Search for gravitational waves associated with γ-ray bursts detected by the interplanetary network

We present the results of a search for gravitational waves associated with 223 γ-ray bursts (GRBs) detected by the InterPlanetary Network (IPN) in 2005-2010 during LIGO's fifth and sixth science runs and Virgo's first, second, and third science runs. The IPN satellites provide accurate times of the bursts and sky localizations that vary significantly from degree scale to hundreds of square degrees. We search for both a well-modeled binary coalescence signal, the favored progenitor model for short GRBs, and for generic, unmodeled gravitational wave bursts. Both searches use the event time and sky localization to improve the gravitational wave search sensitivity as compared to corresponding all-time, all-sky searches. We find no evidence of a gravitational wave signal associated with any of the IPN GRBs in the sample, nor do we find evidence for a population of weak gravitational wave signals associated with the GRBs. For all IPN-detected GRBs, for which a sufficient duration of quality gravitational wave data are available, we place lower bounds on the distance to the source in accordance with an optimistic assumption of gravitational wave emission energy of 10(-2)M⊙c(2) at 150 Hz, and find a median of 13 Mpc. For the 27 short-hard GRBs we place 90% confidence exclusion distances to two source models: a binary neutron star coalescence, with a median distance of 12 Mpc, or the coalescence of a neutron star and black hole, with a median distance of 22 Mpc. Finally, we combine this search with previously published results to provide a population statement for GRB searches in first-generation LIGO and Virgo gravitational wave detectors and a resulting examination of prospects for the advanced gravitational wave detectors.

Glechoma hederacea Suppresses RANKL-mediated Osteoclastogenesis

Glechoma hederacea (GH), commonly known as ground-ivy or gill-over-the-ground, has been extensively used in folk remedies for relieving symptoms of inflammatory disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic action of GH are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that GH constituents inhibit osteoclastogenesis by abrogating receptor activator of nuclear κ-B ligand (RANKL)-induced free cytosolic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) oscillations. To evaluate the effect of GH on osteoclastogenesis, we assessed the formation of multi-nucleated cells (MNCs), enzymatic activity of tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase (TRAP), expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), and [Ca(2+)]i alterations in response to treatment with GH ethanol extract (GHE) in primarily cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). Treatment of RANKL-stimulated or non-stimulated BMMs with GHE markedly suppressed MNC formation, TRAP activity, and NFATc1 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, GHE treatment induced a large transient elevation in [Ca(2+)]i while suppressing RANKL-induced [Ca(2+)]i oscillations, which are essential for NFATc1 activation. GHE-evoked increase in [Ca(2+)]i was dependent on extracellular Ca(2+) and was inhibited by 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP), inhibitor of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (VGCCs), but was independent of store-operated Ca(2+) channels. Notably, after transient [Ca(2+)] elevation, treatment with GHE desensitized the VGCCs, resulting in an abrogation of RANKL-induced [Ca(2+)]i oscillations and MNC formation. These findings demonstrate that treatment of BMMs with GHE suppresses RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis by activating and then desensitizing DHP-sensitive VGCCs, suggesting potential applications of GH in the treatment of bone disorders, such as periodontitis, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

Physician Scientist Training in the United States: A Survey of the Current Literature

The declining number of physician scientists is an alarming issue. A systematic review of all existing programs described in the literature was performed, so as to highlight which programs may serve as the best models for the training of successful physician scientists. Multiple databases were searched, and 1,294 articles related to physician scientist training were identified. Preference was given to studies that looked at number of confirmed publications and/or research grants as primary outcomes. Thirteen programs were identified in nine studies. Eighty-three percent of Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) graduates, 77% of Clinician Investigator Training Program (CI) graduates, and only 16% of Medical Fellows Program graduates entered a career in academics. Seventy-eight percent of MSTP graduates succeeded in obtaining National Institute of Health (NIH) grants, while only 15% of Mayo Clinic National Research Service Award-T32 graduates obtained NIH grants. MSTP physician scientists who graduated in 1990 had 13.5 ± 12.5 publications, while MSTP physician scientists who graduated in 1975 had 51.2 ± 38.3 publications. Additionally, graduates from the Mayo Clinic's MD-PhD Program, the CI Program, and the NSRA Program had 18.2 ± 20.1, 26.5 ± 24.5, and 17.9 ± 26.3 publications, respectively. MSTP is a successful model for the training of physician scientists in the United States, but training at the postgraduate level also shows promising outcomes. An increase in the number of positions available for training at the postgraduate level should be considered.

The outcome and long-term follow-up of 94 patients with recurrent and refractory Clostridium difficile infection using single to multiple fecal microbiota transplantation via retention enema

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most frequent causes of healthcare-associated infections, and its rates are also increasing in the community. The management of CDI has become a major challenge, given growing rates of recurrences and failures with standard antibiotic therapy. Mounting evidence suggests that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be effective; however, as there is a paucity of data with regard to repeat FMT for primary non-response to this treatment, this study examined the outcome of multiple FMTs for recurrent CDI. Case records were reviewed for 94 patients who underwent FMT via retention enema for recurrent or refractory CDI during the period 2008-2012. Demographic information, treatment data, and clinical resolution rates were examined for single FMT and cumulative resolution was assessed for multiple FMTs in the context of ongoing symptoms. The cumulative clinical resolution following four or more FMTs was 86%. When antibiotic therapy was used between FMTs, the clinical resolution rate increased to 92%. There were no reported adverse events and no patients who were cured with FMT had further episodes of CDI at 6-24 months follow-up. Multiple FMTs administered through enemas is an effective, safe, and simple therapy for the management of recurrent or refractory CDI.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of robotic surgery compared with conventional laparoscopic and open resections for gastric carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Robot-assisted gastrectomy (RAG) has been developed in the hope of improving surgical quality and overcoming the limitations of conventional laparoscopically assisted gastrectomy (LAG) and open gastrectomy (OG) for gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of evidence in support of these ideals.

METHODS

A systematic review of the three operation types (RAG, LAG and OG) was carried out to evaluate short-term outcomes including duration of operation, retrieved lymph nodes, estimated blood loss, resection margin status, technical postoperative complications and hospital stay.

RESULTS

Nine non-randomized observational clinical studies involving 7200 patients satisfied the eligibility criteria. RAG was associated with longer operating times than LAG and OG (weighted mean difference 61.99 and 65.73 min respectively; P ≤ 0.001). The number of retrieved lymph nodes and the resection margin length in RAG were comparable with those of LAG and OG. Estimated blood loss as significantly less in RAG than in OG (P = 0.002), but not LAG. Mean hospital stay for RAG was similar to that for LAG (P = 0.14). In contrast, hospital stay was significantly shorter, by a mean of 2.18 days, for RAG compared with OG (P < 0.001). Postoperative complications were similar for all three operative approaches.

CONCLUSION

Short-term oncological outcomes of RAG were comparable with those of the other approaches. LAG was a shorter procedure and less expensive than RAG. Future studies involving RAG should focus on minimizing duration of operation and reducing cost.

The rate of decline of glomerular filtration rate is a predictor of long-term graft outcome after kidney transplantation

BACKGROUND

To improve the long-term outcome of kidney transplantation (KT), it is important to identify and take active steps to reduce the number or severity of novel risk factors. We investigated whether changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate over the first year after KT (ΔeGFR12-3) was associated with long-term renal allograft function and survival.

METHODS

Four hundred twenty-eight allograft recipients transplanted between 1990 and 2001 underwent ΔeGFR12-3 calculation using the equation: ΔeGFR12-3 = ([eGFR at 12 months post-KT - eGFR at 3 months post-KT]/[eGFR at 3 months post-KT]) × 100%. Recipients were divided into 3 groups according to their ΔeGFR12-3: group I (n = 150), ΔeGFR12-3 ≥ 10%; group II (n = 151), 10 > ΔeGFR12-3 ≥ -10%; and group III (n = 127), ΔeGFR12-3 < -10%. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to adjust for confounding variables that may affect long-term renal allograft function, and Kaplan-Meier analysis, to compare allograft survival.

RESULTS

At a mean follow-up of 120 ± 58 months, we observed 112 renal allograft losses. The ΔeGFR over 10 years post-KT (ΔeGFR120-3) was significantly associated with the serum uric acid levels at 3 months post-transplantation and ΔeGFR12-3. Group III showed poor renal allograft survival; group I, 194 ± 8 months; group II, 197 ± 7 month and; group III, 163 ± 4 months; (log-rank test, P < .05). A Cox proportional hazard model revealed ΔeGFR12-3 to be independently associated with future renal allograft loss (hazard ratio, 0.981; 95% confidence interval, 0.974-0.992).

CONCLUSION

Our results suggested that ΔeGFR12-3 may be an independent predictor of kidney allograft survival. Routine application of eGFR is strongly recommended to identify patients at risk for chronic allograft dysfunction.

Universality of the dispersive spin-resonance mode in superconducting BaFe2As2

Spin fluctuations in superconducting BaFe2(As(1-x)P(x))2 (x=0.34, T(c)=29.5 K) are studied using inelastic neutron scattering. Well-defined commensurate magnetic signals are observed at (π, 0), which is consistent with the nesting vector of the Fermi surface. Antiferromagnetic (AFM) spin fluctuations in the normal state exhibit a three-dimensional character reminiscent of the AFM order in nondoped BaFe2As2. A clear spin gap is observed in the superconducting phase forming a peak whose energy is significantly dispersed along the c axis. The bandwidth of dispersion becomes larger with approaching the AFM ordered phase universally in all superconducting BaFe2As2, indicating that the dispersive feature is attributed to three-dimensional AFM correlations. The results suggest a strong relationship between the magnetism and superconductivity.

Long-term results of simple hemiresection arthroplasty in the rheumatoid distal radio-ulnar joint

We retrospectively studied the radiological and clinical results of a simple hemiresection arthroplasty, a modification of previous oblique distal ulnar resections, in 62 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (68 wrists) over a mean follow-up of 103 (range 60-173) months. Fourteen wrists (20%) became fused at the radiocarpal joint and 28 wrists fused (41%) at the midcarpal joints during follow-up. Severe ulnar translocation of the carpus was observed in two wrists (3%), radio-ulnar convergence in five wrists (7%), as well as a significant decrease of carpal height ratio, without any radiological findings of stylocarpal impingement. Improvements in forearm pronation and supination, and reduction in pain were maintained at the last follow-up. Grip strength was not significantly improved. The Jebsen-Taylor hand function test showed improvements in writing, card turning, and simulated feeding. Fifty-two patients (58 wrists, 85%) were satisfied with the results at the last follow-up. Simple hemiresection arthroplasty showed good long-term results with few complications.

The effects of prolonged inspiratory time during one-lung ventilation: a randomised controlled trial

We evaluated the effects of a prolonged inspiratory time on gas exchange in subjects undergoing one-lung ventilation for thoracic surgery. One hundred patients were randomly assigned to Group I:E = 1:2 or Group I:E = 1:1. Arterial blood gas analysis and respiratory mechanics measurements were performed 10 min after anaesthesia induction, 30 and 60 min after initiation of one-lung ventilation, and 15 min after restoration of conventional two-lung ventilation. The mean (SD) ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen after 60 min of one-lung ventilation was significantly lower in Group I:E = 1:2 compared with Group I:E = 1:1 (27.7 (13.2) kPa vs 35.2 (22.1) kPa, respectively, p = 0.043). Mean (SD) physiological dead space-to-tidal volume ratio after 60 min of one-lung ventilation was significantly higher in Group I:E = 1:2 compared with Group I:E = 1:1 (0.46 (0.04) vs 0.43 (0.04), respectively, p = 0.008). Median (IQR [range]) peak inspiratory pressure was higher in Group I:E = 1:2 compared with Group I:E = 1:1 after 60 min of one-lung ventilation (23 (22-25 [18-29]) cmH2O vs 20 (18-21 [16-27]) cmH2O, respectively, p < 0.001) and median (IQR [range]) mean airway pressure was lower in Group I:E = 1:2 compared with Group I:E = 1:1 (10 (8-11 [5-15]) cmH2O vs 11 (10-13 [5-16]) cmH2O, respectively, p < 0.001). We conclude that, compared with an I:E ratio of 1:2, an I:E ratio of 1:1 resulted in a modest improvement in oxygenation and decreased shunt fraction during one-lung ventilation.

Anisotropy of the in-plane resistivity of underdoped Ba(Fe(1-x)Co(x))2As2 superconductors induced by impurity scattering in the antiferromagnetic orthorhombic phase

We investigated the in-plane resistivity anisotropy for underdoped Ba(Fe(1-x)Co(x))(2)As(2) single crystals with improved quality. We demonstrate that the anisotropy in resistivity in the magnetostructural ordered phase arises from the anisotropy in the residual component which increases in proportion to the Co concentration x. This gives evidence that the anisotropy originates from the impurity scattering by Co atoms substituted for the Fe sites, rather than the so far proposed mechanisms such as the anisotropy of Fermi velocities of reconstructed Fermi surface pockets. As doping proceeds to the paramagnetic-tetragonal phase, a Co impurity transforms to a weak and isotropic scattering center.

Physiologic load-bearing characteristics of autografts, allografts, and polymer-based scaffolds in a critical sized segmental defect of long bone: an experimental study

Background

To address the challenge of treating critical sized intercalary defects, we hypothesized that under physiologic cyclic loading, autografts, allografts, and scaffolds loaded with and without human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) would have different biomechanical characteristics.

Methods

Using a rat femoral defect model, 46 rats were assigned to four groups, ie, autograft (n = 12), allograft (n = 10), scaffold (n = 13), and scaffold with hMSCs (n = 11). The scaffold groups used a 5 mm segment of scaffold composed of 80% poly-ε-caprolactone and 20% hydroxyapatite. Rats were sacrificed 4 months postoperatively, and the repairs were assessed radiographically and biomechanically.

Results

Autograft and allograft groups exhibited the most bridging callus, while the scaffold/hMSCs group had more callus than the scaffold repairs. Although signs of radiographic healing did not accurately reflect restoration of mechanical properties, addition of hMSCs on the scaffold enhanced bone formation. The scaffold alone group had significantly lower elastic and viscous stiffness and higher phase angles than other repairs and the contralateral controls. Addition of hMSCs increased the elastic and viscous stiffness of the repair, while decreasing the phase angle.

Conclusion

Further comparative analysis is needed to optimize clinical use of scaffolds and hMSCs for critical sized defect repairs. However, our results suggest that addition of hMSCs to scaffolds enhances mechanical simulation of native host bone.

Diagnostic accuracy of Xpert® MTB/RIF on bronchoscopy specimens in patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis

OBJECTIVE

To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the Xpert® MTB/RIF assay using samples obtained through bronchoscopy in patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB).

DESIGN

We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients with suspected PTB for whom the Xpert MTB/RIF assay was performed on bronchoscopy specimens. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for the diagnosis of active PTB were calculated for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear microscopy and the Xpert assay using culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum or bronchoscopy specimens as a reference standard.

RESULTS

A total of 132 patients were included in the final analysis. Of these, 38 had culture-confirmed PTB. The sensitivity of the Xpert assay using bronchial washing or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid for the diagnosis of PTB was 81.6%, and specificity was 100%. The PPV and NPV were 100% and 92.1%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of AFB smear microscopy were respectively 13.2% and 98.8%.

CONCLUSION

The Xpert assay on bronchoscopy specimens provided an accurate diagnosis of PTB in patients who had a negative AFB smear or who could not produce sputum.

Chlorpyrifos is associated with slower serum cholinesterase recovery in acute organophosphate-poisoned patients

PURPOSE

Organophosphate poisoning (OPP) accounts for 200,000 deaths annually in developing countries. Serum cholinesterase (SChE) is of diagnostic value in patients with OPP and is checked repeatedly during the course of treatment. This study aimed to investigate the recovery pattern in patients with OPP using linear mixed models.

METHODS

Using a retrospective cohort study design, we included 212 adult OPP patients who had visited the emergency department (ED) in a tertiary medical center between 2000 and 2010. One hundred and thirty-one patients were available for analysis, as 81 patients did not meet the criteria and were excluded. Information regarding basic personal characteristics, initial vital signs and severity scores, laboratory data, type and amount of organophosphate ingested, treatment, and serial SChE values was collected. A random coefficient model with a random intercept and a random slope of time were added to address the dynamic relationships of SChE with time and other associated factors.

RESULTS

The initial SChE activity and recovery rates varied among patients with OPP. The type of organophosphate, the first SChE activity, and the initial APACHE II score were significantly related to the SChE recovery trend. Chlorpyrifos and methamidophos had significantly slower and faster SChE recovery rates, respectively, than other organophosphates. Sex, dose of Pralidoxim (2-PAM), and delay in obtaining medical assistance did not significantly affect SChE recovery.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated the pattern and associated correlates of SChE activity recovery in patients with acute OPP. Chlorpyrifos appeared to have a slower SChE activity recovery rate than other organophosphates.

Splitting of resonance excitations in nearly optimally doped Ba(Fe0.94Co0.06)2As2: an inelastic neutron scattering study with polarization analysis

Magnetic excitations in Ba(Fe0.94Co0.06)2As2: are studied by polarized inelastic neutron scattering above and below the superconducting transition. In the superconducting state, we find clear evidence for two resonancelike excitations. At a higher energy of about 8 meV, there is an isotropic resonance mode with weak dispersion along the c direction. In addition, we find a lower excitation at 4 meV that appears only in the c-polarized channel and whose intensity strongly varies with the l component of the scattering vector. These resonance excitations behave remarkably similar to the gap modes in the antiferromagnetic phase of the parent compound BaFe2As2.

Dependence of carrier doping on the impurity potential in transition-metal-substituted FeAs-based superconductors

In order to examine to what extent the rigid-band-like electron doping scenario is applicable to the transition metal-substituted Fe-based superconductors, we have performed angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy studies of Ba(Fe(1-x)Ni(x))(2)As(2) (Ni-122) and Ba(Fe(1-x)Cu(x))(2)As(2) (Cu-122), and compared the results with Ba(Fe(1-x)Co(x))(2)As(2) (Co-122). We find that Ni 3d-derived features are formed below the Fe 3d band and that Cu 3d-derived ones further below it. The electron and hole Fermi surface (FS) volumes are found to increase and decrease with substitution, respectively, qualitatively consistent with the rigid-band model. However, the total extra electron number estimated from the FS volumes (the total electron FS volume minus the total hole FS volume) is found to decrease in going from Co-, Ni-, to Cu-122 for a fixed nominal extra electron number, that is, the number of electrons that participate in the formation of FS decreases with increasing impurity potential. We find that the Néel temperature T(N) and the critical temperature T(c) maximum are determined by the FS volumes rather than the nominal extra electron concentration or the substituted atom concentration.

QCT bone mineral density responses to 1 year of oral bisphosphonate after total knee replacement for knee osteoarthritis

Bone mineral density (BMD) declined in more than half (53.7%) of post-total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients (44 of the 82) after 1 year of oral bisphosphonate treatment, and that this decline was significant in bilateral TKA patients.

INTRODUCTION

TKA has proven to be an extremely successful procedure in terms of improving ambulatory function. However, the effects of such improvements in ambulatory function and of bisphosphonate on axial BMD have not been established. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 1 year of oral bisphosphonate in postmenopausal patients that have undergone TKA and to identify factors related to BMD changes using lumbar spine quantitative computed tomography (QCT).

METHODS

Eighty-two postmenopausal women that underwent primary TKA for knee osteoarthritis and who received once-weekly oral alendronate 70 mg for 12 months after TKA were enrolled. The effect of 1 year of oral bisphosphonate treatment post-TKA and the factors related to general lumbar spine BMD changes by using QCT were determined.

RESULTS

Some 53.7% of patients (44 of the 82) experienced an average lumbar spine QCT BMD decline of -6 mg/ml (range -15 to -0.5 mg/ml) after 1 year of oral bisphosphonate treatment, whereas the remaining 38 patients (46.3%) experienced an average increase of 6.8 mg/ml (range 0.6 to 15.7 mg/ml). Logistic and linear regression analysis showed that bilateral TKA was significantly related to a BMD decline (p < 0.05). Other factors, such as, age, body mass index, number of comorbidities, and Knee Society scores were not found to be significantly related to BMD response.

CONCLUSIONS

BMD declined in more than half (53.7%) of the patients after bisphosphonate treatment, and that this decline was significant in bilateral TKA patients. We believe that reduced mobility during rehabilitation was probably responsible for these BMD reductions.

Effect of Co doping on the in-plane anisotropy in the optical spectrum of underdoped Ba(Fe(1-x)Co(x))2As2

We investigate the anisotropy in the in-plane optical spectra of detwinned Ba(Fe(1-x)Co(x))(2)As(2). The optical conductivity spectrum of BaFe(2)As(2) shows appreciable anisotropy in the magnetostructural ordered phase, whereas the dc (ω = 0) resistivity is nearly isotropic at low temperatures. Upon Co doping, the resistivity becomes highly anisotropic, while the finite-energy intrinsic anisotropy is suppressed. It is found that anisotropy in resistivity arises from anisotropic impurity scattering due to the presence of doped Co atoms, and it is extrinsic in origin. The intensity of a specific optical phonon mode is also found to show striking anisotropy in the ordered phase. The anisotropy induced by the Co impurity and that observed in the optical phonon mode are hallmarks of the highly polarizable electronic state in the ordered phase.

Old versus new FIGO staging systems in predicting overall survival in patients with uterine leiomyosarcoma: a study of 86 cases

OBJECTIVES

Uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS) was staged using the FIGO system for endometrial cancers. The new FIGO system takes into consideration tumor size disregarding myometrial and cervical involvement. We aimed to compare the two systems and see which more accurately predicts overall survival (OS).

METHODS

86 patients with uLMS (1984-2010) were retrospectively staged using both FIGO systems. Mean OS rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS

More patients had stage-I disease by the new FIGO system (42 versus 33). Five versus 18 and 27 versus 5 had old and new stage-II and III diseases respectively. Five and 4 patients with old stage II and III uLMS respectively were downstaged to stage I while 18 with old stage III were downstaged to stage II. Median follow-up was 23.5 months with a median OS of 114 (95% CI, 61-166) months. Although patients with stage I tumors had a higher mean OS rate compared to those with higher stage disease by either system, patients with old stage II-IV disease showed similar mean OS rates, with stage III-IV patients having a slightly better mean OS and a similar trend was observed with the new system. Patients with new FIGO stage III had a higher mean OS rate than those with stage II or IV disease (37.6 versus 28.1 and 34.3 months). Nonetheless, no statistical significant differences were seen in OS according to stage using either system (p=0.786 and p=0.400 respectively).

CONCLUSION

Neither FIGO staging system is ideal in classifying patients into four clinically significant stages.

Comparison of electrogenic capabilities of microbial fuel cell with different light power on algae grown cathode

Electricity generation capabilities of microbial fuel cell with different light power on algae grown cathode were compared. Results showed that microbial fuel cell with 6 and 12W power of light always produced higher voltage and power density than with 18 and 26W. Similarly, microbial fuel cell with 6 and 12W of light power always displayed higher Coulombic efficiency and specific power than the one with 18 and 26W. The results also showed that microbial fuel cell with covered anodic chamber always displayed higher voltage, power density, Coulombic efficiency and specific power than the one without covered anodic chamber. Binary quadratic equations can be used to express the relationships between the light power and the voltage, power density, Coulombic efficiency and specific power. Although lower power of light on algae grown cathode and covering anodic chamber will increase system's electricity production, they will not significantly reduce its internal resistance.