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Ermakova EV, Frontasyeva MV, Steinnes E. Air pollution studies in Central Russia (Tula Region) using the moss biomonitoring technique, INAA and AAS. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1023/b:jrnc.0000015805.22707.a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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102
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Yafa C, Farmer JG, Graham MC, Bacon JR, Barbante C, Cairns WRL, Bindler R, Renberg I, Cheburkin A, Emons H, Handley MJ, Norton SA, Krachler M, Shotyk W, Li XD, Martinez-Cortizas A, Pulford ID, MacIver V, Schweyer J, Steinnes E, Sjøbakk TE, Weiss D, Dolgopolova A, Kylander M. Development of an ombrotrophic peat bog (low ash) reference material for the determination of elemental concentrations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 6:493-501. [PMID: 15152319 DOI: 10.1039/b315647h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Given the increasing interest in using peat bogs as archives of atmospheric metal deposition, the lack of validated sample preparation methods and suitable certified reference materials has hindered not only the quality assurance of the generated analytical data but also the interpretation and comparison of peat core metal profiles from different laboratories in the international community. Reference materials play an important role in the evaluation of the accuracy of analytical results and are essential parts of good laboratory practice. An ombrotrophic peat bog reference material has been developed by 14 laboratories from nine countries in an inter-laboratory comparison between February and October 2002. The material has been characterised for both acid-extractable and total concentrations of a range of elements, including Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Ti, V and Zn. The steps involved in the production of the reference material (i.e. collection and preparation, homogeneity and stability studies, and certification) are described in detail.
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103
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Garmo OA, Røyset O, Steinnes E, Flaten TP. Performance Study of Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films for 55 Elements. Anal Chem 2003; 75:3573-80. [PMID: 14570212 DOI: 10.1021/ac026374n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The technique of diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) is a fairly new and useful tool for in situ measurements of labile metal ions in water. The applicability of DGTs was investigated by comparing independently determined or estimated diffusion coefficients with DGT effective diffusion coefficients (D(DGT)) for 55 elements. The DGTs were exposed at a controlled fluid velocity of 0.1 m s(-1) and a concentration of 1 ng mL(-1) at four pH levels between 4.7 and 6.0, and the D(DGT) values were determined from the uptake by the sampler. The measured D(DGT) values for the elements Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Al, Mn, and Ga were close to previously published values with some deviations for Pb and Zn. The uptake of V, Cr, Fe, U, Mo, Ti, Ba, and Sr varied with pH, and there were some experimental problems that require further investigations. A novel set of D(DGT) values for the lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Tb, Yb, Lu, Y) was established. The D(DGT) values for these were about 10-15% lower than for free ions in water and indicate that diffusion coefficients of metal ions in the agarose polyacrylamide diffusive hydrogel are 10-15% lower than in water. The high consistency of the data for the lanthanides establishes these elements as new performance test metals for the DGT sampler. The accumulation of the elements Li, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, B, Tl, P, S, As, Bi, Se, Si, Sn, Sb, Te, Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta, W, Th, and Ag was low (D(DGT) lower than 10% of theoretical values). A more efficient elution procedure using concentrated nitric acid for the absorbent gel was established, with elution efficiencies between 95 and 100% for most metals. For deployment times of 24 h, detection limits from 0.001 to 1 ng mL(-1) were achieved with moderate precautions to prevent contamination.
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Jartun M, Ottesen RT, Steinnes E. Urban soil pollution and the playfields of small children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1051/jp4:20030392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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105
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Steinnes E, Berg T, Sjobakk TE. Temporal trends in long-range atmospheric transport of heavy metals to Norway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1051/jp4:20030532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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106
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Berg T, Hjellbrekke A, Rühling A, Steinnes E. Maps of the absolute deposition of heavy metals for the Nordic countries based on moss surveys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1051/jp4:20030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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107
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Collin-Hansen C, Andersen RA, Steinnes E. Isolation and N-terminal sequencing of a novel cadmium-binding protein from Boletus edulis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1051/jp4:20030304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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108
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Holm EB, Brandvik PJ, Steinnes E. Pollution in acid mine drainage from mine tailings in Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1051/jp4:20030381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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109
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Berg T, Sekkesaeter S, Steinnes E, Valdal AK, Wibetoe G. Springtime depletion of mercury in the European Arctic as observed at Svalbard. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 304:43-51. [PMID: 12663170 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to see whether the geographical extent of the mercury depletion events (MDEs), first seen at Alert in the Canadian High Arctic, is also covering Svalbard. Another goal was to determine the main reaction products from the MDE and their fate. Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), total particulate mercury (TPM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and total mercury in surface snow have been measured at the Zeppelin mountain during 2000. GEM has been measured with a high time resolution automatic monitor (Tekran 2537A) based on CV-AFS, TPM was sampled/measured using high volume samplers/CV-AFS and RGM was sampled with annular denuders and measured by CV-AFS (Gardis Hg-monitor). During spring of 2000, in the three-month period following polar sunrise, there were several episodic depletions in GEM concentration correlating well with the depletion of surface ozone. Measurements of RGM and TPM showed higher concentrations of these mercury species during the depletion period than during the rest of the year. Total mercury in surface snow showed a distinct increase from the polar night to the Arctic spring. MDEs are caused by the specific chemical and physical conditions observed in the Arctic during spring. GEM is oxidised and converted to more reactive forms (RGM and/or TPM), which have considerably higher deposition velocities than elemental mercury, leading to an overall enhanced deposition flux of mercury.
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Steinnes E, Berg T, Sjøbakk TE. Temporal and spatial trends in Hg deposition monitored by moss analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 304:215-219. [PMID: 12663185 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Results for Hg from a nation-wide survey of atmospheric deposition of heavy metals in Norway in 2000 are presented and compared to similar results from 1985, 1990 and 1995. The study is based on sampling of the naturally growing feather moss Hylocomium splendens at approximately 500 sites all over the country. Cold vapor AAS (1985, 1990) or atomic fluorescence spectrometry (1995, 2000) was used for Hg determinations after HNO(3) digestion of the moss samples. As different from the wet deposition of Hg and several other heavy metals in Norway the Hg concentration in moss shows no significant north-south gradient. This is explained by a considerable supply of Hg to the moss from dry deposition of Hg(0) in addition to the retention of Hg(2+) from wet deposition. Presumably the cool summer climate particularly in the middle and northern parts of the country explains that some of the Hg(0) retained in the moss is not lost by re-volatilisation. Whereas the level and geographic distribution of Hg in moss showed only small differences during 1985-1995 the 2000 data are approximately 30% lower. A satisfactory explanation of this difference remains to be found.
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Meijer SN, Ockenden WA, Steinnes E, Corrigan BP, Jones KC. Spatial and temporal trends of POPs in Norwegian and UK background air: implications for global cycling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:454-461. [PMID: 12630458 DOI: 10.1021/es025620+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Data are presented for PCBs and HCB measured by passive air samplers (SPMDs) along a latitudinal transect from the south of the UK to the north of Norway during 1998-2000. This work is part of an ongoing air sampling campaign in which data were previously gathered for 1994-1996. Comparisons of the masses of chemicals sequestered by the SPMDs during these different time intervals are used to investigate spatial and temporal trends. Results are discussed in the context of sources, long-range atmospheric transport, fractionation/cold condensation, and global clearance processes controlling ambient levels of POPs. Spatial trends show a decrease in absolute sequestered amounts of PCBs with increasing latitude i.e., with increasing distance from the source area. However, relative sequestered amounts of the homologue groups (expressed as a ratio to penta-PCB) show a clear latitudinal trend, with the relative contribution of the lighter congeners increasing with increasing latitude, providing evidence of latitudinal fractionation. Absolute amounts of HCB increase with latitude, suggesting this compound is undergoing cold condensation. Sequestered amounts of PCBs generally decreased between the two sampling periods by a factor 2-5 over 4 years, suggesting half-lives on the order of 1.7-4 years. The relative rates of decline (1998-2000 data as a percentage of the 1994-1996 data) were compared for different congeners and latitudes. No clear latitudinal trends were found, with all sites/congeners showing a similar marked decline over time to ca. 30% of the former value. We discuss the interpretation of these observations and conclude they imply that the underlying trends of current ambient levels of PCBs in European background air are still largely controlled by primary emissions, rather than recycling/secondary emissions from the major environmental repositories such as soils or water bodies.
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Gundersen P, Steinnes E. Influence of pH and TOC concentration on Cu, Zn, Cd, and Al speciation in rivers. WATER RESEARCH 2003; 37:307-318. [PMID: 12502060 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00284-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved ( < approximately 4 nm, dialysis in situ), colloidal ( < 0.45 microm filtered, minus dissolved) and particulate (total, minus < 0.45 microm filtered) concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, (Al) in eight (three) mining polluted rivers were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (flame and graphite furnace). The metal size distribution in the rivers was compared to pH, Ca concentration, alkalinity, conductivity, and total organic carbon (TOC). Data plots based on the present and other studies also yielded information about the interrelations between TOC, pH and metal adsorption in rivers and lakes. Less than 10% of Cu, Zn, and Cd were sorbed on particles or colloids in two rivers with average pH at 3.1 and 5.1, whereas 46%, 21%, and 21% of Cu, Zn, and Cd, respectively, occurred in sorbed form in six pH neutral rivers. In three pH neutral rivers, on average 55% of Al was in colloidal form, whereas the dissolved and particulate fractions were 21% and 23%, respectively. Our data combined with data from similar studies support conclusions from other research suggesting that the percent fraction of metals adsorbed on particles rises steeply from almost zero to nearly 100% within a narrow and element specific pH range. Changes in TOC concentration seem capable of shifting the pH to % metal absorption curves in the order of one pH unit.
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Ockende WA, Breivik K, Meijer SN, Steinnes E, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC. The global re-cycling of persistent organic pollutants is strongly retarded by soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2003; 121:75-80. [PMID: 12475063 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
'Persistent organic pollutants' (POPs) are semi-volatile, mobile in the environment and bioaccumulate. Their toxicity and propensity for long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) has led to international bans/restrictions on their use/release. LRAT of POPs may occur by a 'single hop' or repeated temperature-driven air-surface exchange. It has been hypothesised that this will result in global fractionation and distillation-with condensation and accumulation in polar regions. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)--industrial chemicals banned/restricted in the 1970s--provide a classic illustration of POP behaviour. A latitudinally-segmented global PCB inventory has been produced, which shows that approximately 86% of the 1.3 x 10(6) tonnes produced was used in the temperate industrial zone of the northern hemisphere. A global survey of background surface soils gives evidence for 'fractionation' of PCBs. More significantly, however, very little of the total inventory has 'made the journey' via primary emission and/or air-surface exchange and LRAT out of the heavily populated source regions, in the 70 years since PCBs were first produced. Soils generally occlude PCBs, especially soils with dynamic turnover of C/bioturbation/burial mechanisms. This limits the fraction of PCBs available for repeated air-soil exchange. The forested soils of the northern hemisphere, and other C-rich soils, appear to be playing an important role in 'protecting' the Arctic from the advective supply of POPs. Whilst investigations on POPs in remote environments are important, it is imperative that researchers also seek to better understand their release from sources, persistence in source regions, and the significant loss mechanisms/global sinks of these compounds, if they wish to predict future trends.
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Meijer SN, Steinnes E, Ockenden WA, Jones KC. Influence of environmental variables on the spatial distribution of PCBs in Norwegian and U.K. soils: implications for global cycling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:2146-2153. [PMID: 12038823 DOI: 10.1021/es010322i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the influence of environmental variables on soil concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their global fractionation. Soils were sampled from remote woodland (coniferous and deciduous) and grassland locations on a latitudinal transect through the United Kingdom and Norway. Different processes control PCB concentrations and burdens in coniferous, deciduous, and grassland soil systems; these are discussed, with emphasis on the influence of canopy scavenging and soil organic matter (OM) content. In general, concentration differences between sites were 1-2 orders of magnitude for lighter PCBs and 2-3 orders of magnitude for heavier PCBs, when expressed on a pg g(-1) dry weight basis. These differences decreased by up to an order of magnitude when expressed as pg g(-1) OM. The dataset suggests that the more volatile PCBs are moving toward equilibrium with the OM burden of the soil compartment on a European regional scale, while the distribution of the "stickier", heavier homologues appears to still be primarily influenced by their preferential deposition closer to source areas. The relative concentration of the tri- and tetra-PCBs increases with latitude, while that of the hepta- and octa-PCBs decreases, consistent with the global fractionation theory. However, the regression slopes are quite shallow, with high scatter, implying that many environmental and soil-related factors (such as precipitation, organic carbon content and type, other soil properties, local sources, etc.) are also influencing the observed congener patterns. Temperature-driven fractionation, while clearly operating and detectable, needs to be considered in this broader context.
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Abstract
The surface soil is a major recipient of pollutants, including heavy metals, through atmospheric deposition, agricultural practices, and waste disposal. In the present work the sorption capacity of different types of soils to toxic heavy metals, i.e. chromium, copper, cadmium and lead has been studied. Experimental adsorption data for metals to the soil obtained by the batch method were fitted by linear isotherm. The various soils showed a very different behaviour in sorption of heavy metals. The distribution coefficient Kd, which is an indication of the adsorbing capacity of the substrate, varies within a wide range, from 57 to 53,000 l kg-1. Desorption of metals from the solid phase was found to be small, indicating that the soil matrix is affecting the metal mobility by modifying the bonding of pollutants to the soil system consequently affecting the potential for soil remediation processes.
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117
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Culicov OA, Frontasyeva MV, Steinnes E, Okina OS, Santa Z, Todoran R. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2002; 254:109-115. [DOI: 10.1023/a:1020853800937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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118
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Nygård T, Lie E, Røv N, Steinnes E. Metal dynamics in an Antarctic food chain. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2001; 42:598-602. [PMID: 11488240 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(00)00206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of copper, zinc, cadmium, selenium and mercury were determined in eggs, muscle, liver, kidney and stomach content of nestilings and adults of the Antarctic petrel, Thalassoica antarctica, and its predator, the south polar skua, Chataracta maccormicki, from Svarthamaren, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. The dominant food of the petrels is krill, Euphausia superba. The results show relatively high levels of cadmium in krill, which is assumed to be the main reason for the high levels of cadmium in petrels and skuas. Cadmium is almost absent in eggs, but accumulates very rapidly with age in nestlings. The copper concentrations in livers of nestling petrels reach very high levels during growth. This may be seen in connection with physiological development processes. Mercury seems to be accumulated with age and between trophic levels. Among the nestlings, the mercury levels decrease with increasing age, which may be accomplished by the excretion of mercury through the growth of feathers and as a dilution effect during growth. Selenium and mercury are inversely correlated in nestlings. The levels of zinc were similar for different nestling stages and between nestlings and adults in skuas and petrels.
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Gundersen P, Olsvik PA, Steinnes E. Variations in heavy metal concentrations and speciation in two mining-polluted streams in central Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2001; 20:978-984. [PMID: 11337887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The dissolved (dialysis in situ), colloidal (filtered minus dissolved), and total concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Al were determined and compared with pH, Ca concentrations, and alkalinities through seasonal variations in water levels in two streams, Rugla and Naustebekken, in the Røros area of central Norway. The main objective was to monitor the dissolved fraction of the metals during the seasons and to establish the extent to which chemical parameters influencing metal toxicity were unfavorable during episodes of high total metal concentrations. The average dissolved fractions of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Al were lower in Rugla (55, 69, 64, and 17%, respectively) compared with Naustebekken (59, 82, 82, and 30%, respectively). This is probably due to sedimentation of metal particles in a small lake located in the path of Naustebekken. Alkalinity and Ca concentrations were generally low during the flood episodes, when the highest metal concentrations occurred. This is unfavorable since these parameters are assumed to counteract toxic effects of metals. On the other hand, the results indicate that toxic stress during metal concentration peaks was moderated by adsorption of dissolved metal species on colloids and/or particles.
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Puhakainen M, Riekkinen I, Heikkinen T, Jaakkola T, Steinnes E, Rissanen K, Suomela M, Thørring H. Effect of chemical pollution on forms of 137Cs, 90Sr and 239,240Pu in arctic soil studied by sequential extraction. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2001; 52:17-29. [PMID: 11202683 DOI: 10.1016/s0265-931x(00)00103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the forms of 137Cs, 90Sr and 239,240Pu occurring in different soil horizons using sequential extraction of samples taken from four sites located along a pollution gradient from the copper-nickel smelter at Monchegorsk in the Kola Peninsula, Russia, and from a reference site in Finnish Lapland in 1997. A selective sequential-leaching procedure was employed using a modification of the method of Tessier, Cambell and Bisson ((1979). Analytical Chemistry, 51, 844-851). For 137Cs the organic (O) and uppermost mineral (E1) layer were studied, for 90Sr and 239,240Pu only the uppermost organic layer (Of). The fraction of 137Cs occurring in readily exchangeable form in the organic layer was about 50% at the reference site and decreased as a function of pollution, being 15% at the most polluted site in the Kola Peninsula. There was a clear positive correlation in the O layer between the distance from the smelter and the percentage of 137Cs extracted in the readily exchangeable fraction (Spearman correlation rsp = 0.7805, p = 0.0001), whereas in the E1 layer no correlation was evident. The distribution of 90Sr in the Of layer was similar at all sites, with the highest amounts occurring in exchangeable form and bound to organic matter, whereas stable Sr showed a somewhat different distribution with the highest amount in the oxide fraction. Most of the 239,240Pu was bound to organic matter. Chemical pollution affected the exchangeable fraction of 239,240Pu, which was about 1% at the most polluted site and 4-6% at the other sites.
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Kirso U, Alumaa P, Irha N, Petersell V, Teinemaa E, Slet J, Steinnes E. Sorption of Pyrene to Two Estonian Soils. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630008034775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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122
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Kålås JA, Steinnes E, Lierhagen S. Lead exposure of small herbivorous vertebrates from atmospheric pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2000; 107:21-29. [PMID: 15093005 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/1999] [Accepted: 06/01/1999] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of Pb in livers of willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus), black grouse (Tetrao tetrix), and hare (Lepus timidus) were determined in samples collected during the period 1990-92 from 77 locations distributed across Norway. Our objective was to elucidate the impact of long-range atmospheric transport on the Pb exposure of the animals. The moss Hylocomium splendens was measured for atmospheric Pb deposition and Pb in soil at 60-cm depth was determined to reflect the natural geochemical background at the study locations. Strong positive relationships were found between Pb in liver and atmospheric deposition of Pb for all species and age groups studied. Results indicate that long-range atmospheric transport was the main source of Pb in the animals studied. This conclusion was supported by Pb analysis of typical food plants for the animals. Correlation between Pb in liver and Pb in soil mineral matter was observed only when considering sites with very low impact of atmospheric deposition. Even though the observed liver Pb concentrations may seem low (< or =12 microg g(-1) dw) they approach levels where sub-lethal effects cannot be ignored.
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Frontasyeva MV, Steinnes E, Lyapunov SM, Cherchintsev VD, Smirnov LI. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2000; 245:415-420. [DOI: 10.1023/a:1006799513736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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