A Distinct Strain of Tomato leaf curl Sudan virus Causes Tomato Leaf Curl Disease in Oman

Tomato leaf curl disease (ToLCD) is a significant constraint for tomato production in the Sultanate of Oman. The disease in the north of the country has previously been shown to be caused by the monopartite begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus and Tomato leaf curl Oman virus. Many tomato plants infected with these two viruses were also found to harbor a symptom enhancing betasatellite. Here an analysis of a virus isolated from tomato exhibiting ToLCD symptoms originating from south and central Oman is reported. Three clones of a monopartite begomovirus were obtained. One of the clones was shown to be infectious to tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana and to induce symptoms typical of ToLCD. Analysis of the cloned sequences show them to correspond to isolates of Tomato leaf curl Sudan virus (ToLCSDV), a virus that occurs in Sudan and Yemen. However, the sequences showed less than 93% nucleotide sequence identity to previously characterized ToLCSDV isolates, indicating that the viruses represent a distinct strain of the species, for which we propose the name "Oman" strain (ToLCSDV-OM). Closer analysis of the sequences showed them to differ from their closest relative, the "Tobacco" strain of ToLCSDV originating from Yemen, in three regions of the genome. This suggests that the divergence of the "Oman" and "Tobacco" strains has occurred due to recombination. Surprisingly, ToLCSDV-OM was not found to be associated with a betasatellite, even though the isolates of the other ToLCSDV strains have been shown to be. The significance of these findings and the possible reasons for the distinct geographic distributions of the tomato-infecting begomoviruses within Oman are discussed.

Genome-wide analysis of the heat stress response in Zebu (Sahiwal) cattle

Environmental-induced hyperthermia compromises animal production with drastic economic consequences to global animal agriculture and jeopardizes animal welfare. Heat stress is a major stressor that occurs as a result of an imbalance between heat production within the body and its dissipation and it affects animals at cellular, molecular and ecological levels. The molecular mechanism underlying the physiology of heat stress in the cattle remains undefined. The present study sought to evaluate mRNA expression profiles in the cattle blood in response to heat stress. In this study we report the genes that were differentially expressed in response to heat stress using global scale genome expression technology (Microarray). Four Sahiwal heifers were exposed to 42°C with 90% humidity for 4h followed by normothermia. Gene expression changes include activation of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) and decreased expression and synthesis of other proteins, immune system activation via extracellular secretion of HSP. A cDNA microarray analysis found 140 transcripts to be up-regulated and 77 down-regulated in the cattle blood after heat treatment (P<0.05). But still a comprehensive explanation for the direction of fold change and the specific genes involved in response to acute heat stress still remains to be explored. These findings may provide insights into the underlying mechanism of physiology of heat stress in cattle. Understanding the biology and mechanisms of heat stress is critical to developing approaches to ameliorate current production issues for improving animal performance and agriculture economics.

Sea urchin like shaped cdse nanoparticles grown in aqueous solutions via electron beam irradiation

Cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles have been grown from an aqueous solutions containing equimolar ammoniated cadmium sulphate and sodium selenosulphate as precursors in presence of citric acid as a capping agent, via electron beam irradiation. The radiolytic processes occurring in the medium result in the formation of CdSe nanoparticles through the reactions mediated by hydrated electrons (e(aq)-). The dynamics of the formation of these nanoparticles was investigated by pulse radiolysis studies. The size of the primary nanoparticles as estimated from the absorption spectra recorded immediately was less than 3 nm. These nanoparticles exhibited strong excitonic absorption pattern and broad photoluminescence at room temperature, which has been attributed to the presence of surface states/defects. This has been confirmed by Raman spectral studies, where CdSe nanoparticles exhibited characteristic surface phonon modes at around 250 cm(-1). The photoluminescence lifetime decay measurements further supported the existence of surface defects on the as-grown CdSe nanoparticles. These nanoparticles were found to exist in the agglomerated form of sea urchin like shapes of uniform size of about 500 nm as revealed from TEM and SEM images. These sea urchin like shaped CdSe nanoparticles grown in this route were found to be very stable under the ambient conditions. We infer that citric acid influences the growth as well as stability of these nanoparticles. It is expected that these nanomaterials could find potential applications in the field of sensors, catalysis and photovoltaics.

Post-Malaria Neurological Syndrome - A Case of Bell’s Palsy After Plasmodium Vivax Malaria

 Post-malaria neurological syndrome (PMNS) is defined as the acute onset of neurological or neuropsychiatric syndrome in a patient who had recently recovered from malaria and have negative blood film at the time of onset of neurological symptoms. It is relatively rare, with various clinical symptoms. We report first case of Bell’s palsy developing on 10th day of afebrile period after successful treatment of Plasmodium vivax (P.vivax) malaria and which completely recovered in next two weeks. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i1.6893 J Nepal Paediatr Soc. 2013;33(1):66-67

Does 'weight reduction' help all adult snorers?

BACKGROUND

Obesity is now a global epidemic. Obese people are at higher risk of snoring. Weight reduction could influence the prevalence of snoring. Present study tried to find out, whether weight reduction is of benefit in all adult snorers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

It is a cross sectional study, on 349 subjects (196 males and 153 females). They and their spouses were asked for snoring habits. Their neck circumference, height and weight was measured and Body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and they were classified into low normal, high normal, pre-obese and obese BMI groups. Prevalence rates of snoring in different groups were compared, to find out any statistically significant difference, between them.

RESULTS

Statistically significant difference, in prevalence rates of snoring was found, when obese and pre-obese group were compared with normal BMI group, separately. No significant difference was found in prevalence rates, when comparison was made between obese and pre-obese group. Difference in prevalence of snoring, was also not significant, when comparison was made between low normal and high normal BMI groups. Neck circumference of snorers was significantly more than the neck circumference of non-snorers in all BMI groups. Gender wise difference, in prevalence of snoring was also not significant.

CONCLUSION

Body mass index target needs to be set at 25 kg/m(2), in weight reduction programmes, to achieve clinically relevant response in a snorer. There is no need to put extra emphasis, on further reduction of BMI. Weight reduction, is not helpful in all adult snorers, especially those with normal BMI, where other causes of snoring, like fat around upper airways, need to be considered.

T1-weighted dynamic contrast-enhanced MR evaluation of different stages of neurocysticercosis and its relationship with serum MMP-9 expression

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Epileptogenesis in NCC is associated with perilesional inflammation and disruption in BBB. We quantified BBB in different stages of NCC by using DCE-MR imaging to look for the differences in perfusion indices and to correlate these indices with serum MMP-9 expression.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

DCE-MR imaging along with conventional MR imaging was performed in 57 single cysticercous brain lesions to quantify the kep, K(trans), and ve around the lesions, which were in different stages of evolution. There were 6 lesions in the vesicular stage and 17 lesions each in the colloidal, granular-nodular, and calcified stages. Serum MMP-9 was quantified from all patients, whereas perfusion indices were quantified from all stages except for the vesicular stage.

RESULTS

We observed significant differences among the 3 stages of NCC in serum MMP-9 expression as well as DCE-derived kep values. In addition, kep showed a strongly significant positive correlation with MMP-9 expression when modeled with the individual stage of the disease as well as with all stages when pooled together. Other DCE-derived hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters showed inconsistent differences with each stage of the disease. The correlation of DCE-derived parameters with serum MMP-9 expression and edema volume also showed inconsistency with the stage of the disease.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that kep correlates best with serum MMP-9 expression among the pharmacokinetic indices and most closely represents the degree of BBB breakdown, which is highest in the colloidal stage and lowest in the calcified stage. kep may be used as a noninvasive image biomarker of BBB breakdown in different stages of NCC.

Effect of gibberellic acid and calliterpenone on plant growth attributes, trichomes, essential oil biosynthesis and pathway gene expression in differential manner in Mentha arvensis L

Extensive research is going on throughout the world to find out new molecules from natural sources to be used as plant growth promoter. Mentha arvensis L. is the main source of menthol rich essential oil used commercially in various food, pharmaceutical and other preparations. Experiments were conducted on field grown plants for understanding the effect of calliterpenone (CA), a stereo-isomer of abbeokutone, in comparison to gibberellic acid (GA3) on growth attributes, trichomes, essential oil biosynthesis and expression of some oil biosynthetic pathway genes. The exogenous application of CA (1 μM, 10 μM and 100 μM) was found to be better in improving plant biomass and stolon yield, leaf area, branching and leaf stem ratio than with counterpart GA3 at the same concentrations. CA treated plants showed higher glandular trichome number, density and diameter and also correlated with enhanced oil biogenetic capacity as revealed by feeding labeled (14)C-sucrose for 72 h to excised shoots. Semi-quantitative PCR analysis of key pathway genes revealed differential up regulation under CA treatments. Transcript level of menthol dehydrogenase/menthone reductase was found highly up regulated in CA treated plants with increased content of menthone and menthol in oil. These findings demonstrate that CA positively regulated the yields by enhanced branching and higher density of trichomes resulting into higher accumulation of essential oil. The results suggest CA as a novel plant derived diterpenoid with growth promoting action and opens up new possibilities for improving the crop yields and essential oil biosynthesis in qualitative and quantitative manner.

Plastid transformation for abiotic stress tolerance in plants

Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures are major limiting factors in plant growth and development and pose serious threat to global agricultural production. Here we describe a procedure, using a tobacco plastid transformation vector, to generate transplastomic plants with an enhanced ability to tolerate abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, or cold stress. The procedure involves biolistic delivery of a plastid transformation vector into explants, antibiotic selection procedures, and -identification of transplastomic lines. The plastid transformation vector contains an aadA gene that encodes resistance to spectinomycin as a selectable marker along with the gene of interest for developing transplastomic plants that are tolerant to abiotic stresses. Shoot buds appear over the surface of bombarded explants following spectinomycin selection. Transplastomic shoots are multiplied following several rounds of -spectinomycin selection. Homoplasmic transplastomic lines are confirmed by spectinomycin and streptomycin double selection over a period of 4-5 weeks. The available reports suggest that transplastomic technology is a useful tool for expressing genes in plastids or chloroplasts for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in plants.

Outpatient taping in the treatment of idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus

The Ponseti and French taping methods have reduced the incidence of major surgery in congenital idiopathic clubfoot but incur a significant burden of care, including heel-cord tenotomy. We developed a non-operative regime to reduce treatment intensity without affecting outcome. We treated 402 primary idiopathic clubfeet in patients aged < three months who presented between September 1991 and August 2008. Their Harrold and Walker grades were 6.0% mild, 25.6% moderate and 68.4% severe. All underwent a dynamic outpatient taping regime over five weeks based on Ponseti manipulation, modified Jones strapping and home exercises. Feet with residual equinus (six feet, 1.5%) or relapse within six months (83 feet, 20.9%) underwent one to three additional tapings. Correction was maintained with below-knee splints, exercises and shoes. The clinical outcome at three years of age (385 feet, 95.8% follow-up) showed that taping alone corrected 357 feet (92.7%, 'good'). Late relapses or failure of taping required limited posterior release in 20 feet (5.2%, 'fair') or posteromedial release in eight feet (2.1%, 'poor'). The long-term (> 10 years) outcomes in 44 feet (23.8% follow-up) were assessed by the Laaveg-Ponseti method as excellent (23 feet, 52.3%), good (17 feet, 38.6%), fair (three feet, 6.8%) or poor (one foot, 2.3%). These compare favourably with published long-term results of the Ponseti or French methods. This dynamic taping regime is a simple non-operative method that delivers improved medium-term and promising long-term results.

Multi-phonon assisted upconversion emission and power dependence studies in LaF3:Er3+ phosphor

LaF3:Er3+ phosphor is synthesized through chemical precipitation method and its upconversion (UC) emission studies have carried out using 532-nm excitation. Phosphor has shown two-photon absorption UV bands at the 325 nm, 342 nm, 383 nm, 403 nm and 411 nm wavelengths. At relatively higher excitation powers multi-phonon assisted energy migration from 2H11/2 (4S3/2) level to the upper 4F3/2, 4F5/2 and 4F7/2 levels has observed and this energy migration opened new channel of emission at 440 nm, 453 nm and 488 nm due to the 4F3/2→4I15/2, 4F5/2→4I15/2 and 4F7/2→4I15/2 transitions, respectively. Temperature dependent UC measurement is also done and observed emission pattern is correlated with the power dependence studies. Upconversion bands at 411 and 488 nm wavelengths have shown reversal in intensity as either excitation power or sample temperature is increased and hence these two bands are found to act as optical switch. Planck blackbody like continuum emission has also observed at higher excitation powers.

Prospects of nano-material in breast cancer management

Breast cancer evaluation and early diagnosis are core complexity worldwide and an ambiguity for scientists till date. Nano-materials are innovative tools for rapid diagnosis and therapy, which may induce an immense result in the field of oncology. Their exceptional size-dependent properties make them special and superior materials and quite indispensable in several fields of the human activities. The major obstacle in finding cure for malignant breast cancer is to increase in development of resistances for tumors to the therapeutic treatments. The widespread mammo-graph particle is being developed by nations to diagnosis disease in primitive stage to decline the mortality rates caused by breast carcinoma. The advancement of nano-particle based diagnostic tools facilitates in evaluation and provides encouraging development in breast cancer therapeutics. In this compact review, efforts have been made to compose the current advancements in the area of functional nano-particles. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro applications of nano-materials in breast cancer management are also discussed.

Genetic diversity studies in pea (Pisum sativum L.) using simple sequence repeat markers

The genetic diversity among 28 pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes was analyzed using 32 simple sequence repeat markers. A total of 44 polymorphic bands, with an average of 2.1 bands per primer, were obtained. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.657 to 0.309 with an average of 0.493. The variation in genetic diversity among these cultivars ranged from 0.11 to 0.73. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) revealed 2 distinct clusters, I and II, comprising 6 and 22 genotypes, respectively. Cluster II was further differentiated into 2 subclusters, IIA and IIB, with 12 and 10 genotypes, respectively. Principal component (PC) analysis revealed results similar to those of UPGMA. The first, second, and third PCs contributed 21.6, 16.1, and 14.0% of the variation, respectively; cumulative variation of the first 3 PCs was 51.7%.

Identification of compatible bacterial and fungal isolate and their effectiveness against plant disease

Forty-three isolates of Trichoderma spp. and forty isolates of bacterial (fluorescent pseudomonads) biocontrol agents were isolated and evaluated for their relative biocontrol potential and thereafter development of mixed formulation of efficient compatible fungal and bacterial bio-agents. Different isolates of either Trichoderma or Pseudomonas exhibited differential antagonistic activity with different species of tested pathogens. Pseudomonas in general, suppressed the growth of Trichoderma under in-vitro conditions however, a few combinations were found compatible. Fungal isolate PBAT-43 (T. harzianum) and bacterial isolate PBAP-27 (P. fluorescens) emerged as most compatible and efficient and therefore were used for development of mixed formulation. Individual and mixed formulations were evaluated for their relative bio-efficacy under glass-house and field conditions. Mixed formulation exhibited increase in seed germination ranges from 25.5 - 72.11% and disease control 47.68- 76.00% in different crops as compared to control. Application of compatible mixture of fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents possessing various mechanism of pathogen suppression is suggested as a reliable and potential means of disease suppression.

A microfocus X-ray fluorescence beamline at Indus-2 synchrotron radiation facility

A microfocus X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy beamline (BL-16) at the Indian synchrotron radiation facility Indus-2 has been constructed with an experimental emphasis on environmental, archaeological, biomedical and material science applications involving heavy metal speciation and their localization. The beamline offers a combination of different analytical probes, e.g. X-ray fluorescence mapping, X-ray microspectroscopy and total-external-reflection fluorescence characterization. The beamline is installed on a bending-magnet source with a working X-ray energy range of 4-20 keV, enabling it to excite K-edges of all elements from S to Nb and L-edges from Ag to U. The optics of the beamline comprises of a double-crystal monochromator with Si(111) symmetric and asymmetric crystals and a pair of Kirkpatrick-Baez focusing mirrors. This paper describes the performance of the beamline and its capabilities with examples of measured results.

Laser excited long lasting luminescence in CaAl₂O₄: Eu³⁺/Eu²⁺+Nd³⁺ phosphor

The europium and neodymium oxides doped nano-structured calcium aluminate phosphor samples have prepared through combustion technique and their luminescence properties are studied using laser excitations. Samples prepared in open atmosphere showed the presence of both Eu(3+) and Eu(2+) states and their ratio changes with calcination temperature. Single Eu(3+)/Eu(2+) ions doped sample has found to give broad emission at 450 nm without the persistence glow while the Eu(3+)+Nd(3+) ions codoped sample has shown persistence glow at 450 nm (Eu(2+)) on 355 nm laser excitation. Wavelength selective excitations show that 266 nm excitation gives the intense emissions from both Eu(3+) and Eu(2+) states with no afterglow but 355 nm excitation gives negligible emission from Eu(3+) ions and a strong afterglow at 450 nm wavelength. The mechanism of wavelength dependent phosphorescence has been discussed. Studies on Stark splittings and their relative intensities in emission spectra of Eu(3+) ions have shown that Eu(3+) ion can be used as excellent probe of crystal structure.

Effect of mineral mixture and antioxidant supplementation on growth, reproductive performance and adaptive capability of Malpura ewes subjected to heat stress

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of mineral and antioxidant supplementation on growth, reproductive performance and physiological adaptability of heat-stressed Malpura ewes. The study was conducted for a period of 21 days in 21 adult Malpura ewes. The ewes were randomly divided into three groups with seven animals each viz. GI (control; n = 7), GII (heat stress; n = 7) and GIII (heat stress + mineral and antioxidant supplementation; n = 7). The animals were stall fed ad libitum with the diet consisting of 70% roughage and 30% concentrate. GI ewes were maintained under normal controlled condition in the shed, while GII and GIII ewes were subjected to heat stress by exposing them to 42 °C in the climatic chamber. The parameters studied were feed intake (FI), water intake (WI), body weight, body condition score (BCS), physiological, biochemical and endocrine responses. Heat stress significantly altered FI, water intake, BCS, respiration rate and rectal temperature in the afternoon, oestrus duration, estradiol, progesterone, Hb, PCV, plasma glucose, total protein, cortisol, T3 and T4 levels while mineral and antioxidant supplementation ameliorated this heat stress effect on the parameters studied. Further, the adverse effect of heat stress on the productive and reproductive efficiency of Malpura ewes was reduced considerably by mineral mixture and antioxidant supplementation. This is evident from the non-significant difference in BCS, oestrus duration and plasma estradiol between GI and GIII in this study. Hence, it is very pertinent to conclude from this study that mineral mixture and antioxidant supplementation were able to protect Malpura ewes against heat stress.

Validation of Tanaka and Johnston's analysis in western UP Indian population

OBJECTIVE

To examine the applicability of the Tanaka and Johnston's method of prediction in a western UP population and to develop a new prediction method for this specific population if necessary.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

150 western UP school children (87 males and 63 females) with a mean age of 15.5 years were randomly selected. The mesio-distal crown diameters of the permanent canine and premolars were measured and comparisons were done between the actual tooth sizes and the values predicted by the Tanaka and Johnston method.

RESULTS

Significant sexual dimorphism was found in the tooth sizes. There were significant differences between the actual measurements and the predicted measurements derived by the Tanaka and Johnston prediction method. New linear regression equations were derived for both the genders for tooth size prediction in western UP population.

CONCLUSION

There are limitations in the application of the Tanaka and Johnston's prediction method to a western UP population. A gender discrepancy is seen between the males and the females. New regression equations were formulated for both the males and the females separately.

Planting geometry to optimize growth and productivity in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and soil fertility

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) responses to alteration of its ambient environment leads to certain modification in the crop phenology, yield attributes and economic yield. To know the extent and pattern of response by faba bean to alterations, a two year field experimentation was carried out with two crop establishment methods (i) flatbed planting (ii) raised bed planting, four planting geometry (i) 30 x 20 cm(ii) 30 x 30 cm (iii) 30 x 45 cm and (iv) 45X45cm and three seeding depth. All the treatment (two crop establishment methods, four planting geometry and three seeding depth) were combined together consisting twenty four treatments, were organized in factorial experiment in complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications. Data were recorded on growth and development; yield attributes and yield. Soil analysis was done and finally statistical tool were applied to come in to valid conclusion. Raised bed planting proves superior over flatbed in case of seed yield. Square planting architect with 30 cm apart prove better (3690.9 kg ha(-1)) than other tested planting geometry. Seeding at 10 cm depth showed, significant improvement in seed yield per plant and per ha over other two tested seeding depth. Phosphorus availability was significantly higher in raised bed planting (36.9 kg ha(-1)). However, available K (kg ha(-1)) was significantly influenced by planting geometry and seeding depth. It was maximum (155.2 kg ha(-1)) with 30 x 45 cm plant geometry, proved significantly higher than 30 x 20 cm and 30 x 30 cm and at par with 45 x 45 cm planting.

Tobacco addiction augments obesity and carcinogenesis: Matter of concern for Indian patients

Purpose:

Patients and Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Role of serotonin in seasonal affective disorder

This review was prepared with an aim to show role of serotonin in seasonal affective disorder. Seasonal affective disorder, which is also called as winter depression or winter blues, is mood disorder in which persons with normal mental health throughout most of the year will show depressive symptoms in the winter or, less commonly, in the summer. Serotonin is an important endogenous neurotransmitter which also acts as neuromodulator. The least invasive, natural, and researched treatment of seasonal affective disorder is natural or otherwise is light therapy. Negative air ionization, which acts by liberating charged particles on the sleep environment, has also become effective in treatment of seasonal affective disorder.  

Development of soya milk extender for semen cryopreservation of Karan Fries (crossbreed cattle)

Egg yolk based semen extenders are used widely, with the potential risk of xenobiotic contamination. This study was designed to develop a soya milk based extender to substitute egg yolk based extender for bovine semen cryopreservation. In the first experiment soya milk was prepared from fresh soya bean (Glycine max). Concentration of soya milk in tris based extender was standardized based on quality parameters of spermatozoa during liquid preservation at 5°C up to 72 h and compared with egg yolk tris (EYT) extender. Sperm in soya milk tris (SMT) extender with 25 percent soya milk showed no significant (P > 0.05) differences in all the quality parameters like motility, viability, membrane integrity and acrosome integrity, as compared to sperm in EYT extender up to 72h in liquid dilution. In the second experiment the Karan Fries semen was cryopreserved in SMT extender with 25 percent soya milk (selected from the first experiment) using different concentration of glycerol, as cryoprotectant, ranging from 6-7 percent with a difference of 0.2 percent to standardize optimum concentration based on post thaw motility of spermatozoa. Glycerol at a final concentration of 6.4 percent was found to be the best among all. Further, semen samples were split and cryopreserved in newly developed SMT extender containing 6.4 percent glycerol and compared with conventional EYT extender for post thaw sperm quality parameters and degree of cryocapacitation. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences between sperm in EYT extender and SMT extender for post thaw motility, viability, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity and cryocapacitation. In conclusion, the newly developed SMT extender maintained comparable semen quality as compared to EYT extender hence it can.

Bioethics: a new frontier of biological science

New researches in the field of biological sciences are creating new problems which were hitherto not faced. New techniques in biotechnology have paved way for transplantation for kidney, heart and liver successfully. In vitro fertilization, surrogate mothership, researches in totipotent stem cells which are capable of cloning are creating moral dilemma for the scientists. These techniques have immense capacity for the wellness of human beings. But there is every possibility of their misuse. Should researches in biotechnology be allowed unconditionally or there be some guiding principles? If the technique of cloning is perfected what will be the fate of the society which is based on conjugal love and trust? Should abortion and euthanasia be allowed? These questions need a clear answer. Here comes the role of bioethics to deal with such queries. In our view no such laws can be framed which can guide scientists in each and every case. Each case is specific and requires particular attention. There should be some norms for individual decision taker which are given in spiritual book of Hindu 'ShrimadBhagavataGeeta'With the help of this technique of decision making specific cases can be dealt with.

Skin substitutes: An Indian perspective

There have been numerous alternatives developed to replace skin. These can either be permanent substitutes or temporary substitutes, which need to be replaced later by autologous grafts. These have been tried in recent times as an attempt to reduce the need or in the case of permanent substitutes ,altogether replace autologous skin grafts. However till date no ideal skin substitute has been developed. Various factors have to be considered while choosing one of these substitutes. In a developing country like India awareness and availability of these skin substitutes is not adequate considering the volume of cases that require this modality of treatment. Also there are skin substitutes developed in our country that need to be highlighted. This article is an attempt to review the vast array of skin substitutes that have been developed and consider their utility and feasibility for developing countries.

Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Detection of Bacillus anthracis, the Causative Agent of Anthrax from Soil Samples Targeting Protective Antigen

Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax is one of the most important biological warfare agents. In this study, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology was used for indirect detection of B. anthracis by detecting protective antigen (PA), a common toxin produced by all live B. anthracis bacteria. For development of biosensor, a monoclonal antibody raised against B. anthracis PA was immobilized on carboxymethyldextran modified gold chip and its interaction with PA was characterized in situ by SPR and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. By using kinetic evaluation software, KD (equilibrium constant) and Bmax (maximum binding capacity of analyte) were found to be 20 fM and 18.74, respectively. The change in Gibb's free energy (∆G = -78.04 kJ/mol) confirmed the spontaneous interaction between antigen and antibody. The assay could detect 12 fM purified PA. When anthrax spores spiked soil samples were enriched, PA produced in the sample containing even a single spore of B. anthracis could be detected by SPR. PA being produced only by the vegetative cells of B. anthracis, confirms indirectly the presence of B. anthracis in the samples. The proposed method can be a very useful tool for screening and confirmation of anthrax suspected environmental samples during a bio-warfare like situation.

Rhinolith: An unusual presentation

A case of rhinolith in a 60 years old male prsenting with palatal performation is, presented alongwith a brief discussion on the pathogenesis and treatment.

Analytical reactions of substituted pyrimidines

Analytical aspects of the chemistry of substituted pyrimidines are reviewed.

Efficacy of leech therapy in the management of osteoarthritis (Sandhivata)

Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) is the most common joint disorder. It mostly affects cartilage. The top layer of cartilage breaks down and wears away. Osteoarthritis is of two types, primary (idiopathic) and secondary. In idiopathic osteoarthritis, the most common form of the disease, no predisposing factor is apparent. Secondary OA is pathologically indistinguishable from idiopathic OA but is attributable to an underlying cause. In Ayurveda the disease Sandhivata resembles with osteoarthritis which is described under Vatavyadhi. The NSAIDs are the main drugs of choice in modern medicine which have lots of side effects and therefore are not safe for long-term therapy. Raktamokshan, i.e., blood letting is one of the ancient and important parasurgical procedures described in Ayurveda for treatment of various diseases. Of them, Jalaukavacharana or leech therapy has gained greater attention globally, because of its medicinal values. The saliva of leech contains numerous biologically active substances, which have antiinflammatory as well as anesthetic properties. Keeping this view in mind we have started leech therapy in the patients of osteoarthritis and found encouraging results.

Traumatic carotid artery occlusion following blunt cervical injury

Two cases of overlooked, traumatic unilateral occlusion of the carotid artery are reported. Postmortem revealed occlusion of the internal carotid artery in one case and that of the common carotid artery in another. The progression of the morbid state, along with the management with emphasis on the significance of the carotid angiogram and follow-up repeated computed tomography are mentioned. Although traumatic occlusion of the common carotid artery is not as common as that of the internal carotid artery, both entities are well known to produce morbidity and mortality.

Metatarsal extension osteotomy without plantar aponeurosis release in cavus feet. The effect on claw toe deformity a radiographic assessment

BACKGROUND

This study reviewed patients undergoing correction of cavus foot deformity by metatarsal extension osteotomy with preservation of the plantar aponeurosis, and assessed the correction achieved of the claw deformity of the toe by radiographic assessment.

METHOD

15 patients (18 feet) were reviewed clinically and radiographically. All feet required extension osteotomy of the first metatarsal and four patients (5 feet) had extension osteotomy of the first to fourth metatarsals. Hallux extension angle in relation to the 1st metatarsal and in relation to the ground was measured in all feet to estimate the degree of clawing of the hallux.

RESULTS

13 patients (15 feet) were satisfied with the outcome of their surgery and also the appearance of their foot. The mean radiographic change in the hallux extension angle in relation to the 1st metatarsal was 16°, and in relation to the ground was 7°. These changes were statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate an improvement in the claw toe deformity and we recommend preservation of the plantar aponeurosis in corrective surgery for cavus foot.

A case of double right coronary artery with bifurcation stenosis in association with complete heart block

Congenital coronary artery anomalies are present at birth, but most anomalies are discovered as incidental findings during coronary angiography or at autopsy. Double right coronary artery (RCA) is a rare coronary anomaly. Double RCA with bifurcation stenosis in association with degenerative complete heart block (CHB) have never been reported in literature to the best of our knowledge. We therefore report an interesting case of a patient with double RCA and degenerative CHB.

Lipoabdominoplasty: An exponential advantage for a consistently safe and aesthetic outcome

Background:

Extensive liposuction along with limited dissection of abdominal flaps is slowly emerging as a well proven advantageous method over standard abdominoplasty.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective study analyzed 146 patients managed for the abdominal contour deformities from March 2004 to February 2010. A simple method to project the post operative outcome by rotation of a supine lateral photograph to upright posture in 46 patients prospectively has succeeded in projecting a predictable result. All patients were encouraged to practice chest physiotherapy in ‘tummy tuck’ position during the preoperative counseling. Aggressive liposuction of entire upper abdomen, a limited dissection in the midline, plication of diastasis of rectus whenever indicated, panniculectomy and neoumblicoplasty were done in all patients.

Results:

The patients had a mean age of 43, youngest being 29 and oldest 72 years. Majority were of normal weight (94%). Twelve were morbidly obese; 57 patients had undergone previous abdominal surgeries; 49 patients had associated hernias. Lipoabdominoplasty yielded a satisfactory result in 110 (94%) patients. The postoperative patient had a definitely less heavy harmonious abdomen with improved waistline. The complications were more with higher BMI, fat thickness of more than 7 cm and prolonged operating time when other procedures were combined.

Conclusions:

Extensive liposuction combined with limited dissection method applied to all abdominoplasty patients yielded consistently safe, reliable and predictable aesthetic results with less complications and faster recovery. The simple photographic manipulation has helped project the postoperative outcome reliably. The preoperative chest physiotherapy in tummytuck position helped prevent chest complications.

Effect of a non steroidal tamoxifen on the gonad and sex differentiation in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

The effect of different doses of anti-estrogenic chemical was studied in a cichlid Oreochromis niloticus on mortality, growth, sexual development and sex differentiation. Percent mortality (5, 10 and 10) appeared to be dose-dependent. All groups of tamoxifen (TA) treated fishes exhibited significant growth as compared to the controlled fishes. Immature fishes treated with TA at 200 microg l(-1), showed lower gonado-somatic-index (GSI) (male 0.137; female 0.118) than control group (male 0.138; female 0.122) of fishes. Ovarian and testicular differentiation was adjudged by the appearance of the ovarian cavity (ovary) and the efferent (sperm) duct (testis), respectively. Sex and sexual maturity of individual fishes were determined using standard histological method. Tamoxifen treatment to the fry (yolk sac absorbed stage) of Oreochromis niloticus in the dose of 200 microg l(-1) for 60 days produced 90% males and 1% intersex population. Results suggested masculinizing action of tamoxifen reversing the sex of genetic female tilapia.

Prescribing practices of doctors in management of acute diarrhea

We conducted this study to determine the prescribing practices of doctors in management of acute diarrhea in children in the age group of 6 month -5 year. Antimotility agents and low/zero lactose formula was prescibed in 9.8% and 24.7% cases, respectively by general practitioners. In about 66.6% and 5.7% cases pre/probiotics were prescribed and oral rehydration salt (ORS) were not prescribed by the pediatricians.

A convenient first aid kit for chemical and biological agents and for radiation exposure

The chemical and biological warfare agents are extremely toxic in nature. They act rapidly even in very small quantities and death may occur in minutes. Hence, physical and medical protection must be provided immediately to save life or avoid serious injury. A first aid kit has thus been developed for providing immediate relief from chemical and biological warfare agents (FAKCBW) with the objective of easy detection, personal decontamination, antidote for chemical warfare agents (like nerve agents, sulphur mustard, phosgene, cyanide, radiation exposure and bacterial agents), along with basic medication aid for pain, fever and inflammation. The kit box also includes a user friendly handbook with a simple standard operating procedure. In addition, the kit is rugged to withstand normal jerks, vibration and is water-proof.

New 6-Bromo-2-Methyl-3-(Substituted Phenyl)-(3H)-Quinazolin-4-Ones with Antimicrobial and Antiinflammatory Activities

New quinazolin-4-one derivatives, 6-bromo-2-methyl-3-(substituted phenyl)-(3H)-quinazolin-4-one, were synthesized and evaluated for antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activities. The structures attributed to synthesized compounds 1-8 were supported by the results of elemental analysis as well as by the UV, IR and ¹H NMR spectral data. Investigation of antimicrobial activity was performed using cup-plate agar diffusion method against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Curvularia lunata. Antiinflammatory activity was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema test in rats. The results showed that compounds 2b, 2c, 2d, 2g and 2h exhibited significant antibacterial and antifungal activity comparable to standard drugs and compounds 2b and 2c showed good antiinflammatory activity comparable to ibuprofen.

Light-into-heat conversion in La2O3:Er(3+)-Yb3+ phosphor: an incandescent emission

Low-power-threshold cw laser-induced incandescence (CWLII) has been observed in La(2)O(3):Er(3+)-Yb(3+) phosphor on excitation by a 976 nm IR laser. It is suggested that incandescence originates from the extensive heating induced by the nonradiative processes taking place following the laser excitation. Other mechanisms for similar observations have also been suggested in the literature and have been discussed with the present observations. The estimated temperature for the CWLII approaches around 2650 K, and this seems to provide an effective way to rapidly attain high temperature in nano/microvolumes of phosphor. The phosphor exhibited efficient upconversion, and the ratio of the (2)H(11/2)→(4)I(15/2) and (4)S(3/2)→(4)I(15/2) band intensities of Er(3+) permits measurement of the temperature rise, from a distance.

B-cell depletion extends the survival of GTKO.hCD46Tg pig heart xenografts in baboons for up to 8 months

Xenotransplantation of genetically modified pig organs offers great potential to address the shortage of human organs for allotransplantation. Rejection in Gal knockout (GTKO) pigs due to elicited non-Gal antibody response required further genetic modifications of donor pigs and better control of the B-cell response to xenoantigens. We report significant prolongation of heterotopic alpha Galactosyl transferase "knock-out" and human CD46 transgenic (GTKO.hCD46Tg) pig cardiac xenografts survival in specific pathogen free baboons. Peritransplant B-cell depletion using 4 weekly doses of anti-CD20 antibody in the context of an established ATG, anti-CD154 and MMF-based immunosuppressive regimen prolonged GTKO.hCD46Tg graft survival for up to 236 days (n = 9, median survival 71 days and mean survival 94 days). B-cell depletion persisted for over 2 months, and elicited anti-non-Gal antibody production remained suppressed for the duration of graft follow-up. This result identifies a critical role for B cells in the mechanisms of elicited anti-non-Gal antibody and delayed xenograft rejection. Model-related morbidity due to variety of causes was seen in these experiments, suggesting that further therapeutic interventions, including candidate genetic modifications of donor pigs, may be necessary to reduce late morbidity in this model to a clinically manageable level.

Genetic variability in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi compatibility supports the selection of durum wheat genotypes for enhancing soil ecological services and cropping systems in Canada

Crop nutrient- and water-use efficiency could be improved by using crop varieties highly compatible with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Two greenhouse experiments demonstrated the presence of genetic variability for this trait in modern durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf.) germplasm. Among the five cultivars tested, 'AC Morse' had consistently low levels of AM root colonization and DT710 had consistently high levels of AM root colonization, whereas 'Commander', which had the highest colonization levels under low soil fertility conditions, developed poor colonization levels under medium fertility level. The presence of genetic variability in durum wheat compatibility with AMF was further evidenced by significant genotype × inoculation interaction effects in grain and straw biomass production; grain P, straw P, and straw K concentrations under medium soil fertility level; and straw K and grain Fe concentrations at low soil fertility. Mycorrhizal dependency was an undesirable trait of 'Mongibello', which showed poor growth and nutrient balance in the absence of AMF. An AMF-mediated reduction in grain Cd under low soil fertility indicated that breeding durum wheat for compatibility with AMF could help reduce grain Cd concentration in durum wheat. Durum wheat genotypes should be selected for compatibility with AMF rather than for mycorrhizal dependency.

Biology and interactions of two distinct monopartite begomoviruses and betasatellites associated with radish leaf curl disease in India

BACKGROUND

Emerging whitefly transmitted begomoviruses are major pathogens of vegetable and fibre crops throughout the world, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Mutation, pseudorecombination and recombination are driving forces for the emergence and evolution of new crop-infecting begomoviruses. Leaf curl disease of field grown radish plants was noticed in Varanasi and Pataudi region of northern India. We have identified and characterized two distinct monopartite begomoviruses and associated beta satellite DNA causing leaf curl disease of radish (Raphanus sativus) in India.

RESULTS

We demonstrate that RaLCD is caused by a complex of two Old World begomoviruses and their associated betasatellites. Radish leaf curl virus-Varanasi is identified as a new recombinant species, Radish leaf curl virus (RaLCV) sharing maximum nucleotide identity of 87.7% with Tomato leaf curl Bangladesh virus-[Bangladesh:2] (Accession number AF188481) while the virus causing radish leaf curl disease-Pataudi is an isolate of Croton yellow vein mosaic virus-[India] (CYVMV-IN) (Accession number AJ507777) sharing 95.8% nucleotide identity. Further, RDP analysis revealed that the RaLCV has a hybrid genome, a putative recombinant between Euphorbia leaf curl virus and Papaya leaf curl virus. Cloned DNA of either RaLCV or CYVMV induced mild leaf curl symptoms in radish plants. However, when these clones (RaLCV or CYVMV) were individually co-inoculated with their associated cloned DNA betasatellite, symptom severity and viral DNA levels were increased in radish plants and induced typical RaLCD symptoms. To further extend these studies, we carried out an investigation of the interaction of these radish-infecting begomoviruses and their associated satellite, with two tomato infecting begomoviruses (Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus and Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus). Both of the tomato-infecting begomoviruses showed a contrasting and differential interaction with DNA satellites, not only in the capacity to interact with these molecules but also in the modulation of symptom phenotypes by the satellites.

CONCLUSION

This is the first report and experimental demonstration of Koch's postulate for begomoviruses associated with radish leaf curl disease. Further observations also provide direct evidence of lateral movement of weed infecting begomovirus in the cultivated crops and the present study also suggests that the exchange of betasatellites with other begomoviruses would create a new disease complex posing a serious threat to crop production.

Short-term exposure of 4-hydroxynonenal induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in PC12 cells

4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is one of the most reactive aldehydic by-products of lipid peroxidation. The role of 4-HNE in the etiology of various neurodegenerative disorders including cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, etc. has been documented. We and others have reported that long-term toxic insults of 4-HNE triggers apoptotic signals and oxidative stress in various cells. However, the status of apoptosis following short-term exposure and underlying mechanisms has not been explored so far. We studied the apoptotic changes in PC12 cells receiving short-term exposure of 4-HNE. A significant dose-dependent induction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and early response markers (c-Fos, c-Jun, and GAP-43) were observed in cells exposed to 4-HNE (10, 25, and 50 µM) for 1h. Following the exposure of PC12 cells to 4-HNE, the levels of protein and messenger RNA expressions of P53, Bax, and caspase 3 were significantly upregulated, whereas the levels of Bcl2 was downregulated. We could record the apoptotic signals and ROS generation in PC12 cells receiving 4-HNE exposure for such a short period of time. Induction in the expression and activity of caspase 3 has also indicated the mitochondrial mediation in the apoptosis induction.

Culture of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus into India: impacts and present scenario

Pangasianodon aquaculture is the fastest growing food producing sector of the world. Recent national production of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in India accounts for 0.7 million tonnes at present. Being influenced by trade and markets, P. hypophthalmus has been introduced to many countries including India. There has been a steady increase in the production of P. hypophthalmus by small and marginal farmers of the country. However, concern has arisen about the long-term sustainability due to diseases and its negative impacts on socio-economic aspects and biodiversity. Unregulated culture of P. hypophthalmus has been causing concern to environmental safety and warranting a very cautious and regulated approach to its culture. The standards, protocols and guidelines have been developed to address the issues of sustainability of Pangasianodon catfish production.

Synthesis, spectral characterization and biological activity of zinc(II) complexes with 3-substituted phenyl-4-amino-5-hydrazino-1, 2, 4-triazole Schiff bases

New Zn(II) complexes have been synthesized by the reactions of zinc(II) acetate with Schiff bases derived from 3-substituted phenyl-4-amino-5-hydrazino-1, 2, 4-triazole and benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxyacetophenone or indoline-2,3-dione. All these complexes are soluble in DMF and DMSO; low molar conductance values indicate that they are non-electrolytes. Elemental analyses suggest that the complexes have 1:1 stoichiometry of the type [ZnL(H(2)O)(2)], [ZnL'(OAc)(2)(H(2)O)(2)] (L=dianionic Schiff bases derived from 3-(substituted phenyl)-4-amino-5-hydrazino-1, 2, 4-triazole and 2-hydroxyacetophenone or indoline-2,3-dione; L'=neutral Schiff bases derived from 3-(substituted phenyl)-4-amino-5-hydrazino-1, 2, 4-triazole and benzaldehyde) and they were characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and FAB mass. All these Schiff bases and their complexes have also been screened for their antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and antifungal activities against Colletotrichum falcatum, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporium and Carvularia pallescence by petriplates methods.