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Liu D, Ji L, Tong X, Pan B, Han JY, Huang Y, Chen YE, Pennathur S, Zhang Y, Zheng L. Human apolipoprotein A-I induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin I-2 release in endothelial cells through ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 301:C739-48. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00055.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) can induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostacyclin I-2 (PGI-2) release in endothelial cells to exert multiple antiatherogenic functions. This effect has been attributed mainly to the role of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) integrated in HDL. However, whether apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major apolipoprotein of HDL, could induce COX-2 expression and PGI-2 release still remains unclear. In the present study, we selectively delipidated HDL and confirmed that apoA-I could facilitate COX-2 expression and PGI-2 production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). ApoA-I, but not trypsinized apoA-I, induced COX-2 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner consistent with a key role for apoA-I in this process. Additionally, cotreatment of apoA-I with S1P further enhanced COX-2 expression and PGI-2 production in HUVECs. These effects triggered by apoA-I were not inhibited by pertussis toxin, consistent with SIP receptor independent pathway for apoA-I effect. Moreover, we demonstrated that the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular receptor kinase (ERK) 1/2, and JAK2 pathways by apoA-I was involved in the expression of COX-2 and the release of PGI-2 in HUVECs, and these effects were inhibited by their specific inhibitors, respectively. Small interfering RNA experiments showed that ATP binding-cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) was required for COX-2 expression and PGI-2 release induced by apoA-I. Thus our results indicate that apoA-I induces COX-2 expression and PGI-2 release through ABCA1 and the activation of intracellular p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, as well as JAK2 pathways, and apoA-I can reinforce these effects with S1P in HUVECs. These novel effects of apoA-I could in part mediate antiatherogenic effects of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Liu
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, Beijing
| | - Liang Ji
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, Beijing
| | - Xunliang Tong
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing
| | - Bing Pan
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, Beijing
| | - Jing-Yan Han
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Yining Huang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing
| | - Y. Eugene Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Youyi Zhang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, Beijing
- The Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing
| | - Lemin Zheng
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, Beijing
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202
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Xie C, Ritchie RP, Huang H, Zhang J, Chen YE. Smooth muscle cell differentiation in vitro: models and underlying molecular mechanisms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1485-94. [PMID: 21677291 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.221101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Development of in vitro models by which to study smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation has been hindered by some peculiarities intrinsic to these cells, namely their different embryological origins and their ability to undergo phenotypic modulation in cell culture. Although many in vitro models are available for studying SMC differentiation, careful consideration should be taken so that the model chosen fits the questions being posed. In this review, we summarize several well-established in vitro models available to study SMC differentiation from stem cells and outline novel mechanisms recently identified as underlying SMC differentiation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xie
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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203
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Eugene Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1150 W Medical Center Dr, MSRB III, 7301E, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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204
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Thomas K, Sung DY, Chen X, Thompson W, Chen YE, McCarrey J, Walker W, Griswold M. Developmental patterns of PPAR and RXR gene expression during spermatogenesis. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2011; 3:1209-20. [PMID: 21622127 DOI: 10.2741/e324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Members of the family of nuclear receptors that include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are important mediators of selective gene activation during development and cellular differentiation. In this study, developmentally-specific PPAR and RXR patterns of expression that occur in somatic and germ cell populations in the testis were determined using quantative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) studies on RNAs that were isolated from StaPut purified mouse germ cells and primary rat Sertoli cells. These qRT-PCR studies indicate that transcripts encoding the PPAR-Alpha (α), -Beta (β), and -Gamma (γ) and RXR -Alpha (α), -Beta (β), and -Gamma (γ) are developmentally expressed in both differentiating germ and Sertoli cells. In further experiments aimed at deciphering the physiological role that PPAR-Gamma (γ) plays in Sertoli cells, 15-day primary rat Sertoli cells were infected with recombinant adenoviral vectors containing PPAR-Gamma (γ) cDNA and PPAR-Gamma (γ) RNAi constructs. Affymetrix microarray analysis and qRT-PCR validation studies using total RNA isolated from these transfected cells indicated that PPAR-Gamma regulates the pattern of expression of key lipid metabolic genes in Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelwyn Thomas
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310-1495, USA.
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205
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Luo Y, Zhang M, Zhang J, Zhang J, Chen C, Chen YE, Xiong JW, Zhu X. Platelet-derived growth factor induces Rad expression through Egr-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19408. [PMID: 21559360 PMCID: PMC3084842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ras associated with diabetes (Rad) inhibits vascular lesion formation by reducing the attachment and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the transcriptional regulation of Rad in VSMCs is unclear. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We found that Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)induced Rad expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) using quantitative real-time PCR. By serial deletion analysis of the Rad promoter, we identified that two GC-rich early growth response-1 (Egr-1) binding sites are essential for PDGF-induced Rad promoter activation. Overexpression of Egr-1 in RASMCs strongly stimulated Rad expression while the Egr-1 corepressor, NGFI-A binding protein 2 (NAB2), repressed PDGF-induced Rad up-regulation in a dose-dependent manner. Direct binding of Egr-1 to the Rad promoter region was further confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that Rad is regulated by PDGF through the transcriptional factor Egr-1 in RASMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- The Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chunlei Chen
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Y. Eugene Chen
- The Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jing-Wei Xiong
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhu
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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206
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Yang D, Yang H, Li W, Zhao B, Ouyang Z, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Fan N, Song J, Tian J, Li F, Zhang J, Chang L, Pei D, Chen YE, Lai L. Generation of PPARγ mono-allelic knockout pigs via zinc-finger nucleases and nuclear transfer cloning. Cell Res 2011; 21:979-82. [PMID: 21502977 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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207
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208
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Xie C, Hu J, Ma H, Zhang J, Chang LJ, Chen YE, Ma PX. Three-dimensional growth of iPS cell-derived smooth muscle cells on nanofibrous scaffolds. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4369-75. [PMID: 21439638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been considered as the major component for personalized regenerative medicine. However, the potential of iPSCs in constructing tissue-engineered (TE) blood vessels has not been exploited. In the present study, we generated mouse iPSCs with the combination of over-expression of 4 iPS factors and knock-down of p53 gene. The established iPSCs were then directed to differentiate into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with the treatment of 10(-5) (M) all-trans retinoid acid (RA). The vehicle dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) treatment served as a spontaneous differentiation control. The differentiated cells were then cultured on three-dimensional (3D) macro-porous nanofibrous (NF) poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) scaffolds in vitro. Our data showed that the expression of SMC specific marker genes, including myocardin, smoothelin, SM22α and SMMHC, were higher for the group induced by RA than for the group treated by DMSO, while pluripotent marker gene expression was repressed by the RA-treatment. Upon subcutaneous implantation, the implanted cells maintained the SMC phenotype. In conclusion, the data suggest that iPSCs-derived SMCs can be an important cell source for personalized vascular tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xie
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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209
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Zhang J, Chang L, Chen C, Zhang M, Luo Y, Hamblin M, Villacorta L, Xiong JW, Chen YE, Zhang J, Zhu X. Rad GTPase inhibits cardiac fibrosis through connective tissue growth factor. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:90-8. [PMID: 21382976 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Our previous studies documented that Rad (Ras associated with diabetes), a member of the RGK (Rad, Gem, and Kir) family of Ras-related small G protein, is significantly decreased in human failing hearts and plays an important role in attenuating cardiac hypertrophy. The goal of this study is to identify the effect of Rad on cardiac fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Rad knockout (KO) mice showed more severe cardiac fibrosis compared with wild-type littermate controls as detected by Sirius Red staining. Western blot analyses demonstrated that the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a key mediator of fibrosis, increased dramatically in Rad KO mice. Overexpression of Rad in cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes suppressed both basal and transforming growth factor-β1-induced CTGF expression. Elevated CTGF expression was observed in cardiomyocytes when Rad was reduced by RNA interference. Moreover, cardiac fibroblasts produced greater extracellular matrix (ECM) when stimulated with conditioned medium from Rad-knockdown cardiomyocytes. ECM production was completely abolished by adding a CTGF-neutralizing antibody into the medium. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBP-δ) was demonstrated to activate CTGF in cardiomyocytes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and co-immunoprecipitation further demonstrated that Rad inhibited the binding of C/EBP-δ to the CTGF promoter via direct interaction with C/EBP-δ. CONCLUSION Our data reveal that Rad deficiency can lead to cardiac fibrosis. Rad inhibits CTGF expression through binding with C/EBP-δ, thus regulating ECM production in the heart. This study suggests a potential link between decreased Rad levels and increased cardiac fibrosis in human failing hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, No. 5, Yi He Yuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
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210
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)δ in the cerebral vasculature following stroke-induced brain injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we report a novel finding that selective PPARδ genetic deletion in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) resulted in increased cerebrovascular permeability and brain infarction in mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Mechanistically, we revealed for the first time that PPARδ expression is reduced, but matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity is increased in cultured VSMCs after oxygen-glucose deprivation and also in the cerebral cortex of mice following MCAO. Moreover, gain- and loss of PPARδ function in VSMCs significantly reduces and increases oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced MMP-9 activity, respectively. We have further identified that MMP-9 is a direct target of PPARδ-mediated transrepression by chromatin immunoprecipitation and PPARδ transcriptional activity assays. Furthermore, inhibition of MMP-9 activity by lentiviral MMP-9 short hairpin RNA effectively improves cerebrovascular permeability and reduces brain infarction in VSMC-selective PPARδ conditional knockout mice after MCAO. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that PPARδ in VSMCs can prevent ischemic brain injury by inhibition of MMP-9 activation and attenuation of postischemic inflammation. The pharmacological activation of PPARδ may provide a new therapeutic strategy to treat stroke-induced vascular and neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jie Yin
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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211
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Matsuda S, Yamashita A, Sato Y, Kitajima S, Koike T, Sugita C, Moriguchi-Goto S, Hatakeyama K, Takahashi M, Koshimoto C, Matsuura Y, Iwakiri T, Chen YE, Fan J, Asada Y. Human C-reactive protein enhances thrombus formation after neointimal balloon injury in transgenic rabbits. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:201-8. [PMID: 21029360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) constitute a powerful predictive marker of cardiovascular events. Several lines of evidence suggest that CRP has prothrombogenic effects. However, whether CRP directly participates in the pathogenesis of thrombosis in vivo has not been fully clarified. OBJECTIVE To test whether human CRP (hCRP) affects arterial thrombus formation after balloon injury of smooth muscle cell (SMC)-rich or macrophage-rich neointima. METHODS We compared the susceptibility of transgenic (Tg) rabbits expressing hCRP (46.21 ± 13.85 mg L(-1), n = 22) and non-Tg rabbits to arterial thrombus formation after balloon injury of SMC-rich or macrophage-rich neointima. RESULTS Thrombus size on SMC-rich or macrophage-rich neointima was significantly increased, and was accompanied by an increase in fibrin content in hCRP-Tg rabbits, as compared with non-Tg rabbits. Thrombus size did not significantly differ between SMC-rich and macrophage-rich neointima in hCRP-Tg rabbits. Tissue factor (TF) mRNA expression and activity in these neointimal lesions were significantly increased in hCRP-Tg rabbits as compared with non-Tg rabbits. The degree of CRP deposition correlated with the elevated TF expression and thrombus size on injured neointima. In addition, hCRP isolated from hCRP-Tg rabbit plasma induced TF mRNA expression and activity in rabbit cultured vascular SMCs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that elevated plasma hCRP levels promote thrombus formation on injured SMC-rich neointima by enhancing TF expression, but have no additive effects in macrophage-rich neointima.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- C-Reactive Protein/genetics
- C-Reactive Protein/metabolism
- Catheterization
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Femoral Artery/injuries
- Femoral Artery/metabolism
- Femoral Artery/pathology
- Humans
- Hyperlipidemias/genetics
- Hyperlipidemias/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/injuries
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rabbits
- Thromboplastin/genetics
- Thrombosis/blood
- Thrombosis/genetics
- Thrombosis/metabolism
- Thrombosis/pathology
- Time Factors
- Tunica Intima/injuries
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular System Injuries/blood
- Vascular System Injuries/genetics
- Vascular System Injuries/metabolism
- Vascular System Injuries/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
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212
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Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) exhibit extraordinary plasticity during postnatal development. Vascular injury initiates VSMC phenotypic switch from the contractile to proliferative phenotype, which plays a central role in vascular lesion formation and diverse vascular diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally by either degrading target mRNAs or repressing their translation. Emerging evidence has revealed miRNAs are critical regulators in VSMC differentiation from stem cells, phenotypic switch, and various vascular pathogenesis. Here, we review recent advances regarding functions of specific miRNAs in vasculature and discuss possible mechanisms by which miRNAs affect VSMC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xie
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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213
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Hamblin M, Chang L, Zhang H, Yang K, Zhang J, Chen YE. Vascular smooth muscle cell peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ mediates pioglitazone-reduced vascular lesion formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 31:352-9. [PMID: 21088248 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.219006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) has been reported to decrease vascular lesion formation. However, the critical role of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) PPARγ in vascular lesion formation following transplantation is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the role of VSMC PPARγ-mediated signaling in transplantation-associated vascular lesion formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Carotid arteries from smooth muscle cell-selective PPARγ knockout (SMPG KO) and wild-type mice were transplanted to CBA/CaJ recipient mice. The recipient mice received a control diet or pioglitazone-containing diet. Pioglitazone reduced vascular lesion formation in transplanted wild-type, but not in SMPG KO carotid arteries. Histological analysis suggested that PPARγ attenuates vascular lesion formation through antiinflammatory signaling, as evidenced by the increase of intimal inflammatory cells and tumor necrosis factor-α expression in SMPG KO allografts. Intravital microscopy revealed increased inflammatory cell rolling and attachment to endothelial cells in small blood vessels of SMPG KO mice following cytokine stimulation. SMPG KO mice, as shown by Western blotting, have elevated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry demonstrated SMPG KO allografts have increased VCAM-1. CONCLUSIONS Loss of PPARγ in VSMC promotes transplantation-associated vascular lesion formation through increased VCAM-1 expression. VSMC PPARγ also mediates pioglitazone-reduced vascular lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Hamblin
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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214
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Xie C, Huang H, Sun X, Guo Y, Hamblin M, Ritchie RP, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhang J, Chen YE. MicroRNA-1 regulates smooth muscle cell differentiation by repressing Kruppel-like factor 4. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:205-10. [PMID: 20799856 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of microRNA-1 (miR-1) has been studied in cardiac and skeletal muscle differentiation. However, it remains unexplored in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) differentiation. The aim of this study was to uncover novel targets of and shed light on the function of miR-1 in the context of embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation of SMCs in vitro. miR-1 expression is steadily increased during differentiation of mouse ESC to SMCs. Loss-of-function approaches using miR-1 inhibitors uncovered that miR-1 is required for SMC lineage differentiation in ESC-derived SMC cultures, as evidenced by downregulation of SMC-specific markers and decrease of derived SMC population. In addition, bioinformatics analysis unveiled a miR-1 binding site on the Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) 3' untranslated region (3'UTR), in a region that is highly conserved across species. Consistently, miR-1 mimic reduced KLF4 3'UTR luciferase activity, which can be rescued by mutating the miR-1 binding site on the KLF4 3'UTR in the reporter construct. Additionally, repression of the miR-1 expression by miR-1 inhibitor can reverse KLF4 downregulation during ESC-SMC differentiation, which subsequently inhibits SMC differentiation. We conclude that miR-1 plays a critical role in the determination of SMC fate during retinoid acid-induced ESC/SMC differentiation, which may indicate that miR-1 has a role to promote SMC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xie
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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215
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Hamblin M, Chang L, Zhang H, Yang K, Zhang J, Chen YE. Vascular smooth muscle cell peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ deletion promotes abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2010; 52:984-93. [PMID: 20630681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) plays an important role in the vasculature; however, the role of PPARγ in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is not well understood. We hypothesized that PPARγ in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) attenuates the development of AAA. We also investigated PPARγ-mediated signaling pathways that may prevent the development of AAA. METHODS We determined whether periaortic application of CaCl(2) renders vascular SMC-selective PPARγ knockout (SMPG KO) mice more susceptible to destruction of normal aortic wall architecture. RESULTS There is evidence of increased vessel dilatation in the abdominal aorta 6 weeks after 0.25M periaortic CaCl(2) application in SMPG KO mice compared with littermate controls (1.4 ± 0.3 mm [n = 8] vs 1.1 ± 0.2 mm [n = 7]; P = .000119). Results from SMPG KO mice indicate medial layer elastin degradation was greater 6 weeks after abluminal application of CaCl(2) to the abdominal aorta (P < .01). Activated cathepsin S, a potent elastin-degrading enzyme, was increased in SMPG KO mice vs wild-type controls. To further identify a role of PPARγ signaling in reducing the development of AAA, we demonstrated that adenoviral-mediated PPARγ overexpression in cultured rat aortic SMCs decreases (P = .022) the messenger RNA levels of cathepsin S. In addition, a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay detected PPARγ bound to a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor response element (PPRE) -141 to -159 bp upstream of the cathepsin S gene sequence in mouse aortic SMCs. Also, adenoviral-mediated PPARγ overexpression and knockdown in cultured rat aortic SMCs decreases (P = .013) and increases (P = .018) expression of activated cathepsin S. Finally, immunohistochemistry demonstrated a greater inflammatory infiltrate in SMPG KO mouse aortas, as evidenced by elevations in F4/80 and tumor necrosis factor-α expression. CONCLUSION In this study, we identify PPARγ as an important contributor in attenuating the development of aortic aneurysms by demonstrating that loss of PPARγ in vascular SMCs promotes aortic dilatation and elastin degradation. Thus, PPARγ activation may be potentially promising medical therapy in reducing the risk of AAA progression and rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Hamblin
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA
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216
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Zhang J, Villacorta L, Chang L, Fan Z, Hamblin M, Zhu T, Chen CS, Cole MP, Schopfer FJ, Deng CX, Garcia-Barrio MT, Feng YH, Freeman BA, Chen YE. Nitro-oleic acid inhibits angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Circ Res 2010; 107:540-8. [PMID: 20558825 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.218404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO(2)) is a bioactive, nitric-oxide derived fatty acid with physiologically relevant vasculoprotective properties in vivo. OA-NO(2) exerts cell signaling actions as a result of its strong electrophilic nature and mediates pleiotropic cell responses in the vasculature. OBJECTIVE The present study sought to investigate the protective role of OA-NO(2) in angiotensin (Ang) II-induced hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that systemic administration of OA-NO(2) results in a sustained reduction of Ang II-induced hypertension in mice and exerts a significant blood pressure lowering effect on preexisting hypertension established by Ang II infusion. OA-NO(2) significantly inhibits Ang II contractile response as compared to oleic acid (OA) in mesenteric vessels. The improved vasoconstriction is specific for the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R)-mediated signaling because vascular contraction by other G-protein-coupled receptors is not altered in response to OA-NO(2) treatment. From the mechanistic viewpoint, OA-NO(2) lowers Ang II-induced hypertension independently of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma activation. Rather, OA-NO(2), but not OA, specifically binds to the AT(1)R, reduces heterotrimeric G-protein coupling, and inhibits IP(3) (inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate) and calcium mobilization, without inhibiting Ang II binding to the receptor. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that OA-NO(2) diminishes the pressor response to Ang II and inhibits AT(1)R-dependent vasoconstriction, revealing OA-NO(2) as a novel antagonist of Ang II-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, USA
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217
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Guo X, Xu K, Zhang J, Li H, Zhang W, Wang H, Lange AJ, Chen YE, Huo Y, Wu C. Involvement of inducible 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase in the anti-diabetic effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation in mice. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:23711-20. [PMID: 20498376 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.123174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PFKFB3 is the gene that codes for the inducible isoform of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (iPFK2), a key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis. As one of the targets of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), PFKFB3/iPFK2 is up-regulated by thiazolidinediones. In the present study, using PFKFB3/iPFK2-disrupted mice, the role of PFKFB3/iPFK2 in the anti-diabetic effect of PPARgamma activation was determined. In wild-type littermate mice, PPARgamma activation (i.e. treatment with rosiglitazone) restored euglycemia and reversed high fat diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. In contrast, PPARgamma activation did not reduce high fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and failed to reverse insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in PFKFB3(+/-) mice. The lack of anti-diabetic effect in PFKFB3(+/-) mice was associated with the inability of PPARgamma activation to suppress adipose tissue lipolysis and proinflammatory cytokine production, stimulate visceral fat accumulation, enhance adipose tissue insulin signaling, and appropriately regulate adipokine expression. Similarly, in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, knockdown of PFKFB3/iPFK2 lessened the effect of PPARgamma activation on stimulating lipid accumulation. Furthermore, PPARgamma activation did not suppress inflammatory signaling in PFKFB3/iPFK2-knockdown adipocytes as it did in control adipocytes. Upon inhibition of excessive fatty acid oxidation in PFKFB3/iPFK2-knockdown adipocytes, PPARgamma activation was able to significantly reverse inflammatory signaling and proinflammatory cytokine expression and restore insulin signaling. Together, these data demonstrate that PFKFB3/iPFK2 is critically involved in the anti-diabetic effect of PPARgamma activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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218
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Yoshida T, Gan Q, Franke AS, Ho R, Zhang J, Chen YE, Hayashi M, Majesky MW, Somlyo AV, Owens GK. Smooth and cardiac muscle-selective knock-out of Kruppel-like factor 4 causes postnatal death and growth retardation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:21175-84. [PMID: 20439457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.112482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) is a transcription factor involved in differentiation and proliferation in multiple tissues. We demonstrated previously that tamoxifen-induced deletion of the Klf4 gene in mice accelerated neointimal formation but delayed down-regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation markers in carotid arteries following injury. To further determine the role of Klf4 in the cardiovascular system, we herein derived mice deficient for the Klf4 gene in smooth and cardiac muscle using the SM22alpha promoter (SM22alpha-CreKI(+)/Klf4(loxP/loxP) mice). SM22alpha-CreKI(+)/Klf4(loxP/loxP) mice were born at the expected Mendelian ratio, but they gradually died after birth. Although approximately 40% of SM22alpha-CreKI(+)/Klf4(loxP/loxP) mice survived beyond postnatal day 28, they exhibited marked growth retardation. In wild-type mice, Klf4 was expressed in the heart from late embryonic development through adulthood, whereas it was not expressed in smooth muscle. No changes were observed in morphology or expression of smooth muscle cell differentiation markers in vessels of SM22alpha-CreKI(+)/Klf4(loxP/loxP) mice. Of interest, cardiac output was significantly decreased in SM22alpha-CreKI(+)/Klf4(loxP/loxP) mice, as determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover, a lack of Klf4 in the heart resulted in the reduction in expression of multiple cardiac genes, including Gata4. In vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assays on the heart revealed that Klf4 bound to the promoter region of the Gata4 gene. Results provide novel evidence that Klf4 plays a key role in late fetal and/or postnatal cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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219
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Huang H, Xie C, Sun X, Ritchie RP, Zhang J, Chen YE. miR-10a contributes to retinoid acid-induced smooth muscle cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9383-9389. [PMID: 20118242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.095612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) have been reported to play a critical role in muscle differentiation and function. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of miRs during smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). MicroRNA profiling showed that miR-10a expression is steadily increased during in vitro differentiation of mouse ESCs into SMCs. Loss-of-function approaches using miR-10a inhibitors uncovered that miR-10a is a critical mediator for SMC lineage determination in our retinoic acid-induced ESC/SMC differentiation system. In addition, we have documented for the first time that histone deacetylase 4 is a novel target of miR-10a and mediates miR-10a function during ESC/SMC differentiation. To determine the molecular mechanism through which retinoic acid induced miR-10a expression, a consensus NF-kappaB element was identified in the miR-10a gene promoter by bioinformatics analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that NF-kappaB could bind to this element. Finally, inhibition of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation repressed miR-10a expression and decreased SMC differentiation from ESCs. Our data demonstrate for the first time that miR-10a is a novel regulator in SMC differentiation from ESCs. These studies suggest that miR-10a may play important roles in vascular biology and have implications for the diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Huang
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Changqing Xie
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Xuan Sun
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Raquel P Ritchie
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
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220
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Schopfer FJ, Cole MP, Groeger AL, Chen CS, Khoo NKH, Woodcock SR, Golin-Bisello F, Motanya UN, Li Y, Zhang J, Garcia-Barrio MT, Rudolph TK, Rudolph V, Bonacci G, Baker PRS, Xu HE, Batthyany CI, Chen YE, Hallis TM, Freeman BA. Covalent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma adduction by nitro-fatty acids: selective ligand activity and anti-diabetic signaling actions. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:12321-33. [PMID: 20097754 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.091512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) binds diverse ligands to transcriptionally regulate metabolism and inflammation. Activators of PPARgamma include lipids and anti-hyperglycemic drugs such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Recently, TZDs have raised concern after being linked with increased risk of peripheral edema, weight gain, and adverse cardiovascular events. Most reported endogenous PPARgamma ligands are intermediates of lipid metabolism and oxidation that bind PPARgamma with very low affinity. In contrast, nitro derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids (NO(2)-FA) are endogenous products of nitric oxide ((*)NO) and nitrite (NO(2)(-))-mediated redox reactions that activate PPARgamma at nanomolar concentrations. We report that NO(2)-FA act as partial agonists of PPARgamma and covalently bind PPARgamma at Cys-285 via Michael addition. NO(2)-FA show selective PPARgamma modulator characteristics by inducing coregulator protein interactions, PPARgamma-dependent expression of key target genes, and lipid accumulation is distinctively different from responses induced by the TZD rosiglitazone. Administration of this class of signaling mediators to ob/ob mice revealed that NO(2)-FA lower insulin and glucose levels without inducing adverse side effects such as the increased weight gain induced by TZDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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221
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Yin KJ, Deng Z, Huang H, Hamblin M, Xie C, Zhang J, Chen YE. miR-497 regulates neuronal death in mouse brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 38:17-26. [PMID: 20053374 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the microRNA (miR) network has been emerging as a major regulator in neurological diseases. However, little is known about the functional significance of unique miRs in ischemic brain damage. Here, we found that miR-497 is induced in mouse brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and mouse N2A neuroblastoma (N2A) cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Loss-of-miR-497 function significantly suppresses OGD-induced N2A cell death, whereas gain-of-miR-497 function aggravates OGD-induced neuronal loss. Moreover, miR-497 directly binds to the predicted 3'-UTR target sites of bcl-2/-w genes. Furthermore, knockdown of cerebral miR-497 effectively enhances bcl-2/-w protein levels in the ischemic region, attenuates ischemic brain infarction, and improves neurological outcomes in mice after focal cerebral ischemia. Taken together, our data suggest that miR-497 promotes ischemic neuronal death by negatively regulating antiapoptotic proteins, bcl-2 and bcl-w. We raise the possibility that this pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis of the ischemic brain injury in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jie Yin
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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222
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Huo Y, Guo X, Li H, Wang H, Zhang W, Wang Y, Zhou H, Gao Z, Telang S, Chesney J, Chen YE, Ye J, Chapkin RS, Wu C. Disruption of inducible 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase ameliorates diet-induced adiposity but exacerbates systemic insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammatory response. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:3713-3721. [PMID: 19948719 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.058446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiposity is commonly associated with adipose tissue dysfunction and many overnutrition-related metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes. Much attention has been paid to reducing adiposity as a way to improve adipose tissue function and systemic insulin sensitivity. PFKFB3/iPFK2 is a master regulator of adipocyte nutrient metabolism. Using PFKFB3(+/-) mice, the present study investigated the role of PFKFB3/iPFK2 in regulating diet-induced adiposity and systemic insulin resistance. On a high-fat diet (HFD), PFKFB3(+/-) mice gained much less body weight than did wild-type littermates. This was attributed to a smaller increase in adiposity in PFKFB3(+/-) mice than in wild-type controls. However, HFD-induced systemic insulin resistance was more severe in PFKFB3(+/-) mice than in wild-type littermates. Compared with wild-type littermates, PFKFB3(+/-) mice exhibited increased severity of HFD-induced adipose tissue dysfunction, as evidenced by increased adipose tissue lipolysis, inappropriate adipokine expression, and decreased insulin signaling, as well as increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in both isolated adipose tissue macrophages and adipocytes. In an in vitro system, knockdown of PFKFB3/iPFK2 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes caused a decrease in the rate of glucose incorporation into lipid but an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, knockdown of PFKFB3/iPFK2 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes inappropriately altered the expression of adipokines, decreased insulin signaling, increased the phosphorylation states of JNK and NFkappaB p65, and enhanced the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Together, these data suggest that PFKFB3/iPFK2, although contributing to adiposity, protects against diet-induced insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Huo
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
| | - Xin Guo
- the Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Honggui Li
- the Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Huan Wang
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Ying Wang
- the Intercollegiate Faculty of Genetics, Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- the Intercollegiate Faculty of Genetics, Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Zhanguo Gao
- the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Sucheta Telang
- the J. G. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and
| | - Jason Chesney
- the J. G. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, and
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- the Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Jianping Ye
- the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- the Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Chaodong Wu
- the Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843.
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223
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Koike T, Kitajima S, Yu Y, Nishijima K, Zhang J, Ozaki Y, Morimoto M, Watanabe T, Bhakdi S, Asada Y, Chen YE, Fan J. Human C-reactive protein does not promote atherosclerosis in transgenic rabbits. Circulation 2009; 120:2088-94. [PMID: 19901190 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.872796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is a statistically significant association between modestly raised baseline plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) values and future cardiovascular events, the debate is still unsettled in regard to whether CRP plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated 2 lines of transgenic (Tg) rabbits expressing human CRP (hCRP). The plasma levels of hCRP in hCRP-Tg-1 and hCRP-Tg-2 rabbits were 0.4+/-0.13 (n=14) and 57.8+/-20.6 mg/L (n=12), respectively. In addition, hCRP isolated from Tg rabbit plasma exhibited the ability to activate the rabbit complement. To define the role of hCRP in atherosclerosis, we compared the susceptibility of hCRP-Tg rabbits to cholesterol-rich diet-induced aortic and coronary atherosclerosis with that of non-Tg rabbits. After being fed with a cholesterol-rich diet for 16 weeks, Tg and non-Tg rabbits developed similar hypercholesterolemia and lesion sizes in both aortic and coronary arteries. Immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting revealed that hCRP was indeed present in the lesions but did not affect macrophage accumulation and smooth muscle cell proliferation of the lesions. CONCLUSIONS Neither high nor low plasma concentrations of hCRP affected aortic or coronary atherosclerosis lesion formation in hCRP-Tg rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Koike
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo-City, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
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224
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Cole MP, Rudolph TK, Khoo NKH, Motanya UN, Golin-Bisello F, Wertz JW, Schopfer FJ, Rudolph V, Woodcock SR, Bolisetty S, Ali MS, Zhang J, Chen YE, Agarwal A, Freeman BA, Bauer PM. Nitro-fatty acid inhibition of neointima formation after endoluminal vessel injury. Circ Res 2009; 105:965-72. [PMID: 19797175 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.199075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fatty acid nitroalkenes are endogenously generated electrophilic byproducts of nitric oxide and nitrite-dependent oxidative inflammatory reactions. Existing evidence indicates nitroalkenes support posttranslational protein modifications and transcriptional activation that promote the resolution of inflammation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess whether in vivo administration of a synthetic nitroalkene could elicit antiinflammatory actions in vivo using a murine model of vascular injury. METHODS AND RESULTS The in vivo administration (21 days) of nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO(2)) inhibited neointimal hyperplasia after wire injury of the femoral artery in a murine model (OA-NO(2) treatment resulted in reduced intimal area and intima to media ratio versus vehicle- or oleic acid (OA)-treated animals,P<0.0001). Increased heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression accounted for much of the vascular protection induced by OA-NO(2) in both cultured aortic smooth muscle cells and in vivo. Inhibition of HO by Sn(IV)-protoporphyrin or HO-1 small interfering RNA reversed OA-NO(2)-induced inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated rat aortic smooth muscle cell migration. The upregulation of HO-1 expression also accounted for the antistenotic actions of OA-NO(2) in vivo, because inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia following femoral artery injury was abolished in HO-1(-/-) mice (OA-NO(2)-treated wild-type versus HO-1(-/-) mice, P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS In summary, electrophilic nitro-fatty acids induce salutary gene expression and cell functional responses that are manifested by a clinically significant outcome, inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia induced by arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha P Cole
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
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225
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Xie CQ, Huang H, Wei S, Song LS, Zhang J, Ritchie RP, Chen L, Zhang M, Chen YE. A comparison of murine smooth muscle cells generated from embryonic versus induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 18:741-8. [PMID: 18795840 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation and dedifferentiation play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The lack of a good and simple in vitro SMC differentiation system has hampered the progress of SMC field for years. The generation of such an in vitro system would be invaluable for exploring molecular mechanisms of SMC differentiation and dedifferentiation. Recently, the establishment of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has offered a novel therapeutic strategy to generate patient-specific stem cell lines. Here we have investigated whether iPS cells are able to differentiate into SMCs in vitro. Mouse iPS cell (O9 and TT025) monolayers were treated with 10(-5) mol/L all-trans retinoid acid (RA). After 8 days of RA treatment, we found that >40% of the O9 iPS cells expressed the SMC-markers including SMalpha-actin and SM myosin heavy chain. Also, we documented that iPS-derived SMCs acquired SMC functional characteristics including contraction and calcium influx in response to stimuli. Moreover, our results indicated that there were differences in SMC-specific gene expression patterns between SMCs derived from O9 and TT025 iPS as well as normal embryonic stem cells. These differences might be due to disparity in the current iPS technology. Taken together, our data have established a simple iPS-SMC system to generate SMCs in vitro, which has tremendous potential to generate individualized SMCs for vascular tissue engineering and personalized drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Xie
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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226
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear hormone-receptor superfamily. Originally cloned in 1990, PPARs were found to be mediators of pharmacologic agents that induce hepatocyte peroxisome proliferation. PPARs also are expressed in cells of the cardiovascular system. PPAR gamma appears to be highly expressed during atherosclerotic lesion formation, suggesting that increased PPAR gamma expression may be a vascular compensatory response. Also, ligand-activated PPAR gamma decreases the inflammatory response in cardiovascular cells, particularly in endothelial cells. PPAR alpha, similar to PPAR gamma, also has pleiotropic effects in the cardiovascular system, including antiinflammatory and antiatherosclerotic properties. PPAR alpha activation inhibits vascular smooth muscle proinflammatory responses, attenuating the development of atherosclerosis. However, PPAR delta overexpression may lead to elevated macrophage inflammation and atherosclerosis. Conversely, PPAR delta ligands are shown to attenuate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by improving endothelial cell proliferation and survival while decreasing endothelial cell inflammation and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Furthermore, the administration of PPAR ligands in the form of TZDs and fibrates has been disappointing in terms of markedly reducing cardiovascular events in the clinical setting. Therefore, a better understanding of PPAR-dependent and -independent signaling will provide the foundation for future research on the role of PPARs in human cardiovascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Hamblin
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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227
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Du F, Xu J, Zhang J, Gao S, Carter MG, He C, Sung LY, Chaubal S, Fissore RA, Tian XC, Yang X, Chen YE. Beneficial effect of young oocytes for rabbit somatic cell nuclear transfer. Cloning Stem Cells 2009; 11:131-40. [PMID: 19090660 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the effect of the age of rabbit oocytes on the developmental potential of cloned embryos. The metaphase II oocytes used for nuclear transfer (NT) were collected at 10, 12, 14, and 16 h post-hCG injection (hpi). The total number of oocytes collected per donor (21.4-23.7) at 12 to 16 hpi was similar, but significantly higher than that collected at 10 hpi (16.2). Additionally, a significant improvement in blastocyst development was achieved with embryos generated by electrically mediated cell fusion (56.0%), compared to those from nuclear injection (13.1 %) (Experiment 1). Markedly higher blastocyst development (45.8-54.5%) was also achieved with oocytes collected at 10-12 hpi than from those collected 14-16 hpi (8.3-14.3%) (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, the blastocyst rates of NT embryos derived from oocytes harvested 12 hpi (39.2-42.8 %) were significantly higher than from those collected at 16 hpi (6.8-8.4 %) (p < 0.05), regardless of the donor cell age. Kinase activity assays showed variable changes of activity in rabbit oocytes over the period of 10-16 hpi; however, there was no correlation with preimplantational development (blastocyst rate vs. MPF, R = 0.326; blastocyst rate vs. MAPK, R = -0.131). Embryo transfer of NT embryos utilizing 12 hpi oocytes resulted in one full-term but stillborn, and one live cloned rabbit; thus, an efficiency of 1.7 % (n = 117) (Experiment 4). These results demonstrated that NT utilizing relatively young rabbit oocytes, harvested at 10-12 h after hCG injection, was beneficial for the development of NT embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuliang Du
- Evergen Biotechnologies, Inc, Vernon, Connecticut 06066, USA.
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228
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Chang L, Villacorta L, Zhang J, Garcia-Barrio MT, Yang K, Hamblin M, Whitesall SE, D'Alecy LG, Chen YE. Vascular smooth muscle cell-selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma deletion leads to hypotension. Circulation 2009; 119:2161-9. [PMID: 19364979 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.815803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists are commonly used to treat diabetes, although their PPARgamma-dependent effects transcend their role as insulin sensitizers. Thiazolidinediones lower blood pressure (BP) in diabetic patients, whereas results from conventional/tissue-specific PPARgamma experimental models suggest an important pleiotropic role for PPARgamma in BP control. Little evidence is available on the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of vascular smooth muscle cell-specific PPARgamma in basal vascular tone. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that vascular smooth muscle cell-selective deletion of PPARgamma impairs vasoactivity with an overall reduction in BP. Aortic contraction in response to norepinephrine is reduced and vasorelaxation is enhanced in response to beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AdR) agonists in vitro. Similarly, vascular smooth muscle cell-selective PPARgamma knockout mice display a biphasic response to norepinephrine in BP, reversible on administration of beta-AdR blocker, and enhanced BP reduction on treatment with beta-AdR agonists. Consistent with enhanced beta2-AdR responsiveness, we found that the absence of PPARgamma in vascular smooth muscle cells increased beta2-AdR expression, possibly leading to the hypotensive phenotype during the rest phase. CONCLUSIONS These data uncovered the beta2-AdR as a novel target of PPARgamma transcriptional repression in vascular smooth muscle cells and indicate that PPARgamma regulation of beta2-adrenergic signaling is important in the modulation of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chang
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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229
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Wu JS, Cheung WM, Tsai YS, Chen YT, Fong WH, Tsai HD, Chen YC, Liou JY, Shyue SK, Chen JJ, Chen YE, Maeda N, Wu KK, Lin TN. Ligand-activated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma protects against ischemic cerebral infarction and neuronal apoptosis by 14-3-3 epsilon upregulation. Circulation 2009; 119:1124-34. [PMID: 19221220 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.812537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazolidinediones have been reported to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Their protective actions are considered to be peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma)-dependent; however, it is unclear how PPAR-gamma activation confers resistance to ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS AND RESULTS We evaluated the effects of rosiglitazone or PPAR-gamma overexpression on cerebral infarction in a rat model and investigated the antiapoptotic actions in the N2-A neuroblastoma cell model. Rosiglitazone or PPAR-gamma overexpression significantly reduced infarct volume. The protective effect was abrogated by PPAR-gamma small interfering RNA. In mice with knock-in of a PPAR-gamma dominant-negative mutant, infarct volume was enhanced. Proteomic analysis revealed that brain 14-3-3epsilon was highly upregulated in rats treated with rosiglitazone. Upregulation of 14-3-3epsilon was abrogated by PPAR-gamma small interfering RNA or antagonist. Promoter analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that rosiglitazone induced PPAR-gamma binding to specific regulatory elements on the 14-3-3epsilon promoter and thereby increased 14-3-3epsilon transcription. 14-3-3epsilon Small interfering RNA abrogated the antiapoptotic actions of rosiglitazone or PPAR-gamma overexpression, whereas 14-3-3epsilon recombinant proteins rescued brain tissues and N2-A cells from ischemia-induced damage and apoptosis. Elevated 14-3-3epsilon enhanced binding of phosphorylated Bad and protected mitochondrial membrane potential. CONCLUSIONS Ligand-activated PPAR-gamma confers resistance to neuronal apoptosis and cerebral infarction by driving 14-3-3epsilon transcription. 14-3-3epsilon Upregulation enhances sequestration of phosphorylated Bad and thereby suppresses apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Sheng Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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230
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Xie CQ, Jeong Y, Fu M, Bookout AL, Garcia-Barrio MT, Sun T, Kim BH, Xie Y, Root S, Zhang J, Xu RH, Chen YE, Mangelsdorf DJ. Expression profiling of nuclear receptors in human and mouse embryonic stem cells. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:724-33. [PMID: 19196830 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate gene expression in essential biological processes including differentiation and development. Here we report the systematic profiling of NRs in human and mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines and during their early differentiation into embryoid bodies. Expression of the 48 human and mouse NRs was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. In general, expression of NRs between the two human cell lines was highly concordant, whereas in contrast, expression of NRs between human and mouse ESCs differed significantly. In particular, a number of NRs that have been implicated previously as crucial regulators of mouse ESC biology, including ERRbeta, DAX-1, and LRH-1, exhibited diametric patterns of expression, suggesting they may have distinct species-specific functions. Taken together, these results highlight the complexity of the transcriptional hierarchy that exists between species and governs early development. These data should provide a unique resource for further exploration of the species-specific roles of NRs in ESC self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Xie
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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231
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Li Y, Hao P, Zheng S, Tu K, Fan H, Zhu R, Ding G, Dong C, Wang C, Li X, Thiesen HJ, Chen YE, Jiang H, Liu L, Li Y. Gene expression module-based chemical function similarity search. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:e137. [PMID: 18842630 PMCID: PMC2582597 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of biological processes using selective chemical interventions is generally applied in biomedical research and drug discovery. Many studies of this kind make use of gene expression experiments to explore cellular responses to chemical interventions. Recently, some research groups constructed libraries of chemical related expression profiles, and introduced similarity comparison into chemical induced transcriptome analysis. Resembling sequence similarity alignment, expression pattern comparison among chemical intervention related expression profiles provides a new way for chemical function prediction and chemical–gene relation investigation. However, existing methods place more emphasis on comparing profile patterns globally, which ignore noises and marginal effects. At the same time, though the whole information of expression profiles has been used, it is difficult to uncover the underlying mechanisms that lead to the functional similarity between two molecules. Here a new approach is presented to perform biological effects similarity comparison within small biologically meaningful gene categories. Regarding gene categories as units, a reduced similarity matrix is generated for measuring the biological distances between query and profiles in library and pointing out in which modules do chemical pairs resemble. Through the modularization of expression patterns, this method reduces experimental noises and marginal effects and directly correlates chemical molecules with gene function modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Key Lab of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, Shanghai, PR China
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232
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Chang L, Zhang J, Tseng YH, Xie CQ, Ilany J, Brüning JC, Sun Z, Zhu X, Cui T, Youker KA, Yang Q, Day SM, Kahn CR, Chen YE. Rad GTPase deficiency leads to cardiac hypertrophy. Circulation 2007; 116:2976-2983. [PMID: 18056528 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.707257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rad (Ras associated with diabetes) GTPase is the prototypic member of a subfamily of Ras-related small G proteins. The aim of the present study was to define whether Rad plays an important role in mediating cardiac hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS We document for the first time that levels of Rad mRNA and protein were decreased significantly in human failing hearts (n=10) compared with normal hearts (n=3; P<0.01). Similarly, Rad expression was decreased significantly in cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload and in cultured cardiomyocytes with hypertrophy induced by 10 micromol/L phenylephrine. Gain and loss of Rad function in cardiomyocytes significantly inhibited and increased phenylephrine-induced hypertrophy, respectively. In addition, activation of calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), a strong inducer of cardiac hypertrophy, was significantly inhibited by Rad overexpression. Conversely, downregulation of CaMKIIdelta by RNA interference technology attenuated the phenylephrine-induced hypertrophic response in cardiomyocytes in which Rad was also knocked down. To further elucidate the potential role of Rad in vivo, we generated Rad-deficient mice and demonstrated that they were more susceptible to cardiac hypertrophy associated with increased CaMKII phosphorylation than wild-type littermate controls. CONCLUSIONS The present data document for the first time that Rad is a novel mediator that inhibits cardiac hypertrophy through the CaMKII pathway. The present study will have significant implications for understanding the mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy and setting the basis for the development of new strategies for treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chang
- Cardiovascular Center (L.C., J.Z., C.-Q.X., T.C., S.M.D., Y.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich; Joslin Diabetes Center (Y.-H.T., J.I., J.C.B., C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Institute of Molecular Medicine (Z.S., X.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (K.A.Y.), The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Tex; and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Q.Y.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center (L.C., J.Z., C.-Q.X., T.C., S.M.D., Y.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich; Joslin Diabetes Center (Y.-H.T., J.I., J.C.B., C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Institute of Molecular Medicine (Z.S., X.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (K.A.Y.), The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Tex; and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Q.Y.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Cardiovascular Center (L.C., J.Z., C.-Q.X., T.C., S.M.D., Y.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich; Joslin Diabetes Center (Y.-H.T., J.I., J.C.B., C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Institute of Molecular Medicine (Z.S., X.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (K.A.Y.), The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Tex; and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Q.Y.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Chang-Qing Xie
- Cardiovascular Center (L.C., J.Z., C.-Q.X., T.C., S.M.D., Y.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich; Joslin Diabetes Center (Y.-H.T., J.I., J.C.B., C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Institute of Molecular Medicine (Z.S., X.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (K.A.Y.), The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Tex; and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Q.Y.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Jacob Ilany
- Cardiovascular Center (L.C., J.Z., C.-Q.X., T.C., S.M.D., Y.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich; Joslin Diabetes Center (Y.-H.T., J.I., J.C.B., C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Institute of Molecular Medicine (Z.S., X.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (K.A.Y.), The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Tex; and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Q.Y.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Cardiovascular Center (L.C., J.Z., C.-Q.X., T.C., S.M.D., Y.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich; Joslin Diabetes Center (Y.-H.T., J.I., J.C.B., C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Institute of Molecular Medicine (Z.S., X.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (K.A.Y.), The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Tex; and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Q.Y.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Zhongcui Sun
- Cardiovascular Center (L.C., J.Z., C.-Q.X., T.C., S.M.D., Y.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich; Joslin Diabetes Center (Y.-H.T., J.I., J.C.B., C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Institute of Molecular Medicine (Z.S., X.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (K.A.Y.), The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Tex; and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Q.Y.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Xiaojun Zhu
- Cardiovascular Center (L.C., J.Z., C.-Q.X., T.C., S.M.D., Y.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich; Joslin Diabetes Center (Y.-H.T., J.I., J.C.B., C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Institute of Molecular Medicine (Z.S., X.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (K.A.Y.), The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Tex; and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Q.Y.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Taixing Cui
- Cardiovascular Center (L.C., J.Z., C.-Q.X., T.C., S.M.D., Y.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich; Joslin Diabetes Center (Y.-H.T., J.I., J.C.B., C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Institute of Molecular Medicine (Z.S., X.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (K.A.Y.), The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Tex; and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Q.Y.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Keith A Youker
- Cardiovascular Center (L.C., J.Z., C.-Q.X., T.C., S.M.D., Y.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich; Joslin Diabetes Center (Y.-H.T., J.I., J.C.B., C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Institute of Molecular Medicine (Z.S., X.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (K.A.Y.), The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Tex; and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Q.Y.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Qinglin Yang
- Cardiovascular Center (L.C., J.Z., C.-Q.X., T.C., S.M.D., Y.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich; Joslin Diabetes Center (Y.-H.T., J.I., J.C.B., C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Institute of Molecular Medicine (Z.S., X.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (K.A.Y.), The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Tex; and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Q.Y.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Sharlene M Day
- Cardiovascular Center (L.C., J.Z., C.-Q.X., T.C., S.M.D., Y.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich; Joslin Diabetes Center (Y.-H.T., J.I., J.C.B., C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Institute of Molecular Medicine (Z.S., X.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (K.A.Y.), The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Tex; and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Q.Y.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Cardiovascular Center (L.C., J.Z., C.-Q.X., T.C., S.M.D., Y.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich; Joslin Diabetes Center (Y.-H.T., J.I., J.C.B., C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Institute of Molecular Medicine (Z.S., X.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (K.A.Y.), The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Tex; and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Q.Y.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Cardiovascular Center (L.C., J.Z., C.-Q.X., T.C., S.M.D., Y.E.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich; Joslin Diabetes Center (Y.-H.T., J.I., J.C.B., C.R.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Institute of Molecular Medicine (Z.S., X.Z.), Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology (K.A.Y.), The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Tex; and Cardiovascular Research Institute (Q.Y.), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
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Xie CQ, Zhang J, Villacorta L, Cui T, Huang H, Chen YE. A Highly Efficient Method to Differentiate Smooth Muscle Cells From Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:e311-2. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.154260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Xie
- Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor,
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor,
| | - Luis Villacorta
- Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor,
| | - Taixing Cui
- Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor,
| | - Huarong Huang
- Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor,
| | - Y. Eugene Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor,
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234
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Abstract
AIMS To describe the epidemiology of intussusception and its relation to rotavirus associated hospitalisation in New Zealand. METHODS National hospital discharge data between January 1998 and June 2003 for all children younger than 3 years of age with intussusception were reviewed. Independently, children from the same age group, admitted to eight paediatric units with rotavirus gastroenteritis between May 1998 and May 2000, were identified prospectively. Epidemiological characteristics of cases with intussusception were compared with those of hospitalised rotavirus disease. RESULTS During the 5.5 year study period, there were 277 cases of intussusception and no deaths. Most (72%) occurred in the first year of life (age adjusted incident rate 65 per 100,000 child-years, 95% CI 56 to 74). Risk of intussusception was less in females (risk ratio 0.58; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.78) and for Maori (risk ratio 0.52; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.77) when compared with European infants. In contrast to hospitalised rotavirus cases, intussusception peaked at a younger age and lacked seasonality. CONCLUSIONS This study provides national baseline data on intussusception for future rotavirus vaccine programmes in New Zealand. Wild-type rotaviruses do not appear to have a major role in triggering intussusception. Prospective surveillance systems, using standardised case definitions and nested case-control methodology, are needed to further our understanding of the aetiology and epidemiology of intussusception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Chen
- Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand
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235
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Zhu X, Lin Y, Zhang J, Fu M, Mao Z, Chen YE. Thiazolidinediones, a class of anti-diabetic drugs, inhibit Id2 expression through a PPARgamma-independent pathway in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2003; 60:212-8. [PMID: 12613669 DOI: 10.1007/s000180300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor of DNA binding (Id2) is a member of the helix-loop-helix family of transcription regulators that is known to play important roles in the proliferation and differentiation of many cell types. Overexpression of Id2 has been reported to result in significant enhancement of vascular smooth muscle cell growth via increased S phase entry. We hypothesized that downregulation of Id2 gene expression by thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of anti-diabetic drugs and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) activators, might contribute to the anti-atherosclerotic and anti-hypertensive effects of the PPARgamma. Here we document that TZDs, including troglitazone and ciglitazone, repress Id2 gene expression in a doses- and time-dependent manner. However, GW7845, a high-affinity and non-TZD PPARgamma activator, had no inhibitory effect on Id2 gene expression. In addition, PPARgamma antagonist GW9662 did not rescue TZD-induced Id2 repression. Taken together, our data suggest that TZDs repress Id2 expression through a PPARgamma-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100083, China
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236
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Fu M, Zhang J, Zhu X, Myles DE, Willson TM, Liu X, Chen YE. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibits transforming growth factor beta-induced connective tissue growth factor expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells by interfering with Smad3. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:45888-94. [PMID: 11590167 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105490200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) after balloon injury significantly inhibits VSMC proliferation and neointima formation. However, the precise mechanisms of this inhibition have not been determined. We hypothesized that activation of PPAR gamma in vascular injury could attenuate VSMC growth and matrix production during vascular lesion formation. Since connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a key factor regulating extracellular matrix production, abrogation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)-induced CTGF production by PPAR gamma activation may be one of the mechanisms through which PPAR gamma agonists inhibit neointima formation after vascular injury. In this study, we demonstrate that the PPAR gamma natural ligand (15-deoxyprostaglandin J(2)) and a synthetic ligand (GW7845) significantly inhibit TGF-beta-induced CTGF production in a dose-dependent manner in HASMCs. In addition, suppression of CTGF mRNA expression is relieved by pretreatment with an antagonist of PPAR gamma (GW9662), suggesting that the inhibition of CTGF expression is mediated by PPAR gamma. To elucidate further the molecular mechanism by which PPAR gamma inhibits CTGF expression, an approximately 2-kilobase pair CTGF promoter was cloned. We found that PPAR gamma activation inhibits TGF-beta-induced CTGF promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner, and suppression of CTGF promoter activity by PPAR gamma activation is completely rescued by overexpression of Smad3, but not by Smad4. Furthermore, PPAR gamma physically interacts with Smad3 but not Smad4 in vitro in glutathione S-transferase pull-down experiments. Taken together, the data suggest that PPAR gamma inhibits TGF-beta-induced CTGF expression in HASMCs by directly interfering with the Smad3 signaling pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- Connective Tissue Growth Factor
- DNA
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Growth Substances/genetics
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Smad3 Protein
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, USA
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237
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Fu M, Zhu X, Wang Q, Zhang J, Song Q, Zheng H, Ogawa W, Du J, Chen YE. Platelet-derived growth factor promotes the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in vascular smooth muscle cells by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Circ Res 2001; 89:1058-64. [PMID: 11717164 DOI: 10.1161/hh2301.099642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis are characterized by abnormal accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) within the intimal lining. The intimal VSMCs exhibit an increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), and the administration of pharmacological PPARgamma agonists attenuates vascular lesion formation. The factors that regulate PPARgamma expression in the vasculature are poorly defined. Here we report that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) upregulates PPARgamma by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt signaling pathway. Using Northern-blotting and Western-blotting analyses, we observed that the levels of PPARgamma mRNA and protein were increased by 2- to 3.5-fold in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) treated with PDGF (20 ng/mL). This was abolished by preincubation of HASMCs with a PI3-kinase inhibitor (LY294002, 50 micromol/L), and partially inhibited by a MEK1 inhibitor (U0126, 10 micromol/L), but not affected by a p38 kinase inhibitor (SB202190, 10 micromol/L). In addition, overexpression of the dominant-negative p85 subunit of PI3-kinase or Akt proteins blocked the PDGF-induced PPARgamma expression. Taken together, our results suggest that PDGF induces PPARgamma expression in VSMCs by a PI3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. The characterization of factors and signaling pathways that modulate PPARgamma expression in VSMCs may have important implications for understanding the pathogenesis of vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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238
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Tamura K, Chen YE, Lopez-Ilasaca M, Daviet L, Tamura N, Ishigami T, Akishita M, Takasaki I, Tokita Y, Pratt RE, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ, Umemura S. Molecular mechanism of fibronectin gene activation by cyclic stretch in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:34619-27. [PMID: 10930408 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m004421200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin plays an important role in vascular remodeling. A functional interaction between mechanical stimuli and locally produced vasoactive agents is suggested to be crucial for vascular remodeling. We examined the effect of mechanical stretch on fibronectin gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and the role of vascular angiotensin II in the regulation of the fibronectin gene in response to stretch. Cyclic stretch induced an increase in vascular fibronectin mRNA levels that was inhibited by actinomycin D and CV11974, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist; cycloheximide and PD123319, an angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagonist, did not affect the induction. In transfection experiments, fibronectin promoter activity was stimulated by stretch and inhibited by CV11974 but not by PD123319. DNA-protein binding experiments revealed that cyclic stretch enhanced nuclear binding to the AP-1 site, which was partially supershifted by antibody to c-Jun. Site-directed mutation of the AP-1 site significantly decreased the cyclic stretch-mediated activation of fibronectin promoter. Furthermore, antisense c-jun oligonucleotides decreased the stretch-induced stimulation of the fibronectin promoter activity and the mRNA expression. These results suggest that cyclic stretch stimulates vascular fibronectin gene expression mainly via the activation of AP-1 through the angiotensin II type 1 receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Primers
- Dactinomycin/pharmacology
- Fibronectins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Angiotensin/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System/genetics
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tamura
- Cardiovascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine II, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236, Japan.
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239
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Tamura K, Chen YE, Chen Q, Nyui N, Horiuchi M, Takasaki I, Tamura N, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ, Umemura S. Expression of renin-angiotensin system and extracellular matrix genes in cardiovascular cells and its regulation through AT1 receptor. Mol Cell Biochem 2000; 212:203-9. [PMID: 11108152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensinogen (AGT) is a unique substrate of the renin-angiotensin system and fibronectin (FN) is an important component of the extracellular matrix. These play critical roles in the pathophysiological changes including cardiovascular remodeling and hypertrophy in response to hypertension. This study was performed to examine the regulation of AGT and FN gene in cardiac myocytes (CMs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in response to mechanical stretch. Mechanical stretch significantly increased the AGT mRNA expression in CMs, while these stimuli did not affect FN mRNA levels. On the other hand, mechanical stretch upregulated FN mRNA levels in VSMCs, whereas no increase in AGT mRNA levels was observed in response to stretch stimuli. An angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist (CV11974) significantly decreased these stretch-mediated increases in mRNA level and promoter activity of the AGT and FN gene, whereas angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonist (PD 123319) did not affect the induction. These results indicate that mechanical stretch activates transcription of the AGT and FN gene mainly via AT1 receptor-pathway in CMs and VSMCs. Furthermore, mechanisms regulating AGT and FN gene seem to be different between CMs and VSMCs.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists
- Angiotensinogen/genetics
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Benzimidazoles/pharmacology
- Biphenyl Compounds
- Cells, Cultured
- Extracellular Matrix/genetics
- Fibronectins/genetics
- Heart/physiology
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myocardium/cytology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2
- Receptors, Angiotensin/physiology
- Renin-Angiotensin System/genetics
- Tetrazoles/pharmacology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tamura
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Tamura K, Chen YE, Horiuchi M, Chen Q, Daviet L, Yang Z, Lopez-Ilasaca M, Mu H, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ. LXRalpha functions as a cAMP-responsive transcriptional regulator of gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:8513-8. [PMID: 10890879 PMCID: PMC26979 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.100519097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
LXRalpha is a member of a nuclear receptor superfamily that regulates transcription. LXRalpha forms a heterodimer with RXRalpha, another member of this family, to regulate the expression of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase by means of binding to the DR4-type cis-element. Here, we describe a function for LXRalpha as a cAMP-responsive regulator of renin and c-myc gene transcriptions by the interaction with a specific cis-acting DNA element, CNRE (an overlapping cAMP response element and a negative response element). Our previous studies showed that renin gene expression is regulated by cAMP, at least partly, through the CNRE sequence in its 5'-flanking region. This sequence is also found in c-myc and several other genes. Based on our cloning results using the yeast one-hybrid system, we discovered that the mouse homologue of human LXRalpha binds to the CNRE and demonstrated that it binds as a monomer. To define the function of LXRalpha on gene expression, we transfected the renin-producing renal As4.1 cells with LXRalpha expression plasmid. Overexpression of LXRalpha in As4.1 cells confers cAMP inducibility to reporter constructs containing the renin CNRE. After stable transfection of LXRalpha, As4.1 cells show a cAMP-inducible up-regulation of renin mRNA expression. In parallel experiments, we demonstrated that LXRalpha can also bind to the homologous CNRE in the c-myc promoter. cAMP promotes transcription through c-myc/CNRE:LXRalpha interaction in LXRalpha transiently transfected cells and increases c-myc mRNA expression in stably transfected cells. Identification of LXRalpha as a cAMP-responsive nuclear modulator of renin and c-myc expression not only has cardiovascular significance but may have generalized implication in the regulation of gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tamura
- Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Horiuchi M, Hayashida W, Akishita M, Yamada S, Lehtonen JY, Tamura K, Daviet L, Chen YE, Hamai M, Cui TX, Iwai M, Minokoshi Y. Interferon-gamma induces AT(2) receptor expression in fibroblasts by Jak/STAT pathway and interferon regulatory factor-1. Circ Res 2000; 86:233-40. [PMID: 10666420 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.86.2.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The expression of angiotensin II type 2 (AT(2)) receptor is closely associated with cell growth, differentiation, and/or injury. We examined the effect of interferon (IFN)-gamma on AT(2) receptor expression in mouse fibroblast R3T3 cells and demonstrated that IFN-gamma treatment increased the expression of AT(2) receptor mRNA as well as its binding. Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 was induced in mouse fibroblast R3T3 cells after IFN-gamma stimulation, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed an increase in IRF-1 binding with the IRF-specific binding sequence in the AT(2) receptor gene promoter region after IFN-gamma stimulation. The IRF-1 gene promoter contains an IFN-gamma-activated sequence (GAS) motif for possible binding of signal transducer(s) and activator(s) of transcription (STAT). Indeed, in R3T3 cells, IFN-gamma treatment resulted in rapid activation of Janus kinase (Jak) 1, Jak2, and STAT1 via tyrosine phosphorylation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay with the GAS probe revealed increased STAT1 binding to the IRF-1 gene promoter in response to IFN-gamma stimulation. Transfection of GAS-binding oligonucleotides inhibited the effect of IFN-gamma on IRF-1 production, resulting in the AT(2) receptor trans-activation. Taken together, our data show that IFN-gamma upregulates AT(2) receptor expression in R3T3 cells via the activation of the intracellular Jak/STAT pathway and production of IRF-1.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells/chemistry
- 3T3 Cells/enzymology
- Angiotensins/physiology
- Animals
- Cell Division/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/immunology
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-1
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Janus Kinase 1
- Janus Kinase 2
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Oligonucleotides/pharmacology
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2
- Receptors, Angiotensin/genetics
- STAT1 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- M Horiuchi
- Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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242
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Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 stimulates insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon secretion, gastric emptying, and feeding, suggesting it may be biologically useful for the treatment of diabetes. A lizard glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-related peptide, exendin 4, binds to the GLP-1 receptor and mimics the actions of GLP-1 in vivo. To determine the genetic relationship between exendin 4 and GLP-1, we analyzed the structure and expression of pancreatic and intestinal proglucagon mRNAs in the reptile Heloderma suspectum. Two different proglucagon cDNAs (lizard proglucagon I (LPI) and lizard proglucagon II (LPII)), with unique 3'-untranslated regions were identified. Two LPI mRNA transcripts, approximately 1.6 and 2.1 kilobases, encoded glucagon and GLP-1 but not GLP-2 and were restricted in expression to the pancreas. In contrast, a 1.1-kilobase LPII mRNA transcript, encoding glucagon, GLP-1, and GLP-2 utilized a different 3'-untranslated region and was expressed in both pancreas and intestine. Lizard proglucagon mRNA transcripts were not detectable by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction or Northern blotting in salivary gland. A single class of lizard salivary gland proexendin cDNAs encoded the sequence of exendin 4 and a 45-amino acid exendin NH2-terminal peptide. Exendin mRNA transcripts were expressed in the salivary gland, but not pancreas or intestine. These data demonstrate that GLP-1 and exendin 4 represent related yet distinct peptides encoded by different genes in the lizard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, The Toronto Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
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Abstract
Small-signal gain properties of Cr(3+)-doped LiSrAlF(6) are measured for the first time to our knowledge. Maximum small-signal gain values of 0.17 cm(-1) are reported for pi-polarized light. For sigma polarization, the gain is significantly suppressed by excited-state absorption.
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