicators of myocardial hypertrophy, were higher in NCMs transfected with miR-124 mimics in the presence of AngII. On the contrary, knockdown of miR-124 by its specific inhibitor could restore these courses. Furthermore, downregulation of miR-124 alleviated the increased protein level of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (Grp78) and calreticulin(CRT) in AngII-induced NCMs. In conclusion, our study shows that inhibition of miR-124 effectively suppresses AngII-induced myocardial hypertrophy, which is associated with attenuation of ER stress.

Thyrotropin Alters T Cell Development in the Thymus in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Mouse Model

Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is highly prevalent in the general population and is associated with potential deleterious effects. Although developing T cells express thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R), the changes of T cell development in thymus in SCH have not been fully clarified. SCH mouse model, which is characterized by elevated serum TSH but similar thyroid hormone levels, was used to study the role of TSH in T cell development. Thymus weight of SCH mice increased 18% compared with controls. Importantly, the frequencies of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ single-positive (SP) thymocytes increased 38% and 44%, respectively. We demonstrated that TSH protected thymocytes from apoptosis as evidenced by a significant decrease of Annexin V-positive thymocytes in SCH mice. Further analysis showed that extracellular-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 in thymus were activated in SCH mice. With analysis of T cell receptor excision circles (TREC), we found that TSH increased recent thymic emigrants (RTE) in spleen tissue in SCH mice. Thus, these results suggest that TSH promoted T cell development and enhanced the thymic recent output in SCH mice, possibly by suppression of apoptosis of thymocytes, indicating that modification of the ERK signalling pathways.