201
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Lupolova N, Dallman TJ, Holden NJ, Gally DL. Patchy promiscuity: machine learning applied to predict the host specificity of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. Microb Genom 2017; 3:e000135. [PMID: 29177093 PMCID: PMC5695212 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli are bacterial species that colonize different animal hosts with sub-types that can cause life-threatening infections in humans. Source attribution of zoonoses is an important goal for infection control as is identification of isolates in reservoir hosts that represent a threat to human health. In this study, host specificity and zoonotic potential were predicted using machine learning in which Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers were built based on predicted proteins from whole genome sequences. Analysis of over 1000 S.enterica genomes allowed the correct prediction (67 –90 % accuracy) of the source host for S. Typhimurium isolates and the same classifier could then differentiate the source host for alternative serovars such as S. Dublin. A key finding from both phylogeny and SVM methods was that the majority of isolates were assigned to host-specific sub-clusters and had high host-specific SVM scores. Moreover, only a minor subset of isolates had high probability scores for multiple hosts, indicating generalists with genetic content that may facilitate transition between hosts. The same approach correctly identified human versus bovine E. coli isolates (83 % accuracy) and the potential of the classifier to predict a zoonotic threat was demonstrated using E. coli O157. This research indicates marked host restriction for both S. enterica and E. coli, with only limited isolate subsets exhibiting host promiscuity by gene content. Machine learning can be successfully applied to interrogate source attribution of bacterial isolates and has the capacity to predict zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David L Gally
- 4Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
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202
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Chen H, Yin Y, Wang Y, Wang X, Xiang C. Host Specificity of Flagellins from Segmented Filamentous Bacteria Affects Their Patterns of Interaction with Mouse Ileal Mucosal Proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e01061-17. [PMID: 28687648 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01061-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are known modulators of the mammalian immune system. Currently, the technology for investigating SFB culture in vitro is immature, and as a result, the mechanisms of SFB colonization and immune regulation are not yet fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the gene diversity and host specificity of SFB flagellin genes. The fliC1 and fliC2 genes are relatively conserved, while the fliC3 and fliC4 genes are more variable, especially at the central and C-terminal regions. Host specificity analysis demonstrated that the fliC1 genes do not cluster together based on the host organism, whereas the fliC3 and fliC4 genes were host specific at the nucleotide and deduced amino acid levels. SFB flagellin protein expression in the ileum mucosa and cecal contents was detected by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) combined with immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, immunoblotting, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Although the purified SFB FliC3 protein originating from both mouse and rat was able to activate Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5)-linked NF-κB signaling, no host specificity was observed. Interestingly, the patterns of interaction with mouse ileum mucosal proteins were different for mouse FliC3 (mFliC3) and rat FliC3 (rFliC3). Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG analyses indicated that more adherence-related proteins interacted with mFliC3, while more lysosome- and proteolysis-related proteins interacted with rFliC3. In vitro degradation experiments indicated that the stability of rFliC3 was lower than that of mFliC3 when they were incubated with mouse ileum mucosal proteins. In summary, the gene diversity and host specificity of SFB flagellin genes were investigated, and SFB flagellin expression was detected in gut samples.IMPORTANCE Since SFB genomes contain only one copy of each FliC gene, the diversity of FliC is representative of SFB strain diversity. Currently, little is known regarding the diversity and specificity of members of the group of SFB. The work presented herein demonstrates that select SFB strains, exhibiting unique FliC patterns, are present in a variety of mammalian hosts. SFB fliC genes were found to interact with a number of unique targets, providing further evidence for SFB host selection. Together, this work represents a major advancement in identifying SFB and delineating how members of the group of SFB interact with the host. Future examination of FliC genes will likely enhance our knowledge of intestinal colonization by the gut microbiota.
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203
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Cirtwill AR, Lagrue C, Poulin R, Stouffer DB. Host taxonomy constrains the properties of trophic transmission routes for parasites in lake food webs. Ecology 2017; 98:2401-2412. [PMID: 28609566 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Some parasites move from one host to another via trophic transmission, the consumption of the parasite (inside its current host) by its future host. Feeding links among free-living species can thus be understood as potential transmission routes for parasites. As these links have different dynamic and structural properties, they may also vary in their effectiveness as trophic transmission routes. That is, some links may be better than others in allowing parasites to complete their complex life cycles. However, not all links are accessible to parasites as most are restricted to a small number of host taxa. This restriction means that differences between links involving host and non-host taxa must be considered when assessing whether transmission routes for parasites have different food web properties than other links. Here we use four New Zealand lake food webs to test whether link properties (contribution of a link to the predator's diet, prey abundance, prey biomass, amount of biomass transferred, centrality, and asymmetry) affect trophic transmission of parasites. Critically, we do this using both models that neglect the taxonomy of free-living species and models that explicitly include information about which free-living species are members of suitable host taxa. Although the best-fit model excluding taxonomic information suggested that transmission routes have different properties than other feeding links, when including taxonomy, the best-fit model included only an intercept. This means that the taxonomy of free-living species is a key determinant of parasite transmission routes and that food-web properties of transmission routes are constrained by the properties of host taxa. In particular, many intermediate hosts (prey) attain high biomasses and are involved in highly central links while links connecting intermediate to definitive (predator) hosts tend to be dynamically weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Cirtwill
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.,Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Clement Lagrue
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 58183, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel B Stouffer
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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204
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Ennami M, Briache FZ, Gaboun F, Abdelwahd R, Ghaouti L, Belqadi L, Westwood J, Mentag R. Host differentiation and variability of Orobanche crenata populations from legume species in Morocco as revealed by cross-infestation and molecular analysis. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:1753-1763. [PMID: 28139072 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orobanche crenata represents a major biotic constraint to production of faba bean and lentil in Morocco. While this parasitic plant attacks both of these crops, the extent to which Orobanche biotypes specialise in parasitising specific crops is unknown. To address this question, we studied O. crenata that grew on different hosts and quantified their host specificity to faba bean and lentil. The virulence of O. crenata populations on each host was investigated through field trials, pot and Petri dishes assays. Genetic diversity of the parasite populations was also assessed through molecular analyses. RESULTS The two legume species showed distinct patterns of specificity. Faba bean was more susceptible to both O. crenata populations, while the specificity for lentil by lentil-grown O. crenata was evident at the final stage of the parasite life cycle as shown by correspondence factorial analyses. Considerable internal variation (81%) within O. crenata populations parasitising both legume species was observed by molecular analyses, but significant divergence (19%; Ø = 0.189; P = 0.010) among the populations was detected. CONCLUSION These results indicate that O. crenata can adapt to specific host species, which is important knowledge when developing integrated pest management practices for parasitic weed control. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Ennami
- National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Biotechnology Unit, CRRA-Rabat, Morocco
- Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II (IAV), Plant Biotechnology Department, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fatima Zahra Briache
- National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Biotechnology Unit, CRRA-Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fatima Gaboun
- National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Biotechnology Unit, CRRA-Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rabha Abdelwahd
- National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Biotechnology Unit, CRRA-Rabat, Morocco
| | - Lamiae Ghaouti
- Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II (IAV), Plant Biotechnology Department, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Loubna Belqadi
- Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II (IAV), Plant Biotechnology Department, Rabat, Morocco
| | - James Westwood
- Virginia Tech, Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rachid Mentag
- National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), Biotechnology Unit, CRRA-Rabat, Morocco
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205
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Grzymajlo K, Ugorski M, Suchanski J, Kedzierska AE, Kolenda R, Jarzab A, Biernatowska A, Schierack P. The Novel Type 1 Fimbriae FimH Receptor Calreticulin Plays a Role in Salmonella Host Specificity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:326. [PMID: 28770174 PMCID: PMC5516122 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It was suggested that minor differences in the structure of FimH are most likely associated with differences in its adhesion specificities and may determine the tropism of various Salmonella serovars to different species and tissues. We have recently shown that FimH adhesins from host-adapted serovars, e.g., Salmonella Choleraesuis (SCh), bind to other glycoprotein receptors compared to FimH from host-unrestricted Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). Here we identify porcine calreticulin expressed by swine intestinal cells as a host-specific receptor for SCh FimH adhesin, suggesting that such an interaction may contribute to SCh host specificity. Calreticulin was identified by 2D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry as a glycoprotein that was bound specifically by recombinant SCh FimH protein, but not by FimH from SE. The functionality of calreticulin as a specific receptor of SCh FimH adhesin was further confirmed by adhesion and invasion of mutated strains of SCh carrying different variants of FimH proteins to IPEC-J2 cells with overexpression and silenced expression of calreticulin. It was found that SCh carrying the active variant of FimH adhered and invaded IPEC-J2 cells with calreticulin overexpression at significantly higher numbers than those of SCh expressing the non-active variant or SE variant of FimH. Moreover, binding of SCh carrying the active variant of FimH to IPEC-J2 with silenced calreticulin expression was significantly weaker. Furthermore, we observed that SCh infection induces translocation of calreticulin to cell membrane. All of the aforementioned results lead to the general conclusion that Salmonella host specificity requires not only special mechanisms and proteins expressed by the pathogen but also specifically recognized receptors expressed by a specific host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Grzymajlo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesWrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesWrocław, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Suchanski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesWrocław, Poland
| | - Anna E Kedzierska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWrocław, Poland
| | - Rafal Kolenda
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-SenftenbergSenftenberg, Germany
| | - Anna Jarzab
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of SciencesWrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Biernatowska
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of WrocławWrocław, Poland
| | - Peter Schierack
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-SenftenbergSenftenberg, Germany
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206
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Łukasik P, Newton JA, Sanders JG, Hu Y, Moreau CS, Kronauer DJC, O'Donnell S, Koga R, Russell JA. The structured diversity of specialized gut symbionts of the New World army ants. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3808-3825. [PMID: 28393425 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic bacteria play important roles in the biology of their arthropod hosts. Yet the microbiota of many diverse and influential groups remain understudied, resulting in a paucity of information on the fidelities and histories of these associations. Motivated by prior findings from a smaller scale, 16S rRNA-based study, we conducted a broad phylogenetic and geographic survey of microbial communities in the ecologically dominant New World army ants (Formicidae: Dorylinae). Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene across 28 species spanning the five New World genera showed that the microbial communities of army ants consist of very few common and abundant bacterial species. The two most abundant microbes, referred to as Unclassified Firmicutes and Unclassified Entomoplasmatales, appear to be specialized army ant associates that dominate microbial communities in the gut lumen of three host genera, Eciton, Labidus and Nomamyrmex. Both are present in other army ant genera, including those from the Old World, suggesting that army ant symbioses date back to the Cretaceous. Extensive sequencing of bacterial protein-coding genes revealed multiple strains of these symbionts coexisting within colonies, but seldom within the same individual ant. Bacterial strains formed multiple host species-specific lineages on phylogenies, which often grouped strains from distant geographic locations. These patterns deviate from those seen in other social insects and raise intriguing questions about the influence of army ant colony swarm-founding and within-colony genetic diversity on strain coexistence, and the effects of hosting a diverse suite of symbiont strains on colony ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Łukasik
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin A Newton
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jon G Sanders
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Corrie S Moreau
- Department of Science and Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel J C Kronauer
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sean O'Donnell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryuichi Koga
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jacob A Russell
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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207
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Tzarum N, de Vries RP, Peng W, Thompson AJ, Bouwman KM, McBride R, Yu W, Zhu X, Verheije MH, Paulson JC, Wilson IA. The 150-Loop Restricts the Host Specificity of Human H10N8 Influenza Virus. Cell Rep 2017; 19:235-45. [PMID: 28402848 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of influenza A viruses to new hosts are rare events but are the basis for emergence of new influenza pandemics in the human population. Thus, understanding the processes involved in such events is critical for anticipating potential pandemic threats. In 2013, the first case of human infection by an avian H10N8 virus was reported, yet the H10 hemagglutinin (HA) maintains avian receptor specificity. However, the 150-loop of H10 HA, as well as related H7 and H15 subtypes, contains a two-residue insert that can potentially block human receptor binding. Mutation of the 150-loop on the background of Q226L and G228S mutations, which arose in the receptor-binding site of human pandemic H2 and H3 viruses, resulted in acquisition of human-type receptor specificity. Crystal structures of H10 HA mutants with human and avian receptor analogs, receptor-binding studies, and tissue staining experiments illustrate the important role of the 150-loop in H10 receptor specificity.
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208
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Clark NJ, Clegg SM. Integrating phylogenetic and ecological distances reveals new insights into parasite host specificity. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:3074-3086. [PMID: 28295937 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The range of hosts a pathogen infects (host specificity) is a key element of disease risk that may be influenced by both shared phylogenetic history and shared ecological attributes of prospective hosts. Phylospecificity indices quantify host specificity in terms of host relatedness, but can fail to capture ecological attributes that increase susceptibility. For instance, similarity in habitat niche may expose phylogenetically unrelated host species to similar pathogen assemblages. Using a recently proposed method that integrates multiple distances, we assess the relative contributions of host phylogenetic and functional distances to pathogen host specificity (functional-phylogenetic host specificity). We apply this index to a data set of avian malaria parasite (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus spp.) infections from Melanesian birds to show that multihost parasites generally use hosts that are closely related, not hosts with similar habitat niches. We also show that host community phylogenetic ß-diversity (Pßd) predicts parasite Pßd and that individual host species carry phylogenetically clustered Haemoproteus parasite assemblages. Our findings were robust to phylogenetic uncertainty, and suggest that phylogenetic ancestry of both hosts and parasites plays important roles in driving avian malaria host specificity and community assembly. However, restricting host specificity analyses to either recent or historical timescales identified notable exceptions, including a 'habitat specialist' parasite that infects a diversity of unrelated host species with similar habitat niches. This work highlights that integrating ecological and phylogenetic distances provides a powerful approach to better understand drivers of pathogen host specificity and community assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Clark
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, 4343, Australia.,Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, 4111, Australia
| | - Sonya M Clegg
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
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209
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Linde CC, May TW, Phillips RD, Ruibal M, Smith LM, Peakall R. New species of Tulasnella associated with terrestrial orchids in Australia. IMA Fungus 2017; 8:27-47. [PMID: 28824838 PMCID: PMC5493536 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies using sequence data from eight sequence loci and coalescent-based species delimitation methods have revealed several species-level lineages of Tulasnella associated with the orchid genera Arthrochilus, Caleana, Chiloglottis, and Drakaea in Australia. Here we formally describe three of those species, Tulasnella prima, T. secunda, and T. warcupii spp. nov., as well as an additional Tulasnella species associated with Chiloglottis growing in Sphagnum, T. sphagneti sp. nov. Species were identified by phylogenetic analyses of the ITS with up to 1.3 % sequence divergence within taxa and a minimum of 7.6 % intraspecific divergence. These new Tulasnella (Tulasnellaceae, Cantharellales) species are currently only known from orchid hosts, with each fungal species showing a strong relationship with an orchid genus. In this study, T. prima and T. sphagneti associate with Chiloglottis, while T. secunda associates with Drakaea and Caleana, and T. warcupii associates with Arthrochilus oreophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste C Linde
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Tom W May
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Ave, South Yarra VIC 3141, Australia
| | - Ryan D Phillips
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Monica Ruibal
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Leon M Smith
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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210
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Kamminga T, Koehorst JJ, Vermeij P, Slagman SJ, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Bijlsma JJE, Schaap PJ. Persistence of Functional Protein Domains in Mycoplasma Species and their Role in Host Specificity and Synthetic Minimal Life. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:31. [PMID: 28224116 PMCID: PMC5293770 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are the smallest self-replicating organisms and obligate parasites of a specific vertebrate host. An in-depth analysis of the functional capabilities of mycoplasma species is fundamental to understand how some of simplest forms of life on Earth succeeded in subverting complex hosts with highly sophisticated immune systems. In this study we present a genome-scale comparison, focused on identification of functional protein domains, of 80 publically available mycoplasma genomes which were consistently re-annotated using a standardized annotation pipeline embedded in a semantic framework to keep track of the data provenance. We examined the pan- and core-domainome and studied predicted functional capability in relation to host specificity and phylogenetic distance. We show that the pan- and core-domainome of mycoplasma species is closed. A comparison with the proteome of the “minimal” synthetic bacterium JCVI-Syn3.0 allowed us to classify domains and proteins essential for minimal life. Many of those essential protein domains, essential Domains of Unknown Function (DUFs) and essential hypothetical proteins are not persistent across mycoplasma genomes suggesting that mycoplasma species support alternative domain configurations that bypass their essentiality. Based on the protein domain composition, we could separate mycoplasma species infecting blood and tissue. For selected genomes of tissue infecting mycoplasmas, we could also predict whether the host is ruminant, pig or human. Functionally closely related mycoplasma species, which have a highly similar protein domain repertoire, but different hosts could not be separated. This study provides a concise overview of the functional capabilities of mycoplasma species, which can be used as a basis to further understand host-pathogen interaction or to design synthetic minimal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjerko Kamminga
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and ResearchWageningen, Netherlands; Bioprocess Technology and Support, MSD Animal HealthBoxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Koehorst
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paul Vermeij
- Discovery and Technology, MSD Animal Health Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Simen-Jan Slagman
- Bioprocess Technology and Support, MSD Animal Health Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Wageningen, Netherlands
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211
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Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi play a pivotal role in the regulation of insect populations in nature, and representative species have been developed as promising environmentally friendly mycoinsecticides. Recent advances in the genome biology of insect pathogenic fungi have revealed genomic features associated with fungal adaptation to insect hosts and different host ranges, as well as the evolutionary relationships between insect and noninsect pathogens. By using species in the Beauveria and Metarhizium genera as models, molecular biology studies have revealed the genes that function in fungus-insect interactions and thereby contribute to fungal virulence. Taken together with efforts toward genetic improvement of fungal virulence and stress resistance, knowledge of entomopathogenic fungi will potentiate cost-effective applications of mycoinsecticides for pest control in the field. Relative to our advanced insights into the mechanisms of fungal pathogenesis in plants and humans, future studies will be necessary to unravel the gene-for-gene relationships in fungus-insect interactive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; ,
| | - Sibao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; ,
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212
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Song B, Stöcklin J, Gao YQ, Peng DL, Sun H. Host specificity of two pollinating seed-consuming fly species is not related to soil moisture of host plant in the high Himalayas. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:780-789. [PMID: 28116072 PMCID: PMC5243778 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the drivers of host specificity can contribute to our understanding of the origin and evolution of obligate pollination mutualisms. The preference–performance hypothesis predicts that host plant choice of female insects is related mainly to the performance of their offspring. Soil moisture is thought to be particularly important for the survival of larvae and pupae that inhabit soil. In the high Himalayas, Rheum nobile and R. alexandrae differ in their distribution in terms of soil moisture; that is, R. nobile typically occurs in scree with well‐drained soils, R. alexandrae in wetlands. The two plant species are pollinated by their respective mutualistic seed‐consuming flies, Bradysia sp1. and Bradysia sp2. We investigated whether soil moisture is important for regulating host specificity by comparing pupation and adult emergence of the two fly species using field and laboratory experiments. Laboratory experiments revealed soil moisture did have significant effects on larval and pupal performances in both fly species, but the two fly species had similar optimal soil moisture requirements for pupation and adult emergence. Moreover, a field reciprocal transfer experiment showed that there was no significant difference in adult emergence for both fly species between their native and non‐native habitats. Nevertheless, Bradysia sp1., associated with R. nobile, was more tolerant to drought stress, while Bradysia sp2., associated with R. alexandrae, was more tolerant to flooding stress. These results indicate that soil moisture is unlikely to play a determining role in regulating host specificity of the two fly species. However, their pupation and adult emergence in response to extremely wet or dry soils are habitat‐specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Song
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asian Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Jürg Stöcklin
- Institute of Botany University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Yong-Qian Gao
- Yunnan Forestry Technological College Kunming Yunnan China
| | - De-Li Peng
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asian Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan China
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asian Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan China
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Laidemitt MR, Zawadzki ET, Brant SV, Mutuku MW, Mkoji GM, Loker ES. Loads of trematodes: discovering hidden diversity of paramphistomoids in Kenyan ruminants. Parasitology 2017; 144:131-47. [PMID: 27762185 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182016001827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Paramphistomoids are ubiquitous and widespread digeneans that infect a diverse range of
definitive hosts, being particularly speciose in ruminants. We collected adult worms from
cattle, goats and sheep from slaughterhouses, and cercariae from freshwater snails from
ten localities in Central and West Kenya. We sequenced cox1 (690 bp) and
internal transcribed region 2 (ITS2) (385 bp) genes from a small piece of 79 different
adult worms and stained and mounted the remaining worm bodies for comparisons with
available descriptions. We also sequenced cox1 and ITS2 from 41
cercariae/rediae samples collected from four different genera of planorbid snails.
Combining morphological observations, host use information, genetic distance values and
phylogenetic methods, we delineated 16 distinct clades of paramphistomoids. For four of
the 16 clades, sequences from adult worms and cercariae/rediae matched, providing an
independent assessment for their life cycles. Much work is yet to be done to resolve fully
the relationships among paramphistomoids, but some correspondence between sequence- and
anatomically based classifications were noted. Paramphistomoids of domestic ruminants
provide one of the most abundant sources of parasitic flatworm biomass, and because of the
predilection of several species use Bulinus and
Biomphalaria snail hosts, have interesting linkages with the biology of
animal and human schistosomes to in Africa.
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Pérez-Ponce DE León G, García-Varela M, Pinacho-Pinacho CD, Sereno-Uribe AL, Poulin R. Species delimitation in trematodes using DNA sequences: Middle-American Clinostomum as a case study. Parasitology 2016; 143:1773-89. [PMID: 27571850 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182016001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of genetic methods allows the delineation of species boundaries, especially in organisms where morphological characters are not reliable to differentiate species. However, few empirical studies have used these tools to delineate species among parasitic metazoans. Here we investigate the species boundaries of Clinostomum, a cosmopolitan trematode genus with complex life cycle. We sequenced a mitochondrial [cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)] gene for multiple individuals (adults and metacercariae) from Middle-America. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the COI uncovered five reciprocally monophyletic clades. COI sequences were then explored using the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery to identify putative species; this species delimitation method recognized six species. A subsample was sequenced for a nuclear gene (ITS1, 5·8S, ITS2), and a concatenated phylogenetic analysis was performed through Bayesian inference. The species delimitation of Middle-American Clinostomum was finally validated using a multispecies coalescent analysis (species tree). In total, five putative species are recognized among our samples. Mapping the second intermediate hosts (fish) onto the species tree suggests that metacercariae of these five species exhibit some level of host specificity towards their fish intermediate host (at the family level), irrespective of geographical distribution.
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215
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Vanhove MPM, Hablützel PI, Pariselle A, Šimková A, Huyse T, Raeymaekers JAM. Cichlids: A Host of Opportunities for Evolutionary Parasitology. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:820-832. [PMID: 27595383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to high species diversity and a broad range of speciation mechanisms, cichlid fishes represent a textbook model in evolutionary biology. They are also of substantial economic value. Despite this importance, cichlid parasites remain understudied, although some are more diverse than their hosts. They may offer important insights into cichlid evolution and the evolution of host-parasite interactions. We review five major lines of research conducted on cichlid parasites so far: the study of parasite diversity and speciation; the role of parasites in cichlid diversification; the evolutionary ecology of host specificity; historical biogeography; and biological invasions. We call for more research in these areas and suggest approaches to valorise the potential that cichlid parasites hold for the study of evolutionary parasitology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten P M Vanhove
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pascal I Hablützel
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antoine Pariselle
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, IRD-CNRS-Université de Montpellier, CC 063, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Andrea Šimková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tine Huyse
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Biology Department, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Joost A M Raeymaekers
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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216
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Zhang K, Lin S, Ji Y, Yang C, Wang X, Yang C, Wang H, Jiang H, Harrison RD, Yu DW. Plant diversity accurately predicts insect diversity in two tropical landscapes. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:4407-19. [PMID: 27474399 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant diversity surely determines arthropod diversity, but only moderate correlations between arthropod and plant species richness had been observed until Basset et al. (Science, 338, 2012 and 1481) finally undertook an unprecedentedly comprehensive sampling of a tropical forest and demonstrated that plant species richness could indeed accurately predict arthropod species richness. We now require a high-throughput pipeline to operationalize this result so that we can (i) test competing explanations for tropical arthropod megadiversity, (ii) improve estimates of global eukaryotic species diversity, and (iii) use plant and arthropod communities as efficient proxies for each other, thus improving the efficiency of conservation planning and of detecting forest degradation and recovery. We therefore applied metabarcoding to Malaise-trap samples across two tropical landscapes in China. We demonstrate that plant species richness can accurately predict arthropod (mostly insect) species richness and that plant and insect community compositions are highly correlated, even in landscapes that are large, heterogeneous and anthropogenically modified. Finally, we review how metabarcoding makes feasible highly replicated tests of the major competing explanations for tropical megadiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Siliang Lin
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yinqiu Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Chenxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Hesheng Wang
- Hainan Yinggeling National Nature Reserve, Baisha, 572800, China
| | - Haisheng Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Rhett D Harrison
- World Agroforestry Center, East and Central Asia Regional Office, Kunming, 650201, China.,Center for Mountain Ecosystem Studies (CMES), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Douglas W Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR47TJ, UK
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217
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Boulanger A, Noël LD. Xanthomonas Whole Genome Sequencing: Phylogenetics, Host Specificity and Beyond. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1100. [PMID: 27470197 PMCID: PMC4945629 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Boulanger
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Paul Sabatier (UPS) Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent D Noël
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), Université de Toulouse, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Paul Sabatier (UPS) Castanet-Tolosan, France
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218
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Zamora JC, Millanes AM, Wedin M, Rico VJ, Pérez-Ortega S. Understanding lichenicolous heterobasidiomycetes: new taxa and reproductive innovations in Tremella s.l. Mycologia 2016; 108:381-96. [PMID: 27127212 DOI: 10.3852/15-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Four new lichenicolous Tremella species are described and characterized morphologically and molecularly. Tremella celata grows on Ramalina fraxinea, inducing the formation of inconspicuous galls, and having hyphae with incomplete clamps. Tremella endosporogena develops intrahymenially in the apothecia of Lecanora carpinea, having single-celled basidia and clampless hyphae. Tremella diederichiana is the name proposed for a species micromorphologically close to T. christiansenii but inducing the formation of small, pale galls on the thallus and apothecia of Lecidea aff. erythrophaea Tremella variae grows on Lecanora varia thallus, instead of on the apothecia, as do the other known Tremella species parasitizing Lecanora s.l. Phylogenetic relationships and host specificity of these species are investigated and compared with other taxa that show morphological resemblances, phylogenetic affinities or similar hosts. The formation of mitotic conidia inside old basidia (endospores), which is a poorly known reproductive strategy in the Basidiomycota, is also a distinctive character of Tremella endosporogena A discussion on the reproductive role and systematic implications of endospores is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Zamora
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Millanes
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, E-28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Mats Wedin
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Víctor J Rico
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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219
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Moens MAJ, Valkiūnas G, Paca A, Bonaccorso E, Aguirre N, Pérez-Tris J. Parasite specialization in a unique habitat: hummingbirds as reservoirs of generalist blood parasites of Andean birds. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1234-45. [PMID: 27177277 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how parasites fill their ecological niches requires information on the processes involved in the colonization and exploitation of unique host species. Switching to hosts with atypical attributes may favour generalists broadening their niches or may promote specialization and parasite diversification as the consequence. We analysed which blood parasites have successfully colonized hummingbirds, and how they have evolved to exploit such a unique habitat. We specifically asked (i) whether the assemblage of Haemoproteus parasites of hummingbirds is the result of single or multiple colonization events, (ii) to what extent these parasites are specialized in hummingbirds or shared with other birds and (iii) how hummingbirds contribute to sustain the populations of these parasites, in terms of both prevalence and infection intensity. We sampled 169 hummingbirds of 19 species along an elevation gradient in Southern Ecuador to analyse the host specificity, diversity and infection intensity of Haemoproteus by molecular and microscopy techniques. In addition, 736 birds of 112 species were analysed to explore whether hummingbird parasites are shared with other birds. Hummingbirds hosted a phylogenetically diverse assemblage of generalist Haemoproteus lineages shared with other host orders. Among these parasites, Haemoproteus witti stood out as the most generalized. Interestingly, we found that infection intensities of this parasite were extremely low in passerines (with no detectable gametocytes), but very high in hummingbirds, with many gametocytes seen. Moreover, infection intensities of H. witti were positively correlated with the prevalence across host species. Our results show that hummingbirds have been colonized by generalist Haemoproteus lineages on multiple occasions. However, one of these generalist parasites (H. witti) seems to be highly dependent on hummingbirds, which arise as the most relevant reservoirs in terms of both prevalence and gametocytaemia. From this perspective, this generalist parasite may be viewed as a hummingbird specialist. This challenges the current paradigm of how to measure host specialization in these parasites, which has important implications to understand disease ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël A J Moens
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle José Antonio Novais 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Anahi Paca
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Machala y Sabanilla, Cotocollao, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Elisa Bonaccorso
- Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb), Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Machala y Sabanilla, Cotocollao, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Nikolay Aguirre
- Biodiversity, Forests and Ecosystem Services Research Program, Universidad Nacional de Loja, Ciudadela Guillermo Falconi Espinoza, Casilla 11-01-24, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Javier Pérez-Tris
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Calle José Antonio Novais 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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220
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Donald KM, Spencer HG. Host and ecology both play a role in shaping distribution of digenean parasites of New Zealand whelks (Gastropoda: Buccinidae: Cominella). Parasitology 2016; 143:1143-56. [PMID: 27278710 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182016000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Digenean parasites infecting four Cominella whelk species (C. glandiformis, C. adspersa, C. maculosa and C. virgata), which inhabit New Zealand's intertidal zone, were analysed using molecular techniques. Mitochondrial 16S and cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) and nuclear rDNA ITS1 sequences were used to infer phylogenetic relationships amongst digenea. Host species were parasitized by a diverse range of digenea (Platyhelminthes, Trematoda), representing seven families: Echinostomatidae, Opecoelidae, Microphallidae, Strigeidae and three, as yet, undetermined families A, B and C. Each parasite family infected between one and three host whelk species, and infection levels were typically low (average infection rates ranged from 1·4 to 3·6%). Host specificity ranged from highly species-specific amongst the echinostomes, which were only ever observed infecting C. glandiformis, to the more generalist opecoelids and strigeids, which were capable of infecting three out of four of the Cominella species analysed. Digeneans displayed a highly variable geographic range; for example, echinostomes had a large geographic range stretching the length of New Zealand, from Northland to Otago, whereas Family B parasites were restricted to fairly small areas of the North Island. Our results add to a growing body of research identifying wide ranges in both host specificity and geographic range amongst intertidal, multi-host parasite systems.
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221
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Forro B, Eszterbauer E. Correlation between host specificity and genetic diversity for the muscle-dwelling fish parasite Myxobolus pseudodispar: examples of myxozoan host-shift? Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2016; 63. [PMID: 27311917 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2016.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myxobolus pseudodispar Gorbunova, 1936 (Myxozoa) is capable of infecting and developing mature myxospores in several cyprinid species. However, M. pseudodispar isolates from different fish show up to 5% differences in the SSU rDNA sequences. This is an unusually large intraspecific difference for myxozoans and only some of the muscle-dwelling myxozoan species possess such a high genetic variability. We intended to study the correlation between the host specificity and the phylogenetic relationship of the parasite isolates, and to find experimental proof for the putatively wide host range of M. pseudodispar with cross-infection experiments and phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA. The experimental findings distinguished 'primary' and less-susceptible 'secondary' hosts. With some exceptions, M. pseudodispar isolates showed a tendency to cluster according to the fish host on the phylogenetic tree. Experimental and phylogenetic findings suggest the cryptic nature of the species. It is likely that host-shift occurred for M. pseudodispar and the parasite speciation in progress might explain the high genetic diversity among isolates which are morphologically indistinguishable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Forro
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Fish Parasitology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit Eszterbauer
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences - Fish Parasitology, Budapest, Hungary
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222
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Abstract
Smut fungi are biotrophic plant pathogens that exhibit a very narrow host range. The smut fungus Sporisorium reilianum exists in two host-adapted formae speciales: S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum (SRS), which causes head smut of sorghum, and S. reilianum f. sp. zeae (SRZ), which induces disease on maize. It is unknown why the two formae speciales cannot form spores on their respective non-favoured hosts. By fungal DNA quantification and fluorescence microscopy of stained plant samples, we followed the colonization behaviour of both SRS and SRZ on sorghum and maize. Both formae speciales were able to penetrate and multiply in the leaves of both hosts. In sorghum, the hyphae of SRS reached the apical meristems, whereas the hyphae of SRZ did not. SRZ strongly induced several defence responses in sorghum, such as the generation of H2 O2 , callose and phytoalexins, whereas the hyphae of SRS did not. In maize, both SRS and SRZ were able to spread through the plant to the apical meristem. Transcriptome analysis of colonized maize leaves revealed more genes induced by SRZ than by SRS, with many of them being involved in defence responses. Amongst the maize genes specifically induced by SRS were 11 pentatricopeptide repeat proteins. Together with the microscopic analysis, these data indicate that SRZ succumbs to plant defence after sorghum penetration, whereas SRS proliferates in a relatively undisturbed manner, but non-efficiently, on maize. This shows that host specificity is determined by distinct mechanisms in sorghum and maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Poloni
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interaction, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Schirawski
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interaction, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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223
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Abstract
The objectives of this study were to examine the genetic variation in fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Thailand and to test the efficiency of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding region for species-level identification. Twelve fruit fly species were collected from 24 host plant species of 13 families. The number of host plant species for each fruit fly species ranged between 1 and 11, with Bactrocera correcta found in the most diverse host plants. A total of 123 COI sequences were obtained from these fruit fly species. Sequences from the NCBI database were also included, for a total of 17 species analyzed. DNA barcoding identification analysis based on the best close match method revealed a good performance, with 94.4% of specimens correctly identified. However, many specimens (3.6%) had ambiguous identification, mostly due to intra- and interspecific overlap between members of the B. dorsalis complex. A phylogenetic tree based on the mitochondrial barcode sequences indicated that all species, except for the members of the B. dorsalis complex, were monophyletic with strong support. Our work supports recent calls for synonymization of these species. Divergent lineages were observed within B. correcta and B. tuberculata, and this suggested that these species need further taxonomic reexamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonticha Kunprom
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai District, Maha Sarakham 44150 Thailand
| | - Pairot Pramual
- a Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai District, Maha Sarakham 44150 Thailand.,b Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai District, Maha Sarakham 44150 Thailand
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Wareth G, Eravci M, Weise C, Roesler U, Melzer F, Sprague LD, Neubauer H, Murugaiyan J. Comprehensive Identification of Immunodominant Proteins of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis Using Antibodies in the Sera from Naturally Infected Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E659. [PMID: 27144565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a debilitating zoonotic disease that affects humans and animals. The diagnosis of brucellosis is challenging, as accurate species level identification is not possible with any of the currently available serology-based diagnostic methods. The present study aimed at identifying Brucella (B.) species-specific proteins from the closely related species B. abortus and B. melitensis using sera collected from naturally infected host species. Unlike earlier reported investigations with either laboratory-grown species or vaccine strains, in the present study, field strains were utilized for analysis. The label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of the naturally isolated strains of these two closely related species revealed 402 differentially expressed proteins, among which 63 and 103 proteins were found exclusively in the whole cell extracts of B. abortus and B. melitensis field strains, respectively. The sera from four different naturally infected host species, i.e., cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goat were applied to identify the immune-binding protein spots present in the whole protein extracts from the isolated B. abortus and B. melitensis field strains and resolved on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Comprehensive analysis revealed that 25 proteins of B. abortus and 20 proteins of B. melitensis were distinctly immunoreactive. Dihydrodipicolinate synthase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate/malate dehydrogenase from B. abortus, amino acid ABC transporter substrate-binding protein from B. melitensis and fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase from both species were reactive with the sera of all the tested naturally infected host species. The identified proteins could be used for the design of serological assays capable of detecting pan-Brucella, B. abortus- and B. melitensis-specific antibodies.
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225
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Fleming AJ, Wood DM, Smith MA, Janzen DH, Hallwachs W, Dapkey T. A new species of Phosocephala Townsend, 1908 (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservación Guanacaste in northwestern Costa Rica. Biodivers Data J 2016:e7863. [PMID: 27226748 PMCID: PMC4867709 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.4.e7863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We describe a new species of Phosocephala Townsend, and provide a new collection record, and description of the previously unknown male, of Phosocephalametallica Townsend, from Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Rica. All ACG specimens were reared from wild-caught Lepidoptera larvae (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Nolidae). We provide a concise description of both species using morphology, life history, molecular data, and photographic documentation. The new species is authored and described by Fleming and Wood. New information Phosocephalaalexanderisp. n.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Fleming
- Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - M Alex Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | - Daniel H Janzen
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Winnie Hallwachs
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Tanya Dapkey
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Bou Khalil JY, Benamar S, Baudoin JP, Croce O, Blanc-Tailleur C, Pagnier I, Raoult D, La Scola B. Developmental Cycle and Genome Analysis of "Rubidus massiliensis," a New Vermamoeba vermiformis Pathogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:31. [PMID: 27014641 PMCID: PMC4791399 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of amoeba-associated Chlamydiae is a dynamic field in which new species are increasingly reported. In the present work, we characterized the developmental cycle and analyzed the genome of a new member of this group associated with Vermamoeba vermiformis, we propose to name “Rubidus massiliensis.” This bacterium is well-adapted to its amoeba host and do not reside inside of inclusion vacuoles after phagocytosis. It has a developmental cycle typical of this family of bacteria, with a transition from condensed elementary bodies to hypodense replicative reticulate bodies. Multiplication occurs through binary fission of the reticulate bodies. The genome of “R. massiliensis” consists of a 2.8 Mbp chromosome and two plasmids (pRm1, pRm2) consisting of 39,075 bp and 80,897 bp, respectively, a feature that is unique within this group. The Re-analysis of the Chlamydiales genomes including the one of “R. massiliensis” slightly modified the previous phylogeny of the tlc gene encoding the ADP/ATP translocase. Our analysis suggested that the tlc gene could have been transferred to plant and algal plastids before the transfer to Rickettsiales, and that this gene was probably duplicated several times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Y Bou Khalil
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, UM63 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7278 IRD 198 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1095, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Samia Benamar
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, UM63 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7278 IRD 198 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1095, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baudoin
- Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Croce
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, UM63 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7278 IRD 198 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1095, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Blanc-Tailleur
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, UM63 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7278 IRD 198 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1095, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Pagnier
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, UM63 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7278 IRD 198 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1095, Aix-Marseille Université Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, UM63 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7278 IRD 198 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1095, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France; Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de MarseilleMarseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, UM63 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7278 IRD 198 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1095, Aix-Marseille UniversitéMarseille, France; Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de MarseilleMarseille, France
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227
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Robles MDR, Kinsella JM, Galliari C, Navone GT. New host, geographic records, and histopathologic studies of Angiostrongylus spp (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) in rodents from Argentina with updated summary of records from rodent hosts and host specificity assessment. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:181-91. [PMID: 26982178 PMCID: PMC4804501 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, 21 species of the genus Angiostrongylus (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae) have been reported around the world, 15 of which are parasites of rodents. In this study, new host, geographic records, and histopathologic studies of Angiostrongylus spp in sigmodontine rodents from Argentina, with an updated summary of records from rodent hosts and host specificity assessment, are provided. Records of Angiostrongylus costaricensis from Akodon montensis and Angiostrongylus morerai from six new hosts and geographical localities in Argentina are reported. The gross and histopathologic changes in the lungs of the host species due to angiostrongylosis are described. Published records of the genus Angiostrongylus from rodents and patterns of host specificity are presented. Individual Angiostrongylus species parasitise between one-19 different host species. The most frequent values of the specificity index (STD) were between 1-5.97. The elevated number of host species (n = 7) of A. morerai with a STD = 1.86 is a reflection of multiple systematic studies of parasites from sigmodontine rodents in the area of Cuenca del Plata, Argentina, showing that an increase in sampling effort can result in new findings. The combination of low host specificity and a wide geographic distribution of Angiostrongylus spp indicates a troubling epidemiological scenario although, as yet, no human cases have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Rosario Robles
- Centro Científico Tecnológico-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones
Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, Buenos Aires,
Argentina
| | | | - Carlos Galliari
- Centro Científico Tecnológico-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones
Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, Buenos Aires,
Argentina
| | - Graciela T Navone
- Centro Científico Tecnológico-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones
Científicas y Técnicas, Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, Buenos Aires,
Argentina
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228
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Gulla S, Lund V, Kristoffersen AB, Sørum H, Colquhoun DJ. vapA (A-layer) typing differentiates Aeromonas salmonicida subspecies and identifies a number of previously undescribed subtypes. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:329-342. [PMID: 25846742 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sequence variation in a region of the virulence array protein gene (vapA; A-layer) was assessed in 333 ('typical' and 'atypical') isolates of the fish pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida. Resulting similarity dendrograms revealed extensive heterogeneity, with nearly all isolates belonging to either of 14 distinct clusters or A-layer types. All acknowledged A. salmonicida subspecies (except ssp. pectinolytica, from which no vapA sequence could be obtained) were clearly separated, and notably, all isolates phenotypically identified as ssp. salmonicida formed a distinct and exclusive A-layer type. Additionally, an array of un-subspeciated atypical strains formed several equally prominent clusters, demonstrating that the concept of typical/atypical A. salmonicida is inappropriate for describing the high degree of diversity evidently occurring outside ssp. salmonicida. Most representatives assessed in this study were clinical isolates of spatiotemporally diverse origins, and were derived from a variety of hosts. We observed that from several fish species or families, isolates predominantly belonged to certain A-layer types, possibly indicating a need for host-/A-layer type-specific A. salmonicida vaccines. All in all, A-layer typing shows promise as an inexpensive and rapid means of unambiguously distinguishing clinically relevant A. salmonicida subspecies, as well as presently un-subspeciated atypical strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gulla
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Vaxxinova Norway AS, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - H Sørum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - D J Colquhoun
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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229
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Delmas CEL, Fabre F, Jolivet J, Mazet ID, Richart Cervera S, Delière L, Delmotte F. Adaptation of a plant pathogen to partial host resistance: selection for greater aggressiveness in grapevine downy mildew. Evol Appl 2016; 9:709-25. [PMID: 27247621 PMCID: PMC4869412 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the evolution of pathogen quantitative traits in response to host selective pressures is essential for the development of durable management strategies for resistant crops. However, we still lack experimental data on the effects of partial host resistance on multiple phenotypic traits (aggressiveness) and evolutionary strategies in pathogens. We performed a cross‐inoculation experiment with four grapevine hosts and 103 isolates of grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) sampled from susceptible and partially resistant grapevine varieties. We analysed the neutral and adaptive genetic differentiation of five quantitative traits relating to pathogen transmission. Isolates from resistant hosts were more aggressive than isolates from susceptible hosts, as they had a shorter latency period and higher levels of spore production. This pattern of adaptation contrasted with the lack of neutral genetic differentiation, providing evidence for directional selection. No specificity for a particular host variety was detected. Adapted isolates had traits that were advantageous on all resistant varieties. There was no fitness cost associated with this genetic adaptation, but several trade‐offs between pathogen traits were observed. These results should improve the accuracy of prediction of fitness trajectories for this biotrophic pathogen, an essential element for the modelling of durable deployment strategies for resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé E L Delmas
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Frédéric Fabre
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Jérôme Jolivet
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Isabelle D Mazet
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Sylvie Richart Cervera
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Laurent Delière
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - François Delmotte
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
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230
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Farrell MJ, Stephens PR, Davies TJ. Response to Strona & Fattorini: are generalist parasites being lost from their hosts? J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:624-7. [PMID: 26751600 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We respond to criticism of our recent paper by examining assumptions about the structure of host-parasite networks, and discuss the implications of host extinction on our perception of parasite specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J Farrell
- Biology Department, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | | | - T Jonathan Davies
- Biology Department, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.,African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
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231
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Abstract
Co-extinctions should be regarded as fundamental co-evolutionary events promoting species turnover, prior than a consequence of human induced biodiversity loss. Focusing on current scenarios is key to biodiversity conservation, but predicting future trends could be harder and less fruitful than trying to get a better grasp on the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Strona
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra (VA), Italy
| | - Simone Fattorini
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Departamento de Ciéncias Agrárias, Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal
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232
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von Beeren C, Maruyama M, Kronauer DJC. Cryptic diversity, high host specificity and reproductive synchronization in army ant-associated Vatesus beetles. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:990-1005. [PMID: 26618779 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Army ants and their arthropod symbionts represent one of the most species-rich animal associations on Earth, and constitute a fascinating example of diverse host-symbiont interaction networks. However, despite decades of research, our knowledge of army ant symbionts remains fragmentary due to taxonomic ambiguity and the inability to study army ants in the laboratory. Here, we present an integrative approach that allows us to reliably determine species boundaries, assess biodiversity, match different developmental stages and sexes, and to study the life cycles of army ant symbionts. This approach is based on a combination of community sampling, DNA barcoding, morphology and physiology. As a test case, we applied this approach to the staphylinid beetle genus Vatesus and its different Eciton army ant host species at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. DNA barcoding led to the discovery of cryptic biodiversity and, in combination with extensive community sampling, revealed strict host partitioning with no overlap in host range. Using DNA barcoding, we were also able to match the larval stages of all focal Vatesus species. In combination with studies of female reproductive physiology, this allowed us to reconstruct almost the complete life cycles of the different beetle species. We show that Vatesus beetles are highly adapted to the symbiosis with army ants, in that their reproduction and larval development are synchronized with the stereotypical reproductive and behavioural cycles of their host colonies. Our approach can now be used to study army ant-symbiont communities more broadly, and to obtain novel insights into co-evolutionary and ecological dynamics in species-rich host-symbiont systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph von Beeren
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Daniel J C Kronauer
- Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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233
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Kurath G, Winton JR, Dale OB, Purcell MK, Falk K, Busch RA. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. are broadly susceptible to isolates representing the North American genogroups of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:55-67. [PMID: 25381936 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Beginning in 1992, three epidemic waves of infectious hematopoietic necrosis, often with high mortality, occurred in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. on the west coast of North America. We compared the virulence of eleven strains of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), representing the U, M and L genogroups, in experimental challenges of juvenile Atlantic salmon in freshwater. All strains caused mortality and there was wide variation within genogroups: cumulative mortality for five U-group strains ranged from 20 to 100%, four M-group strains ranged 30-63% and two L-group strains varied from 41 to 81%. Thus, unlike Pacific salmonids, there was no apparent correlation of virulence in a particular host species with virus genogroup. The mortality patterns indicated two different phenotypes in terms of kinetics of disease progression and final per cent mortality, with nine strains having moderate virulence and two strains (from the U and L genogroups) having high virulence. These phenotypes were investigated by histopathology and immunohistochemistry to describe the variation in the course of IHNV disease in Atlantic salmon. The results from this study demonstrate that IHNV may become a major threat to farmed Atlantic salmon in other regions of the world where the virus has been, or may be, introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J R Winton
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - O B Dale
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - M K Purcell
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K Falk
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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234
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Cripps MG, Jackman SD, Roquet C, van Koten C, Rostás M, Bourdôt GW, Susanna A. Evolution of Specialization of Cassida rubiginosa on Cirsium arvense (Compositae, Cardueae). Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1261. [PMID: 27602042 PMCID: PMC4994537 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of herbivorous insects are specialized feeders restricted to a plant family, genus, or species. The evolution of specialized insect-plant interactions is generally considered to be a result of trade-offs in fitness between possible hosts. Through the course of natural selection, host plants that maximize insect fitness should result in optimal, specialized, insect-plant associations. However, the extent to which insects are tracking plant phylogeny or key plant traits that act as herbivore resistance or acceptance characters is uncertain. Thus, with regard to the evolution of host plant specialization, we tested if insect performance is explained by phylogenetic relatedness of potential host plants, or key plant traits that are not phylogenetically related. We tested the survival (naive first instar to adult) of the oligophagous leaf-feeding beetle, Cassida rubiginosa, on 16 selected representatives of the Cardueae tribe (thistles and knapweeds), including some of the worst weeds in temperate grasslands of the world in terms of the economic impacts caused by lost productivity. Leaf traits (specific leaf area, leaf pubescence, flavonoid concentration, carbon and nitrogen content) were measured as explanatory variables and tested in relation to survival of the beetle, and the phylogenetic signal of the traits were examined. The survival of C. rubiginosa decreased with increasing phylogenetic distance from the known primary host plant, C. arvense, suggesting that specialization is a conserved character, and that insect host range, to a large degree is constrained by evolutionary history. The only trait measured that clearly offered some explanatory value for the survival of C. rubiginosa was specific leaf area. This trait was not phylogenetically dependant, and when combined with phylogenetic distance from C. arvense gave the best model explaining C. rubiginosa survival. We conclude that the specialization of the beetle is explained by a combination of adaptation to an optimal host plant over evolutionary time, and key plant traits such as specific leaf area that can restrict or broaden host utilization within the Cardueae lineage. The phylogenetic pattern of C. rubiginosa fitness will aid in predicting the ability of this biocontrol agent to control multiple Cardueae weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Cripps
- AgResearch Ltd.Lincoln, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Michael G. Cripps,
| | | | - Cristina Roquet
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
| | | | - Michael Rostás
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, University of LincolnLincoln, New Zealand
| | | | - Alfonso Susanna
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas – Institut de Cultura de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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235
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Espinaze MP, Hellard E, Horak IG, Cumming GS. Analysis of large new South African dataset using two host-specificity indices shows generalism in both adult and larval ticks of mammals. Parasitology 2016; 143:366-73. [PMID: 26690251 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182015001730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne pathogens can have considerable impacts on the health of livestock, wildlife and people. Knowledge of tick-host preferences is necessary for both tick and pathogen control. Ticks were historically considered as specialist parasites, but the range of sampled host species has been limited, infestation intensity has not been included in prior analyses, and phylogenetic distances between hosts have not been previously considered. We used a large dataset of 35 604 individual collections and two host-specificity indices to assess the specificity of 61 South African tick species, as well as distinctions between adult and juvenile ticks, for 95 mammalian hosts. When accounting for host phylogeny, most adult and juvenile ticks behaved as generalists, with juveniles being significantly more generalist than adults. When we included the intensity of tick infestation, ticks exhibited a wider diversity of specificity in all life stages. Our results show that ticks of mammals in South Africa tend to behave largely as generalists and that adult ticks are more host-specific. More generally, our analysis shows that the incorporation of life-stage differences, infestation intensity and phylogenetic distances between hosts, as well as the use of more than one specificity index, can all contribute to a deeper understanding of host-parasite interactions.
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236
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van der Meij SET, Fransen CHJM, Pasman LR, Hoeksema BW. Phylogenetic ecology of gall crabs (Cryptochiridae) as associates of mushroom corals (Fungiidae). Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5770-80. [PMID: 26811752 PMCID: PMC4717343 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral‐associated fauna is a relatively understudied topic. Hence, the nature of the relationship between an associated organism and its host is usually unknown. In the present study, the obligate associations between gall crabs (Decapoda: Cryptochiridae) and mushroom corals (Scleractinia: Fungiidae) are reviewed from a phylogenetic perspective. Based on field surveys, examination of museum material and a literature review, a total of 35 fungiid species have been found that act as hosts for four gall crab species. Fungiid‐associated gall crabs appear to be more geographically widespread than previously known, with new records showing their occurrences from the Red Sea and western Indian Ocean all the way to the central Pacific Ocean. The obligate nature of the association between cryptochirids and their hosts makes them an ideal model taxon to test for possible cospeciation events. The congruence between their phylogenies was tested by using the program Jane 4.0, resulting in cospeciation and duplication events between the crabs and their host corals. The sharing of several closely related host coral species by the same gall crab species or genus may provide support to models indicating phylogenetic relationships within the Scleractinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sancia E T van der Meij
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center Darwinweg 22333 CR Leiden The Netherlands; Oxford University Museum of Natural History Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PW UK
| | | | - Leon R Pasman
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center Darwinweg 2 2333 CR Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Bert W Hoeksema
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center Darwinweg 2 2333 CR Leiden The Netherlands
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237
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Gould K, Wilson P. Lack of evolution in a leaf beetle that lives on two contrasting host plants. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3905-13. [PMID: 26445651 PMCID: PMC4588663 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between plant-eating insects and their hosts have shaped both the insects and the plants, driving evolution of plant defenses and insect specialization. The leaf beetle Trirhabda eriodictyonis (Chrysomelidae) lives on two shrubs with differing defenses: Eriodictyon crassifolium has hairy leaves, whereas E. trichocalyx has resinous leaves. We tested whether these beetles have differentiated onto the two host plants, and if not, whether the beetles prefer the better host plant and prefer mates who are from that host plant. In feeding tests, adult beetles strongly preferred eating E. trichocalyx regardless of which host they came from. In addition, females laid more eggs if they ate E. trichocalyx than E. crassifolium. So, E. trichocalyx is generally the better host. However, beetle mate preference was not in line with food choice. Males did not prefer to mate with females from E. trichocalyx. Females from E. crassifolium did prefer males from E. trichocalyx over males from E. crassifolium, but did not lay more eggs as a result of these matings. We conclude that the beetle populations we studied have not differentiated based on their host plants and may not have even adapted to the better host. Although to humans these host plant defenses differ dramatically, signs that they have caused evolution in the beetles are lacking. The case of T. eriodictyonis stands counter to many other studies that have seen the differentiation of ecotypes and/or adaptive coordination of an herbivore's life cycle based on host plant differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Gould
- Department of BiologyCalifornia State UniversityNorthridgeCalifornia91330‐8303
| | - Paul Wilson
- Department of BiologyCalifornia State UniversityNorthridgeCalifornia91330‐8303
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238
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Abstract
Trophically transmitted parasites may use multiple intermediate hosts, some of which may be 'key-hosts', i.e. contributing significantly more to the completion of the parasite life cycle, while others may be 'sink hosts' with a poor contribution to parasite transmission. Gammarus fossarum and Gammarus roeseli are sympatric crustaceans used as intermediate hosts by the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis. Gammarus roeseli suffers higher field prevalence and is less sensitive to parasite behavioural manipulation and to predation by definitive hosts. However, no data are available on between-host differences in susceptibility to P. laevis infection, making it difficult to untangle the relative contributions of these hosts to parasite transmission. Based on results from estimates of prevalence in gammarids exposed or protected from predation and laboratory infections, G. fossarum specimens were found to be more susceptible to P. laevis infection. As it is more susceptible to both parasite infection and manipulation, G. fossarum is therefore a key host for P. laevis transmission.
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239
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Bulgarella M, Heimpel GE. Host range and community structure of avian nest parasites in the genus Philornis (Diptera: Muscidae) on the island of Trinidad. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3695-703. [PMID: 26380698 PMCID: PMC4567873 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite host range can be influenced by physiological, behavioral, and ecological factors. Combining data sets on host-parasite associations with phylogenetic information of the hosts and the parasites involved can generate evolutionary hypotheses about the selective forces shaping host range. Here, we analyzed associations between the nest-parasitic flies in the genus Philornis and their host birds on Trinidad. Four of ten Philornis species were only reared from one species of bird. Of the parasite species with more than one host bird species, P. falsificus was the least specific and P. deceptivus the most specific attacking only Passeriformes. Philornis flies in Trinidad thus include both specialists and generalists, with varying degrees of specificity within the generalists. We used three quantities to more formally compare the host range of Philornis flies: the number of bird species attacked by each species of Philornis, a phylogenetically informed host specificity index (Poulin and Mouillot's S TD), and a branch length-based S TD. We then assessed the phylogenetic signal of these measures of host range for 29 bird species. None of these measures showed significant phylogenetic signal, suggesting that clades of Philornis did not differ significantly in their ability to exploit hosts. We also calculated two quantities of parasite species load for the birds - the parasite species richness, and a variant of the S TD index based on nodes rather than on taxonomic levels - and assessed the signal of these measures on the bird phylogeny. We did not find significant phylogenetic signal for the parasite species load or the node-based S TD index. Finally, we calculated the parasite associations for all bird pairs using the Jaccard index and regressed these similarity values against the number of nodes in the phylogeny separating bird pairs. This analysis showed that Philornis on Trinidad tend to feed on closely related bird species more often than expected by chance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bulgarella
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108
| | - George E Heimpel
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108
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240
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Burghardt KT, Tallamy DW. Not all non-natives are equally unequal: reductions in herbivore β-diversity depend on phylogenetic similarity to native plant community. Ecol Lett 2015; 18:1087-98. [PMID: 26271480 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Effects of host plant α- and β-diversity often confound studies of herbivore β-diversity, hindering our ability to predict the full impact of non-native plants on herbivores. Here, while controlling host plant diversity, we examined variation in herbivore communities between native and non-native plants, focusing on how plant relatedness and spatial scale alter the result. We found lower absolute magnitudes of β-diversity among tree species and among sites on non-natives in all comparisons. However, lower relative β-diversity only occurred for immature herbivores on phylogenetically distinct non-natives vs. natives. Locally in that comparison, non-native gardens had lower host specificity; while among sites, the herbivores supported were a redundant subset of species on natives. Therefore, when phylogenetically distinct non-natives replace native plants, the community of immature herbivores is likely to be homogenised across landscapes. Differences in communities on closely related non-natives were subtler, but displayed community shifts and increased generalisation on non-natives within certain feeding guilds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin T Burghardt
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716-2103, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Douglas W Tallamy
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716-2103, USA
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241
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Nakajima N, Ohki K, Kamiya M. Defense mechanisms of sargassacean species against the epiphytic red alga Neosiphonia harveyi. J Phycol 2015; 51:695-705. [PMID: 26986791 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Flora diversity and abundance of epiphytes are specific to their basiphyte species and may relate to variations in the defensive abilities of basiphytes. Thus, investigating the interactions between epiphytes and basiphytes is useful for a better understanding of the biological impact of epiphytism and the survival strategies of basiphytes. We examined the epiphyte density on five sargassacean species at six locations between two study sites, which showed that the epiphytic red alga Neosiphonia harveyi was remarkably less abundant on Sargassum siliquastrum at all locations. To assess its defense mechanism against N. harveyi, we performed bioassays of phlorotannins, which are considered effective in deterring fouling, by culturing sargassacean blades with N. harveyi carpospores and observed the process by which sargassacean blades remove epiphytes. When the carpospores were incubated with various concentrations of dissolved phlorotannins, settlement and germination were inhibited only at the highest concentrations (>0.1 g · L(-1) ), and this effect did not significantly differ among the five sargassacean species. When the carpospores were combined with blades from the five species, many of the spores attached and germinated on every blade. Because N. harveyi penetrated rhizoids into basiphyte tissues, cuticle peeling observed in all five sargassacean species could not remove this epiphyte after germination. However, in S. siliquastrum, the blade tissues around the germlings became swollen and disintegrative, and were removed together with the germlings. The spores normally grew on the dead blades, suggesting that the tissue degradation of S. siliquastrum is triggered by the infection of N. harveyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Nakajima
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Obama, Fukui, 917-0003, Japan
| | - Kaori Ohki
- Faculty of Marine Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Obama, Fukui, 917-0003, Japan
| | - Mitsunobu Kamiya
- Faculty of Marine Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Obama, Fukui, 917-0003, Japan
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242
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Couceiro L, Le Gac M, Hunsperger HM, Mauger S, Destombe C, Cock JM, Ahmed S, Coelho SM, Valero M, Peters AF. Evolution and maintenance of haploid-diploid life cycles in natural populations: The case of the marine brown alga Ectocarpus. Evolution 2015; 69:1808-22. [PMID: 26096000 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary stability of haploid-diploid life cycles is still controversial. Mathematical models indicate that niche differences between ploidy phases may be a necessary condition for the evolution and maintenance of these life cycles. Nevertheless, experimental support for this prediction remains elusive. In the present work, we explored this hypothesis in natural populations of the brown alga Ectocarpus. Consistent with the life cycle described in culture, Ectocarpus crouaniorum in NW France and E. siliculosus in SW Italy exhibited an alternation between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes. Our field data invalidated, however, the long-standing view of an isomorphic alternation of generations. Gametophytes and sporophytes displayed marked differences in size and, conforming to theoretical predictions, occupied different spatiotemporal niches. Gametophytes were found almost exclusively on the alga Scytosiphon lomentaria during spring whereas sporophytes were present year-round on abiotic substrata. Paradoxically, E. siliculosus in NW France exhibited similar habitat usage despite the absence of alternation of ploidy phases. Diploid sporophytes grew both epilithically and epiphytically, and this mainly asexual population gained the same ecological advantage postulated for haploid-diploid populations. Consequently, an ecological interpretation of the niche differences between haploid and diploid individuals does not seem to satisfactorily explain the evolution of the Ectocarpus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Couceiro
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, UMI 3614, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, Station Biologique de Roscoff, PUCCh, UACH, CS 90074, Place G, Tessier, 29688, Roscoff, France.
| | - Mickael Le Gac
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, UMI 3614, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, Station Biologique de Roscoff, PUCCh, UACH, CS 90074, Place G, Tessier, 29688, Roscoff, France
- Current Address: Ifremer, DYNECO PELAGOS, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Heather M Hunsperger
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, UMI 3614, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, Station Biologique de Roscoff, PUCCh, UACH, CS 90074, Place G, Tessier, 29688, Roscoff, France
- Current Address: Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Stéphane Mauger
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, UMI 3614, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, Station Biologique de Roscoff, PUCCh, UACH, CS 90074, Place G, Tessier, 29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Christophe Destombe
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, UMI 3614, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, Station Biologique de Roscoff, PUCCh, UACH, CS 90074, Place G, Tessier, 29688, Roscoff, France
| | - J Mark Cock
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, UMR 7139, Algal Genetics, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place G, Tessier, 29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Sophia Ahmed
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, UMR 7139, Algal Genetics, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place G, Tessier, 29688, Roscoff, France
- Current Address: Department for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Susana M Coelho
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, UMR 7139, Algal Genetics, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place G, Tessier, 29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Myriam Valero
- CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, UMI 3614, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, Station Biologique de Roscoff, PUCCh, UACH, CS 90074, Place G, Tessier, 29688, Roscoff, France
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243
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Moravec F, Scholz T. Macroparasites and their communities of the European eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus) in the Czech Republic. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2015; 62. [PMID: 26130652 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2015.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarises the results of parasitological examinations of the European eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus) in the Czech Republic, carried out at the Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences (previously the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences) within the period of 50 years (1958-2008). Even though this survey is limited to the Czech Republic, it provides extensive data probably incomparable with any other study anywhere regarding the number of eels examined and parasites found. A total of 723 eels was examined from 42 localities that belong to all of the three main river drainage systems in the country, i.e. the Elbe, Danube and Oder river basins. Of the 31 species of adult and larval macroparasites including Monogenea (4 species), Trematoda (3), Cestoda (3), Nematoda (11), Acanthocephala (5), Hirudinea (1), Bivalvia (1), Copepoda (1), Branchiura (1) and Acariformes (1), most of them (30) were recorded from the Elbe River basin. These parasites can be divided into three main groups regarding their host specificity: parasites specific for eels (26%), non-specific adult parasites occurring also in other fishes (61%) and non-specific larvae (13%). The highest number (19) of parasite species was recorded in the Mácha Lake fishpond system in northern Bohemia. The parasite communities in eels from the individual localities exhibited large differences in their species composition and diversity depending on local ecological conditions. The parasite fauna of A. anguilla in the Czech Republic is compared with that in other European countries. The nematode Cucullanus egyptae Abdel-Ghaffar, Bashtar, Abdel-Gaber, Morsy, Mehlhorn, Al Quraishy et Mohammed, 2014 is designated as a species inquirenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Moravec
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Scholz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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244
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Schwartz AR, Potnis N, Timilsina S, Wilson M, Patané J, Martins J, Minsavage GV, Dahlbeck D, Akhunova A, Almeida N, Vallad GE, Barak JD, White FF, Miller SA, Ritchie D, Goss E, Bart RS, Setubal JC, Jones JB, Staskawicz BJ. Phylogenomics of Xanthomonas field strains infecting pepper and tomato reveals diversity in effector repertoires and identifies determinants of host specificity. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:535. [PMID: 26089818 PMCID: PMC4452888 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial spot disease of pepper and tomato is caused by four distinct Xanthomonas species and is a severely limiting factor on fruit yield in these crops. The genetic diversity and the type III effector repertoires of a large sampling of field strains for this disease have yet to be explored on a genomic scale, limiting our understanding of pathogen evolution in an agricultural setting. Genomes of 67 Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe), Xanthomonas perforans (Xp), and Xanthomonas gardneri (Xg) strains isolated from diseased pepper and tomato fields in the southeastern and midwestern United States were sequenced in order to determine the genetic diversity in field strains. Type III effector repertoires were computationally predicted for each strain, and multiple methods of constructing phylogenies were employed to understand better the genetic relationship of strains in the collection. A division in the Xp population was detected based on core genome phylogeny, supporting a model whereby the host-range expansion of Xp field strains on pepper is due, in part, to a loss of the effector AvrBsT. Xp-host compatibility was further studied with the observation that a double deletion of AvrBsT and XopQ allows a host range expansion for Nicotiana benthamiana. Extensive sampling of field strains and an improved understanding of effector content will aid in efforts to design disease resistance strategies targeted against highly conserved core effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Schwartz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sujan Timilsina
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mark Wilson
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - José Patané
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Dahlbeck
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alina Akhunova
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Nalvo Almeida
- School of Computing, Federal University of Mato Grosso do SulCampo Grande, Brazil
| | - Gary E. Vallad
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of FloridaWimauma, FL, USA
| | - Jeri D. Barak
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Frank F. White
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State UniversityManhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sally A. Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development CenterWooster, MA, USA
| | - David Ritchie
- Department of Plant Pathology, NC State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
| | - Erica Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - João C. Setubal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia TechBlacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brian J. Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
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245
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Bakhshi M, Arzanlou M, Babai-ahari A, Groenewald J, Braun U, Crous P. Application of the consolidated species concept to Cercospora spp. from Iran. Persoonia 2015; 34:65-86. [PMID: 26240446 PMCID: PMC4510272 DOI: 10.3767/003158515x685698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The genus Cercospora includes many important plant pathogenic fungi associated with leaf spot diseases on a wide range of hosts. The mainland of Iran covers various climatic regions with a great biodiversity of vascular plants, and a correspondingly high diversity of cercosporoid fungi. However, most of the cercosporoid species found to date have been identified on the basis of morphological characteristics and there are no cultures that support these identifications. In this study the Consolidated Species Concept was applied to differentiate Cercospora species collected from Iran. A total of 161 Cercospora isolates recovered from 74 host species in northern Iran were studied by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Our results revealed a rich diversity of Cercospora species in northern Iran. Twenty species were identified based on sequence data of five genomic loci (ITS, TEF1-α, actin, calmodulin and histone H3), host, cultural and morphological data. Six novel species, viz. C. convolvulicola, C. conyzae-canadensis, C. cylindracea, C. iranica, C. pseudochenopodii and C. sorghicola, are introduced. The most common taxon was Cercospora cf. flagellaris, which remains an unresolved species complex with a wide host range. New hosts were recorded for previously known Cercospora species, including C. apii, C. armoraciae, C. beticola, C. cf. richardiicola, C. rumicis, Cercospora sp. G and C. zebrina.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bakhshi
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - M. Arzanlou
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - A. Babai-ahari
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - U. Braun
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - P.W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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246
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Abstract
Bacterial symbionts of eukaryotes often give up generalist lifestyles to specialize to particular hosts. The eusocial honey bees and bumble bees harbor two such specialized gut symbionts, Snodgrassella alvi and Gilliamella apicola. Not only are these microorganisms specific to bees, but different strains of these bacteria tend to assort according to host species. By using in-vivo microbial transplant experiments, we show that the observed specificity is, at least in part, due to evolved physiological barriers that limit compatibility between a host and a potential gut colonizer. How and why such specialization occurs is largely unstudied for gut microbes, despite strong evidence that it is a general feature in many gut communities. Here, we discuss the potential factors that favor the evolution of host specialization, and the parallels that can be drawn with parasites and other symbiont systems. We also address the potential of the bee gut as a model for exploring gut community evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldan K Kwong
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Yale University; New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Integrative Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX, USA,Correspondence to: Waldan K Kwong;
| | - Nancy A Moran
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX, USA
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247
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van der Meij SET. A new gall crab species (Brachyura, Cryptochiridae) associated with the free-living coral Trachyphylliageoffroyi (Scleractinia, Merulinidae). Zookeys 2015:61-72. [PMID: 25987871 PMCID: PMC4432240 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.500.9244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of gall crab is described from the free-living stony coral Trachyphylliageoffroyi. Specimens were collected during field work in Lembeh Strait (Indonesia) and off Kudat (Malaysian Borneo). This new species, here named Lithoscaptussemperisp. n., is the ninth species assigned to the genus. It can be separated from its congeners by not having the internal orbital angle extending beyond the external orbital angle, and by the stout female P2 merus with prominent distomesial projection. In addition, the carapace surface appears smooth, despite having small tubercles on the anterior half, and is without noticeable spines, other than those on the frontal margin. The distinctive carapace pattern in life is a diagnostic character in male specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sancia E T van der Meij
- Department of Marine Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
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248
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Weimer PJ. Redundancy, resilience, and host specificity of the ruminal microbiota: implications for engineering improved ruminal fermentations. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:296. [PMID: 25914693 PMCID: PMC4392294 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ruminal microbial community is remarkably diverse, containing 100s of different bacterial and archaeal species, plus many species of fungi and protozoa. Molecular studies have identified a “core microbiome” dominated by phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, but also containing many other taxa. The rumen provides an ideal laboratory for studies on microbial ecology and the demonstration of ecological principles. In particular, the microbial community demonstrates both redundancy (overlap of function among multiple species) and resilience (resistance to, and capacity to recover from, perturbation). These twin properties provide remarkable stability that maintains digestive function for the host across a range of feeding and management conditions, but they also provide a challenge to engineering the rumen for improved function (e.g., improved fiber utilization or decreased methane production). Direct ruminal dosing or feeding of probiotic strains often fails to establish the added strains, due to intensive competition and amensalism from the indigenous residents that are well-adapted to the historical conditions within each rumen. Known exceptions include introduced strains that can fill otherwise unoccupied niches, as in the case of specialist bacteria that degrade phytotoxins such as mimosine or fluoroacetate. An additional complicating factor in manipulating the ruminal fermentation is the individuality or host specificity of the microbiota, in which individual animals contain a particular community whose species composition is capable of reconstituting itself, even following a near-total exchange of ruminal contents from another herd mate maintained on the same diet. Elucidation of the interactions between the microbial community and the individual host that establish and maintain this specificity may provide insights into why individual hosts vary in production metrics (e.g., feed efficiency or milk fat synthesis), and how to improve herd performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Weimer
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, US Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service Madison, WI, USA ; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI, USA
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249
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Mehelis CN, Balciunas JK, Reddy AM, Van Der Westhuizen L, Neser S, Moran PJ. Biology and Host Range of Digitivalva delaireae (Lepidoptera: Glyphipterigidae), a Candidate Agent for Biological Control of Cape-ivy (Delairea odorata) in California and Oregon. Environ Entomol 2015; 44:260-276. [PMID: 26313180 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvu030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cape-ivy (Delairea odorata Lemaire) is an ornamental vine native to South Africa that has escaped into natural areas in coastal California and Oregon, displacing native vegetation. Surveys in South Africa led to the discovery of the leaf- and stem-mining moth Digitivalva delaireae Gaedike and Kruger (Lepidoptera: Glyphipterigidae: Acrolepiinae) as one of several common and damaging native herbivores on Cape-ivy. In greenhouse studies, adult female life span averaged 16 d (46 d maximum). Most (72%) mated females began laying eggs within 72 h of emergence. Females had an average lifetime fecundity of 52 eggs, with >70% laid on leaf laminae, and 89% of eggs were laid by the 15th day postemergence. Lifetime fertility (adult production) averaged three to four offspring per female. At 25 °C, egg hatch required 10 d, pupal formation 26 d, and adult emergence 41 d, while under variable greenhouse and laboratory conditions development to adult required 54-60 d. In four-way choice tests, involving 100 plant species other than Cape-ivy, including 11 genera and 37 species in the Asteraceae, subtribe Senecioninae from both native and invaded ranges, D. delaireae inflicted damage and produced pupae only on Cape-ivy. Leaf mining damage occurred on 30% of leaves of native Senecio hydrophilus in no-choice tests and on 2% of leaves in dual-choice tests, but no pupation occurred. If approved for field release in the continental United States, the moth D. delaireae is expected to produce multiple generations per year on Cape-ivy, and to pose little risk of damage to native plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Mehelis
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, Albany, CA
| | - Joe K Balciunas
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, Albany, CA Retired
| | - Angelica M Reddy
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, Albany, CA
| | - Liame Van Der Westhuizen
- Weeds Research Division, Agricultural Research Council-Plant Protection Research Institute (ARC-PPRI), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Stefan Neser
- Retired. Weeds Research Division, Agricultural Research Council-Plant Protection Research Institute (ARC-PPRI), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Patrick J Moran
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, Albany, CA Corresponding author, e-mail:
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Yang LY, Machado CA, Dang XD, Peng YQ, Yang DR, Zhang DY, Liao WJ. The incidence and pattern of copollinator diversification in dioecious and monoecious figs. Evolution 2015; 69:294-304. [PMID: 25495152 PMCID: PMC4328460 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Differences in breeding system are associated with correlated ecological and morphological changes in plants. In Ficus, dioecy and monoecy are strongly associated with different suites of traits (tree height, population density, fruiting frequency, pollinator dispersal ecology). Although approximately 30% of fig species are pollinated by multiple species of fig-pollinating wasps, it has been suggested that copollinators are rare in dioecious figs. Here, we test whether there is a connection between the fig breeding system and copollinator incidence and diversification by conducting a meta-analysis of molecular data from pollinators of 119 fig species that includes new data from 15 Asian fig species. We find that the incidence of copollinators is not significantly different between monoecious and dioecious Ficus. Surprisingly, while all copollinators in dioecious figs are sister taxa, only 32.1% in monoecious figs are sister taxa. We present hypotheses to explain those patterns and discuss their consequences on the evolution of this mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, 100875, China
| | - Carlos A Machado
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland1210 Biology-Psychology Building, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Xiao-Dong Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, 100875, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, 650223, China
| | - Da-Rong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesKunming, 650223, China
| | - Da-Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, 100875, China
| | - Wan-Jin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing, 100875, China
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